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Reproduction in Plants Chapte r 28

Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies Alternation of generations Adaptation to a land environment

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Page 1: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

Reproduction in Plants

Chapter 28

Page 2: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

2Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

OutlineOutline

Reproductive StrategiesReproductive StrategiesAlternation of generationsAlternation of generationsAdaptation to a land environmentAdaptation to a land environmentFlowersFlowers­PollinationPollination­ FertilizationFertilization

Seed DevelopmentSeed DevelopmentFruitFruitSeed GerminationSeed GerminationAsexual ReproductionAsexual ReproductionTissue CultureTissue Culture

Page 3: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

3Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Reproductive StrategiesReproductive StrategiesAll plants have a two-stage, alternating All plants have a two-stage, alternating life cyclelife cycle

Sporophyte produces haploid spores by Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosismeiosis

Spores divide mitotically to become Spores divide mitotically to become haploid gametophyteshaploid gametophytes

Gametophytes produce gametesGametophytes produce gametes

Gametes fuse to produce zygoteGametes fuse to produce zygote

Zygote divides mitotically to become Zygote divides mitotically to become diploid sporophytediploid sporophyte

Page 4: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

4Alternation of Generations

in Flowering Plants

Page 5: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

5Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Reproductive StrategiesReproductive Strategies

Flower produces two types of sporesFlower produces two types of spores

Microspore - Male gametophyteMicrospore - Male gametophyte

­Undergoes mitosisUndergoes mitosis

­Becomes pollen grainBecomes pollen grain

Megaspore - Female gametophyteMegaspore - Female gametophyte

­Undergoes mitosisUndergoes mitosis

­Becomes embryo sac within an ovary, Becomes embryo sac within an ovary, within an ovulewithin an ovule

­Ovule becomes seedOvule becomes seed

Page 6: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

6Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

FlowersFlowers

Flower develops in response to Flower develops in response to environmental signals such as day environmental signals such as day lengthlength

In monocots, flower parts occur in In monocots, flower parts occur in threes and multiples of threethrees and multiples of three

In eudicots, flower parts occur in fours In eudicots, flower parts occur in fours or fives and multiples of four or fiveor fives and multiples of four or five

Page 7: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

7Anatomy of a Flower

Page 8: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

8Monocot vs. Eudicot Flowers

Page 9: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

9Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

FlowersFlowers

Leaf-like sepals protect the budLeaf-like sepals protect the bud

Open flower has whorl of petalsOpen flower has whorl of petals

Four whorls of modified leaves Four whorls of modified leaves attached to a receptacle at the end of attached to a receptacle at the end of a flower stalka flower stalk

­Receptacle with a single flower is a Receptacle with a single flower is a pedunclepeduncle

­Receptacle with several flowers is a Receptacle with several flowers is a pediclepedicle

Page 10: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

10Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

FlowersFlowers

Leaf-like sepals protect the budLeaf-like sepals protect the bud

Open flower has whorl of petalsOpen flower has whorl of petals

Four whorls of modified leaves Four whorls of modified leaves attached to a receptacle at the end of attached to a receptacle at the end of a flower stalka flower stalk

­Receptacle with a single flower is a Receptacle with a single flower is a pedunclepeduncle

­Receptacle with several flowers is a Receptacle with several flowers is a pediclepedicle

Page 11: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

11Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

FlowersFlowers

Stamens are male portion of flowerStamens are male portion of flower

Anther - Saclike containerAnther - Saclike container

Filament - Slender stalkFilament - Slender stalk

Carpel is female portion of flowerCarpel is female portion of flowerStigma - Enlarged sticky knobStigma - Enlarged sticky knobStyle - Slender stalkStyle - Slender stalkOvary - Enlarged base enclosing Ovary - Enlarged base enclosing ovulesovules

Page 12: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

12Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

FlowersFlowersComplete vs. incomplete flowers:Complete vs. incomplete flowers:

Complete flowers have sepals, petals, Complete flowers have sepals, petals, stamens, and a carpelstamens, and a carpel

Incomplete flowers missing one or more of Incomplete flowers missing one or more of aboveabove

Bisexual vs. unisexual flowers:Bisexual vs. unisexual flowers:Bisexual flowers have both stamens and Bisexual flowers have both stamens and carpelcarpel

Unisexual flowers have one but not the Unisexual flowers have one but not the otherother

Monoecious vs. dioecious plantsMonoecious vs. dioecious plantsMonoecious plants have staminate flowers Monoecious plants have staminate flowers and carpellate flowers on the same plantand carpellate flowers on the same plant

