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Reinhold Messner 1 Reinhold Messner Reinhold Messner Reinhold Messner in October 2009 Born 17 September 1944 Brixen, Italy Occupation Mountaineer Website www.reinhold-messner.de [1] Reinhold Messner (born 17 September 1944) is a mountaineer, adventurer and explorer from the German-speaking autonomous province Alto Adige/Südtirol "whose astonishing feats on Everest and on peaks throughout the world have earned him the status of the greatest climber in history." [2] He is renowned for making the first solo ascent of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen and for being the first climber to ascend all fourteen "eight-thousanders" (peaks over 8000 metres (unknown operator: u'strong' ft) above sea level). He is the author of at least 63 books (in German, 19702006), many of which have been translated into other languages. Biography Born in Brixen (Bressanone), Italy, Messner is a native speaker of German and also fluent in Italian. [3] He grew up in Villnöß and spent his early years climbing in the Alps and fell in love with the Dolomites. His father, Josef Messner, was a teacher. He was also very strict and sometimes severe with Reinhold. Josef led Reinhold to his first summit at the age of five. Reinhold had eight brothers and one sister: he later climbed with his brother Günther and made Arctic crossings with his brother Hubert. When Reinhold was 13, he began climbing with his brother Günther, age 11. By the time Reinhold and Günther were in their early twenties, they were among Europe's best climbers. [4] Since the 1960s, and inspired by Hermann Buhl, he was one of the first and most enthusiastic supporters of alpine style mountaineering in the Himalayas, which consisted of climbing with very light equipment and a minimum of external help. Messner considered the usual expedition style ("siege tactics") disrespectful towards nature and mountains.

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Page 1: Reinhold Messner

Reinhold Messner 1

Reinhold Messner

Reinhold Messner

Reinhold Messner in October 2009

Born 17 September 1944Brixen, Italy

Occupation Mountaineer

Website

www.reinhold-messner.de [1]

Reinhold Messner (born 17 September 1944) is a mountaineer, adventurer and explorer from the German-speakingautonomous province Alto Adige/Südtirol "whose astonishing feats on Everest and on peaks throughout the worldhave earned him the status of the greatest climber in history."[2] He is renowned for making the first solo ascent ofMount Everest without supplemental oxygen and for being the first climber to ascend all fourteen"eight-thousanders" (peaks over 8000 metres (unknown operator: u'strong' ft) above sea level). He is the author ofat least 63 books (in German, 1970–2006), many of which have been translated into other languages.

BiographyBorn in Brixen (Bressanone), Italy, Messner is a native speaker of German and also fluent in Italian.[3] He grew up inVillnöß and spent his early years climbing in the Alps and fell in love with the Dolomites. His father, Josef Messner,was a teacher. He was also very strict and sometimes severe with Reinhold. Josef led Reinhold to his first summit atthe age of five. Reinhold had eight brothers and one sister: he later climbed with his brother Günther and madeArctic crossings with his brother Hubert.When Reinhold was 13, he began climbing with his brother Günther, age 11. By the time Reinhold and Güntherwere in their early twenties, they were among Europe's best climbers.[4]

Since the 1960s, and inspired by Hermann Buhl, he was one of the first and most enthusiastic supporters of alpinestyle mountaineering in the Himalayas, which consisted of climbing with very light equipment and a minimum ofexternal help. Messner considered the usual expedition style ("siege tactics") disrespectful towards nature andmountains.

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His first major Himalayan climb in 1970, the unclimbed Rupal face of Nanga Parbat, turned out to be a tragicsuccess. Both he and his brother Günther Messner reached the summit, but Günther died two days later on thedescent of the Diamir face. Reinhold lost six toes, which had become badly frostbitten during the climb and requiredamputation.[4] Reinhold has been severely criticized for persisting on this climb with an insufficiently experiencedGünther.[5] The 2010 movie Nanga Parbat by Joseph Vilsmaier is based on his account of the events.[6]

