Review

ABSTRACT:

One of the challenges of globalization to developing countries is to increase

agricultural production quantitatively but also to improve the quality of the product so that it

can go well in the world market. Agrochemicals responsibible for making India self sufficient

through Green revolution are no longer able to sustain the productivity to the extent on

account of all the ill-effects it had on the agro system during the process.

Biofertilizers i.e. Biological Based Product are most advanced biotechnology

necessary to support developing organic agriculture sustainable agriculture, green agriculture

and non-pollution agriculture.

1. Introduction:

During the past four decades we have witnessed doubling of human population

and a concurrent doubling of food production. On the contrary we have entered the third

millennium with more than a billion people and we are facing a Herculean task of providing

food to this rapidly increasing population particularly in developing country like India

[Dhaliwal And Arora, 2003].(2)

To cope up with the need of increasing the agricultural productivity in

accordance with the population and to improve the quality of the product in terms of nutritional

value has resulted in misuse and excessive use of chemical fertilizer. Poorly managed use of

these chemical N and P fertilizers have created several environmental problems such as

deterioration of soil quality, leaching, acidification ,denitrifiction,air pollution, reduced

biodiversity, disrupting the fragile ecosystem.(1,2).

Thereby to overcome these ecological problems, to minimize the use of

chemical fertilizers we are now directing ourselves towards the potential use of ecofreindly

approaches such as the use of Biofertilizers and Biopesticides to sustain high production,

allow more efficient nutrient utilization and thereby provide solutions for present and future

agricultural practices. In this review article a brief overview on the potential use of

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“Biofertilizer”a Biological Based Product as an alternative for sustainable agriculture is being

discussed.

2)What are Biofertilizers?

Biofertilizers are natural and organic fertilizers.Biofertilizers are preparations

containing cells of microorganisms which may be nitrogen fixers, phosphorus solublizers,

sulphur oxidizers or organic matter decomposers. They are called as bioinoculants-bacterium

or fungi which on supply to plant improve their growth and yield. (13)

These bioinoculants can reside on the surface of the plant or form endophytic

association or else interacts with other microbes in the rhizosphere or phyllosphere thereby

influencing the plant growth.

Production of chemical fertilizers require fossil fuel energy while microbes do

not thereby proving to be cost effective ecofreindly with the simple methodology of

production and thereby no hazard to the agro ecosystem(13,10)

Biofertilizers thereby might assume a special significance towards development

of strategies for improving productivity and economizing the production cost, minimizing our

dependence on synthetic chemical fertilizers.

Let us move towards a more comprehensive description of microbial biofertilizers.

The most limiting nutrient for plant growth are Nitrogen(N) and

Phosphorus(P).Some microorganisms used as Biofertilizers fix atmospheric Nitrogen and

while others increase availability and uptake of nutrients such as ‘P’and other key

micronutrients such as copper,manganese,molybdenum etc.Thereby these Biofertilizers

increase the crop yield tremendously.

3] N2 Fixing Bacteria as Microbial Biofertilizers :

Air consists of approximately 80% nitrogen gas (N2), representing about 6400 kg

of N above every hectare of land. However, N2 is a inert, stable gas, normally unavailable to

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plants. Although abundant and ubiquitous in the air Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for

plant growth because the atmospheric N is in the most stable form and is therefore not

available for plant uptake. Most of N is tied up in soil organic matter. Symbiotic and non-

symbiotic microorganisms have the ability to fix N2 and convert it into NH4+, a form that can

be easily absorbed by plants. These organisms convert the atmospheric Nitrogen into

ammonia and amino acids which can then be used up by plants to build up proteins. This

process is known as “Biological Nitrogen Fixation”. (11)

The close proximity of these microorganisms to their host plants allows efficient

of fixed N.

These bacteria capable of N2 fixation are of following types:-

1) There are many free living N2 fixing bacteria in soil.

2) Some have adapted to symbiosis; intimate endophytic association with plants.

3) Some live in close association in the plant root zone (rhizosphere) without forming intimate

endophytic symbiosis.

Let us evaluate their use as biofertilizers.

