Revolution, New Nations, and Industrialism

Pages 616 -652

Vocabulary

• Coup d'état – The forceful overthrow of government.

• Conservatism – A movement to preserve the old social order and government.

• Factory System – A system where machines rapidly produce large quantities of goods at factories.

• Imperialism – Control of a region or country by another country.

Vocabulary • Laissez Faire – A “let things be” attitude on the part of the

government toward business.

• Liberalism – A movement for individual rights and liberties.

• Nationalism – A devotion and loyalty to one’s country.

• Socialism – A social system in which businesses are either owned by the workers or controlled by the government.

Revolutions: England

• Parliament and monarchies had a tense relationship for many years.

• Parliament felt that under the Magna Carta the people should have more rights.

• Monarchies felt that divine right put them in the position to be king or queen and make all of the decisions.

Revolutions: England

• The Magna Carta was supposed to limit the king’s power, give people the right to property and the right to a trial by a jury.

• The monarchy however was not following the Magna Carta very well.

Revolutions: England• In 1642 a civil war broke out in

England because the people were so upset with how the country was being run.

• Oliver Cromwell and other parliament representatives took over the country and beheaded Charles I.

• Cromwell became a dictator and led the country with violence, making it a very troubled time.

Revolutions: England

• People got tired of this type of rule and wanted to restore the monarchy to the throne.

• Charles II was put back into power and was a good ruler. He worked with parliament to achieve good things for England.

• Charles II dies and his brother James II takes power.

Revolutions: England

• James II was an unpopular ruler. He tried to force his Catholic beliefs on the people of England.

• Parliament decides to do something about James II so they invite William of Orange (James’ son-in-law) to take control of England.

Revolutions: England• In 1688 William and his wife Mary

arrive in England. • James takes his family and flees to

France. • To become the new king and queen,

William and Mary had to agree to the English Bill of Rights. This document was based on the Magna Carta and it listed the rights of parliament and the people of England.

Revolutions: England

• The English Bill of Rights was approved in 1689 and William and Mary became the new king and queen of England.

• The document also allowed Parliament to raise taxes and pass laws as it saw fit.

• This ended divine right in England. Now monarchs could only rule according to Parliament.

Revolution: America

• Even following the changes in England there were some Americans who were still not happy with the government of England.

• Colonist didn’t like the laws and taxes that were being passed.

• The people in the colonies felt - how could a king in a faraway country know what was best of their colony?

Revolution: America

• Protests began in the colonies. • 1766, Ben Franklin goes to England and visits

Parliament. He argues “No taxation, without representation.

• Eventually the First Continental Congress met with delegates representing the colonies.

• They decided to resist the British!

Revolution: America

• Next a militia was created to protect the people from the British troops.

• 1775, the fighting began.

Revolution: America

• 1776 – The Declaration of Independence stated that people had rights. This was similar to the Magna Carta.

• The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson, who was very interested and influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers and ideas of the Scientific Revolution. These thoughts are evident in this document.

Revolution: America

• “We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.”

• From the Declaration of Independence

• This document also said that people who don’t like how the government is being run can change it.

• John Locke – Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, Property)

• Jean-Jacque Rousseau – Popular Sovereignty (Government expresses the people’s ideas)

Revolution: America

• The United States was born! • In the early organization of the country they wrote

the Articles of Confederation. • This document created a weak central government.

They did this because they felt it would be best for the country. They had just come from a government that they felt had too much power.

• The weak government did not serve the needs of the people and had to be changed.

Revolution: America

• The Constitution was written to replace the Articles of Confederation.

• James Madison, an author of the Constitution, followed Monteseque’s ideas when writing the Constitution. He made branches of the government. – Legislative – Makes the laws (Congress)– Executive – Enforces the laws (President)– Judicial – Interpret the laws (Courts)

Revolution: America• The Constitution guaranteed rights to most

citizens. • It did not discuss the following:– Women’s Rights– Slaves– Men that Didn’t Own Land Could Not Vote

Revolution: France

• The French are inspired by America’s fight for freedom. It will drive the French to work toward their own independence.

Revolution: France

• French Society was divided into 3 Estates. • The King ruled over the society. • The 1st Estate was the clergy. They had many

privileges. • The 2nd Estate was the nobles. They held important

jobs in society such as government, military or court positions.

• The 3rd Estate was everyone else, Craftsmen, Shopkeepers, and Peasants. They were charged the highest taxes and had the fewest rights.

Revolution: France

Revolution: France

• The 3rd Estate was starving. They felt the king didn’t care about their problems.

• King Louis XVI lived a very extravagant lifestyle. He threw fancy parties and his wife, Marie Antoinette, enjoyed expensive clothing.

Revolution: France

• King Louis wanted to raise taxes so he met with the 3rd Estate.

• The 3rd Estate was familiar with the Enlightenment ideas. • The 3rd Estate did not agree to the tax increase. Instead

they formed the National Assembly. • The National Assembly demanded the king sign a

constitution to limit his power.

