Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Unit 6 NotesRevolution and Republic
Important Dates Texas Revolution• 1824 – Mexican Constitution of 1824• 1828 – Mier y Teran Report• April 6, 1830 – Law of April 6th
• 1832 – Turtle Bayou Resolution• January 1834 – Austin’s arrest• 1835 – Battle of Gonzales• March 2, 1836 Declaration of Independence• February 23 – March 6, 1836, Battle of the Alamo• March 6, 1836 – Fall of the Alamo• March 27, 1836 – Mass Execution at Goliad
Important Dates Texas Revolution• April 21, 1836 Battle of San Jacinto• June 1836 Treaties of Velasco
Important Dates Texas Republic• 1836 – Sam Houston is elected president• 1838 – Mirabeau Lamar is elected president• 1840 – Council House fight• 1842 – Mier expedition• 1841 – Sam Houston is elected president• 1844 – Anson Jones is elected president• 1845 – Texas is annexed into the United States
Events that Led to the Texas Revolution
Fredonian Rebellion• In 1826, in Nacogdoches of a group of Texans
formed the Fredonian Republic led by the Edwards Brothers and claimed the area was no longer under Mexican control.
• Stephen F. Austin sided with the Mexican government and marched to Nacogdoches to help stop the rebellion.
• It ended very quicklyFredonian Flag
Mier y Teran• In 1828, the Mexican government sent General
Manuel Mier y Teran to investigate the conditions in northern Texas. He found that Anglo-Americans outnumbered the Mexicans 10 to 1
• The report resulted in the law of April 6
Law of April 6, 1830• Due to the Mier y Teran report Mexico outlawed
immigration from the US to Texas, and canceled all empresario grants that had not been fulfilled.
• Slaves could no longer be brought into Mexico to work
• Placed customs duties on all items entering Texas from the U.S.
• However, Mexico encouraged European immigration
Turtle Bayou Resolutions• Anahuac settlers gathered at Turtle Bayou
because of the disturbance at Anahuac• John Austin was sent to retrieve a cannon to be
brought back from Brazoria and drafted resolutions that stated that they pledged their continued loyalty to Mexico under the Constitution of 1824
• Santa Anna seemed to support the Constitution of 1824
• This event resulted in Colonel Jose de Los Piedras ordering the release of William B. Travis and Patrick jack from jail
• Bradburn was dismissed of his command
Arrest of Stephen F. Austin• Austin travels to Mexico to meet with Mexican
officials and delivers the resolutions written by written by Texas officials about their concerns
• When he gets there Santa Anna had become the leader of Mexico. However, so much time has gone by that he writes a letter to Texas officials and tells them to establish a state government
• He gets a meeting with Santa Anna who agrees to make some of the changes Texas officials have asked for
• On his return to Texas Austin is arrested for treason. This is because of the letter he wrote about forming a state government
Important People
Santa Anna
Sam Houston
Important People• George Childress – chaired the committee in
charge of writing the Texas Declaration of Independence
• Lorenzo de Zavala – Helped write the Texas Declaration of Independence and helped design the interim government at Washington-on-the Brazos. He was elected Vice President of the new republic
• James Fannin – Led the Texans at Coleto Creek and surrendered to Urrea. Later he was executed at Goliad by order of Santa Anna
• Sam Houston – Leader of the Revolutionary Army during the Texas Revolution
Important People• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – Dictator of Mexico
and military leader of the Mexican Army during the Texas Revolution
• Juan Seguin – Served with Travis at the Alamo but survived because he was sent out as a messenger to warn Sam Houston about the events at the Alamo. He continued to serve under Sam Houston at the battle of San Jacinto
• William B. Travis – Military leader of the Texas forces at the Alamo. Was killed by Mexican forces at the Alamo.
Significant Events
Texas Revolution Battle Map
Battle of Gonzales
Battle of Gonzales• First battle of the Texas Revolution – October 2,
1835• Citizens of Gonzales would not give up a cannon
that was given to them by the Mexican government to protect them from Indians
• A militia led by JH Moore flew a flag over it that said “Come and Take It”
• Lieutenant Fransisco Castneda led 100 men to Gonzales to take the cannon
• The militia fired the cannon on October 2 at the Mexican soldiers, a battle began, and so did the Texas Revolution
William B. Travis letter• Titled “To the People of Texas and All Americans in
the World”• Travis wrote this letter to recruit men to help him
and his men at the Alamo after Santa Anna showed up in San Antonio February 23rd
The Siege of the Alamo and all the heroic defenders • Sam Houston ordered the Alamo to be destroyed• James Bowie and James Neill decided that the
Alamo was too important• James Bowie and William Travis began to recruit
supporters• Santa Anna arrived in San Antonio• The Texans moved in the Alamo and for 13 days
fought the Mexicans.• The fall of the Alamo occurred in the morning of
March 6, 1836
Alamo Continued• The fall of the Alamo occurred in the morning of
March 6, 1836• 1800 Mexican troops fought 189 Texans• All Texans were killed and approximately 600
Mexican soldiers were killed
Jim Bowie• Commander of the Volunteers• Fell ill while commanding• Famous for the “Bowie Knife” a very large knife
named after him
David Crockett• “King of the Wild Frontier”• Represented Tennessee in the House of
Representatives• Known for his Marksmanship (ability to accurately
fire a gun)
William B. Travis• Commander of the Alamo• Wrote famous letter “To the People of Texas and All Americans”:
• I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna. I have sustained a continual Bombardment and cannonade for 24 hours and have not lost a man. The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken. I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, and our flag still waves proudly from the walls. I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch. The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily and will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible and die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor & that of his country. Victory or Death.
