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Renewable and Renewable and Nonrenewable Nonrenewable Resources Resources Chapter 2 Chapter 2

Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Chapter 2. Theme Outline Lesson 2.1 Lesson 2.1 Earth’s Resources Renewable Resources Nonrenewable Resources

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Renewable and Renewable and Nonrenewable Nonrenewable

ResourcesResources

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Theme OutlineTheme Outline Lesson 2.1Lesson 2.1

Earth’s ResourcesEarth’s Resources Renewable ResourcesRenewable Resources Nonrenewable ResourcesNonrenewable Resources Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels Global Energy Use and ProductionGlobal Energy Use and Production Alternative Energy ResourcesAlternative Energy Resources

PA Academic Standards for PA Academic Standards for Environment & EcologyEnvironment & Ecology

Standard 4.2.10.AStandard 4.2.10.A Explain that renewable and nonrenewable Explain that renewable and nonrenewable

resources supply energy and materials.resources supply energy and materials.• Identify alternative sources of energy.Identify alternative sources of energy.• Identify and compare fuels used in industrial and Identify and compare fuels used in industrial and

agricultural societies.agricultural societies.• Compare and contrast the cycles of various natural Compare and contrast the cycles of various natural

resources.resources.• Explain food and fiber as renewable resources.Explain food and fiber as renewable resources.

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Students will compare and contrast various Students will compare and contrast various renewable and nonrenewable natural renewable and nonrenewable natural resources.resources.

Students will define food and fiber as Students will define food and fiber as renewable resources.renewable resources.

Students will identify and compare fuels used Students will identify and compare fuels used in developed and developing nations and in developed and developing nations and identify alternative sources of energy.identify alternative sources of energy.

Earth’s ResourcesEarth’s Resources Resources come from the Earth, either in raw form or

as material used to make new products.

Earth’s resources include organisms, air, water, and soil, as well as materials such as oil, gas, and ores that are removed from the ground for processing.

Two Main Classifications of ResourcesTwo Main Classifications of Resources

Renewable resourcesRenewable resources Nonrenewable resourcesNonrenewable resources

RenewableRenewable ResourcesResourcesDefinition: any material or energy source that cycles

or can be replaced within the period of a human life span.

Common renewable resources• Food and FiberFood and Fiber• SoilSoil• WindWind• The SunThe Sun• WaterWater• Biomass FuelsBiomass Fuels• Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resources/phy03/sci/ess/earthsys/energysource/assets/phy03_vid_energysource/phy03_vid_energysource_56_mov.html

Food and FiberFood and Fiber Renewable agricultural resources such as crops

grown for human and livestock consumption, wild and planted forest crops, and wild and domesticated animals. Example: wheat grown in Pennsylvania

How is food and fiber renewable?How is food and fiber renewable?• Food and fiber can be harvested indefinitely, unless

their consumption exceeds their rate of reproduction.

SoilSoil

• Soil is a mixture of living and nonliving Soil is a mixture of living and nonliving materials that provide habitat for plants materials that provide habitat for plants and organisms.and organisms.

• Soil forms over Soil forms over thousandsthousands of years when of years when rock is exposed to weathering processes.rock is exposed to weathering processes.

• Soil formation varies with the climate Soil formation varies with the climate differences.differences.Example: hot, humid climates form larger Example: hot, humid climates form larger

amounts of soil more quickly than dry amounts of soil more quickly than dry climates.climates.

How is soil renewable?How is soil renewable?• Soil does take thousands of years to form. However, soil is Soil does take thousands of years to form. However, soil is

renewable as long as the living renewable as long as the living organicorganic matter in the soil matter in the soil remains remains fertilefertile..

• Soil can become depleted of organic matter, at which point Soil can become depleted of organic matter, at which point it becomes nonrenewable.it becomes nonrenewable.

Example: poor agricultural practices.Example: poor agricultural practices.