Revolution: France

• King Louis refuses to sign a constitution. • July 14, 1789 – An angry mob storms the

Bastille, a French prison. • The mob stole the guns that were stored there

and they freed the prisoners. • The French Revolution had begun!

Revolution: France• Following the Bastille was the “Great Fear”.

During this time peasants burned the houses of their landlords for the years of bad treatment that they had endured. They were afraid that the Revolution would die.

Revolution: France• The National Assembly wrote a

constitution called the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens.

• This document included ideas from the Enlightenment, English Bill of Rights, and the Declaration of Independence.

• It guaranteed freedom of speech, press, and religion.

• Louis was forced to accept the constitution.

Revolution: France• The Revolution

movement was not happy and decided to remove King Louis anyways.

• He was put on trial and then executed. His wife was also executed.

• This began the time period known as the Reign of Terror.

Revolution: France• During the Reign of Terror the Guillotine killed thousands of people who stood in the way of the Revolution.

• It is said that 40,000 people died because of the Revolution and roughly 20,000 were executed using the guillotine.

Revolution: France

• The leader of the Reign of Terror was Maxmillian de Robspierre. After causing many deaths, he himself was executed.

• The Reign of Terror ended.

Revolution: France

• The Revolution though troubled and violent was a success and France eventually created a democratic government.

Revolution: France

• Napoleon Bonaparte became a hero for defending France following the Revolution.

• By 1799 people were tired of violence and weak leaders.

• A coup d'état took place. Napoleon was a part of it and then he took the top position in government.

Revolution: France

• By 1804 Napoleon, who was very popular with the French citizens, crowned himself emperor.

• By 1810 Napoleon was the master of Europe. He had conquered many countries and forced others to be his allies.

Revolution: France

• Napoleon was considered and Enlightened Despot. This is a ruler that has absolute power but tries to make life better for the people he rules over.

Revolution: France

• Napoleon had a number of achievements that show how he tried to make life better for the people. – Put a public education

system in place– Taxes became fairer – Created the Bank of France– Developed the Napoleonic

Code, a new set of laws

Revolution: France

• The Napoleonic Code contained French Revolution ideas. – All men are equal– Trial by jury– Freedom of Religion

• The Napoleonic Code did not address the following ideas:– Women’s rights– Freedom of Press– Fair Election– No one was allowed to oppose Napoleon’s rule.

Revolution: France

• For all the success Napoleon had, he could not defeat Great Britain.

• In 1805 the British Navy defeated the French fleet. • Napoleon was so mad that he ordered the rest of

Europe to stop trading with Great Britain.

Revolution: France

• Russia ignored Napoleon’s order and continued to trade with Great Britain.

• Napoleon invaded Russia with 600,000 men. • The French were not prepared to deal with the

cold Russian winters. Also, the Russian’s had good war tactics.

• This caused Napoleon and his army to have to retreat.

Revolution: France• The French army was weakened. • Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

banded together to defeat Napoleon. • They forced him into exile on an island in the

Mediterranean.

Revolution: France• One year later Napoleon

returned to France and gathered an army.

• He was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo. Great Britain and Prussia defeated him.

• This time he was exiled to St. Helena, a faraway island in the Atlantic Ocean. He died on the island six years later.

Revolution: France

• The Congress of Vienna was a meeting were the leaders of Europe gathered to try and restore stability to the continent.

• Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria ran the meetings.

• At first France was not severely punished. However, after Napoleon returned and then was defeated, an army was sent to take over France.

Revolution: France• Results of the Congress of

Vienna• France had to give back

territories it had conquered. • France had to pay back 700

million francs to rebuild Europe. • The size of the bordering

countries was changed so that no one country could again become as powerful as France had.

Revolution: France

• Metternich promoted conservatism, not the ideas of the French Revolution.

• Louis XVIII was made king of France. To become king he did have to accept a constitution.

• Despite the Congress of Vienna, liberalism did not die.

Revolution: Latin America• Uprisings and revolutions inspired the people

of Latin America. • For 300 years they had been controlled by

Europe.

Revolution: Latin America

• Haiti – This Caribbean island had been under French control.

• Toussaint L-Overture was a freed slave that led the African slaves in a rebellion.

• Napoleon sent an army to retake power but the Haitian slaves were able to defeat the army.

• In 1804 Haiti declared their independence.

Revolution:

South America

• The Revolution movement spread to South America.

• Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin led the revolution movement against Spain.

• Bolivar was successful and this inspired others across Latin America.

Revolutions

• By 1831 a dozen countries in Latin America had gained freedom.

• Freedom brought conflict over borders. • Governments were unstable following the

Revolutions. • Conservatives were the rich who wanted to

control the government. Liberals were the lower classes who wanted democracy.

Revolutions

• Nationalism is a devotion to one’s country. They often share a common language, religion, and history.

• This fueled the Revolution and created new nations.

Unification

• Following Napoleon’s reign, many countries that he had conquered felt that their nationalism had been put down.