While Messner and Peter Habeler were noted for fast ascents in the Alps of the Eiger North Wall, standard route (10hours) and Les Droites (8 hours), his 1975 Gasherbrum I first ascent of a new route took three days. This wasunheard of at the time.In the 1970s, Messner championed the cause for ascending Mount Everest without supplementary oxygen, sayingthat he would do it "by fair means" or not at all.[7] In 1978, he reached the summit of Everest with Habeler.[7] Thiswas the first time anyone had been that high without bottled oxygen and Messner and Habeler proved what certaindoctors, specialists, and mountaineers thought impossible. He repeated the feat, without Habeler, from the Tibetanside in 1980, during the monsoon season. This was Everest's first solo summit.In 1978, he made a solo ascent of the Diamir face of Nanga Parbat. In 1986, Messner became the first to complete allfourteen eight-thousanders (peaks over 8,000 metres above sea level).[8] Messner has crossed Antarctica on skis,together with fellow explorer Arved Fuchs. He has written over 60 books [9] about his experiences, a quarter ofwhich have been translated. He was featured in the 1984 film The Dark Glow of the Mountains by Werner Herzog.Messner today carries on a diversified business related to his mountaineering skills. From 1999 to 2004, he heldpolitical office as a Member of the European Parliament for the Italian Green Party (Federazione dei Verdi). He wasalso among the founders of Mountain Wilderness, an international NGO dedicated to the protection of mountainsworldwide.In 2004 he completed a unknown operator: u','-kilometre (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator:u','mi) expedition through the Gobi desert. He now mainly devotes himself to the Messner Mountain Museum, ofwhich he is the founder.

Expeditions

To 1970Up to 1970 Reinhold Messner had made a name for himself mainly through his achievements in the Alps. Between1950 and 1964 he led over 500 ascents, most of them in the Dolomites. In 1965, he climbed a new direttissima routeon the north face of the Ortler. A year later, he climbed the Walker pillar on the Grandes Jorasses and conquered theRocchetta Alta di Bosconero. In 1967 he made the first ascent of the northeast face of the Agnér and the first winterascents of the Agnér north face and Furchetta north face. In 1968 he achieved further firsts: the Heiligkreuzkofelmiddle pillar and the direct south face of the Marmolata. In the following year, Messner joined an Andes expedition,during which he succeeded, together with Peter Habeler, in making the first ascent of the Yerupaja east face up to thesummit ridge and, a few days later, the first ascent of the 6,121 metre-high Yerupaja Chico [10] He also made the firstsolo ascent of the Droites north face, the Philip intersection on the Civetta and the south face of Marmolata di Rocca.As a result of his achievements, Messner won the reputation of being one of the best climbers in Europe. So, in 1970,he was invited to join a major Himalayan expedition. In the light of his later successes, the year 1970 can beregarded as one of the turning points in Messner's life.

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Climbs of the eight-thousanders after 1970Reinhold Messner was the first man to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders in the world and without supplementaloxygen. His climbs were also all amongst the first 20 ascents for each mountain individually. Specifically, these are:

Location of the eight-thousanders.

Year Peak (height in metres) Remarks

1970 Nanga Parbat (8,125)

1972 Manaslu (8,163)

1975 Hidden Peak (Gasherbrum I) (8,080)

1978 Mount Everest (8,848), Nanga Parbat (8,125) First ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen.Nanga Parbat: first solo ascent of 8000er from basecamp

1979 K2 (8611)

1980 Mount Everest (8,848) First to ascend alone and without supplementary oxygen - during themonsoon

1981 Shishapangma (8,027)

1982 Kangchenjunga (8,586), Gasherbrum II (8,034), Broad Peak(8,051)

Also failed summit attempt on Cho Oyu during winter

1983 Cho Oyu (8188)

1984 Hidden Peak (Gasherbrum I) (8,080), Gasherbrum II (8,034) At one time without returning to basecamp

1985 Annapurna (8,091), Dhaulagiri (8,167)

1986 Makalu (8,485), Lhotse (8,516)

Nanga Parbat

Rupal face of Nanga Parbat

Reinhold Messner took a total of five expeditions to Nanga Parbat. In1970 and 1978 he reached the summit; in 1971, 1973 and 1977, he didnot. In 1971 he was primarily looking for his brother.

