Respiratory System- Anatomy & Physiology

Chapter 22:The Respiratory System

Alexander Graham Bell – invented the respiratory jacket in 1882. This

device was the precursor to the IRON LUNG developed by Philip Drinker in

the 1920s.

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.1: The major respiratory organs in relation to surrounding structures, p. 832.

Left main(primary)bronchus

Left lung

Right main (primary)bronchus

Trachea

Right lung

Diaphragm

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

NostrilPharynx

LarynxCarina oftrachea



Figure 22.2: The external nose, p. 833.

(a) (b)

Epicranius,frontal belly

Ala of nose

Root and bridgeof nose

Dorsum nasi

Apex of nose

Philtrum

Naris (nostril)

Frontal boneNasal boneSeptal cartilageMaxillary bone(frontal process)Lateral process ofseptal cartilage Minor alar cartilages

Major alarcartilages

Dense fibrousconnective tissue



Figure 22.3a: The upper respiratory tract, p. 834.

(a)

Olfactoryepithelium

Olfactory nerves

Mucosa of pharynx

Tubaltonsil

Pharyngo-tympanic(auditory)tube

Nasopharynx

Middle nasal conchaand middle nasalmeatusInferior nasal conchaand inferior nasalmeatus

Hard palate

Soft palate

Uvula

Superior nasalconcha and superior nasal meatus



Figure 22.3b: The upper respiratory tract, p. 834.

(b)

Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinusNasal meatuses(superior, middle,and inferior)

Nasopharynx

UvulaPalatine tonsilIsthmus of thefauces

Posterior nasalaperture

Opening ofpharyngotympanic(auditory) tube

Pharyngeal tonsil

OropharynxLaryngopharynxVestibular fold

Vocal fold

Esophagus

Nasal conchae(superior, middle and inferior)Nasal vestibule

NostrilHard palateSoft palateTongue

Lingual tonsil

Epiglottis

Hyoid bone

Laryngealcartilages

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Thyroid gland

Trachea

Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone



Figure 22.4a-b: The larynx, p. 836.

(a) (b)

Body ofhyoid bone

Epiglottis Body of hyoid bone

Thyrohyoid membrane

Vestibular fold(false vocal cord)

Vocal fold(true vocal cord)Cricothyroid ligamentCricotracheal ligament

Fatty pad

Thyroid cartilage

Cuneiform cartilageCorniculate cartilageArytenoid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Arytenoid muscles

Thyroid cartilageLaryngeal prominence(Adam’s apple)

Cricothyroid ligamentCricotracheal ligament

Thyrohyoidmembrane



Figure 22.5: Movements of the vocal cords, p. 837.

(b)(a)

Base of tongue

Glottis

True vocal cord

Epiglottis

False vocal cord

Corniculatecartilage

Inner lining of trachea



Figure 22.6: Tissue composition of the tracheal wall, p. 839.

(a)(b)

(c)

Esophagus

Pseudostratifiedciliated columnarepithelium

Seromucous glands insubmucosa

Trachealismuscle

Hyaline cartilage

Anterior

Posterior

Mucous membraneSubmucosa

Adventitia

Lumen oftrachea



Figure 22.7: Conducting zone passages, p. 840.

Trachea

Superior lobe of right lung

Middle lobe of right lung

Inferior lobe of right lung

Superior lobe of left lung

Right main(primary) bronchusLobar (secondary)bronchus

Segmental (tertiary)bronchus

Inferior lobeof left lung



Figure 22.8: Respiratory zone structures, p. 841.

(a)

(b)

Alveolar duct

Alveolar duct Alveoli

Alveolarsac

Alveolarpores

Respiratory bronchioles

Terminalbronchiole

Alveolarduct

Respiratorybronchiole

Alveoli

Alveolarsac



Figure 22.9a-b: The respiratory membrane, p. 843.

(b)(a)

Elastic fibers

Smooth muscle

Alveolus

Capillaries



Figure 22.9c-d: The respiratory membrane, p. 843.

(c)

(d)

Type II (surfactant-secreting) cell

Type I cell of alveolar wall

Endothelial cellnucleus

Macrophage

Alveoli (gas-filledair spaces)

Red blood cellin capillary

Alveolar poresCapillary endothelium

Fused basement membranesof the alveolar epitheliumand the capillary endothelium

Alveolar epitheliumRespiratorymembrane

Red blood cell

O2

Alveolus

CO2

Epithelial cell nucleus

Capillary

Alveolus

Nucleus oftype I(squamousepithelial)cell

Capillary



Figure 22.10a: Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity, p. 844.

(a)

Trachea

Apex of lung

Thymus

Right superior lobe

Horizontal fissureRight middle lobe

Oblique fissureRight inferior lobe

Heart(in mediastinum)DiaphragmBase of lung

Leftsuperior lobe

Cardiac notchObliquefissureLeft inferiorlobe

Lung

Pleuralcavity

Parietal pleura

Rib

Intercostal muscle

Visceral pleura



Figure 22.16a: Respiratory volumes and capacities, p. 852.

