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Revolutions: Haitian, Revolutions: Haitian, American, French, and American, French, and Latin American Latin American Independence Movements Independence Movements 1700s-1800s 1700s-1800s

Revolutions: Haitian, American, French, and Latin American Independence Movements 1700s-1800s

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Revolutions: Haitian, American, Revolutions: Haitian, American, French, and Latin American French, and Latin American Independence MovementsIndependence Movements

1700s-1800s1700s-1800s

Began on August 22, 1781Began on August 22, 1781 Slave uprising against the Slave uprising against the

French French Francois Dominique Francois Dominique

Toussaint L’Ouverture Toussaint L’Ouverture organized a small military organized a small military groupgroup

In order to overcome In order to overcome powerful countries wanting powerful countries wanting to claim Haiti (France, to claim Haiti (France, England, and Spanish) England, and Spanish) Toussiant played powers off Toussiant played powers off of one another, finally of one another, finally allying with Frenchallying with French

Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution Napoleon’s rule resulted in Napoleon’s rule resulted in

Toussiant L’Ouverture’s Toussiant L’Ouverture’s deathdeath

Jean-Jacques Dessalines Jean-Jacques Dessalines was former slave who took was former slave who took over for Toussaint over for Toussaint L’OuvertureL’Ouverture

General Leclerc sent by General Leclerc sent by Napoleon to deal with Napoleon to deal with Haitians - bloody battles Haitians - bloody battles occurredoccurred

Ended on November 28, Ended on November 28, 18031803

Legacy of Haitian RevolutionLegacy of Haitian Revolution

Symbol of freedom Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of and hope to the rest of slaves in North slaves in North AmericaAmerica

Slave owners became Slave owners became aware of chance of aware of chance of rebellion of slavesrebellion of slaves

Slave shelters built by Slave shelters built by slave owners in case slave owners in case of an uprisingof an uprising

Haitian RevolutionVideo

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

The revolution’s start was in the 1780s with The revolution’s start was in the 1780s with resentment towards royal power, food resentment towards royal power, food scarcity and the rise of Enlightenment ideasscarcity and the rise of Enlightenment ideas

Louis XVI was forced to convoke the Louis XVI was forced to convoke the Estates-General Estates-General

Third estate made up of the lower class Third estate made up of the lower class wanted more representation; declared wanted more representation; declared themselves the National Assemblythemselves the National Assembly

French RevolutionFrench Revolution On June 20, On June 20, 17891789, the , the

National Assembly swore National Assembly swore the the Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath

Would not leave the tennis Would not leave the tennis court until a new court until a new constitution had been made constitution had been made (Declaration of the rights of (Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen)Man and the Citizen)

On July 14, 1789, the prison On July 14, 1789, the prison of of BastilleBastille was taken by the was taken by the rebellion and rebellion and served as a served as a symbol of the revolution symbol of the revolution

Feudalism abolished on Feudalism abolished on August 4, 1789August 4, 1789

Louis XVI

French RevolutionFrench Revolution Radical phase started by Radical phase started by 17921792; led by ; led by Maximilien Maximilien

RobespierreRobespierre King was executed and the King was executed and the Reign of Terror Reign of Terror occurred occurred

in which unpopular factions were destroyedin which unpopular factions were destroyed Constitution proclaimed male suffrage, slavery Constitution proclaimed male suffrage, slavery

temporarily abolished, and spirit of nationalism temporarily abolished, and spirit of nationalism Final phase of revolution occurred under Napoleon Final phase of revolution occurred under Napoleon

from 1799 to 1815 from 1799 to 1815 during which expansion of the during which expansion of the French empire occurredFrench empire occurred

Parliament reduced in power, but religious freedom, Parliament reduced in power, but religious freedom, equality for men, education, were promotedequality for men, education, were promoted

French Revolution Video

Prelude to the Prelude to the American American RevolutionRevolution

Laws passed by the Laws passed by the English government English government to to limit expansion as well as limit expansion as well as pass laws on the American pass laws on the American colonies (taxation, etc.)colonies (taxation, etc.)

