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Respiration

Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

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Page 1: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Respiration

Page 2: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

• Breathing and Respiration

• Cellular Aerobic Respiration

• Efficiency of Respiration

• Cellular Anaerobic Respiration

• Respiration of Carbohydrate, Protein & Fat

Outline – Cellular Respiration

Page 3: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

CO2

O2

Bloodstream

Muscle cells

Cellular Respiration

Breathing

Glucose O2 CO2 H2O ATP

Lungs

Fig 6.2 Breathing and Respiration

O2

CO2

Page 4: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Glucose molecules broken down to CO2

Glucose loses electrons and hydrogen Oxidation

Oxygen gains electrons and hydrogen Reduction

Cells tap energy from electronsCells tap energy from electrons

Cells bank energy in ATPCells bank energy in ATP

C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O (Energy)ATP

Glucose

+ + +

Loss of hydrogen atoms (oxidation)

Gain of hydrogen atoms (reduction)

Cellular Aerobic Respiration

Page 5: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oxidation - Enzyme removes electrons from substrate

Reduction - Electrons in Hydrogen Transferred to NAD+

Figure 6.5B

OH H O 2H

Reduction

Dehydrogenase Enzyme

(carries2 electrons)

NAD 2H

2H 2e

NADH H

Oxidation

+

+

+

+

Transferring Energy in the cell

Page 6: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Stages

Glycolysis

Chemical Grooming of Pyruvate

Citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation

C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O ATP+ + +

Page 7: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2 NAD 2 NADH 2 H

1 Glucose 2 PyruvateATP22 P2 ADP +

+

Figure 6.7A

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis

• Occurs in the cytoplasm• Breaks down glucose into pyruvate• Reduces coenzyme NAD+

• Produces a small amount of ATP

Page 8: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Major steps in glycolysis

1. Preparatory phase: 2 ATP energize glucose

ATPGlucose

PREPARATORY PHASE

ADP

Step

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

P

P

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

ATP

ADP

PP

 Steps      –   A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP.

 Step      A six-carbon intermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates.

1

2

3

44

1 3

Figure 6.7C

Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis

Page 9: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PyruvateATP

ADP

ATPADP

P

ATP

ADP ADP

P

2-Phosphoglycerate

P

H2O H2O

Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)

 Steps     –      ATP and pyruvate are produced.

P 3 -Phosphoglycerate

P

P

9 9

6 6

7 7

8 8

6 9 Step     A redox reaction generates NADH.

P

NADH+H P

P P P P

P

ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(G3P)

1,3 -Diphosphoglycerate

P

5

6 9

5 5

66

7 7

88

9 9

NAD NAD

2. Energy Payoff: NADH+H+ is formed

3. Energy Payoff: ATP is formed

4. Pyruvate is formed

Figure 6.7C

Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis

ATP

NADH+H

Cleavage of 6C sugar

Energy Payoff

Energy Payoff

Page 10: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Glycolysis produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

Enzyme

Adenosine

Organic molecule(substrate)

ADP ATP

P

PP P

P

Figure 6.7B

Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis

Page 11: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

CO2

Pyruvate

NAD NADH H

CoA

Acetyl Coenzyme ACoenzyme A

Figure 6.8

Pyruvate is oxidized:

1. Releases CO2

2. Produces NADH and acetyl Coenzyme A

3. Acetyl CoA is transferred to the mitochondrion

Cellular Respiration Stage 2: Chemical Grooming of Pyruvate

Page 12: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oxaloacetate

CoA2 carbons enter cycle

Acetyl CoA

Citrate

NAD

CO2

Alpha-ketoglutarate

CO2

ADP + P

NAD

ATP

Succinate

FAD

FADH2

Malate

NAD

NADH H

Figure 6.9B 2

2

1

1

3

3

4

4

NADH H

Cellular Respiration Stage 3: Citric Acid Cycle

NADH H

Page 13: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1. Completely oxidizes “glucose” to CO2

2. Produces a small amount of ATP

3. Supplies electrons to last stage of cellular respiration by reducing Coenzymes FAD & NAD

Stage 3: Citric Acid Cycle

Page 14: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Mitochondrion Structure

OuterMembrane

InnerMembrane

Cristae

Matrix

Intermembrane Space

Page 15: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1.Electron Flow occurs in mitochondrial membrane

2.Protons are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane

3.ATP is synthesized by Chemiosmosis

Intermembrane space

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Mitochondrial matrix

NAD+

FAD

H2O

H+ H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+

H+

H+

Electron Transport Chain

.