WindWind• Wind is air in motion.Wind is air in motion.• Wind is caused by the unequal Wind is caused by the unequal heatingheating of air across the of air across the

Earth’s surface. Earth’s surface. • Can be used to generate electricity, through the use of Can be used to generate electricity, through the use of

windmills and turbines.windmills and turbines.

How is wind How is wind renewable?renewable?

• Wind is inexhaustible.Wind is inexhaustible.

• As long as there is an As long as there is an uneven heating of the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface, winds Earth’s surface, winds will be generated, will be generated, creating a potentially creating a potentially harvestable resource.harvestable resource.

Solar EnergySolar Energy

• Definition : energy from the sunDefinition : energy from the sun

• Provides heat and light to our planet.

• Scientists estimate that the sun’s capacity to generate heat and light, will remain relatively stable for the next 5 billion years.

• Without the sun, Earth would not support life, mainly the plants who convert energy from the sun into food at the base of the food chain.

The Sun …The Sun …

WaterWater• The amount of water on Earth today is the same as it was 5 The amount of water on Earth today is the same as it was 5

billion years ago.billion years ago.• Earth holds about 326 trillion gallons of water below, on, and Earth holds about 326 trillion gallons of water below, on, and

above the Earth’s surface.above the Earth’s surface.

How is water renewable?How is water renewable?• Groundwater and freshwater sources recharge natural Groundwater and freshwater sources recharge natural

systems as water in those systems is used, thus able to be systems as water in those systems is used, thus able to be replenished and considered renewable.replenished and considered renewable.

• Water contamination threatens to limit the amount of Water contamination threatens to limit the amount of usable water available for consumption.usable water available for consumption.

Biomass Biomass FuelsFuels• DefinitionDefinition: : organic matter that contains stored solar energyorganic matter that contains stored solar energy

• Materials which can be used to provide energy when taken Materials which can be used to provide energy when taken through a process of through a process of combustioncombustion..

Example: wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues, Example: wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues, aquatic plants, animal wastes.aquatic plants, animal wastes.

• Biomass fuels have seen a huge increase in use over the past Biomass fuels have seen a huge increase in use over the past two decades.two decades.

• Biomass fuels are commonly used in Biomass fuels are commonly used in developing countriesdeveloping countries as as a fuel source because they are inexpensive and readily a fuel source because they are inexpensive and readily available.available.

How are biomass fuels renewable?How are biomass fuels renewable?• Biomass fuels are considered renewable resources because Biomass fuels are considered renewable resources because

the products from which they originate are renewable.the products from which they originate are renewable. Example: wood used for heating purposes is derived from trees Example: wood used for heating purposes is derived from trees

which provide timber which can be harvested within the typical which provide timber which can be harvested within the typical human lifespanhuman lifespan

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy• DefinitionDefinition: : heat that is transferred by water, which can be heat that is transferred by water, which can be

brought to the surface and used to drive electric generators brought to the surface and used to drive electric generators as well as to heat homes and other buildings.as well as to heat homes and other buildings.

• Heat from deep within the Earth that can be harvested Heat from deep within the Earth that can be harvested • Fueled by the decay of radioactive elements within the Earth.Fueled by the decay of radioactive elements within the Earth.

How is geothermal energy renewable?How is geothermal energy renewable?• Heat harvested as a Heat harvested as a

byproduct of radioactive byproduct of radioactive decay from an decay from an inexhaustible supply of inexhaustible supply of radioactive elements radioactive elements buried deep below the buried deep below the surface of the Earth.surface of the Earth.

Nonrenewable ResourcesNonrenewable Resources

• DefinitionDefinition: : material or energy source that cannot be material or energy source that cannot be replaced during the time of a human life spanreplaced during the time of a human life span

• Common nonrenewable resourcesCommon nonrenewable resources OresOres Rocks as ResourcesRocks as Resources Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

• CoalCoal• Petroleum and Natural GasPetroleum and Natural Gas

OresOres

• DefinitionDefinition: : mineral deposits from which valuable metals mineral deposits from which valuable metals and nonmetals can be recovered at a profitand nonmetals can be recovered at a profit

• Types of oresTypes of ores• Metallic oresMetallic ores• Nonmetallic oresNonmetallic ores

MetallicMetallic OresOres• Common metallic ores include iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, Common metallic ores include iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead,

silver, gold, manganese, and many other metals.silver, gold, manganese, and many other metals.