I) Symbiotic N2 fixers :

(1) Rhizobia:-

The best known and most exploited symbiotic N2 fixing bacteria belonging to

family Rhizobiacea include the genera such as Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium etc.These bacteria

infect legumes and have global distribution. However N2 fixing capability of Rhizobia varies

greatly depending on the host plant species. Therefore selection of best strains must take

Rhizobia host compatibility for selection of Biofertilizers. (13, 11)

Legumes (such as beans, soybean, chickpea) inoculation is an old practice that

has been carried out especially when local/resident rhizobial population in the soil are

low.Rhizobial inoculum can be produced and applied in numerous ways such as granular,

liquid or powder formulation. (11)

However the success depends upon strain and environmental condition.

Therefore it is essential to evaluate inoculation programme, type depending on field

experiments, microbiological assays and cost benefit analysis.

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2) Frankia:

Frankia is the genus of N2 fixing actinomyctes capable of fixing N2 similar to

rhizobial symbiosis. Frankia can fix N2 at normal O2 concentration at the rate sufficient to

support its growth N2 fixation is accompanied by the development of terminal swelling known

as vesicles in which nitrogenase enzyme are protected by restrictingO2diffusion. In addition to

symbiotic properties of strain characteristics such as age of the inoculum cellular

concentration and the method of preservation greatly effect the inoculum infectivity. (11)

Since a universal strain adapted to different environmental host genotype does not

exist, best plant Frankia combination should be selected and customized for a target area and

target species.

3) Cyanaobacteria:

Cyanaobacteria are ecologically important in N2 fixing organisms especially in

rice cultivation. Anabaena azollae is a symbiotic heterocyst nitrogen fixing Cyanaobacteria

which lies in fronds in the pores of the Azolla.(6)

Contribution of the Cyanaobacteria to Total N uptake by rice seedlings was assessed using

free-living and immobilized A.azollae in the presence of different combined Nitrogen sources

using 15 N dilution technique.(6)

Methods(6)

The cyanobiont Anabaena azollaeAnabaena azollae(AS-DS )is grown in N free BG-11 medium

immobilized on Polyurethene(PUF) and Sugarcane waste(SCW) was used for this study.

30 days grown free living and immobilized Cyanaobacterial culture were used as inoculants.

A Paddy seed (cultivar ADT36) were soaked for 12 hours in water and was later on allowed to sprout.

The freely living and immobilized A.azollae were then inoculated in Nfree medium at 500 mg fresh

weight Cyanaobacterial biomass along with sprouted seeds. The combined N2 in the form of urea,

potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate with 10% atom excess 15N was added at to the growth

medium at weekly intervals. After 30 days rice seedling were dried, powdered, total N was determined

by micro-Kjeldahl digestion and distillation method and Mass spectrometry.

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The percent N derived from combined nitrogen source ( %Ndff) and percent N derived from

Cyanaobacteria (%Ndfc) of total N content of rice seedlings were calculated using the formula.

%Ndff=Atom percent excess 15 N in inoculated plant*100/Atom percent 15N in uninoculated plant

%Ndfc=100-%Ndff

Effect of inoculation of A.azollae (AS-DS)with different Combined Nitrogen on total N

content and 15N recovery in rice seedlings.

Total N

(mg plant)

15 N recovery

(atom excess %)

Cyanaobacterial

culture

Combined N source Combined N source

Control

Potassium

nitrate

urea NH4

SO4

Potassium

nitrate

urea NH4

SO4

Free living 1.2 3.9 5.9 1.5 3.29 3.89 2.77

PUF immobilized 1.4 4.3 6.5 1.5 3.15 3.82 2.74

SCW immobilized 1.4 4.6 7.8 2.3 2.96 3.69 2.75

Uninoculated

Control

0.6 3.9 3.5 2.4 4.69 4.80 3.11

Interaction(p<0.05) 0.19 0.24

Result:

SCW and PUF immobilized cyanobacterial inoculation recorded 28% and 16%

more N2 in rice seedlings than free living culture. Among combined N2 sources urea was more

superior followed by potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in terms of N2 uptake. The N2

uptake by immobilized culture was much higher than free living culture which was higher

compared to uninoculated culture.

Thereby we could conclude that immobilized cyanobacterium in combination with urea has

contributed more biologically fixed N2 to the crop.

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Exploitation of azolla as a biofertilizer is a practical possibility in flooded soil

condition. It is used as both green manure before planting and intercropped with rice after

planting. The latter practice has wide adaptability and is more economical as Azolla

decomposes within two weeks releasing about 67% of Its N.The increase in grain yield due to

Azolla green manuring is about 0.5-2 tonnes per hectare.