Rupal Face 1970

In May and June 1970 Reinhold Messner took part in the Nanga ParbatSouth Face expedition led by Karl Herrligkoffer, the objective ofwhich was to climb the as yet unclimbed Rupal Face, the highest rock face in the world. His brother, Günther, wasalso a member of the team. On the morning of 27 June, Reinhold Messner was of the view that the weather woulddeteriorate rapidly, and set off alone from the last high-altitude camp. Surprisingly his brother climbed after him andcaught up to him before the summit. By late afternoon, both had reached the summit of the mountain and had topitch an emergency bivouac shelter without tent, sleeping bags and stoves because darkness was closing in. Theevents that followed have been the subject of years of legal actions and disputes between former expedition

members, and have still not been finally resolved. What is known now is that Reinhold and Günther Messner descended the Diamir Face, thereby achieving the first crossing of Nanga Parbat (and second crossing of an

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eight-thousander after Mount Everest in 1963). Reinhold arrived in the valley six days later with severe frostbite, butsurvived. His brother, Günther, however died on the Diamir Face - according to Reinhold Messner on the samedescent, during which they became further and further separated from each other. As a result, the time, place andexact cause of death is unknown. Messner claimed his brother had been swept away by an avalanche.In the early years immediately after the expedition there were disputes and lawsuits between Reinhold Messner andthe expedition leader, Karl-Maria Herrligkoffer. After a quarter-century of peace, the dispute flared up again inOctober 2001, when Reinhold Messner raised surprising allegations against the other members of the team for failingto come to their aid. The rest of the team consistently maintained that Reinhold Messner had told them of his idea forcrossing the mountain before setting off for the summit. Messner himself asserts, however, that he made aspontaneous decision to descend the Diamir Face together with his brother for reasons of safety. A number of newbooks (Max von Kienlin, Hans Saler, Ralf-Peter Märtin, Reinhold Messner) stoked the dispute (with assumptionsand personal attacks) and led to further court proceedings.In June 2005 after an unusual heat wave on the mountain, the body of his brother was recovered on the Diamir Face,which is consistent with Messner's account of events.[11][12]

In 2008/2009 the drama was turned into a film called Nanga Parbat by Joseph Vilsmaier based on the memories ofReinhold Messner and without participation from the other former members of the expedition. The film was due tobe shown from mid-January 2010 in cinemas, but cannot be considered as a full account of the events.[13]

Because of frostbite, especially on his feet (six toes were amputated), Reinhold Messner was not able to climb quiteas well on rock after the 1970 expedition. He therefore turned his attention to higher mountains, where there wasmuch more ice.[14]

Solo climb in 1978

After three unsuccessful expeditions, Reinhold Messner reached the summit of Nanga Parbat again via the DiamirFace on 9 August 1978. This was the first solo ascent of any eight-thousander. He used new routes both for theascent and the descent.

Manaslu

In 1972, Messner succeeded in climbing Manaslu on, what was then, the totally unknown south face of themountain, of which there were not even any pictures. From the last high-altitude camp, he climbed with Frank Jäger,who turned back before reaching the summit. Shortly after Messner reached the summit, the weather changed andheavy fog and snow descended. Initially Messner became lost on the way down, but later found his way back to thecamp, where Horst Fankhauser and Andi Schlick were waiting for him and Jäger. Jäger did not return, although hiscries were heard from the camp. Orientation had become too difficult. Fankhauser and Schlick began to search forhim that evening, but lost their way and sought shelter at first in a snow cave. Messner himself was no longer in aposition to help the search. The following day, only Horst Fankhauser returned. Andi Schlick had left the snow caveduring the night and become lost. So the expedition had to mourn the loss of two climbers. Messner was latercriticised for having let Franz Jäger go back down the mountain alone.[14]

Gasherbrum I

The ascent of Gasherbrum I saw for the first time a mountaineering expedition succeeding in conquering aneight-thousander using alpine style climbing. Until that point, all fourteen 8000 meter peaks had been summittedusing the expedition style, though Hermann Buhl had earlier advocated "West Alpine Style" (similar to "capsule"style, with a smaller group relying on minimal fixed ropes). Together with Peter Habeler, Messner succeeded inmaking the second ascent of Gasherbrum I on 10 August 1975, becoming the first man ever to climb threeeight-thousanders.