NonmetallicNonmetallic OresOres• Common nonmetallic ores include fluorite, clay, salt, sand, Common nonmetallic ores include fluorite, clay, salt, sand,

gravel, diamonds, gypsum, sulfur, talc, quartz, and many gravel, diamonds, gypsum, sulfur, talc, quartz, and many other non-metals.other non-metals.

• Commonly used as agricultural fertilizers, in cement Commonly used as agricultural fertilizers, in cement mixtures, building materials, and fiber optics.mixtures, building materials, and fiber optics.

Rocks as ResourcesRocks as Resources• Rocks are mixtures of one or more minerals.Rocks are mixtures of one or more minerals.• Common economically important rocks in Pennsylvania Common economically important rocks in Pennsylvania

include marble, sandstone, granite, and limestone used as include marble, sandstone, granite, and limestone used as ornamental stones in buildings and in landscaping.ornamental stones in buildings and in landscaping.

• The major non-metallic resources mined in Pennsylvania The major non-metallic resources mined in Pennsylvania today include coal, limestone, granite, slate, sand, gravel and today include coal, limestone, granite, slate, sand, gravel and clay.clay.

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

• DefinitionDefinition: : fuels such as wood, charcoal, peat, coal, oil, fuels such as wood, charcoal, peat, coal, oil, and natural gas that release energy when burnedand natural gas that release energy when burned

• Considered nonrenewable because they take millions of Considered nonrenewable because they take millions of years to form.years to form.

• Major fossil fuels in developed countries include:Major fossil fuels in developed countries include: CoalCoal OilOil Natural gasNatural gas

CoalCoal• Formed when wetland Formed when wetland

plants die, are buried, and plants die, are buried, and undergo physical and undergo physical and chemical changes over chemical changes over millions of years.millions of years.

• Considered nonrenewable Considered nonrenewable because they take millions because they take millions of years to formof years to form

Stages of Coal FormationStages of Coal Formation Stage 1: PeatStage 1: Peat

Porous brown mass of organic matter Porous brown mass of organic matter containing twigs, roots, and other plant materialcontaining twigs, roots, and other plant material

About 50% carbonAbout 50% carbon

Stage 2: LigniteStage 2: Lignite Soft brown organic material that results from Soft brown organic material that results from

compression that forces out oxygen, hydrogen, compression that forces out oxygen, hydrogen, and waterand water

About 70% carbonAbout 70% carbon

Stage 3: Coal formationStage 3: Coal formation Additional pressure and temperature changes Additional pressure and temperature changes

cause the organic matter to further develop into cause the organic matter to further develop into harvestable coal.harvestable coal.

Types of CoalTypes of Coal

• Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal• First form of coal created during Stage 3First form of coal created during Stage 3• ““Soft” coalSoft” coal• About 85% carbonAbout 85% carbon

• Anthracite CoalAnthracite Coal• Second form of coal created during Stage 3Second form of coal created during Stage 3• ““Hard” coalHard” coal• About 90% carbonAbout 90% carbon• Clean-burning coal because it contains very Clean-burning coal because it contains very

high amounts of carbon.high amounts of carbon.

World leaders in the production of coalWorld leaders in the production of coal• 50% former Soviet Union50% former Soviet Union• 20% China20% China• 15% United States15% United States

Most of which is lignite and bituminous coal.Most of which is lignite and bituminous coal.