Thereby cyanobacteria should be seriously considered as biofertilizer with a great potential as

these cyanobacterial (especially immobilized) have resulted in higher heterocyst frequency

growth,nitrogenase activity and increased ammonia excretion and have also increases

availability of micronutrients like iron. manganese in the soil.(6,9,11)

II] N2Fixing associated Bacteria:

In addition to symbiotic bacteria infecting plant roots, numerous taxa of less

intimately associated N2 fixing bacteria can be considered for crop yield improvement such as

Acetobacter, Azospirullum, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter etc.

1) Azospirillum

This genus includes spirally curved bacteria which not only lives in rhizosphere of

grasses but can also enter root cortex. It is an associative micraerophilic Nitrogen fixer which

not only colonizes root mass and fixes N2 in close association with plant in an environment of

low O2 tension. These bacteria induce plant roots to secrete mucilage substances which

creates low O2 environment and helps to fix atmospheric Nitrogen.It has a wide host range,

high N2 fixation capacity, low energy requirement, tolerance to high soil temperature thereby

makes these suitable for tropical condition.(13)

The positive aspect of this inoculant is that they produce plant growth

promoting substance in addition to fixing the Nitrogen and has ability to differentiate into cyst

under stress that enables its persistence for a long time in field condition.Azospirillum bears

great promise as a growth promoting Nitrogen fixing biofertilizer.It has been recorded that

Azospirillum inoculation may be used as biofertilizer for wheat ,rice thereby reducing use of

urea N by approximately 20%(9,11).

Along with its growth promoting properties its commercial production is

inexpensive as inoculum produced can be applied as peat formulation which can be directly

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utilized in field research and agricultural applications. However for alternative carriers and

application procedures needs further research.

2)Acetobacter:

It is a non symbiotic (micrsymbiont) bacteria which is mostly associated with

sugarcane crop. It grows inside the root as well as stems to some extent and fixes atmospheric

nitrogen and benefits the crop. It is rather difficult to isolate the organism and grow artificially

on a large scale.(3,13)

Therefore the potential of it as a biofertilizer will depend on finding suitable

techniques to grow it fastly in laboratory. If this is done successfully we may save huge

quantity of chemical nitrogenous fertilizers.

3) Klebsiella:

They fix N2 under anaerobic condition as these have no means of protecting

nitrogenase enzyme from O2.These organisms have flexibility to grow under both aerobic and

anaerobic environment. In the laboratory Klebsiella has been shown to reproduce Nitrogen

under micraerophilic condition(11). Therefore use of Klebsiella as a biofertilizer will require

several field trials and future research.

4) Bacillus

Nitrogen fixing Bacillus Polymyxa and Bacillus macerans were isolated from cotton

phylloplane.These bacteria show an increase in yield of cotton due to its ability to fix nitrogen

produce Indole Acetic Acid and Gibberelic acid production. The foliar spray on this

phylloplane bacteria was showing an increased growth,yield,increased Nitrogen fixation and

an increased chlorophyll ,nitrogen, phosphorus content.(7,11,13)

Similarly Bacillus subtilis inoculation on chilli plant through the phyllosphere have

resulted in increase in chlorophyll content ,photosynthetic quotient and eventually increased

growth.(1)

III] Free living N2 fixing Bacteria:

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Many free living bacteria also fix atmospheric N2.Example includes Azotobacter, Beijerinckia

and Clostridium.

1)Azotobacter::

This is a group of bacteria which are free living nitrogen fixer. Sufficient

research work has been carried out on the role of Azotobacter culture in sugarcane cultivation.

The result in general have indicated that application of Azotobacter at the rate of 5kg per

hectare helps in reducing nitrogen dose by 50kg per hectare with increase in yield of cane by

5 to 10 %.

The mechanism by which plants inoculated with Azotobacter derive its

benefits such as increased biomass ,Nitrogen uptake is attributed to increase in nitrogen input

by Biological nitrogen fixation, development and branching of roots ,production of plant

growth hormones,vitamins,enhancement in uptake of nitrate, ammonium orthophosphate,

potassium and iron improved water status of the plant and antifungal compounds.(3,11,13)

If environmental conditions allow nodulating bacterial symbionts (ex Frankia)

of plant roots can also fix N2 when not in symbiotic association. Estimation of Nitrogen

fixation by free-living bacteria is difficult.