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Messner reached the summit again in 1984, this time together with Hans Kammerlander. This was achieved as partof a double ascent where, for the first time two eight-thousander peaks (Gasherbrum I and II) were climbed withoutreturning to base camp. Again, this was done in alpine style, i.e. without the pre-location of stores.[14]

Mount Everest

Mount Everest. In front: Nuptse. Right: Lhotse

On 8 May 1978, Reinhold Messner stood with Peter Habeler on thesummit of Mount Everest; the first men ever to climb Everest withoutthe use of supplemental oxygen. Prior to this ascent it was disputedwhether this was possible at all. Messner and Habeler were membersof an expedition led by Wolfgang Nairz along the southeast ridge tothe summit. Also on this expedition was Reinhard Karl, the firstGerman to reach the summit (with oxygen).

Two years later, on 20 August 1980, Messner again stood atop thehighest mountain in the world. This time, too, the ascent was made without supplementary oxygen. For this soloclimb he chose the northeast ridge to the summit, where he crossed above the North Col in the North Face to theNorton Couloir and became the first man to climb through this steep gorge to the summit. Messner decidedspontaneously during the ascent to use this route to bypass the exposed northeast ridge. Prior to this solo ascent hehad not set up a camp on the mountain.[14]

K2

K2 seen from Concordia

For 1979, Messner was planning to climb K2 on a new direct route through theSouth Face, which he called the "Magic Line". Headed by Messner, the smallexpedition consisted of six climbers: Italians Alessandro Gogna, FriedlMutschlechner and Renato Casarotto; the Austrian, Robert Schauer; andGermans Michl Dacher, journalist, Jochen Hölzgen, and doctor, Ursula Grether,who was injured during the approach and had to be carried to Askole by Messnerand Mutschlechner. Because of avalanche danger on the original route and timelost on the approach they decided on climbing via the Abruzzi Spur. The routewas equipped with fixed ropes and high-altitude camps, but no haulingequipment (Hochträger) or bottled oxygen was used. On 12 July, Messner andDacher reached the summit; then the weather deteriorated and attempts by othermembers of the party failed.[15][16]

Shishapangma

During his stay in Tibet as part of his Everest solo attempt, Messner had the opportunity to explore Shishapangma. Ayear later, Messner, with Friedel Mutschlechner, Oswald Oelz and Gerd Baur, set base camp on the north side of theonly eight-thousander which is entirely within Chinese territory. On 28 May Messner and Mutschlechner reached thesummit in very bad weather; part of the climb involving ski mountaineering.[14][16][17]

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Kangchenjunga

In 1982, Messner wanted to become the first climber ever to scale three eight-thousanders in one year. He wasplanning on climbing Kangchenjunga first, before tackling Gasherbrum II and the Broad Peak.Messner had chosen a new variation of the route up the North Face. Because there was still a lot of snow at the timeof the expedition, Messner and Mutschlechner made very slow progress. In addition, the sheer difficulty of the climbforced the two mountaineers to use fixed ropes. Finally, on 6 May, Messner, Mutschlechner and Ang Dorje stood onthe summit. There, Mutschlechner suffered frostbite to his hands, and later to his feet as well. Whilst bivouackingduring the descent, the tent tore away from Mutschlechner and Messner, and Messner also fell ill. He was sufferingfrom an amoebic abscess in the liver, making him very weak. In the end he only made it back to base camp withMutschlechner's help.[14]

Gasherbrum II

After his ascent of Kangchenjunga, Mutschlechner flew back to Europe because his frostbite had to be treated andMessner needed rest. So the three mountains could not be climbed as planned. Messner was cured of his amoebicabscess in the liver and then travelled to Gasherbrum II, but could not use the new routes as planned. In any case hisclimbing partners, Sher Khan and Nazir Sabir, would not have been strong enough. Nevertheless, all three reachedthe summit on 24 July in a storm. During the ascent Messner discovered the body of a previously missing Austrianmountaineer, whom he buried two years later at the G I - G II crossing.[14]

