Report of the TEAP XXI/9 Task Force

11

Report of the TEAP XXI/9 Task Report of the TEAP XXI/9 Task ForceForce

Lambert Kuijpers Miguel QuinteroDan VerdonikShiqiu Zhang

TF Co-chairsTEAP members

UNEP OEWG-30 UNEP OEWG-30 Decision XXI/9Decision XXI/9GenevaGeneva15 June 201015 June 2010

15 June 2010 15 June 2010 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 22

Decision XXI/9 Taken at MOP-Decision XXI/9 Taken at MOP-2121

1. To request the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP), in its May 2010 Progress Report and subsequently in its 2010 full assessment, to provide the latest technical and economic assessment of available and emerging alternatives and substitutes to HCFCs; and the Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP) in its 2010 assessment to assess, using a comprehensive methodology, the impact of alternatives to HCFCs on the environment, including on the climate; and both the SAP and the TEAP to integrate the findings in their assessments into a synthesis report;


Decision XXI/9 Paragraph 2Decision XXI/9 Paragraph 2To request the Technology and Economic Assessment To request the Technology and Economic Assessment

PanelPanel

(2a) To list all sub-sectors using HCFCs, with concrete (2a) To list all sub-sectors using HCFCs, with concrete examples of technologies where low-GWP examples of technologies where low-GWP alternatives are used, indicating what substances are alternatives are used, indicating what substances are used, conditions of application, their costs, relative used, conditions of application, their costs, relative energy efficiency of the applications and, to the energy efficiency of the applications and, to the extent possible, available markets and percentage extent possible, available markets and percentage share in those markets, to compare these share in those markets, to compare these alternatives with other existing technologies, in alternatives with other existing technologies, in particular, high-GWP technologies that are in use in particular, high-GWP technologies that are in use in the same sectors;the same sectors;


Decision XXI/9 Paragraph 2Decision XXI/9 Paragraph 2(2b) To identify and characterize the implemented (2b) To identify and characterize the implemented

measures for ensuring safe application of low-measures for ensuring safe application of low-GWP alternative technologies and products as GWP alternative technologies and products as well as barriers to their phase-in, in the well as barriers to their phase-in, in the different sub-sectors, collecting concrete different sub-sectors, collecting concrete information from various sources;information from various sources;


Decision XXI/9 Paragraph 2Decision XXI/9 Paragraph 2(2c) To provide a categorization and reorganization (2c) To provide a categorization and reorganization

of the information previously provided in of the information previously provided in accordance with decision XX/8 as appropriate, to accordance with decision XX/8 as appropriate, to inform the Parties of the uses for which low- or no-inform the Parties of the uses for which low- or no-GWP and/or other suitable technologies are or will GWP and/or other suitable technologies are or will soon be commercialized, including to the extent soon be commercialized, including to the extent possible the predicted amount of high-GWP possible the predicted amount of high-GWP alternatives to ozone-depleting substances uses alternatives to ozone-depleting substances uses that can potentially be replaced.that can potentially be replaced.


ProcessProcess TEAP established a Task Force to update data TEAP established a Task Force to update data

contained in the XX/8 report and to report on contained in the XX/8 report and to report on the other issues requested in paragraph 2 of the other issues requested in paragraph 2 of XXI/9XXI/9

Task Force was co-chaired by TEAP members Task Force was co-chaired by TEAP members Kuijpers, Verdonik, Quintero and ZhangKuijpers, Verdonik, Quintero and Zhang

12 Chapter Lead Authors and 27 Reviewing 12 Chapter Lead Authors and 27 Reviewing Authors participatedAuthors participated

TEAP review took place in April 2010 (Madrid), TEAP review took place in April 2010 (Madrid), was followed by a final TF review and was followed by a final TF review and agreement by consensus agreement by consensus


Kyoto Protocol and GWPsKyoto Protocol and GWPs The Kyoto Protocol uses GWP values as specified The Kyoto Protocol uses GWP values as specified

in the Second IPCC Assessment Report (SAR) and in the Second IPCC Assessment Report (SAR) and has not considered later IPCC revisions of GWP has not considered later IPCC revisions of GWP values values