2.Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria :

Phosphorus is the second most limiting plant nutrient required for better crop

yield. Indian soil contains on an average 0.05% Phosphorus which constitutes 0.2%dry

weight.(5)

Most of the soil Phosphorus pool is not in forms available for plant uptake or

the soil might contain insufficient amount of available phosphate to support plant growth. As

a result of application of phosphatic fertilizer is therefore essential for optimum crop yield.

However the main problem concerning phosphatic fertilizer is that its fixation with soil

complexes within a very short period of application rendering more than two third

unavailable.(9,11,13)

Many organisms possess the ability to bring sparingly soluble/insoluble

inorganic and organic Phosphorus into soluble forms by secreting organic acids. These

organic acids lower soil pH and in turn brings about dissolution of unavailable forms of soil

Phosphorus making it available for plant growth and development. Some of the hydroxyl

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acids may chelate calcium, Aluminium,Iron and Magnesium resulting in effective availability

in soil. Use of Phosphate solubilizing bacteria as bioinoculants could reduce the phosphate

dose by 50% and could be applied in the form of Rock phosphate which is cheaper source of

Phosphorus.(1,9)

The most commonly tested organisms of this group belong to the genera Bacillus and

Pseudomonas.

There were two method of phosphobactrium application i.e. seed treatment

(500ginoculum per hectare) and soil application (200g per hectare).(9)

Pretreatment of seeds of cereals with phosphobactrium has been reported to help in reducing

fertilizer phosphate requirement of the crop and increasing its grain yield.

Potential use as Biopesticide:

Although extensive research has been made on utilization of Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria

in order to provide soluble forms of phosphate to plants while some of them were found to release

antifungal compounds.

An attempt in this direction was made to screen 25 bacterial cultures from the rhizosphere of

various crop and culture of Pseudomonas striata(P-27 for their antifungal activity against Asperigillus

niger),Fusarium oxysporum,Pythium aphanedermatum,Curvularia lunata and Rhizobia solani by Spot

test method.

Spot test method:

Bacillus culture were spotted on Luria Bertani plates preseeded with respective fungal spores

all the bacteria showed large variation (0 to 130%) in inhibition of different fungi. Of them four

cultures 6P, 10P, 12P, 14P showed broad range of antifungal activity against all the fungal pathogens.

Rest of the culture showed variable activity against organisms or no inhibition. (5)

Therefore Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria like these with antifungal activity

could be exploited as biofertilizer as well as biopesticide.The combination of the above 2

attributes will be of great advantage in crop production.

5] Fungi and their potential as biofertilizer:

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Mycorhizal fungi form mutualistic symbiosis with a wide variety of plants.ie fungi

infects the plant roots.

Three general types of Mycorrhizae are known such as Ectomycorrhizae,

Endomycorrhizae and endoectomycorrhizae.

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza:

They are obligate symbionts that occur in 90% of vascular plants. It improves plant growth

and enhances the uptake of more nutrients generally unavailable to host plant especially ‘P’

from soil. It also increases the water uptake or alters plant physiology to reduce stress

response to soil drought. It can also withstand high temperature, increase heavy metal

tolerance of plants as well as make the plant less susceptible to root pathogens.

VAM may also prove useful in successful establishment of micro propagated plantlets

in field who face difficulty due to their weak root system and transplantation

shock.Microprpogation is a powerful tool in plant tissue culture. VAM (Glomus fasciculatum)

infected micro propagated plants i.e. exvitro (adding spores in plants)and invitro VAM

infected plants were transferred to polyurethane bags containing field soil and then

maintained in glasshouse. In the field sandy soil having low levels of ‘P’ ,using one half and

three fourth recommended dose of phosphorus were applied along with recommended urea

dose of 325kg per hectareUninoculated micro propagated plants served as control.

RESULTS:

Colonization of invitro grown sugarcane roots by VAM

Days after Inoculation % Colonization

10 48

20 68

30 78

Thus Colonization was maximum after 30 days cocultivation.Root Dry weight was

more invitro VAM infected plant is 2.45g than 1.97 g for control. These plants almost two

fold increased root biomass than control plants in addition to better survival rate of 89.6%

than non mychorrizal plant.