Inspiratoryreserve volume

3100 ml

Tidal volume 500 ml

Mil

lili

ters

(m

l)

(a) Spirographic record for a male0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Expiratoryreserve volume

1200 ml

Residual volume1200 ml

Functionalresidual capacity

2400 ml

Inspiratory capacity3600 ml Vital capacity

4800 mlTotallung

capacity6000 ml



Figure 22.16b: Respiratory volumes and capacities, p. 852.R

esp

irat

ory

vo

lum

esR

esp

irat

ory

cap

acit

ies

(b) Summary of respiratory volumes and capacities for males and females

Tidal volume (TV) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

Inspiratory reservevolume (IRV)

Expiratory reservevolume (ERV)

Functional residualcapacity (FRC)

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV + RV

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERV (should be 80% TLC)

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC = TV + IRV

Residual volume (RV) Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Vital capacity (VC)

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidalvolume inhalation

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidalvolume exhalation

Measurement Description

1900 ml

500 ml

700 ml

1100 ml

4200 ml

3100 ml

2400 ml

1800 ml

Adult femaleaverage value

3100 ml

500 ml

1200 ml

1200 ml

6000 ml

4800 ml

3600 ml

2400 ml

Adult maleaverage value



Figure 22.17: Partial pressure gradients promoting gas movements in the body, p. 856.

Inspired air:PO2

160 mm HgPCO2

0.3 mm Hg

Blood enteringalveolar capillaries:PO2

40 mm HgPCO2

45 mm Hg

Externalrespiration

Expired air:PO2

120 mm HgPCO2

27 mm Hg

Blood leavingalveolar capillaries:PO2

104 mm HgPCO2

40 mm Hg

Pulmonaryveins (PO2

100 mm Hg)

O2 CO2

Pulmonaryarteries

Alveoli of lungs:PO2 104 mm HgPCO2 40 mm Hg

Heart

Blood leavingtissue capillaries:PO2

40 mm HgPCO2

45 mm Hg

Blood enteringtissue capillaries:PO2

100 mm HgPCO2

40 mm Hg

Systemicveins

Systemicarteries

Tissues:PO2 less than 40 mm HgPCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg

Internalrespiration

CO 2

CO2

O2

O 2

O2 CO2

O2 CO2

O2 CO2

O2 CO2

O2 CO2 O2 CO2

O2 CO2



Figure 22.28: The pathogenesis of COPD, p. 871.

• Tobacco smoke• Air pollution

• Airway obstruction or air trapping• Dyspnea• Frequent infections

• Abnormal ventilation- perfusion ratio• Hypoxemia• Hypoventilation

-1 antitrypsindeficiency

Continual bronchialirritation and inflammation

Breakdown of elastin inconnective tissue of lungs

Chronic bronchitisBronchial edema,chronic productive cough,bronchospasm

EmphysemaDestruction of alveolarwalls, loss of lungelasticity, air trapping

Additional Items to Review About the Lymphatic

System



Figure 20.1: Distribution and special structural features of lymphatic capillaries, p. 774.

Venoussystem

Arterialsystem

Heart

Lymph ductLymph trunkLymph node

Lymphaticsystem

Lymphaticcollecting

vessels,with

valves

Lymphaticcapillary

Bloodcapillaries

Tissue cell Bloodcapillaries

Tissue fluid

Venule Arteriole

Lymphatic capillary

Loose connective tissue around capillaries

Fibroblast in looseconnective tissue

Flaplike minivalve

Endothelialcell

Filamentsanchored toconnectivetissue

(a)

(b)



Figure 20.2a: The lymphatic system, p. 776.

Cervicalnodes

Entrance ofright lymphaticduct into rightsubclavian vein

Internaljugular veinEntrance of thoracicduct into leftsubclavian veinThoracic duct

Cisterna chyliLymphaticcollectingvessels

Axillarynodes

Inguinalnodes

Regionallymph nodes:

Aorta

(a)

• Please remember that the overall design of the lymphatic system is a slightly modified replication of the arterial and venous systems. Namely, the lymphatic vessels include the larger “lymphatic vessels” the “lymphatuoles” and the “lymphatic capillaries”.

• From the lymphatic system, the fluids that are collected will be transported back into circulation via the veins in the blood vascular system. One specific entry point is the subclavian vein.

• Peyer’s patches are significantly involved with aspects of immune response associated with the digestive system and last during our entire lifetime.

• The way in which the lymphatic capillaries draws fluid into them is via the movment of the slit-like flaps through their attachment with filaments to the sidewalls of other tissues.

• Lymphatic vessels have valves like seen in veins.

• The cisterna chyli is a dialated part of the thorascic duct in the lymphatic system.



Figure 20.4: Lymph node, p. 778.

(b)(a)

Follicles

Trabecula

Subcapsularsinus

Capsule

MedullarycordsMedullarysinuses

Afferentlymphaticvessels

Efferentlymphaticvessels

Capsule

Trabeculae

Hilum

Cortex:• Lymphoid follicle• Germinal center• Subcapsular sinus

Medulla:• Medullary cord• Medullary sinus



Figure 20.5: Lymphoid organs, p. 779.

Tonsils (inpharyngealregion)

Thymus (inthorax; mostactive duringyouth)

Spleen (curvesaround left sideof stomach)

Peyer’s patches(in intestine)Appendix

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Respiratory System- Anatomy & Physiology