Values are based on a 100 year time horizon Values are based on a 100 year time horizon GWPs of very short lived substances are not GWPs of very short lived substances are not

addressed in the latest IPCC AR4; important addressed in the latest IPCC AR4; important issue is that local effects dominate over global issue is that local effects dominate over global total mixingtotal mixing

The Kyoto Protocol has never defined “high-The Kyoto Protocol has never defined “high-GWP” and “low-GWP”; they are comparative in GWP” and “low-GWP”; they are comparative in naturenature


Classification on a GWP ScaleClassification on a GWP ScaleThe TEAP proposes the following classification:The TEAP proposes the following classification: LOW GWP: < LOW GWP: < 300300 ♦ GWP < GWP < 30 30 ultra low ultra low ♦ GWP < GWP < 100 100 very lowvery low

MODERATE MODERATE GWP: GWP: 300-1,000300-1,000 HIGH GWP: > HIGH GWP: > 1,0001,000♦ GWP > GWP > 3,000 3,000 very highvery high♦ GWP > GWP > 10,000 10,000 ultra highultra high


Toxicity and FlammabilityToxicity and Flammability HighHigh or or ModerateModerate GWP substances or GWP substances or

mixtures may be required when mixtures may be required when LowLow GWP toxic or flammable substances GWP toxic or flammable substances cannot be applied in certain types of cannot be applied in certain types of products, or under certain circumstancesproducts, or under certain circumstances

New New LowLow GWP substances are under GWP substances are under development development

Future development changes in Future development changes in equipment design will be determining equipment design will be determining which chemicals can be selectedwhich chemicals can be selected


Methods and MetricsMethods and Metrics Ultimate choice of technology to phase out HCFCs Ultimate choice of technology to phase out HCFCs

will be based on ozone depletion and on climate, will be based on ozone depletion and on climate, health, safety, affordability and availability aspects health, safety, affordability and availability aspects (XIX/6)(XIX/6)

Choosing the lowest GWP substance will not always Choosing the lowest GWP substance will not always be the best selection (energy use in manufacturing be the best selection (energy use in manufacturing and during operation is also important)and during operation is also important)

Life-Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) is the most Life-Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) is the most comprehensive methodcomprehensive method

LCCP models need more development to be LCCP models need more development to be transparent and adaptable to local ambient transparent and adaptable to local ambient conditionsconditions


Domestic refrigerators and Domestic refrigerators and freezersfreezers

About 63% of new refrigerators employ HFC-134a About 36% employ hydrocarbons, mainly HC-600a

(isobutane) It is predicted that, within 10 years, under business-

as-usual, at least 75% of all new production will apply hydrocarbons; required changes in standards are underway and regulations could ease transition

No identified technology can compete for cost or efficiency with conventional vapour compression technology for mass production

15 June 2010 15 June 2010 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 121214 July 2009 14 July 2009 1212

Commercial RefrigerationCommercial Refrigeration Commercial refrigeration includes three different Commercial refrigeration includes three different

categories of systems: stand-alone equipment, categories of systems: stand-alone equipment, condensing units, and supermarket centralised condensing units, and supermarket centralised systems systems

The populations of vending machines, stand-alone The populations of vending machines, stand-alone equipment, and condensing units are about 20, 32 and equipment, and condensing units are about 20, 32 and 34 million units, respectively34 million units, respectively

Solutions to replace Solutions to replace HCFC-22HCFC-22 depend on the specific depend on the specific applications in each categoryapplications in each category

The majority of stand-alone equipment based on The majority of stand-alone equipment based on HFC-HFC-134a134a technology; energy efficiency technology; energy efficiency HCsHCs is comparable is comparable


Commercial Refrigeration (2)Commercial Refrigeration (2) Condensing units have as the dominant Condensing units have as the dominant HCFC-HCFC-

22 22 replacements replacements HFC-134a HFC-134a andand R-404A; R-404A; it is it is a cost driven market; a cost driven market; HCs, ammonia and HCs, ammonia and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide tested and installed in a tested and installed in a number of supermarketsnumber of supermarkets

Centralised systems are using indirect systems; the HCFC-22 replacements are R-404A, HFC-134a, ammonia, HCs, carbon dioxide and low-GWP HFCs blended with HFC-32