Coal Fields in PennsylvaniaCoal Fields in Pennsylvania Western PennsylvaniaWestern Pennsylvania

• Predominantly Bituminous coalPredominantly Bituminous coal Eastern PennsylvaniaEastern Pennsylvania

• Predominantly Anthracite coalPredominantly Anthracite coal

Petroleum and Natural GasPetroleum and Natural Gas• Formed from the remains of plants, bacteria, algae, and Formed from the remains of plants, bacteria, algae, and

other microscopic marine organisms.other microscopic marine organisms.• Formed when more organic matter is produced than is Formed when more organic matter is produced than is

destroyed, which is common in coastal waters.destroyed, which is common in coastal waters.• Chemical and physical changes result in the formation of Chemical and physical changes result in the formation of

organic matter in the form of liquids and gases.organic matter in the form of liquids and gases.

History of Pennsylvania History of Pennsylvania Petroleum and Natural GasPetroleum and Natural Gas

• Pennsylvania is not a Pennsylvania is not a significant producer of significant producer of petroleum or natural petroleum or natural gases, but does have gases, but does have some historical some historical importance.importance.

• Titusville, PennsylvaniaTitusville, Pennsylvania 1859 oil well 1859 oil well

installationinstallation Beginning of the 19Beginning of the 19thth

century oil boomcentury oil boom

Source RockSource Rock• Petroleum and natural gas formation occur below the Petroleum and natural gas formation occur below the

Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface.• These fluids and gases collect within the rock formations These fluids and gases collect within the rock formations

underground.underground.• Separation of productsSeparation of products

• Oil is more dense and often migrates and collects in the Oil is more dense and often migrates and collects in the bottom of fuel reservoirsbottom of fuel reservoirs

• Gas is less dense and migrates to the top of the fuel Gas is less dense and migrates to the top of the fuel reservoirreservoir

Global Energy Use and ProductionGlobal Energy Use and Production

• World’s total energy consumption rates have been World’s total energy consumption rates have been increasing in many countries, both developed and increasing in many countries, both developed and developing.developing. Example: China uses coal as the main resource to heat Example: China uses coal as the main resource to heat

their homes. Thus, as populations increase, and their homes. Thus, as populations increase, and consumption rates increase, coal supplies must also consumption rates increase, coal supplies must also increase in order to meet this demand.increase in order to meet this demand.

OECD = Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development

Alternative Energy ResourcesAlternative Energy Resources• Alternative energy sources are being pursued in many Alternative energy sources are being pursued in many

developed countries as a way to counteract the developed developed countries as a way to counteract the developed world's dependence on nonrenewable resources that are world's dependence on nonrenewable resources that are being exhausted faster than they can be replaced.being exhausted faster than they can be replaced.

• Common alternative energy resourcesCommon alternative energy resources• Solar EnergySolar Energy• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower• Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy• Nuclear PowerNuclear Power• TrashTrash• HydrogenHydrogen

Solar EnergySolar Energy

• Two types of solar systemsTwo types of solar systems• Passive SolarPassive Solar

Solar cells convert solar energy directly into electricity.Solar cells convert solar energy directly into electricity.• Solar Thermal SystemsSolar Thermal Systems

Sunlight is concentrated to produce heat, which boils Sunlight is concentrated to produce heat, which boils water to generate steam which turns a turbine to water to generate steam which turns a turbine to produce electricity.produce electricity.

Passive Solar Energy SystemPassive Solar Energy System

Solar Thermal SystemsSolar Thermal Systems

WindWind

• Blades on a wind turbine drive a generator, producing Blades on a wind turbine drive a generator, producing electricity.electricity.

• Maximum outputs are achieved by using the largest blades Maximum outputs are achieved by using the largest blades available, in areas with the faster wind speed.available, in areas with the faster wind speed.

• Groups of windmills clustered in an area are commonly Groups of windmills clustered in an area are commonly referred to as wind farms. referred to as wind farms.

• These wind farm facilities were built in response to These wind farm facilities were built in response to consumer demand and are used on farms, private consumer demand and are used on farms, private residences, businesses hotels, colleges, and universities.residences, businesses hotels, colleges, and universities.