William Barret TravisLt. Col. Comdt.P.S. The Lord is on our side. When the enemy appeared in sight we had not
three bushels of corn. We have since found in deserted houses 80 or 90 bushels and got into the walls 20 or 30 head of Beeves.
What happened to the Bodies?• Santa Anna ordered all of the bodies of the fallen
to be burned.• Juan Seguin later returned to the area and had a
simple coffin built where the remains were placed• No one knows for sure where the ashes are today
Constitutional Convention of 1836• Texas delegates met at Washington on the Brazos• Declared independence from Mexico on March 2,
1836• Wrote a constitution to form an ad interim
government for the Republic of Texas
Massacre at Goliad
Fannin’s Surrender at Goliad• Colonel James Fannin surrendered his 300 men at
the Battle of Coleto because he was pinned on the open prairie
• They fought the Mexicans off but Fannin decided to surrender to prevent more deaths
• They were marched to Goliad and Urrea told them they were not going to be killed but Santa Anna order the captives to all be shot on March 21.
• Execution takes place March 27, 1836
Battle of San Jacinto
Battle of San Jacinto • April 21, 1836• Shortest battle in history – lasted 18 minutes• Sam Houston led the Texas forces -1800 men• Santa Anna led the Mexican forces – 1300 men• Houston burned every way out of San Jacinto and
attacked the Mexican Army about 3:00pm (siesta/nap time)
• Santa Anna was captured the next day and surrendered to Sam Houston
Republic of Texas
President Sam Houston• First Administration (1836-1838) – Houston
focused on forming a government and dealing with the issues of debt and the army, conflict with Native Americans and Mexico, and selecting a capitol
Texas Rangers• When Sam Houston became President, he
dismissed the army because of its cost and bad leadership. He replaced them by reinstating the Texas Rangers. He used them to fight the attacks by the Indians and the Mexican soldiers that crossed the border.
• Jack Coffee Hays – Famous Texas Ranger, surveyor of the Republic of Texas and Captain of Texas Ranger company.
Chief Bowles• Leader of a group of Cherokees that arrived in
Texas in 1820. He signed a treaty with Sam Houston during the Texas Revolution.
Statue of Sam Houston and Chief Bowles signing a peace agreement during the Texas Revolution
Maribeau Lamar
President: 1838-1841
Vice President: David G. Burnet
He is known as the “Father of education _______________.” ( 1798-1859) How old was I when I died? Do the math! 61
Background Information• Lamar grew up on a plantation in Georgia.
reader • He was an avid _________, and was accepted into
Princeton University but declined the offer. educated• He was well- e__ __ __ __ __ __ __and enhanced this
through constant reading. poetry• He loved to write ______________. (roses are red,
violets..)
married• He was _____________________ twice and had one son.
Background Information
oilLamar enjoyed ____________ painting. fencerHe was an expert horseman and an accomplished ________.
Lamar was against the Indians, and believed that it was necessary to bring about the “total extinction" of the Indian tribes.
Chief Bowles• 1839 – during the Lamar expedition Chief Bowels
was ordered to lead the Cherokees out of Texas. Chief Bowels refused and Lamar ordered the militia to force them out.
• Bowles was killed and the Cherokees were forced to move to present-day Oklahoma.
Council House Fight• March 19, 1840• A group of Comanche leaders agreed to meet in
San Antonio to surrender all Anglo captives• They only delivered one captive – Matilda
Lockhart• Texans were angry and refused to let the Indians
leave• Indians tried to leave and were attacked• Led to the death of many Comanche leaders and
7 Texans• To this date the Comanche nation refuses to make
peace with the Texas Rangers over this event
Lamar’s Policies
Lamar urged that the Cherokee and Comanche tribes be driven from their lands in Texas, even if the tribes must be destroyed. bankHe also proposed to create a national _______ and to secure a loan from either the United States or Europe.
