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RenaissanceRenaissanceThe re-birth of classical The re-birth of classical culture culture The birth of a NEW spirit of The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness self awareness Sense of relief after a Sense of relief after a disastrous 14th century disastrous 14th century Artistic achievement Artistic achievement
Time Frame Time Frame 1350-15501350-1550
Three distinct phases: Three distinct phases: Phase 1:Phase 1: 1350-1400: Started in Italy 1350-1400: Started in Italy
– Declining populationDeclining population– Rediscovery of classical knowledge Rediscovery of classical knowledge – (Late Middle Ages)(Late Middle Ages)
Phase 2:Phase 2: 1400-1500 - Spreads to Northern Europe 1400-1500 - Spreads to Northern Europe– Artistic / literary achievementsArtistic / literary achievements– Population recovered, Population recovered, – Govt. stabilized Govt. stabilized
Phase 3:Phase 3: 1500-1550: - The Rest of Europe 1500-1550: - The Rest of Europe– French and Spanish Invasions spread the RenaissanceFrench and Spanish Invasions spread the Renaissance
Rise of Italian City-StatesRise of Italian City-States
The collapse of the HRE (Holy Roman The collapse of the HRE (Holy Roman Empire) and the Great Schism left no Empire) and the Great Schism left no unifying force in Italy unifying force in Italy
The GuildsThe Guilds
Guilds and powerful families took Guilds and powerful families took over regional governments:over regional governments:– Mediterranean trade enriched guild Mediterranean trade enriched guild
members and merchant families members and merchant families – HRE provided a vast market for HRE provided a vast market for
manufactured goods of the Italian guilds manufactured goods of the Italian guilds (Commenda)(Commenda)
– City-states had enough agriculture to City-states had enough agriculture to sustain their populations sustain their populations
Italian PoliticsItalian Politics
Competition between city-states – Competition between city-states – Italy remained dividedItaly remained divided– Weaker States would ally against Weaker States would ally against
stronger Statesstronger States
Five Powers of Italy:Five Powers of Italy:
Papal States: Rome. Politics Papal States: Rome. Politics dominated by the Pope and a dominated by the Pope and a collection of powerful families. collection of powerful families.
FlorenceFlorence Republic on paper, but came under the control of Republic on paper, but came under the control of
the Medici faction. the Medici faction. - Major industries were textiles (wool, cotton and - Major industries were textiles (wool, cotton and silk) and finance silk) and finance - Established bank branches throughout Europe - Established bank branches throughout Europe - External conflicts led to a financial crisis - External conflicts led to a financial crisis
Major Players in FlorenceMajor Players in Florence
- Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464) - Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464) financed govt. and took control financed govt. and took control - Lorenzo the Magnificent - Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492: patron of the (1449-1492: patron of the Arts, glorification of Florence Arts, glorification of Florence
- - Girolamo SavonarolaGirolamo Savonarola (1452- (1452-1498) – theocracy in Florence 1498) – theocracy in Florence 1494-98; (predicted French 1494-98; (predicted French invasion due to paganism and invasion due to paganism and moral decay of Italian city-moral decay of Italian city-states); burned at the stake states); burned at the stake
Milan:Milan:
Located just south of the Alps, Milan Located just south of the Alps, Milan provided manufactured goods to the provided manufactured goods to the French and HRE French and HRE
- Dominated for much of their - Dominated for much of their history by the House of Visconti and history by the House of Visconti and fear of Germanic invasion fear of Germanic invasion
- The House of Sforza took over - The House of Sforza took over during da Vinci’s stay in Milan during da Vinci’s stay in Milan
NaplesNaples
Hereditary monarchy. Eventually Hereditary monarchy. Eventually taken over by Spanish after 1435taken over by Spanish after 1435
VeniceVenice Key to their success was their role in Key to their success was their role in
Mediterranean trade. Mediterranean trade. - Maritime power - Maritime power - Oligarchy of wealthy merchant / guilds - Oligarchy of wealthy merchant / guilds people (hereditary elite) people (hereditary elite) - Special treaty with the Byzantine Empire - Special treaty with the Byzantine Empire that allowed them exclusive trade rights that allowed them exclusive trade rights - Government controlled trade, ensured - Government controlled trade, ensured profitability profitability
Impact: Italy exported manufactured goods, Impact: Italy exported manufactured goods,
capital resources and cultural innovations. capital resources and cultural innovations.
