Revolutions and the Revolutions and the Age of Napoleon Age of Napoleon

““A little rebellion now and A little rebellion now and then... is a medicine necessary then... is a medicine necessary for the sound health of for the sound health of government.”government.”

-Thomas Jefferson-Thomas Jefferson

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Enlightenment ideas helped spur Enlightenment ideas helped spur American colonies to shed British American colonies to shed British rule and create new nation. rule and create new nation.

Americans grew bitter over British Americans grew bitter over British taxes “taxation without taxes “taxation without representation” representation”

Ex: Boston Tea PartyEx: Boston Tea Party Declaration of Independence written Declaration of Independence written

by Thomas Jefferson (ideas of Locke) by Thomas Jefferson (ideas of Locke)

How Colonists WonHow Colonists Won

Colonists Motivation to fight (defending Colonists Motivation to fight (defending homeland)homeland)

Overconfident British generals made Overconfident British generals made mistakesmistakes

Location- Fighting war 3,000 miles from Location- Fighting war 3,000 miles from London expensive. London expensive.

France helped USA / AllianceFrance helped USA / Alliance Americans won independence from Americans won independence from

BritainBritain

Americans Create RepublicAmericans Create Republic

Inspired French people. Inspired French people. 1781-Constitution created in USA 1781-Constitution created in USA

Articles of Confederation. Weak Articles of Confederation. Weak national gov. national gov.

1787-New Constitution checks and 1787-New Constitution checks and balancesbalances

Bill of Rights added-protected basic Bill of Rights added-protected basic freedoms.freedoms.

You are living in France in the 1700’s. Your You are living in France in the 1700’s. Your parents are merchants who make a good living. parents are merchants who make a good living. However, after taxes they have hardly any However, after taxes they have hardly any money left. You know that other people, money left. You know that other people, especially the peasants in the countryside, are especially the peasants in the countryside, are even worse off than you. At the same time, the even worse off than you. At the same time, the nobility live sin luxury and pays practically no nobility live sin luxury and pays practically no taxes.taxes.

Many people in France are desperate for Many people in France are desperate for change. But they are uncertain how to bring change. But they are uncertain how to bring about that change. Some think that about that change. Some think that representatives of the people should demand representatives of the people should demand fair taxes and just laws. Others support violent fair taxes and just laws. Others support violent revolution. In Paris, that revolution seems to revolution. In Paris, that revolution seems to have begun. An angry mob has attacked and have begun. An angry mob has attacked and taken over the Bastille, a royal prison. You taken over the Bastille, a royal prison. You wonder what will happen next…wonder what will happen next…

Questions to Ponder….Questions to Ponder…. How would you define an unjust government?How would you define an unjust government? What, if anything, would lead you to take part in a violent revolution? What, if anything, would lead you to take part in a violent revolution?

France in the 1700s-France most France in the 1700s-France most advanced country of Europe, large advanced country of Europe, large population, prosperous trade. population, prosperous trade. Center of Enlightenment, and Center of Enlightenment, and culture praised.culture praised.

Causes of French Revolution: bad Causes of French Revolution: bad harvests, high prices, economic harvests, high prices, economic and social inequalities, and social inequalities, Enlightenment ideas, weak and Enlightenment ideas, weak and indecisive leadership, economic indecisive leadership, economic problemsproblems

An Englishman’s view of French peasants, 1787 – 1790.

I was joined by a poor woman who complained of the times. Her husband had only a morsel of land, one cow and a poor horse. But they had to pay 20kg of wheat and three chickens as feudal dues to one lord, and 60kg of oats, one chicken and five pence to another, along with very heavy taxes to the king’s tax collectors: “The taxes and feudal dues are crushing us.”

(Travels in France – Arthur Young, 1792)

Under the Old Regime in France people Under the Old Regime in France people divided into three large social classes divided into three large social classes

(estates)(estates)

THE FIRST AND SECOND ESTATE - Nobles had almost complete authority over

peasants. - Nobles did not have to do military service. - Nobles were exempt from most taxes. - Nobles collected tolls from people using

roads and markets. - Many nobles and clergy lived in great

luxury in chateaux and palaces.

THE THIRD ESTATE - Peasants were forced to do military

service. - Peasants could not hunt or fish on nobles’

estates. - Peasants had to pay taxes to their lord, the

king and the Church. - Peasants had to use the lord’s mill, oven

and winepress, and pay for them. - Peasants made up 90% of the population.

Yearly incomes compared. Archbishop of Paris 50,000 livres Marquis de Mainvillette 20,000 livres Prince de Conti 14,000 livres A Paris parish priest 10,000 livres A typical village priest 750 livres A master carpenter 200 livres (The livre was replaced by the franc

in 1795. In the 1780s, there were about 4 livres to £1).