Broad Peak

Broad Peak was the third eight-thousander scaled by Messner in 1982. At the time, he was the only person with apermit to climb this mountain, but he came across Jerzy Kukuczka and Wojciech Kurtyka, who had permits to climbK2 but used its geographic proximity to climb Broad Peak illegally. In early descriptions of the ascent, Messneromitted to mention this encounter but he referred to it several years later. On 2 August Messner was reunited withNazir Sabir and Khan again on the summit. The three mountaineers had decamped and made for Broad Peakimmediately after their ascent of Gasherbrum II. The climb was carried out with a variation from the normal route atthe start.[14]

Cho Oyu

In the winter of 1982/1983, Messner attempted the first winter ascent of Cho Oyu. He reached an altitude of about7,500 metres, when great masses of snow forced him to turn back. This expedition was his first with HansKammerlander. A few months later, on 5 May, he reached the summit via a partially new route together withKammerlander and Michl Dacher.[14]

Annapurna

In 1985, Messner topped out on Annapurna. Using a new route on the northwest face, he reached the summit withKammerlander on 24 April. Also on the expedition were Reinhard Patscheider, Reinhard Schiestl and Swami PremDarshano, who did not reach the top. Even during Messner and Kammerlander's ascent the weather was not goodand they had to be assisted by the other three during the descent due to heavy snowfall.[14]

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Dhaulagiri

Messner's attempt on the summit in 1977 fails onDhaulagiri's South Face

Messner had already attempted Dhaulagiri in 1977 and 1984, butfailed. In 1985 he finally made it. He climbed with Kammerlander upthe normal route along the northeast ridge. After only 3 days ofclimbing they stood on the top in a heavy storm on 15 May.[14]

Makalu

Messner tried four times to climb Makalu. He failed in 1974 and 1981on the South Face of the south-east ridge. In winter 1985/1986 heattempted the first winter ascent of Makalu via the normal route. Eventhis venture did not succeed.[14] Not until February 2009, was theMakalu successfully climbed in winter by Denis Urubko and SimoneMoro.

In 1986 Messner returned and succeeded in reaching the top using the normal route with Kammerlander andMutschlechner. Although they had turned back twice during this expedition, they made the summit on the thirdattempt on 26 September. During this expedition Messner witnessed the death of Marcel Rüedi, for whom theMakalu was his 9th eight-thousander. Rüedi was on the way back from the summit and was seen by Messner and theother climbers on the descent. Although he was making slow progress, he appeared to be safe. The tea for hisreception had already boiled when Rüedi disappeared behind a snow ridge and did not reappear. He was found deada short time later.[14]

Lhotse

Messner climbed his last eight-thousander, Lhotse, on 16 October 1986 together with Hans Kammerlander, using thenormal route. Both climbers had to contend with a strong wind in the summit area. To reach the summit that year andbefore winter broke, they took a direct helicopter flight from the Makalu base camp to the Lhotse base camp.Thus Messner became the first person to climb all eight-thousanders, before Jerzy Kukuczka. Since this ascent,Messner has never climbed another eight-thousander.[14] In 1989 Messner led a European expedition to the SouthFace of the mountain. The aim of the expedition was to forge a path up the as-yet unclimbed face. Messner himselfdid not want to climb any more. The expedition was unsuccessful.[18]

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Other expeditions after 1970

Reinhold Messner at the Bozen Bacon Festival,May 2004

• 1971 — Journeys to the mountains of Persia, Nepal, New Guinea,Pakistan and East Africa

• 1972  — Noshak (7492 m) in the Hindu Kush• 1973 — Marmolata West Pillar, first climb; Furchetta West Face,

first climb• 1974  — Aconcagua south wall (6959 m), partially new "Tyrol

Route"; Eiger North Face with Peter Habeler in 10 hours (then arecord; still today the fastest climb by a roped party)

• 1976 — Mount McKinley (6193 m), "Face of the Midnight Sun",first climb

• 1978  — Kilimanjaro (5895 m), "Breach Wall", first climb• 1979 — Ama Dablam rescue attempt; first climbs in the Hoggar

Mountains, Africa• 1981 — Chamlang (7317 m) Centre Summit-North Face, first climb• 1985 — Tibet Transversale with Kailash exploration• 1986 — Crossing of East Tibet; Mount Vinson (4897 m, Antarctic),

on 3 December 1986, thus becoming the first person to complete Seven Summits without the use of artificialoxygen on Mount Everest.[19]

