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Respiration Chapter 6

Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

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Page 1: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Respiration

Chapter 6

Page 2: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Cellular Respiration - Basics

• releases energy from glucose• released energy is chemical energy• occurs in cell

cytoplasmmitochondria

• works better with oxygen (aerobic) than without oxygen (anaerobic)

Page 3: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Cellular Respiration - Process

glucose oxygen +water energycarbon dioxide ++

CO2C6H12O6 H2OO2 ATP+ + +

Page 4: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria
Page 5: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Aerobic Respiration

aerobic = with oxygenC6H12O6 + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O + ATP

Three process occur in aerobic respiration1. Glycolysis

occurs in the cytoplasm

oxygen is not requiredelectron acceptor is nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotideNAD --> NADH

glucose 2 pyruvic acid

CCC

CCC

CCC C

CC

PEP

Page 6: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria
Page 7: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

CO2

Aerobic Respiration cont’d

2. Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)

pyruvic acid(3C)

(in cytoplasm)

acetyl-coenzymeA(2C)

(in mitochondron)

Krebs Cycle

CO2

CO2

ATP

NADH

FADH2

occurs in:

mitochondria

electron acceptors are

NAD and FADH2

CCC

CC

C

C

C

Page 8: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Kreb’s Cycle

Page 9: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Aerobic Respiration cont’d

3. Electron transport• electrons transferred from

NADH, FADH2 to oxygen and water is formed

• oxidative phosphorylation• ATP synthase complex• protons pumped across

membrane

• occurs in mitochondria• conversion equivalents:

NADH = 3 ATPFADH2 = 2 ATP

Page 10: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria
Page 11: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Aerobic Respiration cont’d

• Energy from aerobic respiration• Glycolysis

• net gain of 6 ATP

• pyruvic acid --> acetyl-CoA• 2 NADH = 6 ATP

• Krebs Cycle• 2 ATP

• Electron Transport• 6 NADH = 18 ATP• 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP

• oxidative phosphorylation

•Total = 36 ATP / glucose

•39% of energy available

•61% of energy is lost as heat

Page 12: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Anaerobic Respiration

(without oxygen)

1. ethanol fermentation

glucose ---> pyruvic acid ---> ethyl alcohol + CO2 + ATP

C6H12O6 ----> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 3ATP

• 25% of energy of aerobic respiration

• occurs in some plants and microorganisms including yeasts

Page 13: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Alcohol Fermentation• Ancient Eqyptian wall painting: historical record of wine-

making• ~ 5000 yrs ago, perhaps earlier• Grapes were picked, crushed by foot, juice collected in jugs,

then fermented producing wine.

Page 14: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Anaerobic Respiration cont’d

2. lactic acid fermentation glucose ---> pyruvic acid ---> lactic acid + ATP

C6H12O6 ----> 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP

• 22% of energy of aerobic respiration

• mammalian muscle and some microorganisms

Page 15: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria
Page 16: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Organic Macromolecules

• four groupsCarbohydrates

built from monosaccharidesProtein

built from amino acidsLipids

built from glycerol & fatty acidsNucleic acids

built from nucleotides

Page 17: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Carbohydratesmonosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharide

Page 18: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Lipids

Page 19: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Protein

Page 20: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Biochemical Pathways

• note catabolic and anabolic pathways

• note production and use of:• proteins• lipidsbesides carbohydrates

Page 21: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria
Page 22: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria
Page 23: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

What is the connection between respiration and photosynthesis?

Page 24: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

A review:

Carbon flow: • from atmosphere• through photosynthesis in autotrophs• through cellular respiration in autotrophs

and heterotrophs• back into atmosphere

Page 25: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Carbon atom movement. Numbers are estimates of carbon expressed in billions of metric tons stored in reservoirs (2000 data)

Carbon released by respiration and combustion now exceeds the amount fixed by photosynthesis, by 3 billion metric tons/year.

Carbon Cycle

CARBON + OXYGEN -> CO2 + heat

Page 26: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Major reservoirs of the carbon cycle

Page 27: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Production of CO2

• fossil fuels produces 70% of CO2 emmisions• U.S. 24%• EU 15%• China 15%• Russia 6%• India 5%• Japan 5%

• per capita CO2 emmissions (tons/capita)• U.S.

5.4• EU

2.6• China

0.8• Russia

2.9• India

0.3• Japan

2.5

Page 28: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Carbon_Emission_by_Region.png

Page 29: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/Global_Carbon_Emission_by_Type.png

Page 30: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Global Response to global warming

• Kyoto Protocol• protocol to the

international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases that cause climate change

• agreed on 11 December 1997 at the 3rd Conference of the Parties to the treaty when they met in Kyoto, and entered into force on 16 February 2005.