Important current trend consists of cascading systems with HFC-134a in the high temperature and carbon dioxide in the low temperature loop


Transport refrigerationTransport refrigeration Majority of equipment utilises Majority of equipment utilises high-GWP HFCshigh-GWP HFCs HCFC-22 HCFC-22 is used mainly in aging vessels and is used mainly in aging vessels and

road transport in developing countriesroad transport in developing countries Development of systems with Development of systems with low-GWP low-GWP

chemicalschemicals is underway but faces technical is underway but faces technical challenges because of robustness, low weight, challenges because of robustness, low weight, corrosion resistance and safety requirementscorrosion resistance and safety requirements

The most promising The most promising low-GWP substanceslow-GWP substances are are hydrocarbons hydrocarbons andand carbon dioxide carbon dioxide


Large Size RefrigerationLarge Size Refrigeration Ammonia Ammonia has been used as THE refrigerant for has been used as THE refrigerant for

a long time, with significant regional variationsa long time, with significant regional variations In applications where the toxicity of In applications where the toxicity of ammoniaammonia is is

unacceptable, unacceptable, carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide has been an has been an alternativealternative

HCFC-22 HCFC-22 “drop-ins” have not been “drop-ins” have not been commercialised commercialised

High-GWP HFCs High-GWP HFCs are not widely used in large are not widely used in large size refrigeration systems; if adopted then they size refrigeration systems; if adopted then they have been used in low charge systemshave been used in low charge systems

It is unlikely that the It is unlikely that the low-GWP HFCslow-GWP HFCs developed developed for other applications will be used in this sectorfor other applications will be used in this sector


Unitary ACUnitary AC Nearly all air cooled AC used Nearly all air cooled AC used HCFC-22HCFC-22 before before

2000, and the transition is complete or well 2000, and the transition is complete or well underway in developed countriesunderway in developed countries

In developed countries,In developed countries, high-GWP HFCshigh-GWP HFCs have have been the dominant replacements, with been the dominant replacements, with R-410AR-410A the most widely used (with the most widely used (with R-407CR-407C in certain in certain regions); regions); hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are applied in low are applied in low charge applicationscharge applications

In developing countries, short term In developing countries, short term replacements will be replacements will be R-407C R-407C andand R-410A R-410A, with , with hydrocarbonshydrocarbons for lower charge applications for lower charge applications


Unitary ACUnitary AC HFC-32HFC-32 is a lower GWP alternative for is a lower GWP alternative for HCFC-22HCFC-22

than than R-410 AR-410 A (one third of the GWP) (one third of the GWP) As experience with flammability increases, As experience with flammability increases, HFC-HFC-

3232 is likely to become the future is likely to become the future HCFC-22 HCFC-22 substitute, rather than substitute, rather than R-410AR-410A

Usage of Usage of hydrocarbonshydrocarbons is expected to increase is expected to increase Low-GWP HFCsLow-GWP HFCs might become replacements might become replacements

for the for the high-GWP HFC blendshigh-GWP HFC blends; however, lower ; however, lower vapour density will impact equipment vapour density will impact equipment dimensions and costsdimensions and costs

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide will increase in use for lower will increase in use for lower ambient temperaturesambient temperatures


Chillers Chillers Centrifugals employ Centrifugals employ HFC-134a HFC-134a and and HCFC-123 HCFC-123

(very low GWP); at this time it is not known whether (very low GWP); at this time it is not known whether low-GWP options (such as low-GWP options (such as low-GWP HFCs, e.g. low-GWP HFCs, e.g. HFC-1234yfHFC-1234yf) will be found suitable for chillers) will be found suitable for chillers

AmmoniaAmmonia chillers are more common in the smaller chillers are more common in the smaller sizes with different compressor types; there are sizes with different compressor types; there are HCs HCs in a limited number of chiller applications; safety in a limited number of chiller applications; safety concerns are largely overcome in certain regionsconcerns are largely overcome in certain regions

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is an alternative for chillers that is an alternative for chillers that also produce hot water also produce hot water