The Peasant, showncarrying the burden of maintaining thefeudal lords and the clergy.The caption reads‘One hopes this willend soon’

The Third Estate 3 GroupsThe Third Estate 3 Groups

The Third Estate-The Third Estate- Group 1- Bourgeoisie, (middle Group 1- Bourgeoisie, (middle

class) bankers, factory workers, class) bankers, factory workers, merchants merchants

Group 2- Workers of France’s city. Group 2- Workers of France’s city. Trades people, apprenticesTrades people, apprentices

Group 3 Peasants-Paid half income Group 3 Peasants-Paid half income in dues to nobles, tithes to the in dues to nobles, tithes to the Church, and taxes to the king’s Church, and taxes to the king’s agents. agents.

The People should have power, 1775.Man is born free. No man has any

natural authority over others; force does not give anyone that right. The power to make laws belongs to the people and only to the people. (a pamphlet, banned by the French government in 1775, Jean Jacques Rousseau.)

The Forces of Change in The Forces of Change in FranceFrance

Inspired by the American Rev. Inspired by the American Rev. Demand equality, liberty, and Demand equality, liberty, and

democracy.democracy. Problems: heavy burden of taxes, Problems: heavy burden of taxes,

Cost of living rose, bad weather, Cost of living rose, bad weather, price of bread doubled-starvation price of bread doubled-starvation

Poor LeadershipPoor Leadership 1770s-1780s Gov sank deep into debt1770s-1780s Gov sank deep into debt Extravagant spending by monarch Louis Extravagant spending by monarch Louis

XVI and his queen Marie AntoinetteXVI and his queen Marie Antoinette Borrowed heavily to help American Rev.Borrowed heavily to help American Rev. Marie member of royal family of Marie member of royal family of

Austria(Habsburg), unpopular in France Austria(Habsburg), unpopular in France “Madame Deficit” gowns, jewels, “Madame Deficit” gowns, jewels, gambling, and gifts.gambling, and gifts.

Louis solution: impose taxes on nobilityLouis solution: impose taxes on nobility

Dawn of the RevolutionDawn of the Revolution

Tennis Court Oath -Third Tennis Court Oath -Third Estate delegates locked out Estate delegates locked out of meeting room, they broke of meeting room, they broke down door to indoor tennis down door to indoor tennis court demanded new court demanded new constitutionconstitution

Response: Louis stationed Response: Louis stationed mercenarily army of Swiss mercenarily army of Swiss guards around Versailles.guards around Versailles.

Dawn of the RevolutionDawn of the Revolution Estates General meeting called to Estates General meeting called to

approve new tax held in Versaillesapprove new tax held in Versailles Third Estates delegates create Third Estates delegates create

“National Assembly” pass laws and “National Assembly” pass laws and reforms in the name of French reforms in the name of French people. people.

June 17, 1789- establish National June 17, 1789- establish National Assembly end of absolute monarchy Assembly end of absolute monarchy and beginning of representative gov. and beginning of representative gov.

Oct 1789 Women’s March on Versailles -March began women in the marketplaces of Paris who, on the morning rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread. Women’s March on Versailles

Cartoon published in 1789. The members of the three estates working together to hammer out a new constitution for France.

Storming of the BastilleStorming of the Bastille Bastille -prison in France that the kings Bastille -prison in France that the kings

and queens used to lock up the people. and queens used to lock up the people. People began gathering weapons to People began gathering weapons to

defend city from attack.defend city from attack. July 14 1789- mob searched for July 14 1789- mob searched for

gunpowder and arms stormed the Bastillegunpowder and arms stormed the Bastille Attack on Bastille killed 100 people. Attack on Bastille killed 100 people. Mob overwhelmed guard and seized Mob overwhelmed guard and seized

control of building.control of building. Prison commander and several guards Prison commander and several guards

killed and paraded dead men’s heads on killed and paraded dead men’s heads on the pikes.the pikes.

A Great Fear Seeps ParisA Great Fear Seeps Paris

Rebellion spread from Paris to Rebellion spread from Paris to countrysidecountryside

Thousands rioted over Paris breadThousands rioted over Paris bread Few hours later, June 1791, Louis and Few hours later, June 1791, Louis and

royal family tried to escape from royal family tried to escape from France to Austrian Netherlands. France to Austrian Netherlands. They were caught by guards and They were caught by guards and were to return to Paris.were to return to Paris.

Louis and family being brought back to Paris. The caption read, ‘the family of pigs being brought back to the pigsty’

Reform and TerrorReform and Terror Aug 4, 1789 National Assembly made Aug 4, 1789 National Assembly made

commoners equal to nobles and commoners equal to nobles and clergy. Old Regime dead.clergy. Old Regime dead.