• 1987 — Bhutan trip; Pamir trip• 1988 — Yeti-Tibet solo expedition• 1989–1990 — Antarctic crossing (over the South Pole) on foot, 2,800 km trek with Arved Fuchs• 1991 — Bhutan crossing (east-west); "Around South Tyrol" as a positioning exercise• 1992 — Ascent of Chimborazo (6310 m); crossing of Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang• 1993 — Trip to Dolpo, Mustang and Manang in Nepal; Greenland longitudinal crossing (diagonal) on foot,

2,200 km trek• 1994 — Cleaning project in North India/Gangotri, Shivling region (6543 m); to Ruwenzori (5119 m), Uganda• 1995 — Arctic crossing (Siberia to Canada) failed; trip to Belukha (4506 m), Altai Mountains/Siberia• 1996 — Trip through East Tibet and to Kailash• 1997 — Trip to Kham (East Tibet); small expedition into Karakorum; filming on the Ol Doinyo Lengai (holy

mountain of the Massai) in Tanzania• 1998  — Trip to the Altai Mountains (Mongolia) and to Puna de Atacama (Andes)• 1999 — Filming: San Francisco Peaks, Arizona (Holy mountain of Navajo); trip into the Thar Desert/India• 2000 — Crossing of South Georgia on the Shackleton Route; Nanga Parbat Expedition; filming on Mount

Fuji/Japan for the ZDF series Wohnungen der Götter (~"Homes of the Gods")• 2001  — Dharamsala and foothills of the Himalayas/India; ZDF series Wohnungen der Götter on Gunung

Agung/Bali• 2002 — In the "International Year of the Mountains" visit by mountaineers into the Andes and ascent of Cotopaxi

(5897 m), Ecuador• 2003 — Trekking to Mount Everest (fiftieth anniversary of the first successful climb); trip to Franz Joseph

Land/Arctic; on 1 October opening of the "Günther Mountain School" in the Diamir Valley on NangaParbat/Pakistan

• 2004 — Longitudinal crossing of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia) on foot, about 2,000 km trek• 2005 — Trip to the Dyva Nomads in Mongolia; "time journey" around Nanga Parbat/Pakistan

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The Messner Mountain MuseumIn 2003 Messner started work on a project for a mountaineering museum.[20] On 11 June 2006 the MessnerMountain Museum (MMM) opened, a museum that unites the stories of the growth and decline of mountains, culturein the Himalayan region and the history of South Tyrol within one museum.

Plan view of the Messner Mountain Museum atFirmian

The MMM consists of the main museum at Sigmundskron Castle,which majors on the relationship between man and mountain, and fourbranches with different themes:

• Juval Castle in the Burggrafenamt looks at mystical mountains, suchas Mount Kailash or Ayers Rock and their religious significance.

• The MMM on the Monte Rite (2181 metres high) is dedicated to thesubject of rocks, particularly in the Dolomites. Here, the history ofthe formation of the Dolomites is explained. It is housed in an oldfort.

• The fourth MMM is located in Sulden on the Ortler. Here,everything revolves around the theme of ice. It deals with thehistory of mountaineering on ice and the great glaciers of the world.Next to the MMM is the "Yak und Yeti" inn.

• The fifth MMM is still in development. It is due to be opened in thespring of 2011 at Bruneck Castle in the South Tyrol. In addition tothe presentation of various hill tribes, such as Sherpas, Tibetans andHunza, each year guest speakers from mountainous areas of theworld will talk about their lives in the castle.[21]

In Media• Gasherbrum - Der leuchtende Berg [22], a Werner Herzog TV documentary from the year 1985, also known as:

The Dark Glow of the Mountains.•• Nanga Parbat (2010)• The band Ben Folds Five has an album entitled The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner

References[1] http:/ / www. reinhold-messner. de/[2] Reinhold Messner: On top of the world (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ people/ profiles/

reinhold-messner-on-top-of-the-world-482133. html) at www.independent.co.uk. Accessed on 7 Oct 2010.[3] Extrem Europa, Live, Vienna, No. 3 (01/02/2008), p. 16[4] Alexander, Caroline (November, 2006). "Murdering the Impossible" (http:/ / www7. nationalgeographic. com/ ngm/ 0611/ feature1/ index.

