Lab 7 – Respiratory System

• Review of respiratory system

• Learn and demonstrate anatomy of

respiratory System on models

• Complete Lab Worksheet

• Lung dissection as group

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Figure 22.1 The major respiratory organs in relation to surrounding structures.

Nasal cavity

Nostril

Larynx

Trachea

Carina of trachea

Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Left main (primary) bronchus

Left lung

Diaphragm

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Figure 22.3b The upper respiratory tract.

Pharyngeal tonsil

Oropharynx

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

Sphenoid sinus

Posterior nasal aperture

Nasopharynx

Opening of pharyngotympanic tube

Uvula

Palatine tonsil

Isthmus of the fauces

Laryngopharynx

Esophagus

Trachea

Frontal sinus

Nasal cavity Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)

Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)

Nasal vestibule

Nostril

Hard palate

Soft palate

Tongue

Lingual tonsil

Hyoid bone Larynx

Epiglottis

Vestibular fold

Thyroid cartilage

Vocal fold

Cricoid cartilage

Thyroid gland

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Figure 22.3c The upper respiratory tract.

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Regions of the pharynx

Pharynx

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Figure 22.4a The larynx.

Body of hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

Cricothyroid ligament

Cricotracheal ligament

Epiglottis

Thyrohyoid membrane

Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Anterior superficial view 10/4/13

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Figure 22.4b The larynx.

Epiglottis

Thyrohyoid membrane

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage

Arytenoid muscles

Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Body of hyoid bone

Thyrohyoid membrane

Fatty pad

Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)

Thyroid cartilage

Vocal fold (true vocal cord)

Cricothyroid ligament

Cricotracheal ligament

Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right 10/4/13 6

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Figure 22.5 Movements of the vocal folds.

Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)

Base of tongue

Epiglottis

Vocal fold (true vocal cord)

Glottis

Inner lining of trachea

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis Vocal folds in open position; open glottis

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Figure 22.6a Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.

Esophagus

Trachealis

muscle Lumen of

trachea

Posterior

Mucosa

Submucosa

Hyaline cartilage

Adventitia

Seromucous gland in submucosa

Anterior

Cross section of the trachea

and esophagus

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Figure 22.6b Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.

Goblet cell

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

• Lamina propria (connective tissue)

Mucosa

Submucosa

Hyaline cartilage

Seromucous gland In submucosa

Photomicrograph of the tracheal

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Figure 22.7 Conducting zone passages.

Superior lobe

of right lung

Middle lobe

of right lung

Inferior lobe

of right lung

Trachea

Superior lobe

of left lung

Left main (primary) bronchus

Lobar (secondary) bronchus

Segmental (tertiary) bronchus

Inferior lobe of left lung

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Figure 22.8a Respiratory zone structures.

Alveolar duct

Respiratory bronchioles

Terminal

bronchiole

Alveoli

Alveolar duct

Alveolar

sac

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Figure 22.8b Respiratory zone structures.

Respiratory

bronchiole

Alveolar

duct

Alveoli

Alveolar

sac

Alveolar

pores

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Figure 22.9a Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

Smooth

muscle

Elastic

fibers

Alveolus

Capillaries

Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships 10/4/13 13

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Figure 22.9c Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.

Red blood cell in capillary

Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces)

Type II alveolar cell

Type I alveolar cell

Capillary

Macrophage

Endothelial cell nucleus

Respiratory membrane

Alveolar epithelium

Fused basement membranes of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium

Capillary endothelium

Capillary

Alveolus

Nucleus of type I alveolar cell

Alveolar pores

Red blood cell

Alveolus

Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

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Figure 22.10a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.

Trachea Thymus

Apex of lung

Right inferior lobe

Horizontal fissure

Right superior lobe

Oblique fissure

Right middle lobe

Heart (in mediastinum)

Diaphragm

Base of lung

Intercostal muscle Rib

Parietal pleura Pleural cavity

Visceral pleura

Left superior lobe

Oblique fissure

Left inferior lobe

Cardiac notch

Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

Lung

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Figure 22.10c Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.

Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.

Posterior

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Pericardial membranes

Sternum

Vertebra

Esophagus (in mediastinum)

Root of lung at hilum

• Left main bronchus • Left pulmonary artery • Left pulmonary vein

Thoracic wall

Heart (in mediastinum)

Anterior mediastinum

Anterior

Left lung

Pulmonary trunk

Right lung

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Film Clips

• Mechanics of ventilation

• Cilia Action and gas exchange

• Brochial Asthma

• Action of Epiglottis

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Table 17.4 ABO Blood Groups

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Figure 17.16 Blood typing of ABO blood types.

Blood being tested Serum

Anti-A Anti-B

Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera)

Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A)

Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B)

Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum)

RBCs

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Transfusion reactions cause Agglutination

p. 809 / 785

similar Vessels plugged =

ischemia & hypoxia

Hemolysis follows =

anemia

If hemolysis is massive

and rapid = kidney failure

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Rh Blood Groups

• 52 named Rh agglutinogens (Rh factors)

• C, D, and E are most common

• Rh+ indicates presence of D antigen

• 85% Americans Rh+

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HDN = Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

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HDN is a.k.a. erythroblastosis fetalis

2nd, 3rd, 4th Rh+ child

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