Dioecious plants have all staminate or all Dioecious plants have all staminate or all carpellate flowerscarpellate flowers

Page 13: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

13Corn Plants are Monoecious

Page 14: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

14Life Cycle of Flowering Plants

Page 15: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

15Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

From Spores to FertilizationFrom Spores to Fertilization

Male GametophytesMale Gametophytes

Microspores are produced in anthersMicrospores are produced in anthers

Each anther has four pollen sacs, Each anther has four pollen sacs, each with many microsporocyteseach with many microsporocytes

­ Undergoes meiosis to produce Undergoes meiosis to produce microsporesmicrospores

­ Mitosis produces pollen grainsMitosis produces pollen grains

Page 16: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

16Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

PollinationPollination

Pollination is the transfer of pollen Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a from an anther to the stigma of a carpelcarpel

Self-pollination occurs if the pollen is Self-pollination occurs if the pollen is from the same plantfrom the same plant

Cross-pollination occurs if the pollen is Cross-pollination occurs if the pollen is from a different plantfrom a different plant

Page 17: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

17Pollination

Page 18: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

18Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn PlantsProduction of Female Production of Female

GametophyteGametophyte

Ovary contains one or more ovulesOvary contains one or more ovules

Ovule has mass of parenchyma cellsOvule has mass of parenchyma cells

One cell enlarges to become One cell enlarges to become megasporocytemegasporocyte

­Undergoes meiois and becomes four Undergoes meiois and becomes four haploid megasporeshaploid megaspores

­ Functional megaspore divides Functional megaspore divides mitotically until there are eight nuclei of mitotically until there are eight nuclei of a female gametophytea female gametophyte

Page 19: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

19Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

FertilizationFertilization

When pollen grain lands on stigma, it When pollen grain lands on stigma, it germinates forming a pollen tubegerminates forming a pollen tube

Passes between the stigma and style Passes between the stigma and style to reach the micropyle of the ovuleto reach the micropyle of the ovule

Double fertilization occursDouble fertilization occurs

One sperm nucleus unites with the egg One sperm nucleus unites with the egg nucleus, producing a zygotenucleus, producing a zygote

Other sperm nucleus unites with the Other sperm nucleus unites with the polar nuclei, forming a 3n endosperm polar nuclei, forming a 3n endosperm cellcell

Page 20: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

20Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Seed DevelopmentSeed Development

Development of eudicot embryoDevelopment of eudicot embryo

After double fertilization, endosperm After double fertilization, endosperm nucleus begins to divide nucleus begins to divide asymmetricallyasymmetrically

Small cell is destined to become the Small cell is destined to become the embryoembryo

Larger cell divides repeatedly to Larger cell divides repeatedly to become a suspensorbecome a suspensor

Page 21: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

21Development of a Eudicot Embryo

Page 22: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

22Monocot vs. Eudicot

Page 23: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

23Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Development of Eudicot EmbryoDevelopment of Eudicot EmbryoDuring globular stage, prembryo is ball of During globular stage, prembryo is ball of cellscells

Outermost cells will become dermal tissueOutermost cells will become dermal tissue

Embryo is heart shaped when cotyledons Embryo is heart shaped when cotyledons appearappear

Epicotyl is portion between cotyledons Epicotyl is portion between cotyledons contributing to shoot developmentcontributing to shoot development

Hypocotyl is portion below that contributes Hypocotyl is portion below that contributes to stem developmentto stem development

Radicle contributes to root developmentRadicle contributes to root development

Page 24: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

24Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Fruit Types and Seed DispersalFruit Types and Seed Dispersal

Simple FruitsSimple Fruits

Simple fruits are derived from single Simple fruits are derived from single or several united carpelsor several united carpels

­ Legumes are fruits that split along two Legumes are fruits that split along two sides when maturesides when mature

Dehiscent - Split openDehiscent - Split open

Indehiscent - Fail to split openIndehiscent - Fail to split open

Page 25: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

25Pea Flower and Pea Pod

Page 26: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

26Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Simple FruitsSimple Fruits

FleshyFleshy

DrupeDrupe

BerryBerry

PomePome

DryDry

FollicleFollicle

LegumeLegume

CapsuleCapsule

AcheneAchene

NutNut

GrainGrain

Page 27: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

27Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Simple FruitsSimple FruitsDispersalDispersal

­Many seeds are dispersed by windMany seeds are dispersed by wind

Woolly hairs, plumes, wingsWoolly hairs, plumes, wings

Fleshy fruits - Attract animals and Fleshy fruits - Attract animals and provide them with foodprovide them with food