Thus field investigation revealed that successful mychorrhization improved survival

rate, 25% saving of phosphatic fertilizer by proving strong rooting system and improved

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growth along with improved crop quality i.e. sugar content, cane height, cane yield. .

(3,13)Though the role of VAM in improving plant growth and nutrition is an established fact,

field application of these obligate fungi has remained limited due them being an obligate

parasite.

Some ectomycorrhizae like Pisolithus tinctorius could be surveyed for its use because

they generally have host range, extensive geographic distribution. Hence they could be

considered for commercial exploitation.

Multiple/Co Inoculation among potential Biofertilizers :

This refers to the practice of inoculation and introduction of more than one fungus and

/or bacterium into target crops as Multiple/Co Inoculation.

Different combinations of organisms are being tested against different crops. A field

study was conducted on three microbial biofertilizers ie Premium

Azotoplus(Azotobacter),Premium Azosphiplus(Azospirillum)and Premium

Phosphofix(Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria)on wheat, mustard each singly or in combination

The results obtained when 3 were used singly on wheat, mustard was in the range10-

16%,18-19% respectively.Whereaes when used in combination they not only increased the

yield tremendously but lowered doseie250ml per gram per acre is recommended for each of

biofertilizers in combination taking into consideration cost: benefit ratio.(12)

Cereals such as rice constitute major fraction of poor mans diet in most Asian

countries including India. Application of inorganic fertilizers have brought about an

spectacular increase in crop production but over a long period of time have resulted in

imbalanced supply of nutrients, affecting soil quality and agrosystem.Therefore attempts to

develop Integrated Nutrient Management package for rice i.e. application of farmyard

manure combined with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria in combination with recommended

fertilizers gave 17.2 to 23.4% higher grain yield over application of nutrients through

Inorganic fertilizer along with higher Benefit: Cost ratio of 2.80 to 3.25.(10)

In case of these Biofertilizers the residual effect is more for chemical fertilizers on

succeeding wheat crop. Similarly field trials of several other combinations of organisms could

also be tested for several other cereals.

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Phosphate solubilizing bacteria like Pseudomonas striata(P-27) have a high P

solubilzation activity and high anti fungal activity. Use of several such bioinoculantswith

combined attribute of fertilization and antipathogenic activity can provide long-lasting

effective solutions for sustainable agriculture.

Combined treatment with Phosphobacteria and mychorhizal fungi in several

agriculturally important crops ex chillies, brinjal resulted in an increase in plant height, root

length, biomass as well as total nitrogen and phosphorus content.(1,13)

Combined inoculation of Azospirillum and VAM increased growth yield, nutrient

uptake of plant than with no bacterium added extraneously.

Co inoculation of Rhizobia and Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms is synergistic

and results in better phosphate utilization and higher yield. Some of the Phosphate

solubilizing microorganisms increase the uptake of nitrogen too.(1)

Thus right kind of bacteria and fungi in root zone fix nitrogen, release minerals and

provide protection against disease causing organisms too. Thus multiple inoculation has a

very important role in the future of biofertilizers to develop Integrated Nutrient Management

package for various crops thereby reducing our dependence on synthetic chemical fertilizers,

decreasing the production cost and in long term benefits of soil and ecosystem for sustainable

agriculture.

7)Present Status and Future Prospect for Emerging Biofertilizers In Global

Market/India:

One of the challenges of globalization and green revolution is not only to increase the

yield but is also to improve the nutritional quality of product so that it matches global

standards. The world over is Undergoing a shift from inorganic conventional farming towards

organic ecofreindly farming methods. This not only requires the isolation of

bioinoculantswith high potential for use as biofertilizersbut also several other factors right

from proper application procedures to correct Marketing practices also being economically

cheaper(2)

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Proper Application Of biofertilizers:

It has a very important role in deciding the optimum activity of the microorganisms.