Decline of the City-StatesDecline of the City-States(What happened to Italy)(What happened to Italy)
Established the Peace of Lodi: Major powers would not fight one Established the Peace of Lodi: Major powers would not fight one another another - Instead they gobbled up the rest of Italy - Instead they gobbled up the rest of Italy - Massive mistrust developed - Massive mistrust developed
Rise of the Ottoman Turks Rise of the Ottoman Turks - Mehmed II Conquered Constantinople in 1453 and threatened - Mehmed II Conquered Constantinople in 1453 and threatened Eastern Europe Eastern Europe - Cut off much of the profitable trade that the Italian City-States - Cut off much of the profitable trade that the Italian City-States relied on relied on
Wars of Italy (1494-1529) Wars of Italy (1494-1529) - Naples, Florence & Rome v. Milan + France (secret alliance) - Naples, Florence & Rome v. Milan + France (secret alliance) - Venetians allied with Spain / HRE - Venetians allied with Spain / HRE
Germans Sack Rome in 1527, significance is that it ends the Germans Sack Rome in 1527, significance is that it ends the Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Italy
Italian Renaissance Ideas. . . Italian Renaissance Ideas. . . The HumanistsThe Humanists
Humanism: reaction to a worldview Humanism: reaction to a worldview that was centered on the church that was centered on the church doctrinedoctrine
- - Secular outlook, Secular outlook,
- Emphasis on human - Emphasis on human achievement achievement
Pico de MirandolaPico de Mirandola
Belief in no limits to human Belief in no limits to human accomplishment accomplishment
Studied and taught “humanities” – Studied and taught “humanities” – liberal artsliberal arts
His writings set the standard for other His writings set the standard for other HumanistsHumanists
Civic HumanismCivic Humanism
Leon Battista AlbertiLeon Battista Alberti: : On the On the FamilyFamily (1443), looked at newly (1443), looked at newly emerging civic virtuesemerging civic virtues
Baldesar CastiglioneBaldesar Castiglione: : – The CourtierThe Courtier (1528), etiquette book for (1528), etiquette book for
the elite seeking power and influence, the elite seeking power and influence, advocated the moralistic and traditional advocated the moralistic and traditional exercise of powerexercise of power
Machiavelli Machiavelli Wrote “The Prince,” to encourage Italian rulers to be more united Wrote “The Prince,” to encourage Italian rulers to be more united
and firm their attempts to keep foreigners out. and firm their attempts to keep foreigners out. Hoped that Cesar Borgia or the Medici Family would unite Italy-”The Hoped that Cesar Borgia or the Medici Family would unite Italy-”The
ends justifies the means.” ends justifies the means.”
- Impact:- Impact:1. Mix of Classical and Renaissance worlds1. Mix of Classical and Renaissance worlds2. Explained how and why Princes gained and maintained 2. Explained how and why Princes gained and maintained
powerpower3. Represents the first purely secular understanding of govt-3. Represents the first purely secular understanding of govt-
- Removed divine authority - Removed divine authority 4. First attempt to explain the actions of govt. using a scientific 4. First attempt to explain the actions of govt. using a scientific
methodologymethodology- Key idea was Machiavelli’s association of the Prince and Key idea was Machiavelli’s association of the Prince and
peoples interest as the samepeoples interest as the same- A virtuous Prince was defined as a one who gained and A virtuous Prince was defined as a one who gained and
maintained powermaintained power- Any action that increased a Prince’s virtue was good, thus Any action that increased a Prince’s virtue was good, thus
power became an end that justified any meanspower became an end that justified any means
Humanists and classical Humanists and classical studiesstudies Byzantine scholars (fleeing Muslim expansion) were influentialByzantine scholars (fleeing Muslim expansion) were influential
- Developed new standards for studying classical texts and new - Developed new standards for studying classical texts and new educational standardseducational standards
Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, philology and Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, philology and history- intent: boost the abilities of the individual to reason and history- intent: boost the abilities of the individual to reason and thinkthink
Philology: study of words, their origins and correct usage Philology: study of words, their origins and correct usage – Provided the first challenge of humanist thought to the Church Provided the first challenge of humanist thought to the Church
intellectual tradition- Valla disproved the Donation of Constantine intellectual tradition- Valla disproved the Donation of Constantine (tax exemption of the church) (tax exemption of the church)
Applied their ideas to spiritual / secular worldApplied their ideas to spiritual / secular world- Petarch: “father of Humanism” – Cicero- Petarch: “father of Humanism” – Cicero- Bruni: Greek scholar who advanced Platonic ideals- Bruni: Greek scholar who advanced Platonic ideals- Alberti- Applied humanist ideals to a number of fields- - Alberti- Applied humanist ideals to a number of fields-
art, architecture, education reform, engineering etc. . .art, architecture, education reform, engineering etc. . .
Physical ArtsPhysical Arts Art represented a combination of individual talent and important Art represented a combination of individual talent and important
social ideals social ideals - Leading edge of society - Leading edge of society - Technical innovations - perspective & three dimensionality - Technical innovations - perspective & three dimensionality
- Driven by societal demands - Driven by societal demands - Civic architecture - govt. - Civic architecture - govt. - Portrait painting - reflected the importance of individuals - Portrait painting - reflected the importance of individuals
(prestige) (prestige) - Elite patronized the arts (investment & prestige) and the skill - Elite patronized the arts (investment & prestige) and the skill craftsmen (practical) who produced it craftsmen (practical) who produced it -Based on fear of death -Based on fear of death -Destruction, sadness, horror -Destruction, sadness, horror
Renaissance Art can be broken down into three mediums: Renaissance Art can be broken down into three mediums: – ArchitectureArchitecture– SculptureSculpture– Painting Painting
- Most artists worked in all three mediums - Most artists worked in all three mediums
ArchitectureArchitecture
Designed and built by Renaissance Artists (great buildings Designed and built by Renaissance Artists (great buildings increased one's fame and prestige) increased one's fame and prestige)
Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture, pointed arches, Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture, pointed arches,
vaulted ceilings, slender spires, large windows, flying vaulted ceilings, slender spires, large windows, flying buttresses. buttresses. - Goal was to overwhelm the viewer with the power - Goal was to overwhelm the viewer with the power and might of God. and might of God.