The Declaration of Rights of Man The Declaration of Rights of Man “men are born and remain equal in “men are born and remain equal in rights.” Rights include liberty, rights.” Rights include liberty, property, security, and resistance to property, security, and resistance to oppression.”oppression.”

Equal freedom, freedom of speech, Equal freedom, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion. and freedom of religion.

Declaration of Rights of MenDeclaration of Rights of Men

THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN

Men are born equal and remain free and equal in rights which are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression. Liberty is being able to do whatever does not harm others. The law should express the will of the people. All citizens have a right to take part personally, or through their representatives, in the making of the law. Every citizen can talk, write and publish freely, unless the liberty is abused in a way which breaks the law.

Olympe de Gouges- Declaration Olympe de Gouges- Declaration Rights of women written and Rights of women written and rejected. She was Called enemy of rejected. She was Called enemy of Rev and later executed. Rev and later executed.

A State Controlled ChurchA State Controlled Church

Nat Assembly- Church officials Nat Assembly- Church officials and priests are elected and paid and priests are elected and paid as state officials. Catholic as state officials. Catholic church lost land and political church lost land and political independence. By selling church independence. By selling church land it helped pay off debt. land it helped pay off debt.

Divisions DevelopDivisions Develop Constitutional Monarchy-Sept 1791 Constitutional Monarchy-Sept 1791

New constitution complete, stripped New constitution complete, stripped king of authority, new legislative body king of authority, new legislative body called Legislative Assembly. called Legislative Assembly.

Create laws and to approve or Create laws and to approve or disapprove declarations of war and disapprove declarations of war and King could enforce laws.King could enforce laws.

Three groups emerge :Radicals-Three groups emerge :Radicals-wanted extreme changes, Moderates-wanted extreme changes, Moderates-limited changes and Conservatives limited changes and Conservatives limited monarchy with few changes. limited monarchy with few changes.

Execution Execution Aug 10, 20,000 men and women Aug 10, 20,000 men and women

invaded palaces (Tuileries) where royal invaded palaces (Tuileries) where royal family was staying. Mob imprisoned family was staying. Mob imprisoned Louis, Marie Antoinette, and their Louis, Marie Antoinette, and their children. children.

September Massacres-Raided prisons September Massacres-Raided prisons and murdered 1,000 prisoners. and murdered 1,000 prisoners.

Sept 21-National Convention created. Sept 21-National Convention created. Effects: Abolished monarchy, France Effects: Abolished monarchy, France

was a republic, Adult male citizen could was a republic, Adult male citizen could vote and hold office. vote and hold office.

Jacobins Take ControlJacobins Take Control

Jacobins-Radical political organization Jacobins-Radical political organization involved in September Massacres.involved in September Massacres.

Nat Convention made King Louis Nat Convention made King Louis commoner and prisonercommoner and prisoner

Jacobins- tried Louis for treason. Jacobins- tried Louis for treason. The Nat Convention found him guilty, The Nat Convention found him guilty,

sentenced him to death.sentenced him to death. Louis beheaded guillotine.Louis beheaded guillotine.

The GuillotineThe Guillotine Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotine Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotine

proposed machine “Wouldn’t even proposed machine “Wouldn’t even feel slightest pain.” efficient, feel slightest pain.” efficient, humane, and democratic. humane, and democratic.

Before each execution, victims Before each execution, victims traveled from prison in horse drawn traveled from prison in horse drawn carriages. carriages.

1 ½ hour procession through city 1 ½ hour procession through city streets. streets.

http://www.youtube.com/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-959_FqO9cwatch?v=q-959_FqO9c

France at WarFrance at War Austria and Prussia demanded Louis Austria and Prussia demanded Louis

restore to Monarch, Legislative assembly restore to Monarch, Legislative assembly declared war.declared war.

Battle of Valmy- French army beat Battle of Valmy- French army beat Austria and Prussia. Austria and Prussia.

GB, Holland, and Spain form alliance agst GB, Holland, and Spain form alliance agst France- French started to get defeated. France- French started to get defeated.

Convention ordered draft of 300,000 Convention ordered draft of 300,000 French citizens btwn 18-40yrs old French citizens btwn 18-40yrs old 800,000 people including women800,000 people including women

The Terror Grips FranceThe Terror Grips France

Jacobins enemies- anyone horrified by Jacobins enemies- anyone horrified by king’s execution, priests who did not king’s execution, priests who did not accept gov control, rival leaders stirring up accept gov control, rival leaders stirring up rebellion in provinces. rebellion in provinces.

Committee of Public Safety- protect Committee of Public Safety- protect revolution from “enemies”, Robespierre revolution from “enemies”, Robespierre became leader.became leader.

1793 Jacobin leader Maximilien 1793 Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre gained power.Robespierre gained power.