American colonies American colonies looking for more looking for more independence independence

Artisans and farmers Artisans and farmers looking for ways to looking for ways to promote social equality promote social equality

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution On June 15, 1775, the On June 15, 1775, the

Continental Congress appoints Continental Congress appoints George Washington general of George Washington general of Continental ArmyContinental Army

On June 17, 1775, the On June 17, 1775, the Battle of Battle of Bunker Hill occurs with the Bunker Hill occurs with the British winning, but at a huge British winning, but at a huge costcost

In December of 1775, the In December of 1775, the American colonies are placed American colonies are placed under an embargounder an embargo

May 2, 1776, France commits May 2, 1776, France commits 1 million dollars in arms to the 1 million dollars in arms to the colonies and Spain also offers colonies and Spain also offers supportsupport

Battle of Bunker Hill

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of

Independence is issuedIndependence is issued October 7, 1777- Battle of October 7, 1777- Battle of

Saratoga results in 1Saratoga results in 1stst major major American victoryAmerican victory

Articles of Confederation adopted Articles of Confederation adopted on November 15, 1777 making on November 15, 1777 making Congress the sole authorityCongress the sole authority

In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new constitutional structure constitutional structure with checks with checks and balances between the different and balances between the different branches of government as well as branches of government as well as limited voting rights (to wealthy limited voting rights (to wealthy white males)white males)

American Revolution VideoAmerican Revolution Video

Above - The signing of the Declaration of Independence.

Latin American Independence Latin American Independence Movements (Brazil)Movements (Brazil)

By end of 18By end of 18thth century, century, Brazil had grown in Brazil had grown in economic importanceeconomic importance

1807, France invaded 1807, France invaded Portugal; Portuguese king Portugal; Portuguese king moved to Brazil; Rio de moved to Brazil; Rio de Janeiro made capitalJaneiro made capital

Dom Joao VI moved back to Dom Joao VI moved back to Portugal in 1820, but son Portugal in 1820, but son Dom Pedro I, stayed behindDom Pedro I, stayed behind

Pedro was called back to Pedro was called back to Portugal, but, after refusing, Portugal, but, after refusing, declared Brazil independent declared Brazil independent in 1822in 1822

Latin American Independence Latin American Independence Movements (Peru)Movements (Peru)

Jose San Martin was military Jose San Martin was military commander in Argentina who commander in Argentina who wanted to secure Peruvian silverwanted to secure Peruvian silver

Peru still under Spanish control, Peru still under Spanish control, upper class extremely conservative; upper class extremely conservative; but but Napoleonic invasions of Spain Napoleonic invasions of Spain sparked revolutionsparked revolution

San Martin was unable to defeat San Martin was unable to defeat Spanish in interior, and with his Spanish in interior, and with his withdrawal, withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took Simon Bolivar took overover

Battles in 1824 such as battle of Battles in 1824 such as battle of Ayacucho assured Peru’s Ayacucho assured Peru’s independence (see next slide)independence (see next slide)

Latin American Independence Latin American Independence Movements (Chile)Movements (Chile)

In September 1810, open town In September 1810, open town meeting appointed junta made up meeting appointed junta made up of local leaders to rule (searching of local leaders to rule (searching for more independence)for more independence)

Battle of Rancagua in October Battle of Rancagua in October 1814, Spain regained control1814, Spain regained control

Carrera brothers and Bernard Carrera brothers and Bernard O’Higgins convinced Jose San O’Higgins convinced Jose San Martin to help themMartin to help them

Independence proclaimed in 1818 Independence proclaimed in 1818 with O’Higgins as dictatorwith O’Higgins as dictator