Figure 6.10

Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation

NADH

FADH2e-

e-

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+H+H+

H+H+

H+

H+

H+

O H+

H2O

Page 16: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP Synthesis by Chemiosmosis

ATP

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+

H+

Chemiosmosis by ATP synthase

Electron Transport Chain ADPP

H+

H+ H+H+ H+

H+

H+H+H+H+ H+H+H+

Page 17: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1.Electron Flow occurs in mitochondrial membrane

2.Protons are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane

3.ATP is synthesized by Chemiosmosis

Intermembrane space

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Mitochondrial matrix

Protein complex Electron

carrier

NAD+

FAD

H2O

ATP synthase

H+ H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+

H+

H+ ATPADP P

H+O2

Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis

.

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONFigure 6.10

Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation

NADH

FADH2e-

e-

e-

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+H+H+

H+H+

H+ H+

H+

Page 18: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1. Occurs in the mitochondria

2. Uses the energy released by electrons to pump H+ across a membrane

3. Harnesses the energy of the H+ gradient through chemiosmosis, producing ATP

Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation

Page 19: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oxidative Phosphorylation Connection

Certain poisons interrupt oxidative phosphorylation

Rotenone blocks the movement of electrons

Oligomycin blocks H+ flow through ATP synthase

DNP allows H+ to leak through the membrane

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+ H+ H+ H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

O2

H2OP ATP

NADH NAD+

FADH2 FAD

Rotenone Cyanide, carbon

monoxide

Oligomycin

DNP

ATPSynthase

2

ADP

Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis

1

2

Figure 6.11

Genus: Derris

Young Man Dies after Using a Diet Pill containing Dinitrophenol (DNP)

oligomycin from the fungusStreptomyces

Page 20: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

NADH+H+

Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

GLYCOLYSIS

Glucose Pyruvate

by substrate-level

phosphorylation

by substrate-level phosphorylation

by oxidative phosphorylation

OXIDATIVE

PHOSPHORYLATION

AcetylCoA

CITRIC ACID

CYCLE

About 38 ATP for each glucose

FADH2

Figure 6.12

Summary: Aerobic Cellular Respiration

NADH+H+

2 ATP 34 ATP2 ATP

Page 21: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fermentation = an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration

Uses glycolysis alone to produce small amounts of ATP

Types of fermentation

1. Lactic acid fermentation

2. Alcoholic fermentation

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Page 22: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• NADH is oxidized to NAD+

• Pyruvate is reduced to lactate

Lactate

NAD NADH NADH NAD

ATPADP Pyruvate

GLYCOLYSIS

P

Glucose

Figure 6.13A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Page 23: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• NADH is oxidized to NAD+

• Pyruvate is converted to CO2 and ethanol

NAD NADH NADH NAD

GLYCOLYSIS

ADP P ATP

Glucose

Pyruvate CO2

Ethanol

Figure 6.13B

Alcohol Fermentation

Page 24: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins converted to molecules entering

– Glycolysis or citric acid cycle

OXIDATIVE

PHOSPHORYLATION

Food, such as peanuts

Carbohydrates Fats Proteins

Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids

Aminogroups

Glucose G3P Pyruvate AcetylCoA

CITRICACID

CYCLE

ATP

GLYCOLYSIS

Figure 6.14

Fuels for Respiration

Page 25: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fuel for respiration comes from photosynthesis

• All organisms

– Respire

• Plants, but not animals

– Respire and Photosynthesize

Figure 6.16

Page 26: Respiration. Breathing and Respiration Cellular Aerobic Respiration Efficiency of Respiration Cellular Anaerobic Respiration Respiration of Carbohydrate,

End Respiration