­Peaches, cherries, tomatoesPeaches, cherries, tomatoes

Accessory fruit - Bulk of fruit is not Accessory fruit - Bulk of fruit is not from ovary, but from receptaclefrom ovary, but from receptacle

­ApplesApples

Page 28: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

28Structure and Function of Fruits

Page 29: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

29Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Compound FruitsCompound Fruits

Compound fruits develop from several Compound fruits develop from several individual ovariesindividual ovaries

Aggregate FruitsAggregate Fruits

­Ovaries are from a single flowerOvaries are from a single flower

­BlackberryBlackberry

Multiple Fruits Multiple Fruits

­Ovaries are from separate flowers Ovaries are from separate flowers clustered togetherclustered together

Page 30: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

30Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Seed GerminationSeed Germination

When seed germination occurs, the When seed germination occurs, the embryo resumes growth and embryo resumes growth and metabolic activitymetabolic activity

Length of time seeds retain their Length of time seeds retain their viability is quite variableviability is quite variable

Some seeds do not germinate until Some seeds do not germinate until they have been through a dormant they have been through a dormant periodperiod

­ Temperate zones - Cold WeatherTemperate zones - Cold Weather

­Deserts - RainDeserts - Rain

Page 31: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

31Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Seed GerminationSeed Germination

Environmental requirements for seed Environmental requirements for seed germinationgermination

Availability of oxygen for metabolic needsAvailability of oxygen for metabolic needs

Adequate temperature for enzyme activityAdequate temperature for enzyme activity

Adequate moisture for hydration of cellsAdequate moisture for hydration of cells

Light (in some cases)Light (in some cases)

Respiration and metabolism continue Respiration and metabolism continue throughout dormancy, but at a reduced throughout dormancy, but at a reduced levellevel

Page 32: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

32Seed Structure and Germination

in the Common Garden Bean

Page 33: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

33Corn Kernel Structure and Germination

Page 34: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

34Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Asexual Reproduction in PlantsAsexual Reproduction in Plants

Plants contain nondifferentiated Plants contain nondifferentiated meristem tissuemeristem tissue

Allows them to reproduce asexually by Allows them to reproduce asexually by vegetative propagationvegetative propagation

Plant hormone auxin:Plant hormone auxin:

Can be used to cause roots to developCan be used to cause roots to develop

Expands the list of plants that can be Expands the list of plants that can be propagated from cuttingspropagated from cuttings

Page 35: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

35Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Page 36: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

36Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Tissue Culture of PlantsTissue Culture of PlantsTissue culture is the growth of a tissue in Tissue culture is the growth of a tissue in an artificial liquid or solid culture an artificial liquid or solid culture mediummediumPlant cells are totipotentPlant cells are totipotent

Meristem cultureMeristem cultureAuxins and cytokinins allow many new Auxins and cytokinins allow many new shoots to develop from a single shoot tipshoots to develop from a single shoot tip­Virus-free clonal plantsVirus-free clonal plants

Suspension CultureSuspension CultureRapidly growing calluses are cut into small Rapidly growing calluses are cut into small pieces and shaken into a liquid nutrient pieces and shaken into a liquid nutrient mediummedium­Single cells or small clumps break off and Single cells or small clumps break off and form a suspensionform a suspension

Page 37: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

37Tissue Culture in Plants

Page 38: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

38Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

Genetic EngineeringGenetic EngineeringTraditionally, hybridization was used to Traditionally, hybridization was used to

produce plants with desirable traitsproduce plants with desirable traits

Crossing different varieties of plantsCrossing different varieties of plants

Transgenic plants can now be produced Transgenic plants can now be produced by placing foreign genes into a plantby placing foreign genes into a plant

Agricultural plants with improved Agricultural plants with improved traitstraits

­ Pest or insecticide resistantPest or insecticide resistant

Commercial ProductsCommercial Products

­ Human hormones, antibodiesHuman hormones, antibodies

Page 39: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

39Maize

Page 40: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

40Genetically Engineered Plants

Page 41: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

41Reproduction iReproduction in Plantsn Plants

ReviewReview

Reproductive StrategiesReproductive StrategiesAlternation of generationsAlternation of generationsAdaptation to a land environmentAdaptation to a land environmentFlowersFlowers­PollinationPollination­ FertilizationFertilization

Seed DevelopmentSeed DevelopmentFruitFruitSeed GerminationSeed GerminationAsexual ReproductionAsexual ReproductionTissue CultureTissue Culture

Page 42: Reproduction in Plants Chapter 28. Reproduction in Plants 2Outline Reproductive Strategies  Alternation of generations  Adaptation to a land environment

Reproduction in Plants

Ending Slide Chapter 28