Chillers (2) Chillers (2) HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are used in a limited number are used in a limited number

of small air-cooled chiller installations in of small air-cooled chiller installations in Europe. Safety issues are of concern Europe. Safety issues are of concern particularly for indoor chiller installations. In particularly for indoor chiller installations. In regions where companies, governments, and regions where companies, governments, and the public support hydrocarbon solutions, the public support hydrocarbon solutions, safety concerns have been largely overcome safety concerns have been largely overcome by engineering, technician training, and by engineering, technician training, and changes in regulationschanges in regulations

Water (R-718)Water (R-718) has been applied in a few has been applied in a few casescases


Mobile Air ConditioningMobile Air Conditioning HCFCsHCFCs are mainly applied in bus and train AC; the are mainly applied in bus and train AC; the

alternatives are alternatives are HFC-134aHFC-134a and and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide The replacement of The replacement of HFC-134aHFC-134a in passenger cars in passenger cars

will proceedwill proceed The original The original HFC-134aHFC-134a replacement options with replacement options with

GWP<150 are GWP<150 are carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide andand HFC-152aHFC-152a; the ; the most important current alternative ismost important current alternative is HFC-1234yfHFC-1234yf

All options have comparable energy efficiencyAll options have comparable energy efficiency The emerging global car manufacturers’ apparent

choice is HFC-1234yfHFC-1234yf

15 June 2010 15 June 2010 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 212115 June 2010 15 June 2010 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 2121

FoamsFoams Foams compete with other product types in many Foams compete with other product types in many

insulation and other applications; mineral fibre insulation and other applications; mineral fibre continues to be the most important insulation type in continues to be the most important insulation type in most regionsmost regions

Low thermal conductivity foams gain market share, Low thermal conductivity foams gain market share, which is 30-40% in most regionswhich is 30-40% in most regions

In polyurethane, In polyurethane, hydrocarbonshydrocarbons are the main are the main replacements for replacements for HCFC-141bHCFC-141b and also for and also for high-GWP high-GWP HFCsHFCs

High-GWP HFC High-GWP HFC foams are more expensive than foams are more expensive than hydrocarbonhydrocarbon foams foams

Many low-GWP options are emerging and being appliedMany low-GWP options are emerging and being applied

15 June 2010 15 June 2010 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 222215 June 2010 15 June 2010 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 22222222

Low GWP alternatives for PU Low GWP alternatives for PU FoamsFoams

Pros (+) Cons (-)

Hydrocarbons Negligible GWPGood availabilityLow operating cost

High flammability -> high conversion cost (Preblended hydrocarbons?)Not for spray foam

Low GWP HFCs (short lived HFCs)

Negligible GWPNon-flammable

Availability and cost?Limited use experience

Methyl Formate Negligible GWP Limited use experienceFlammability?

Methylal Negligible GWPCo-blowing agent data

Limited experience as sole BAFlammability?

CO2 Use as co-blowingAlternative for spray foam

Insulation valueEnd-product cost

15 June 2010 15 June 2010 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 232315 June 2010 15 June 2010 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 UNEP OEWG-30 - TF Decision XXI/9 232314 July 2009 14 July 2009 UNEP Dialogue - Decision XX/8 UNEP Dialogue - Decision XX/8 2323

XPS FoamsXPS Foams Demand for energy saving measures is driving the Demand for energy saving measures is driving the

growth of insulating XPS foamsgrowth of insulating XPS foams In developing countries preferred blowing agents have In developing countries preferred blowing agents have

been been HCFC-22 HCFC-22 andand HCFC-142b HCFC-142b for XPS for XPS In one developing country, Turkey, In one developing country, Turkey, HFC-1234zeHFC-1234ze is is

being used in one pilot project being used in one pilot project In developed countries, the range of alternatives In developed countries, the range of alternatives

includes includes COCO22 andand hydrocarbons hydrocarbons in Europe and Japan; in Europe and Japan; the USA also applies the USA also applies HFCs - HFCHFCs - HFC// CO CO22 mixturesmixtures


Fire ProtectionFire Protection For For halon 1301halon 1301 systems, the replacement HCFC Blend systems, the replacement HCFC Blend

A (A (HCFC-22, -124HCFC-22, -124, , -123-123) has achieved very minor ) has achieved very minor market sharemarket share