Redbacks• To fill the treasury, he authorized issuance
of a large amount of Republic of Texas paper money, known as Redbacks. The paper money was virtually worthless. Spending doubled during Lamar's term, and combined with the worthless currency, caused financial difficulties for the government.
Policies Continued shipsLamar bought several _________ for the Navy and kept the Navy on active duty. AustinIn 1838, he moved the capital of Texas to ______________(hint: it’s named after the “Father of Texas”)
Lamar, the “Father of Education," convinced the legislature to set aside land for each county to equip schools. He also set aside land for Texas A&M University and the University of Texas. Although nothing was implemented during his term, these actions led to the foundation for a statewide public school system.
Texas Navy• During the Houston’s administration the Navy
protected the nation’s coast but it was a drain on the economy
• Lamar had congress issue bonds to buy ships• They were used to conduct unsuccessful secret
peace negotiations between Texas and Mexico• Very costly and not successful
What are some of the strengths and weaknesses for ships in the Texas Republican Navy?
Santa Fe Expedition• Lamar's Administration• June 1841 – Lamar sent troops to claim the
western boundary of Texas- all the land East of the Rio Grande which included Santa Fe and parts of present day New Mexico
• By the time the Texans got their they were in short supply and exhausted
• Texans were captured and thrown in prison• Expedition cost a great deal of money and was a
failure
Famous Quote
“A cultivated mind is the guardian genius of democracy and, while guided and controlled by virtue, the noblest attribute of man. It is the only dictator that freemen acknowledge and the only security that freemen desire.“
What does this mean?
Annexation / Debt
againstLamar was ____________ annexation.
Debt for the Republic of Texas went from $2 million to siete million.
Sam Houston His second term as President:
1841-1844 Vice-President
Edward Burleson
According to the Texas constitution, a person could not be elected two times in a row. Most Texans were unhappy with the conflict during Lamar’s administration and re-elected Houston.
How many years did Houston serve as president of Texas (both terms / use the partial years as one)?
7
Policies / Debt government
• To cut back on the debt, Houston eliminated ___________ positions.
salaries• Reduced sa _ _ _ _ _ _ of government officials.
army• Cut the size of the _________ naval• Docked the _______ ships and attempted to sell them.
• Reduced the debt of Texas to $511,000. By how much did he reduce the debt from his first term to his second term?
$1,489,000
Texas Rangers/Mier Expedition• Due to the Santa Fe expedition, Mexico began to
invade Texas• Houston sent Texas Rangers to guard the
expedition until the threat was over• A battle enraged for two days and the Texans
surrendered• Texans were marched to Mexico City and executed
by Santa Anna (again the ruler of Mexico) by drawing a black bean out of a bag.
Slavery in the Republic of Texas• The status of African Americans changed
dramatically during the Republic of Texas. Slavery was legalized and free slaves had to get an act of Congress to remain legally in Texas
Doctor Anson Jones President:
1844-1846
Vice-President:Kenneth L. Anderson
architectHe is known as the “ _________ ofAnnexation”
(1798-1858) He died at the age of 59 after taking his own life. Jones was found “lying across his bed…with a discharged pistol in his hand.
Background Information• He was from Great Barrington, Massachusetts.• As a young boy, he lived in poverty.• He had 13 brothers and sisters and three
children of his own.• He received his medical degree in 1827 and
moved to Texas in 1833.Battle of San Jacinto
• He fought with Houston in the ____________.• Jones was also a businessman and a
congressman.
Policies
balanced• Jones strived for a ___________ budget, but it
was difficult due to the depression and high interest rates on the public debt.
Annexation
in favor of• Jones was strongly ___________ annexation.
Debt• The debt for Texas went up to:10 million
$-
$2,000,000.00
$4,000,000.00
$6,000,000.00
$8,000,000.00
$10,000,000.00
$12,000,000.00
$14,000,000.00
$16,000,000.00
Famous QuoteOn February 19, 1846, at a formal ceremony in Austin, the American flag was raised over the Texas Capitol. Texas President Jones, the “Architect of Annexation,”lowered the Lone Star Flag of Texas and proclaimed, “The Republic of Texas is no more.”
Texas became a state on December 29, 1845
The Texas Government
Republicanism• A belief that government should be based on the
consent of the people. People exercise their power by voting for political representatives.
• Article 1 Section 3 of the Texas Constitution: the members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen annually, on the first Monday of September each year, until Congress shall otherwise provide by law, and shall hold their offices on year from the date of the election.
• Question?• Why do we not elect people for life? • Why do we need to vote so often?
Limited Government• The principle that requires all U.S. citizens,
including government leaders to obey the law
• Question?• Why should everyone including our leaders have to obey
the law?• What could happen if we did not have a limited
government?
Checks and Balances• The ability of each branch of government to
exercise checks, or controls, over the other branches
Federalism• A system of government where power is shared
among the central (Federal Government) and the states
