European Empires: 1660’s

16th c. - 18th c. New Ideas Brewing in

Europe

Causes of Latin AmericanRevolutions

1. Enlightenment Ideas writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.

2. Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.

3. Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.

4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting the Napoleonic Wars.

1. Enlightenment Ideas1. Laws of nature [NATURAL LAWS]

govern natural science and human society.

2. Give people rights life, liberty, property!

3. Make fair societies based on reason.

4. Challenged the theory of “Divine Right” monarchy.

2. Creole Discontent• Creole elites – born descendants of

the Europeans who became permanent inhabitants of Latin America

• Peninsulars – Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to their mother countries

• The Creole elites resented the Peninsulars who dominated Latin America and drained the Americas of their wealth

3. Inspiration of American & French Revolutions

Declaration of Independence, 1776

Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789

4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting

Napoleonic Wars

Napoleon overthrew the monarchies of Spain and Portugal – authority in their colonial empires was severely weakened.

Napoleon on the March

Provides a model & a diversion!The force of Nationalism

Latin American Revolutions!

*Toussaint L’Ouveture (Too-San Loo-vur TOOR) leads a Revolution in Haiti (ends in 1804)

Slave rebellion in Haiti – leads to an Independent Haiti

More than 100,000 black slaves rose in revolt

• Napoleon sent a French army to crush the rebellion in Haiti• Toussaint tricked into surrendering in 1802; he was shipped to

France where he died a year later in a dungeon• French troops weakened by yellow fever; eventually fell to the

rebel forces

*Simón Bolivar: The “Brains" of the Revolution

Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.

Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

Won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817-1822, led to the independent state of Gran Colombia

• *Jose de San Martin – Leader of movements United Republic of Rio de la Plata; leads to independence by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru

• Argentine Republic –Replaced the state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists

Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

The “Muscle” of the RevolutionBolivar

coming from the North.

José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross

the Andes Mountains (south).

Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!

Bolivar’s Accomplishment

• Gran Colombia – Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador became separate independent nations

Bolivar’s Failure After uniting Venezuela,

Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.

He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

Latin American States After the Revolutions • *Caudillos – Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government

Cycle of War& V iolencesin South America and the WorldCycle of War& Cycle of War& V iolencesV iolencesin in

South America and the WorldSouth America and the World

MilitaryCoup

A rebel group opposes it

Civil W

ar bre

aksout

Atrocities occurRebels established a new gov.

Peace isrestored!

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares – Born in Spain or Portugal

Creoles – Europeans - Born in the Americans

Mestizos – Mixed – Native

Indians - European

Mulattos – Mixed – Blacks - Europea

n

Native Indians Black Slaves

The great differences in status based on color – created outcaste and rebellions

Mexican War of Independence• Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), was an armed

conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, 1810. The Mexican War of Independence movement was led by Mexican-born Spanish, and mestizos who sought independence from Spain. It started as an idealistic peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but finally ended as an unlikely alliance between liberales (liberals) and conservadores (conservatives).

• Agustín de Iturbide, A favorite of the Mexican church hierarchy, Iturbide was the personification of conservative Creole values, devoutly religious, and committed to the defense of property rights and social privileges became the first emperor.

• Miguel de Hidalgo – 1810 – a parish priest roused the Indians and Mestizos – revolted – after early victories he lost Creole support and was executed

• September 16, the first day of the uprising, is Mexico’s Independence Day

• Conservative Creoles under Augustin Iturbide (ee-toor-BEE-day) won independence, first emperor in 1821- Emperor Agustin

• Mexico became a republic in 1824 –

“el Grito de Dolores” – The cry of Dolores – Mexicans to fight for independence and Liberty.

1. Brazil Freed from Portugal

**The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.

Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.

Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.

2. Independence for Spanish & Portuguese

Latin America

By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.$ Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti$ Bolívar, San Martín, &

O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia!

3. No Unity! Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a

united South America:$ Many newly independent

countries struggle with civil wars.

By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.$ Gran Columbia.$ United Provinces of Central

America.

4. Independence Brought More Poverty

The wars disrupted trade.

The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.

5. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos

WHO WERE THEY?:$ Mid-19c dictators military

authoritarianism.$ **Mostly wealthy creole

aristocrats.$ Immediately followed the fight

for independence.$ Posed as reformers with goals

to improve the economy and better the lives of the common people.

5. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos

WHO WERE THEY?:$ BUT…Overthrew governments

and took away basic human rights.

$ Some attempted to make improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [nepotism].

$ Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]

What is the Message?

Additional Problems6. Feuds among leaders.7. Geographic barriers.8. The social hierarchy

continued from the past. 9. Conservatives favored the

old social order.10.Liberals wanted land

reform.11.Dependence on foreign

nations for capital and for economic investments.

• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835

• Mexican-American War – (1846-1848) – Devastating defeat for Mexican forces

• **Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) – Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of its national territory (Mexico forced to sign)

• Maximilian von Habsburg – Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862 ; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867 by Juarez’s firing squad

• Benito Juarez-Indian Lawyer who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867-1872

• Porfirio Diaz –One of Juarez’s generals ; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated polities for 35 years

Cause of the Mexican Revolution 1910?

• Porfirio Diaz (dictatorial reign)– ruled Mexico form 1876-1910 – conservative , centralize government with support of army, large landowners, Catholic Church

• Real wages of workers declined

• Liberal landowner – Francesco Madero led a series of strikes throughout the country. He forced Diaz from power and open the door to a wider revolution

Mexico Revolution – 1910-1920• Emiliano Zapata – aroused the

masses of landless peasants and seized the estates of the wealthy landholders

• 1910-1920 – Revolution caused untold damages to the Mexican economy

• The country broke into many different factions and guerilla units roamed the country

• Eventually, Venusians Carranza rose to the presidency and organized a Constitution in 1917

• During this time the dominate political Party PRI came to power.

Mexican Revolutionaries

EmilianoZapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano

Carranza Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

• Emiliano Zapata• Poncho Villa – Indian lawyer

and revolutionary worked with Zapata of bring reform to Mexico

• Monroe Doctrine – United States declaration of 1823, which stated that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act

• Manifest Destiny –Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific

• Spanish-American War - 1898 – Cuba became U.S. protectorate and Puerto Rico was annexed outright

• In 1903 the US supported a rebellion to enable Panama to separate itself from Colombia

• Between 1898-1934 – American military forces were sent to Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, panama, Colombia, Haiti and the Dominican Republic

The Caribbean:An “American Lake”

“The Colossus of the North”

US dominated affairs in theAmericas.

1823 – Monroe Doctrine.US takes Texas and Mexican Cession.US gains independence for Cuba.Roosevelt Corollary – US will police the America.US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras,

Nicaragua.US built Panama Canal – “Yankee imperialism.”

The Panama Canal

Panama Canal – The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus

“Big Stick” Foreign Policy

• Americans becomes the “Big Bully” from the North –• To protect American business interest - create “Banana

Republics” in Central America

1913: Economic Imperialism?