Renaissance: reincorporation of classical features Renaissance: reincorporation of classical features -Brunelleschi - combined gothic and classical -Brunelleschi - combined gothic and classical architecture architecture
- Florence Cathedral - Florence Cathedral
Florence CathedralFlorence Cathedral
Saint Peter's Basilica: Saint Peter's Basilica:
Begun by Bramante, finished by MichelangeloBegun by Bramante, finished by Michelangelo
SculptureSculpture
- Donatello: created a sense of - Donatello: created a sense of reality, especially in the robes and reality, especially in the robes and clothes of his subjects clothes of his subjects
St. MarkSt. Mark
Michelangelo Michelangelo PietaPieta: sculpture of the Madonna, new representation: sculpture of the Madonna, new representation
Michelangelo Michelangelo DavidDavid:: mix of classical sculpture and Renaissance style mix of classical sculpture and Renaissance style
Painting Painting
MasaccioMasaccio His frescoes are the earliest His frescoes are the earliest
monuments of Humanism monuments of Humanism – Used light and shading to create Used light and shading to create
perspectiveperspective– Increased the display of human emotion Increased the display of human emotion
The Expulsion of The Expulsion of Adam and EveAdam and Eve (1425) (1425)
- - The Holy TrinityThe Holy Trinity (1425)(1425)
Piero Della Francesca Piero Della Francesca
- - The ResurrectionThe Resurrection (1463) - (1463) - displayed technical innovations displayed technical innovations
- Botticelli: - Botticelli: –Famous for classical themes Famous for classical themes and bright colors and bright colors
The Birth of Venus (1478)The Birth of Venus (1478)
SpringSpring (1478)(1478)
Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci Great master famous for Great master famous for
observation of detail and observation of detail and use ofuse of perspective perspective
The Last SupperThe Last Supper (1495-98)(1495-98)
La GiocondaLa Gioconda (Mona (Mona Lisa)Lisa)
Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel portrays a narrative of the Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel portrays a narrative of the Christian creation mythChristian creation myth
MusicMusic Renaissance Music, Art and LiteratureRenaissance Music, Art and Literature 1. Music1. Music --Polyphonic music begins in churchPolyphonic music begins in church
-Catholic music remains chant based-Catholic music remains chant based-Protestants develop hymns with 4 parts and -Protestants develop hymns with 4 parts and words in vernacularwords in vernacular
2. Instruments 2. Instruments -Violin-Violin-Lyre-Lyre-Harpsichord-Harpsichord
Renaissance Music Example #1Renaissance Music Example #1
Renaissance Music Example #2Renaissance Music Example #2
Renaissance Music Example #3Renaissance Music Example #3
LiteratureLiterature
-Machiavelli: -Machiavelli: The Prince The Prince -Castiglione: -Castiglione: The CourtierThe Courtier-Erasmus: -Erasmus: In praise of Folly In praise of Folly -Cervantes: -Cervantes: Don QuixoteDon Quixote-Thomas Moore: -Thomas Moore: UtopiaUtopia
The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance
Outside of Italy, the humanistic ideals of Outside of Italy, the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance spread to other European the Renaissance spread to other European States. States.
Variations-Variations-– Christian Humanism:Christian Humanism: emphasis on early emphasis on early
church writings for answers to improve societychurch writings for answers to improve society – Mysticism:Mysticism: belief in personal relationship with belief in personal relationship with
GodGod
Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus
(Erasmus of Rotterdam) (1466-1536) (Erasmus of Rotterdam) (1466-1536)
– – In Praise of FollyIn Praise of Folly
-- MMost famous intellectual of his ost famous intellectual of his timestimes criticized the church: criticized the church:
““Erasmus lay the egg that Luther Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched”hatched”
Thomas MoreThomas More
(1478-1536) – (1478-1536) –
UtopiaUtopia – creates ideal society on an – creates ideal society on an island; but to achieve harmony and island; but to achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice order people have to sacrifice individual rightsindividual rights
Northern Renaissance ArtNorthern Renaissance Art
Low Countries produced especially Low Countries produced especially important artistsimportant artists
Jan Van EyckJan Van Eyck – Flemish painter, – Flemish painter, detailed realistic worksdetailed realistic works
Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer (1471-1528) (1471-1528) German – foremost northern German – foremost northern Renaissance artist.Renaissance artist.
DurerDurer
This is not Renaissance Art. . This is not Renaissance Art. . This where you can stop. .This where you can stop. .