Respiration

• Respiration– The process by which chemical bond energy in

nutrients is used to synthesize ATP• Respiration allows for the energy stored in

food to be broken down into a form that can be used by an organism.

• Respiration is a continuously ongoing process which occurs in almost every cell of an organism

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate• ATP: – The chemical energy stored in the bonds of ATP is

the only usable form of energy for most living organisms

• ATP is formed through the process of respiration

ADP + P ATPAdenosine

DiphosphatePhosphate Adenosine

Triphosphate

• Energy is released by the process of HYDROLYSIS

• The process is catalyzed by the enzyme, ATP-ase

• Two different types of respiration– Aerobic: Uses free oxygen– Anaerobic: Does not use free oxygen

• During respiration, gasses enter and exit the organism by DIFFUSION across “THE MOIST RESPIRATORY SURFACES (MEMBRANES)”

• Complex organisms have developed specialized organs with the purpose of absorbing and transporting gasses– AKA the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION(AKA: FERMENTATION)

• All living cells use anaerobic respiration to break down glucose into a useable form of energy, ATP

• The process of anaerobic respiration must always begin with the presence of GLUCOSE

• The GLUCOSE is then broken down (Glycolysis) with the aid of ENZYMES into PYRUVIC ACID and then into either:– 2 LACTIC ACID + 2 ATP– 2 Alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

• Simple BACTERIA and simple ORGANSIMS are unable to carry on aerobic respiration

• Yeast are able to perform both forms of respiration, but they are capable of surviving solely on anaerobic in a oxygen poor environment

• Muscle cells in more complex organisms perform anaerobic respiration when adequate oxygen is unavailable

Net 2 ATP

Fermentation

Glycolysis

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

• RESULTS• Lactic Acid Fermentation results in Muscle

fatigue and the “Burn”• Alcoholic Fermentation • Used in Brewing industry (Beer and Wine)• Used in Baking as the result of CO2

Production

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

• Respiration that takes place in the presence of OXYGEN

• In ANIMALS cellular respiration takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA

• In PLANTS, respiration is continuously ongoing regardless of photosynthesis

• Chemical Respiration is the SAME in both PLANTS and ANIMALS

• Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken down completely into CO2 and H2O

• Net gain of 36 ATP per molecule of GLUCOSE– 2 ATP from ANAEROBIC– 34 ATP from AEROBIC

Aerobic Respirationinvolves 2 phases

• Plants– Leaves

• STOMATES on the underside of the leaf open and close to allow for gas exchange• Opening regulated by the Guard Cells• Gas exchange occurs by diffusion through cell

membranes that are within the spongy layer– Stems• Gases exchanged through LENTICELS, small openings

on stem– Roots• Diffusion of gasses occurs through thin moist

membranes of ROOT HAIRS

Adaptations for Respiration

• Monera, Protists, and Fungi– Gas exchange takes place by diffusion through

thin, moist, cell membranes Because the cell membrane is (IDCWWE)

O2 CO2 O2CO2

HydraAll cells are in direct contact with watery environment (ACRIDICWE)

O2

CO2

• Earthworm• Gas exchange takes place through skin• (must be kept moist with mucus)• Uses hemoglobin to more effectively carry O2

through capillaries• Grasshopper– Gasses carried through TRACHEAL TUBES– Gasses enter body though SPIRACLES, small holes

in exoskeleton– Air sacks pump air from outside to the moist

membranes of the body cells

Humans• Nasal Cavity– Air enters the body through the nostrils– Nasal Cavity is lined with CILIA• Cleans, Warms, and Moistens air

• Pharynx– Area where oral cavity and nasal cavity meet

• Trachea (Windpipe)– Tube connecting the PHARYNX and the LUNGS– EPIGLOTTIS• Flap of tissue that covers the trachea to prevent choking

– Larynx (Voicebox)

– Walls of TRACHEA contain cartilage rings – CILIATED MUCOUS MEMBRANE traps particles in

the air and prevents them from entering the lungs• Bronchi and Bronchioles– 2 BRONCHI branch off from end of TRACHEA, one

for each lung– Each BRONCHI then branch into smaller

BRONCHIOLES– At the end of the BRONCHIOLES are clusters of

small air sacs known as ALVEOLI • Alveoli– Thin, Moist walls, surrounded by capillaries– Site of gas exchange

Gases moving in and out of the blood

Respiratory System Disorders• Bronchitis– Inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes– Air passages narrow and fill with mucus

• Asthma– Allergic reaction– Narrowing of bronchial tubes (Allergic Response)– HISTAMINES are released into the body causing

the allergic response

• Emphysema– Loss of elasticity of walls of Alveoli due to an

overexpansion of the Alveoli due to smoking– Smokers cough: results from damage to the cilia

lining the trachea– SOB, difficulty breathing, and decreased lung

capacity