Replacements for Blend A are Replacements for Blend A are dry chemicals, waterdry chemicals, water oror foams, CO2, inert gases foams, CO2, inert gases andand fluoroketone 5-1-12 fluoroketone 5-1-12

For For halon 1211halon 1211 portable extinguishers HCFC Blend B portable extinguishers HCFC Blend B (mixture of (mixture of HCFC-123HCFC-123, , PFC-14PFC-14 and and argonargon) has ) has achieved limited market share; no low-GWP chemicals achieved limited market share; no low-GWP chemicals presently commercialised to replace Blend Bpresently commercialised to replace Blend B

An An unsaturated HBFC unsaturated HBFC is currently being testedis currently being tested


SolventsSolvents HCFC solvents are HCFC solvents are HCFC-141b HCFC-141b andand HCFC-225 HCFC-225 caca/cb/cb HCFC-141bHCFC-141b phased out in developed countries, but phased out in developed countries, but

its use may still be increasing in developing countriesits use may still be increasing in developing countries Two HFC solvents currently available are Two HFC solvents currently available are HFC-43-HFC-43-

10mee 10mee andand HFC-c447efHFC-c447ef♦ For a variety of applications blends are made with For a variety of applications blends are made with

HFC-43-10meeHFC-43-10mee and several other chemicals; and several other chemicals;♦ HFC-c447efHFC-c447ef remains in a niche use (mainly remains in a niche use (mainly

electronics);electronics);♦ Costs of high-GWP solvents will limit useCosts of high-GWP solvents will limit use


SolventsSolvents HCFC and HFC alternatives are HCFC and HFC alternatives are NIK systems, NIK systems,

hydrocarbons, alcohols, chlorocarbons and hydrocarbons, alcohols, chlorocarbons and n-propyl bromide (n-PB)n-propyl bromide (n-PB)

No single option available to completely replace No single option available to completely replace HCFCsHCFCs andand HFCs HFCs

Large scale conversion to chlorinated solvents is Large scale conversion to chlorinated solvents is unlikely; conversion to unlikely; conversion to n-PBn-PB is possible but with is possible but with toxicity concerns toxicity concerns

HFE-449sl HFE-449sl andand HFE-569sf2HFE-569sf2 are used as are used as replacements forreplacements for CFCsCFCs,, but the relatively high but the relatively high cost prohibits large scale usecost prohibits large scale use


Inhaled therapyInhaled therapy Metered dose inhalers (MDIs), Metered dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder dry powder

inhalers (DPIs)inhalers (DPIs) and novel delivery systems and novel delivery systems play an important role in treatment of asthma and play an important role in treatment of asthma and COPDCOPD

No single delivery system universally acceptableNo single delivery system universally acceptable A range of therapeutic options is importantA range of therapeutic options is important Based on current consumption and estimated Based on current consumption and estimated

growth rates for MDIs, growth rates for MDIs, HFC-134a HFC-134a and and HFC-227eaHFC-227ea consumption is estimated at 7,000-10,500 tonnes consumption is estimated at 7,000-10,500 tonnes by 2015by 2015

Switching all MDIs to Switching all MDIs to DPIsDPIs implies an emission implies an emission reduction of 13 Mtonnes COreduction of 13 Mtonnes CO22 eq. annually eq. annually


ConclusionsConclusions TEAP proposes a classification of GWPs as HIGH >1000,

MODERATE 300 – 1000 and LOW < 300 Each Sector / Subsector has a variety of low or moderate

GWP alternatives available or under development Some Sectors / Subsectors may also have not-in-kind Some Sectors / Subsectors may also have not-in-kind

alternatives that are not Global Warming Substancesalternatives that are not Global Warming Substances Parties may wish to select alternatives with the lowest Parties may wish to select alternatives with the lowest

Climate Impact based upon life cycle analyses, such as Climate Impact based upon life cycle analyses, such as LCCP and LCCP and notnot based solely on GWP, as energy use or based solely on GWP, as energy use or other life cycle emissions may contribute significantly to other life cycle emissions may contribute significantly to the total carbon equivalent emissionsthe total carbon equivalent emissions


Thank you !Thank you !

Documents

Report of the TEAP XXI/9 Task Force