There are several ways of application i.e. liquid formulations, granular or powdery forms,

carrier based preparation etc.(1,2)

For example Liquid formulations of Azospirillum was more efficient than carrier based

preparation .Similarly foliar spraying alone increased protein content by 14% whereas along

with it the addition of bacterium as soil drench did not only improve any of the parameters

significantly.(2)

It also includes co inoculation techniques where 2 organisms for example

Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased the cost: benefit ratio

also decreasing dosage of per bacterium. Such practices could play a ,major role in the future

of these biological Based Products. Similarly VAMwhere exvivo and in vivo culture methods

can be used to infect plants however various abiotic, biotic factor limit growth and

development of VAM, thereby limiting its commercial application. Here In vivo culture

methods act as an alternative to solve some of these problems. Hence in cases of VAMinvivio

culture methods could prove more successful.(1,9,1213)

As in the cases of cyanobacteria urea as a combined nitrogen source was proved to be

far superior, also urea and sugarcane waste immobilized cyanobacterial Inoculation proved to

be most efficient ways of practical application of biofertilizer should be found out to improve

the yield.

With Azolla biofertilizers which can be used as both a green manure bfore planting

and intercropping with rice after planting .However latter practice has been found to be

widely adaptable and more economical.

Hence great emphasis should be on using correct biofertilizer application as this could

result in an optimum activity and lower production cost and improve the yield by 10 to 15 %

under field conditions but also reflects an increase in yield of succeeding crop in measurable

quantities.

Therefore following strategies have to be planned for increasing awareness and

implementation of Biofertilizers and its long term benefits.

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Future strategies:

Biofertilizers have been in use since 1960 but still Biological Based Product

consumption has not picked up to expected levels. The major cause being too low acceptance

by farmers.

Quality and Pricing:

Any new method to be adopted by farmers has to face initial resistance. To

overcome this significant exhibitionism of Biofertilizers as a highly input extensive

agricultural system need to be demonstrated.

For this it is very important that the product entering the market is of standard quality

and has passed through statutory laws or quality enforcement agencies as in developed

countries.(2)

Thus with proper Quality control of Biological Based Product will help in restoring

the faith of farmers who will then be ready to try out these new techniques in their fields.

Another important aspect for small marginal farmers in India is cost. There is

remarkable discriminating variation in selling prices of various biofertilizers which need to be

standardized that more farmers could be ready to experiment with it. Here the Government

plays an important role.

Role of Government in Promoting the use of Biofertilizers:

Government has to ensure that the Biological Based Product entering the market has

met with the standard quality laws set by them. Also the Government in the initial years of

Biological Based Product promotion could highly subsidize the product which will help small

marginal farmers especially to adopt it.(2,13)

Concentrated efforts of the Government and Private firms to take into confidence local

bodies will help to assess and adopt the technology. An proper marketing strategy depending

on the Socioeconomic condition ,market heterogeneity and buying capacity of the consumer

need to be planned to decide on various intermediaries for distribution and adoption of new

technology by farms.(2)

Later on awareness on the proper application procedures, limitations of product, and

long term benefits of product needs to be created in farmers especially in interiors of the

country. The Government could also encourage the private firms and research institutes to

come together cooperate and promote training extension activity at farm level for farmers.

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Poor microbial load, higher contamination and the use of improper strains resulted in

mixed response of biofertilizers.Here the research institutes have a great responsibility

towards ensuring the correct and the high quality product enters the market along with

Government and thereby ensuring that substandard product do not enter the market.

New practices take time to pick up success or failure of new entrants entering the

market will depend on the proper marketing, branding, promotional policies of government

for which study needs to be conducted at every level of production and consumption and

factors affecting them.(2)

Conclusion:

Despite these factors Biofertilizers have made a rapid growth during last 15 years in

country. National BiofertilizerDevelopment Centre has estimated the requirement of

Biofertilizers to extent of 507032 MT of N2 mixed, 255340 MT of Phosphate mobilizing

Bacteria. Though above figure represents theoretical potential of Biofertilizers it reflects the

immense scope of Biological Based Product though far from reality.(2)

Thus for this to turn into reality we could begin with the use of biofertilizer reduce the

doses of chemical fertilizers, Thus we could ensure that optimum productivity and healthy

returns under Integrated Nutrient Management system. This would help in cost benefit

analysis help the farmers realize the worth ,potential, long term commercial benefits,

economical aspects of using Biofertilizers an Biological Based Product which would then

result in acceptance of this new improving tehnology,thereby would go on a long way in

encouraging investment in Biological Based Product sector. It would then result in standard

new Biological Based Product entering the market and thereby this ecofreindly renewable

product would become an indispensable part of sustainable agriculture which will usher in

another environmental eco friendly Green revolution.

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