html). National Geographic. .[5] Rhoads, Christopher (11 December 2003). "The controversy surrounding Reinhold Messner" (http:/ / www. backcountry. net/ arch/ pct/ 0312/

msg00095. html). The Wall Street Journal. . Retrieved 7 February 2008.[6] Connolly, Kate (19 January 2010). "Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/

2010/ jan/ 19/ nanga-parbat-film-controversy). The Guardian (London). . Retrieved 22 May 2010.[7][7] Krakauer 153[8][8] Krakauer 61[9] http:/ / reinhold-messner. de/ popup_1_1. html[10] Messner, Reinhold (1979). Aufbruch ins Abenteuer. Der berühmteste Alpinist der Welt erzählt. Bergisch Gladbach, p. 122 - 133.[11] http:/ / outsideonline. com/ outside/ features/ 200601/ reinhold-gunther-messner-1. htm[12] http:/ / www. outdoorsmagic. com/ outdoors-news/ nanga-parbat-body-ends-messner-controversy/ 3451. html[13] Website for the cinema film, NANGA PARBAT (http:/ / www. nanga-parbat-film. de/ )[14] Messner, Reinhold (2002). Überlebt – Alle 14 Achttausender mit Chronik BLV, Munich.[15] Messner, Reinhold/Gogna, Alessandro: K2 – Berg der Berge. BLV, Munich 1980.

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[16] Messner, Reinhold: Alle meine Gipfel. Herbig, Munich 1983.[17] Entry in AAJ Online (http:/ / www. americanalpineclub. org/ documents/ pdf/ aaj/ 1982/ 282_china_ussr_irian_aaj1982. pdf)[18] Kammerlander, Hans: Bergsüchtig. Piper, Munich 2001, 6th ed. (p.81ff)[19] History of 7 Summits project — who was first? (http:/ / www. carstenszpapua. com/ 7summits-history. html)[20] Thomas Kunze: Messners 15. Achttausender (http:/ / www. berlinonline. de/ berliner-zeitung/ archiv/ . bin/ dump. fcgi/ 2006/ 0708/ reise/

0018/ index. html), Berliner Zeitung, 8 July 2006[21] Homepage des MMM (http:/ / www. messnermountainmuseum. de/ )[22] http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0087317/

Selected bibliography (English translations)• Messner, Reinhold (1998). Free Spirit: A Climber's Life. Seattle, WA, USA: Mountaineers Books.

ISBN 0-89886-573-5.• Messner, Reinhold (1998). The Crystal Horizon: Everest - The First Solo Ascent. Seattle, WA, USA:

Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-574-3.• Messner, Reinhold (1999). All Fourteen 8,000ers. Seattle, WA, USA: Mountaineers Books.

ISBN 0-89886-660-X.• Messner, Reinhold (2000). My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery. New York, NY,

USA: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-20394-8.• Messner, Reinhold (2001). The Big Walls: From the North Face of the Eiger to the South Face of Dhaulagiri.

Seattle, WA, USA: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-844-0.• Messner, Reinhold; trans. by Tim Carruthers (2002). The Second Death of George Mallory: The Enigma and

Spirit of Mount Everest. New York, NY, USA: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-27075-5.• Messner, Reinhold (2003). The Naked Mountain. Seattle, WA, USA: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-959-5.•• Publications in German

Sources• Wetzler, Brad (October 2002). "Reinhold Don't Care What You Think" (http:/ / outsideonline. com/ outside/

features/ 200210/ 200210_messner_1. html). Outside Magazine.• Krakauer, Jon. Into Thin Air. United States of America: Random House, 1996.

External links• Official site (http:/ / www. reinhold-messner. de/ ) (German)

• Discovery of remains ends controversy about the death of Reinhold Messner's brother (http:/ / www. guardian. co.uk/ world/ 2005/ aug/ 19/ barbaramcmahon)

• Messner Mountain Museum (http:/ / www. bolzano. net/ english/ messner-mountain-museum. html)• Messner Mountain Museum website (http:/ / www. messner-mountain-museum. it)• Messner - 2002 (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0471810/ )• (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=7XQMRwAy0Y8) (rare English interview with Messner)

Interviews• Gaia Symphony Documentary series (Japanese production).