• United States although a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, has neither ratified nor withdrawn from the Protocol

• both Clinton and Bush administrations have refused obtain senate ratification

• reasons:• top emitters excluded (China,

India)• cause U.S. economic strain to

meet requirements

Participation in the Kyoto Protocol, as of December 2011,Brown = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty              (Annex I & II countries in dark brown)Blue = No intention to ratify at this stageDark blue = Canada, which withdrew from the Protocol in December 2011Grey = no position taken or position unknown

Page 31: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Correlation Between Historic CO2 Levels and Historic Temperatures: Ice core data

31

Page 32: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Air samples at Mauna Loa, Hawaii are collected continuously from air intakes at the top of four 7-m towers and one 27-m tower. Four air samples are collected each hour for the purpose of determining the CO2 concentration

Page 33: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Global Temperature Change

Page 34: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

How well does CO2 predict global temperature?

Page 35: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

What Causes Natural Climatic Swings?• Modest climate

changes correspond to an 11-year cycle in the Sun’s intensity

• Milankovitch Cycles are caused by changes in the Earth’s orbit (100,000 yr), rotation (40,000 yr) and the wobble of its axis (26,000 yr)

9-35

Page 36: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

temperature/precipitation changes from the 20th Century

Page 37: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Possible Implications of and Debate Surrounding Global Warming

• More heat waves• More extreme storm

activity• Changes in rainfall,

snowfall patterns• Ecosystem effects• Higher sea levels• More disease

• Winners: Siberia, Scandinavia

• Losers: most of U.S. (particularly SE; Washington may be nicer), island states

Page 38: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Fig. 09.13

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

New Orleans

Miami

Shoreline with 1 m sea-level rise

Remaining landCurrent shoreline

100 km50 km

Page 39: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Consequences of Global Warming

• uncertainty • why?• testing the predictions

• Probable environmental alterations from GW:• changing climate and

weather patterns• intensity of weather

increased• rising sea levels - 3’ higher

all around the world in 100 years

• shifting climate zones causing ecosystem devastation and species losses

Page 40: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Consequences of CO2 increase• CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas

• third most abundant gas in atmosphere

• absorbs heat energy reflected by earth• acts as a blanket around earth• produces the greenhouse effect

• This is normal, and good!

• Excessive greenhouse gas accumulation?• increase GH gas; increase

heat absorption• increased heat of earth• Global Warming

Page 41: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

CO2 in atmosphere

• key component of nature’s thermostat

If carbon cycle removes too much CO2

earth cools

If carbon cycle generates too much CO2

earth warms

Page 42: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

350.orgBecause the World Needs to Know

Page 43: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

1. Cellular Respiration reactions are anabolic?

TrueFalse

Page 44: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

2. The ultimate energy molecule produced in cellular respiration is

A. oxygenB. ATPC. glucoseD. ethanol

Page 45: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

3. The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is

A. NADP+B. oxygenC. ATPD. glucose

Page 46: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

4. Without oxygen, which process in cellular respiration would NOT occur?

A. glycolysisB. Kreb’s cycleC. electron transportD. all of the above

Page 47: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

5. Where does glycolysis occur?

A. cytoplasmB. inner mitochondrial

membraneC. chloroplastD. thylakoid

Page 48: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

6. Where does Kreb’s cycle and electron transport occur?

A. cytoplasmB. mitochondriaC. chloroplastD. thylakoid

Page 49: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

7. In cellular respiration all glucose is metabolized into ATP.

TrueFalse

Page 50: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

8. Name the four groups of organic compounds and their respective building block(s):

organic compound building block(s)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Page 51: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

9. Carbon reservoirs on earth include

A. atmosphereB. oceanC. plantsD. all of the above

Page 52: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

What is the most abundant atmospheric gas?

A. nitrogenB. oxygenC. carbon dioxideD. ozone

Page 53: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

What is the second most abundant atmospheric gas?

A. nitrogenB. oxygenC. carbon dioxideD. ozone

Page 54: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

What is the third most abundant atmospheric gas?

A. nitrogenB. oxygenC. carbon dioxideD. ozone

Page 55: Respiration Chapter 6. Cellular Respiration - Basics releases energy from glucose released energy is chemical energy occurs in cell cytoplasm mitochondria

How abundant is CO2 in the atmosphere?

A. 1000ppmB. 500ppmC. 390ppmD. 350ppm