• They wanted to rule themselves and unite people with similar religion, language, etc…

• They wanted to create nation-states. These are countries with common cultural background.

Unification: Italy

• Italy was ruled by a variety of leaders during this time. Popes, Kings, and even other countries (Austria).

• The people wanted to unite their common language into one country.

Unification: Germany• Camillio de Cavour was the Prime

Minister of Sardinia. He modernized his army, formed alliances, and drove the Austrians from Northern Italy. This allowed northern Italy to unite.

• Giuseppe Garibaldi and 1,000 followers overthrew the government of Sicily.

• In 1861, North and South Italy were united.

Unification: Germany• Germany was also ready

to unite as one country. • Otto von Bismarck,

leader of Prussia, planned to unite Germany under Prussian domination.

• He build an army, won wars, and then turned on France and got the other German speaking countries to join him.

• 1871 German Empire is formed.

Colonialism and Expansion

• Germany focused on their economy and military.

• All other countries, including Germany, are also focusing on colonies.

• New nations challenged the old powers for colonies.

Colonialism and Expansion

• Industrialism + Nationalism = Imperialism• Colonies provide a new source of resources and

provide a new market to sell finished products to. • The idea of the time was a large empire equaled a

stronger country and that would equal a surge in nationalism. It was a cycle because the nationalism would inspire countries to gain more colonies to make the empire larger.

Colonialism and Expansion

• Religion and a desire to convert people also contributed to Imperialism.

• Finally, the countries creating the colonies often felt their country was superior to the lands they were colonizing. It was their duty to spread their superior culture.

Colonialism and Expansion

• Imperialism was abundant in Africa.

• Mining, Palm Oil, Crops, and Slaves were the desired resources.

Colonialism and Expansion

• In addition to Africa other areas of the world were being colonized.

• Great Britain – India• Russia – Central Asia• France – Southeast Asia• Britain and France – Forced Trade with China

Colonialism and Expansion• Japan could have been impacted in a negative

way by colonialism; however, they made decisions that turned them into superpower.

• The United States sent a large fleet and Commodore Matthew Perry to get Japan to agree to a trade treaty.

Colonialism and Expansion• Japan agrees to the trade

treaty. • They became

industrialized, built a strong army, and became an imperial power themselves.

• Japan took Korea and Taiwan from China and 10 years later defeated Russia to take Manchuria (Northern region of China).

Colonialism and Expansion

• The United States is also expanding at this time. • In the 1840’s the U.S. conquers nearly ½ of

Mexico’s territory, from Texas to California. • In 1898 following a war with Spain, the United

States gained control of the Philippines and Puerto Rico.

Colonialism and Expansion

• In 1903 the United States took over part of Panama to build the Panama Canal.

• The canal shortened the route between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans by 8,000 miles.

• Products become cheaper as a result. • The United States continues to stay involved this

region for years to come so that they can protect the route.

Industrial Revolution• During the 1700 and 1800’s many new inventions

were created. Machines in factories do the work that once used to be performed in homes and by hand.

• This was the Industrial Revolution and it began in Great Britain. It would spread throughout the world.

Industrial Revolution

• The textile industry was the first to see change and growth.

• Inventions such as the Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, and Cotton Gin would change the manufacturing process.

Industrial Revolution

• 1769 – James Watt created the steam engine. • Iron was used to make steam powered

machines. This caused the iron industry to grow.

• 1856 – Henry Bessemer developed a cheaper way to make iron into steel. This allowed the steel industry to also grow.

Industrial Revolution• Transportation was changed by the steam ship

and steam engine. It would now be much faster.

• The telegraph allowed people to communicate over long distances.

Industrial Revolution

• Banks grew during this time because they were funding the new industries.

• Since banks were funding businesses they wanted the government to stay out of business. This was called a laissez-faire “let things be” attitude.

• The government agreed so there were few laws on businesses.

Industrial Revolution• Science also advanced:• Edward Jenner – developed a

treatment to prevent smallpox. • Louis Pasteur – developed processes to

kill germs and prevent sickness. (Pasteurization)

• Other advances were found in chemistry, physics, geology, and psychology.

Industrial Revolution

• New ways of life developed because of industrialization.

• People lost their jobs to machines so they had to move to the cities to find work.

Industrial Revolution• Workers faced many negative

details of life in the cities. – Long Hours– Low Pay– Dangerous Conditions– Pollution– Crowded, Dirty, Poor, Dangerous

Housing– Streets full of Garbage– High Crime

Industrial Revolution• Some people who wanted to reform society

thought that capitalism was causing these deplorable conditions.

• They thought that capitalism should be replaced with socialism.

Industrial Revolution

• Men like Karl Marx called for workers to revolt.

• They felt if workers or government owned businesses then conditions would improve.

Industrial Revolution

• During industrialization life was not bad for everyone. • The middle class benefited during this time.

Merchants, clerks, engineers, doctors they all made good incomes and lived comfortable lives.

• They were able to read, visit museums, enjoy art and plays.

• Life was changing for all parts of society.