Page 11: Reinhold Messner

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsReinhold Messner  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=500909510  Contributors: 3-14159, A. Christopher, A.Savin, Afasmit, Agorf, Al Silonov, Angusmclellan, Attilios,Aumnamahashiva, Awiseman, BD2412, Babban12, Badbilltucker, Beetstra, Bermicourt, Boy.pockets, Calamitybrook, Canaima, CanisRufus, Canuckian89, Cglassey, Cheeda777, Cinik,Connormah, Count Westwest, Crampon, Crunch, Ctlarkin, Cullen328, D6, Darwinek, Davor.danach, Der Eberswalder, Donfbreed, Donreed, Dr. Blofeld, Drmies, ENeville, ESpeak, EdH,EncMstr, Entlinkt, Eoght, Ericoides, Excirial, Fabrictramp, Gala.martin, Gennaro Prota, Godhand1991, Gogo Dodo, Good Olfactory, GoodDamon, Green slash, GregorB, Greyhood, Grouse,Gryffindor, Gun Powder Ma, Hbdragon88, History2007, Hmrox, Hydrargyrum, Ian Spackman, Idono, Ilya.skurikhin, Inhumandecency, Inkling, Irregulargalaxies, Ixfd64,Jauchegrubenvoll$chei$$er, Jaucheversteigerung, Jbaranao, Jcaragonv, Jed, Jeffkarlin, Jerryb1961, Jerzy, Jetman, Jordiferrer, Jrclark, KFP, Kam Solusar, Kantonalbanki, Khalid Mahmood,Kinneyboy90, Lars T., Lavintzin, Lg10024, LilDice, Lintu, Magnus.de, Makaristos, MarkHab, Mattaidepikiw, Mattisse, Mgiganteus1, Michael Zimmermann, Mike Selinker, Mjunge,Monegasque, Mpaa, Mschlindwein, Mwarren us, Natekarle, Neilavis, Nh3nh4, Nick Number, Nickispeaki, Nikai, NoSoftwarePatents, Obli, Ospalh, P G Henning, PatheticCopyEditor, Paul.h,PhnomPencil, Pjjml, Pmlineditor, Pratyush.tiwary, Qwrk, RCS, Rameezraja001, Ras52, Ratagonia, RedWolf, Reflex Reaction, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Rims007, Rjwilmsi, Ross-c, Rossg21,Rsg, Rupert Pupkin, Rwxrwxrwx, Rzelnik, Sam Golden, Sbo, Schnob Reider, Schwuler Bürgermeister, Seaphoto, Seb az86556, Shehzad2431, SidoniaBorcke, SietskeEN, Siryendor, Skizzik,Southof40, Stan Shebs, Steveozone, Stewartadcock, Steyncham, Stumps, Sturman, Szopen, Szumyk, TFCforever, The Interior, TheMo, Themfromspace, Timwi, Tkreuz, Tony astill, Tregoweth,Urdulife, WikiNeutrino, Wizardman, Yann, 222 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Reinhold Messner in Koeln 2009.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Reinhold_Messner_in_Koeln_2009.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: A.SavinFile:Achttausender Neu.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Achttausender_Neu.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: derivativework: Kauk0r (talk) Achttausender.png: http://www.maps-for-free.com/File:Northern Areas 38b commons.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:Daniel MartinFile:Everest2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Everest2.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Uwe Gille atde.wikipediaFile:K2-big b.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:K2-big_b.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Bwag at de.wikipediaFile:DhaulagiriMountain.jos.500pix.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DhaulagiriMountain.jos.500pix.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Eli the Bearded,Geofrog, KaTeznik, Piom, RedWolf, Rupert Pupkin, ZanaqFile:Reinhold Messner.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Reinhold_Messner.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: G.dallorto, Rsg,WerckmeisterFile:MMM.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MMM.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Biallasg, G.dallorto,Gryffindor, Mattes

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