Latin American Revolutions VideoLatin American Revolutions Video

Young Anti-War Protest

Causes/Motives of the Causes/Motives of the RevolutionsRevolutions

All revolutions resulted from All revolutions resulted from peasant unrestpeasant unrest Industrialization and economic hardships Industrialization and economic hardships (food (food

shortages) shortages) Nationalist ideas Nationalist ideas helped to spur on all revolutionshelped to spur on all revolutions MediaMedia played major role in advocating change; played major role in advocating change;

monarchs could publish newspapers supporting their monarchs could publish newspapers supporting their actions, controlling the public’s knowledge, actions, controlling the public’s knowledge, revolutionaries could also use media to support their revolutionaries could also use media to support their beliefs of overthrowing the governmentbeliefs of overthrowing the government

Need to industrialize nationsNeed to industrialize nations Artisans or peasants who wanted older economic valuesArtisans or peasants who wanted older economic values

Causes/Motives of the Causes/Motives of the Revolutions (continued)Revolutions (continued)

Enlightenment thinkers Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didn’t challenged regimes that didn’t grant religious freedoms or grant religious freedoms or insisted on aristocratic privilegeinsisted on aristocratic privilege

CommercializationCommercialization caused caused merchants to challenge idea that merchants to challenge idea that aristocrats hold highest poweraristocrats hold highest power

Population increase Population increase made it made it harder for anyone not aristocrat harder for anyone not aristocrat to gain office; led to protestingto gain office; led to protesting

**Causes of Revolutions****Causes of Revolutions**

HaitiHaiti FranceFrance AmericaAmerica Latin Latin AmericaAmerica

Slaves wanted Slaves wanted vengeancevengeance

Slaves retained Slaves retained culture, wanted to culture, wanted to reinstate itreinstate it

Planters wanted Planters wanted independence from independence from FranceFrance

Free people of color Free people of color wanted citizenshipwanted citizenship

Slaves wanted Slaves wanted freedom (under cruel freedom (under cruel conditions)conditions)

Haitians received little Haitians received little profit from plantations profit from plantations (French got it all)(French got it all)

Large population as Large population as disease, food shortages& disease, food shortages& mortality declinedmortality declined

Capitalism introduced, Capitalism introduced, economy greweconomy grew

In lean years, 90% of In lean years, 90% of peasantry lived at or peasantry lived at or below subsistence levelbelow subsistence level

Kings competed with Kings competed with officers for authority; officers for authority; kings wanted monarchykings wanted monarchy

King had been King had been involved in religious involved in religious controversies controversies

Resisted Britain's Resisted Britain's attempts to impose taxes attempts to impose taxes and trade controls on and trade controls on coloniescolonies

Overpopulation led Overpopulation led young men to seek new young men to seek new opportunitiesopportunities

Growing commerce Growing commerce led to farmers and led to farmers and artisans looking for ways artisans looking for ways to defend social equality to defend social equality and community spiritand community spirit

Stamp Act of 1765 on Stamp Act of 1765 on all documents and all documents and pamphletspamphlets

Conflict and invasion Conflict and invasion in mother country in mother country (Legitimacy of rulers)(Legitimacy of rulers)

Restrictions on Restrictions on education and tradeeducation and trade

Conflict between Conflict between political values (liberals political values (liberals and conservatives)and conservatives)

American, French, American, French, and Haitian Revolutionsand Haitian Revolutions

Resented taxation and Resented taxation and policies of mother policies of mother countriescountries

Effects of RevolutionsEffects of Revolutions

Positive Effect:Positive Effect:Rise of DemocracyRise of Democracy

Haitian Revolution gave more Haitian Revolution gave more equality to people of color and equality to people of color and helped them gain independence helped them gain independence from Francefrom France

- - Inspired other countries Inspired other countries to form to form own democracyown democracy- - Early constitutions balanced Early constitutions balanced popular representation popular representation by by imposing property restrictions on imposing property restrictions on votersvoters

