Revolution!

4.2 & 4.3 Revolutions in Europe and Latin America

France

• Louis XVIII: placed on throne after Napoleon– Constitution w/ limited freedoms– Ultra royalists-hated constitution– Liberals- power to the M.C.– Radicals- want a republic– Working class- concerned about wages

and food (bread) prices

• Charles X- absolutism!– People revolt, barricade narrow streets

• Louis Philippe- “Citizen King”, chosen by legislature to rule– Tended to favor m.c. over workers

• February Days- 1848, people take to streets, corruption in the gov’t, not enough reforms– Louis Philippe abdicates (last king of France)– Second Republic set up

• June Days- split between working class and M.C.

Louis Napoleon• Nephew of Bonaparte, wins election

for pres. of 2nd republic

• Vote given to all men by Nat. Assembly

• Liked by both left and right

• By 1852 names himself emperor Napoleon III (Napy’s son was known as Napoleon II even though he died young)

• Things are good at first, foreign wars will bring down the empire

Rest of Europe• Belgium

– Came under Dutch control after Congress of Vienna

– Very different people, language, religion, economics

– Revolt supported by France and Britain– 1831 gained indep., perpetual neutral

country

• Poland (not a separate country)– Started uprisings, never gained indep.– Most of Poland was in Russia

• Austria– Student riot suppressed by Metternich, students

supported by workers– Metternich resigns, flees, reforms promised, never

given

• Italy (not a separate country)– Revolutionaries set up separate republics– Didn’t last, French and Austrian troops take back

control except on Sardinia

• Germany (not a separate country)– People demand reforms– Frankfurt Assembly- meeting of people from many

German states try to get a constitution– Offered crown to Prussian king who said no

thanks

Ottoman Empire

• Greece – with backing of other European powers, is

able gain its freedom.

• Serbia– Shared Slavic heritage with Russia– Russians help Serbs gain autonomy within

the Empire

• Why did most fail?– Lack of mass support, the ones that

worked needed outside support

• Political work not revolution will cause change in the decades ahead

• France continues to face social and economic problems

Latin America

• Social/Ethnic Classes– Peninsulares: born in Spain (the

Peninsula), they are the highest social class

– Creoles: born in the New World of European parents. Land and business owners

– Mestizos: Native and European parents– Mulattoes: African and European parents

• Only peninsulares could hold the highest political and Church positions.

• Other groups resented that they were denied opportunities

• Educated creoles studied in Europe or read Enlightenment works

• Many had copies of the Dec. of Indep. and Constitution

• Napoleon’s invasion of Spain provides the spark for revolt

Haiti

• A slave revolt begins led by former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Hispaniola was a French colony, but Spain and Britain also sent troops to stop the rebellion

• The revolt begins in 1791 and years of fighting finally end in 1804 when Haiti becomes an independent country.

Mexico• Father Miguel Hidalgo

– 1810, Creole priest, “El Grito de Dolores”: cry for freedom

– Led mestizos and Natives in revolt– Captured and executed

• Father Jose Morelos– Picks up from Hidalgo– Led rebels for 4 years before he is shot

• Agustin de Iturbide– Conservative, had fought against revolts– Spanish liberals force king to issue constitution in Spain– Joins revolution and overthrows Viceroy– Calls himself Emperor, until he is overthrown and a

Republic is set up

Father Hidalgo and “El Gritto de Dolores (Iturbide is in background) Agustin de Iturbide

South America• Simon Bolivar

– “The Liberator”, when France controls Spain in 1808 Bolivar saw opportunity

– Over the next decade he frees Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela (Gran Columbia), Peru and Bolivia

• Jose de San Martin– Joins with Bolivar and works to free Argentina

• Could not achieve goal of a united South America, splintered into many countries

• Dom Pedro– Son of the king of Portugal– Family flees to Brazil when Napoleon takes over– When the king goes back, Dom stays– Declares Brazil’s independence and accepts a

constitution

Simon Bolivar