Robespierre governed France as a dictator Robespierre governed France as a dictator –this time is known as the Reign of Terror–this time is known as the Reign of Terror. .

“Robespierre is extremely touchy and suspicious” (mayor of Paris 1791)

“The bastard isn’t satisfied with being the boss, he’s gotto be God as well” (a sans-culottes)

“Robespierre was bred a butcher..” (from the LondonTimes)

“…dictatorship..he believed was the only way to stop thespread of evil.” (Bertrand Barere 1832, he sat on the

Committee with Robespierre)

“a depraved monster of small talent.” (a government enquiry)

“..physically repulsive..humourless” (British newspaper, 1987)

He had been the equal of emperors and kings…he was the most hateful character in history” (Lord Acton, British historian, 1890s)

““The first maxim of our politics ought to be The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror. If the the enemies of the people by terror. If the basis of popular government in time of basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of poplar peace is virtue, the basis of poplar government in time of revolution is both government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror; virtue without terror is virtue and terror; virtue without terror is murderous, terror without which virtue is murderous, terror without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice; it flows, then severe, indomitable justice; it flows, then from virtue.”from virtue.” -Robespierre -Robespierre

Robespierre: “One’s duty is to punish traitors, to help the needy, respect the weak, defend the oppressed, do good to one’s neighbour and behave justly.” “Terror is nothing but quick and hard justice.” “ I detest the death penalty.” “..in a revolution the state is at war, it doesn’t have to follow all the laws.”

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror ““Enemies” tried in morning, and Enemies” tried in morning, and

guillotined in the afternoon.guillotined in the afternoon. Marie Antoinette beheaded.Marie Antoinette beheaded. 1793-1794 any who led revolution receive 1793-1794 any who led revolution receive

death sentences. Radicals who challenged death sentences. Radicals who challenged Robespierre leadership. “less radical”Robespierre leadership. “less radical”

Ex: Ex: 18 year old sentenced to death cutting 18 year old sentenced to death cutting down a tree that had been a liberty tree.down a tree that had been a liberty tree.

40,000 executed during the Terror40,000 executed during the Terror 85% peasants or members of urban poor 85% peasants or members of urban poor

and middle classand middle class

End of TerrorEnd of Terror July 1794- Members of National July 1794- Members of National

Convention turn on and execute Convention turn on and execute Robespierre.Robespierre.

July 28, 1794 Reign of Terror endedJuly 28, 1794 Reign of Terror ended Robespierre guillotined. Robespierre guillotined. New government - Power in upper New government - Power in upper

middle class, two house legislature, middle class, two house legislature, executive body five men (Directory), executive body five men (Directory), moderates, general to command armies moderates, general to command armies Napoleon Bonaparte.Napoleon Bonaparte.

Napoleon Forges a EmpireNapoleon Forges a Empire

Napoleon Bonaparte-military genius Napoleon Bonaparte-military genius seized power in France and made seized power in France and made himself an emperor. himself an emperor.

1796-Directory appointed 1796-Directory appointed Napoleon lead French army agst Napoleon lead French army agst Austria and SardiniaAustria and Sardinia

Swept into Italy and won Swept into Italy and won victories. Led expedition to victories. Led expedition to Egypt. Egypt.

Coup d’etat-1799 Directory lost Coup d’etat-1799 Directory lost control, Napoleon urged to seize control, Napoleon urged to seize political power. political power.

Nov 1799-Troops surrounded Nov 1799-Troops surrounded legislature and drove out legislature and drove out members. Directory dissolvedmembers. Directory dissolved

Napoleon Took control of First Napoleon Took control of First Consul-assumed powers of a dictator. Consul-assumed powers of a dictator. “blow to the state” coup d'état “blow to the state” coup d'état

Britain, Russia, and Austria at war Britain, Russia, and Austria at war with France wanted to drive with France wanted to drive Napoleon from power. Napoleon from power.

All three nations signed peace All three nations signed peace agreements (war and diplomacy) agreements (war and diplomacy)

1802-France at peace for first time in 1802-France at peace for first time in ten years.ten years.

Napoleon Reforms Napoleon Reforms Set up Tax collection and national banking Set up Tax collection and national banking

system. Dismissed corrupt officials govsystem. Dismissed corrupt officials gov Signed concordat-agreement with Pope Signed concordat-agreement with Pope

Pius VII Pius VII Gov recognized influence of state, but Gov recognized influence of state, but

rejected church control in national affairs. rejected church control in national affairs. Napoleonic Code-system of laws Napoleonic Code-system of laws

eliminated may injustices. eliminated may injustices. However, Order and authority over However, Order and authority over

individual rights. (no freedom of speech individual rights. (no freedom of speech or press)or press)

Restored slavery to French colonies of Restored slavery to French colonies of Caribbean Caribbean