Positive Effect:Positive Effect:Rise of DemocracyRise of Democracy

French Revolution:French Revolution:- - General Estates formed, General Estates formed, consisting of 3 “estates”consisting of 3 “estates”, or classes , or classes of peopleof people- 3- 3rdrd estate known as Commons estate known as Commons formed National Assemblyformed National Assembly- - National Assembly abolished National Assembly abolished feudalism in 1789feudalism in 1789, aristocrats lost , aristocrats lost privileges; church land seizedprivileges; church land seized- - Assembly published Declaration Assembly published Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen of Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26, 1789on August 26, 1789- Assembly became legislature of - Assembly became legislature of new government (parliament)new government (parliament)- - Constitution proclaimed Constitution proclaimed individual rightsindividual rights

Positive Effect:Positive Effect:Rise of DemocracyRise of Democracy

American Revolution:American Revolution:- May 10, 1776, - May 10, 1776, Congress allowed each Congress allowed each of colonies to form local governmentsof colonies to form local governments- - July 4, 1776, Declaration of July 4, 1776, Declaration of IndependenceIndependence- - U.S. Constitution set up in 1789 U.S. Constitution set up in 1789 with with checks and balances between different checks and balances between different branches, guarantees of individual branches, guarantees of individual liberties, and limited voting rights liberties, and limited voting rights

Latin AmericaLatin America- - Local leaders were taking positions of Local leaders were taking positions of greater importancegreater importance- Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin - Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin both played important rolesboth played important roles- - Freedom of trade was reached both Freedom of trade was reached both within the nations and internationallywithin the nations and internationally

Positive Effect:Positive Effect:Additional ReformsAdditional Reforms

Media played a large part Media played a large part in most revolutions in most revolutions (French, Latin American, etc.) promoting patriots’ (French, Latin American, etc.) promoting patriots’ ideas as well as monarchs’ ideas (increasing ideas as well as monarchs’ ideas (increasing importance)importance)

FranceFrance - Protestants regaining their rights; Louis - Protestants regaining their rights; Louis XVI forced to produce annual publication of state XVI forced to produce annual publication of state of finances = of finances = accountabilityaccountability

Negative Effects of the Negative Effects of the RevolutionsRevolutions

Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution- Africans seen by General Leclerc (invading French officer) - Africans seen by General Leclerc (invading French officer) immediately killedimmediately killed- - Instilled fear among slave owners, tighter restriction on slave Instilled fear among slave owners, tighter restriction on slave rights rights (slaves couldn’t be taught to read)(slaves couldn’t be taught to read)

French RevolutionFrench Revolution- Radical phase resulted in deaths of opponents of revolution - Radical phase resulted in deaths of opponents of revolution aided by guillotine aided by guillotine - - Incited further war, especially under Napoleon, in other Incited further war, especially under Napoleon, in other countriescountries- - Destruction of propertyDestruction of property

Negative Effects of the Negative Effects of the Revolutions (continued)Revolutions (continued)

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution- Deaths of about 7,000 Americans- Deaths of about 7,000 Americans

- - New government deeply in debtNew government deeply in debt, had to pay soldier’s salaries in , had to pay soldier’s salaries in addition to cost of food and weaponsaddition to cost of food and weapons

Latin AmericaLatin America

- Did not receive full independenceDid not receive full independence; still dependent on; still dependent onEuropean and U.S. economiesEuropean and U.S. economies

Global ConnectionGlobal Connection

Revolutions spurred on Revolutions spurred on movements in other countriesmovements in other countries

Introduced new political ideas Introduced new political ideas (democracy, constitutions, etc.) (democracy, constitutions, etc.) used worldwideused worldwide

In case of In case of Haitian Revolution, Haitian Revolution, inspired other slave rebellionsinspired other slave rebellions

Gave power to Gave power to commoners/slaves; knew they commoners/slaves; knew they could overthrow governmentcould overthrow government

American Revolution led to American Revolution led to independence movements in independence movements in other colonies escaping from other colonies escaping from European controlEuropean control