Wind FarmsWind Farms

Factsheets and Statistics

Wind Energy by the Numbers• Wind energy produced worldwide: 65,000,000,000 kWh per year (enough power for 6 million U.S. homes) • Wind energy produced in the U.S.: 16,000,000,000 kWh per year (enough power for 1.6 million homes)• Potential U.S. wind energy production by 2020: enough power for 25 million homes yearly• Installed cost of wind energy: 2-6 cents/kWh• Yearly emissions eliminated by generating energy from a 1 MW wind turbine instead of 1 MW of conventional sources: over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide, 6.5 tons of sulfur dioxide, 3.2 tons of nitrogen oxides, and 60 pounds of mercury in one year.• Wind power farms generate between 17 and 39 times as much power as they consume, as compared to 16 times for nuclear plants and 11 times for coal plants, according to a study of Midwestern wind farms by the University of Wisconsin.

Source: American Wind Energy Association

DamsDams• Dams create large bodies of water, which in turn canDams create large bodies of water, which in turn can be released to flow over turbines, spin generatorsbe released to flow over turbines, spin generators and generate electricity.and generate electricity.

• Pennsylvania is home to 23 dams.Pennsylvania is home to 23 dams.

HydropowerHydropower

• Energy from moving Energy from moving water in lakes and streams water in lakes and streams can be used to turn can be used to turn turbines, which spin a turbines, which spin a generator and generate generator and generate electricity.electricity.

Geothermal PowerGeothermal Power• Heat from deep within the Earth that can be harvested to Heat from deep within the Earth that can be harvested to

produce electricity.produce electricity.• The water in geothermal reservoirs can be brought to the The water in geothermal reservoirs can be brought to the

surface as either hot water or steam, and either further surface as either hot water or steam, and either further heated or used to directly generate electricity.heated or used to directly generate electricity.

Geothermal Heating SystemsGeothermal Heating Systems

Nuclear Nuclear PowerPower

• Nuclear power uses Nuclear power uses fission fission to break uranium to to break uranium to generate electricity.generate electricity.

• Fission releases energy as heat that turns water into Fission releases energy as heat that turns water into steam, spinning a turbine to generate electricity.steam, spinning a turbine to generate electricity.

• Pennsylvania is home to 9 nuclear reactors, at 5 Pennsylvania is home to 9 nuclear reactors, at 5 locations.locations.

Nuclear PowerNuclear Power

Three Mile Island: Harrisburg, PA

TrashTrash• Two main methods of energy generationTwo main methods of energy generation

• Trash can be Trash can be burnedburned in power plants to generate in power plants to generate electricity in municipal “waste-to-energy” facilities.electricity in municipal “waste-to-energy” facilities.

• Pennsylvania is home to 7 waste-to-energy facilities.Pennsylvania is home to 7 waste-to-energy facilities.

• Trash Trash decomposesdecomposes and produces gases such as and produces gases such as methanemethane, , the main ingredient in natural gas which can be the main ingredient in natural gas which can be harvested from landfills and then processed and burned harvested from landfills and then processed and burned to produce steam which is used to generate electricity.to produce steam which is used to generate electricity.

Waste-to-EnergyWaste-to-Energy

Waste-to-EnergyWaste-to-Energy

HydrogenHydrogen• Hydrogen is a clean way to produce energy, and since Hydrogen is a clean way to produce energy, and since

hydrogen, the main element in water is almost inexhaustible, hydrogen, the main element in water is almost inexhaustible, it is a very promising alternative energy source.it is a very promising alternative energy source.

• Low emissions.Low emissions.• Hydrogen fuel cells work much Hydrogen fuel cells work much

like a battery to produce like a battery to produce

electricity, taking advantage electricity, taking advantage

of the charges present in the of the charges present in the

fuel cellfuel cell..

Hydrogen Fuel Cell TechnologyHydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

Hydrogen Fuel TechnologyHydrogen Fuel Technology

Theme VocabularyTheme Vocabulary

Lesson 2.1Lesson 2.1 biomass fuelsbiomass fuels fossil fuelsfossil fuels geothermal energygeothermal energy nonrenewable resourcenonrenewable resource oresores renewable resourcerenewable resource solar energysolar energy