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Revolutions in Russia Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 1917-1939

Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

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Page 1: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Revolutions in RussiaRevolutions in Russia

1917-19391917-1939

Page 2: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Czars Resist Change (Czars Resist Change (The The Romanovs)Romanovs)

From 1613 to 1913From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in RussiaRomanov Dynasty in Russia

In 1881, Alexander III succeeded his In 1881, Alexander III succeeded his father, Alexander II, and halted all father, Alexander II, and halted all reforms.reforms.

Clung to principles of Clung to principles of autocracyautocracy Form of government where one ruler Form of government where one ruler

had total power.had total power.

Page 3: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Czars Continue Autocratic Czars Continue Autocratic RuleRule

Alexander III used harsh measures to Alexander III used harsh measures to wipe out revolutionaries.wipe out revolutionaries. Strict censorship codes on published Strict censorship codes on published

materials and written documents, this materials and written documents, this included private letters.included private letters.

Secret police monitored schoolsSecret police monitored schools Political prisoners sent to SiberiaPolitical prisoners sent to Siberia Establish uniform Russian CultureEstablish uniform Russian Culture

Oppressed other national groups.Oppressed other national groups.

Page 4: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Czars Continue Autocratic Rule Czars Continue Autocratic Rule (cont.)(cont.)

Nicholas II became czar in 1894Nicholas II became czar in 1894 Continued tradition of Russian autocracy.Continued tradition of Russian autocracy. Czar Nicholas II ruled Russia during World Czar Nicholas II ruled Russia during World

War IWar I He failed to solve Russia’s political, social and He failed to solve Russia’s political, social and

economic problems after the Revolution of economic problems after the Revolution of 19051905

Two revolutions would topple the Two revolutions would topple the Romanov DynastyRomanov Dynasty

Page 5: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Czar Nicholas II and his FamilyCzar Nicholas II and his Family

Page 6: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Russia IndustrializesRussia Industrializes

Number of factories more than doubled Number of factories more than doubled between 1863 and 1900between 1863 and 1900

Still Russia lagged behindStill Russia lagged behind Funded by foreign investors and raised Funded by foreign investors and raised

taxestaxes Trans-Siberian Railway was constructedTrans-Siberian Railway was constructed

Started in 1891 not finished till 1916Started in 1891 not finished till 1916 Connected European Russia in the west with Connected European Russia in the west with

Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean in the East.Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean in the East.

Page 7: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Revolutionary Movements Revolutionary Movements GrowGrow

Rapid industrialization stirred discontent.Rapid industrialization stirred discontent. Factories brought new problems.Factories brought new problems.

Low wages, grueling working conditions, child Low wages, grueling working conditions, child labor.labor.

A group that followed the views of Karl Marx A group that followed the views of Karl Marx established in Russiaestablished in Russia Believed the industrial class of workers would Believed the industrial class of workers would

overthrow the czaroverthrow the czar The Proletariat “the workers” would rule the The Proletariat “the workers” would rule the

countrycountry

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Marxists SpiltMarxists Spilt

More moderate Menesheviks wanted a More moderate Menesheviks wanted a broad base of popular support for broad base of popular support for revolution.revolution.

The more radical The more radical BolsheviksBolsheviks supported supported a small number of committed a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice for revolutionaries willing to sacrifice for change.change. Leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir

Lenin.Lenin.

Page 9: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Cries at Home and AbroadCries at Home and Abroad

Russo Japanese WarRusso Japanese War Russia and Japan competed for control of Korea Russia and Japan competed for control of Korea

and Manchuriaand Manchuria The two signed a number of treaties but these The two signed a number of treaties but these

were broken by Russia.were broken by Russia. Japan retaliated at Port Arthur, Manchuria in Japan retaliated at Port Arthur, Manchuria in

February 1904.February 1904. News of repeated Russian losses sparked News of repeated Russian losses sparked

unrest at home and led to revolt in the mist of unrest at home and led to revolt in the mist of the war.the war.

Page 10: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Revolution of 1905Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday (1/22)Bloody Sunday (1/22)

Demonstration that Demonstration that resulted in over 1,000 resulted in over 1,000 people killed at Czars people killed at Czars winter palace in St winter palace in St Petersburg.Petersburg.

Provoked massive Provoked massive demonstrationsdemonstrations

People called for more People called for more democratic reformsdemocratic reforms

Czar created the DumaCzar created the Duma Dissolved it after ten Dissolved it after ten

weeksweeks

Page 11: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

World War I: The Final BlowWorld War I: The Final Blow

In 1914 Nicholas II made the decision In 1914 Nicholas II made the decision to drag Russia into WWI.to drag Russia into WWI.

Russia was unprepared to handle the Russia was unprepared to handle the war.war.

Before a year passed more than 4 Before a year passed more than 4 million Russians had been killed, million Russians had been killed, wounded or taken prisoner.wounded or taken prisoner.

Page 12: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

WWI (cont.)WWI (cont.)

1915 Nicholas moved his headquarters 1915 Nicholas moved his headquarters to war front.to war front. Hoped to rally his discouraged troops to Hoped to rally his discouraged troops to

victory.victory. Czarina Alexandra ran government Czarina Alexandra ran government

while he was away.while he was away. Ignored czar’s chief advisers.Ignored czar’s chief advisers. Fell under influence of a “holy man” Fell under influence of a “holy man”

RasputinRasputin

Page 13: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

RasputinRasputin

The czars son Alexis The czars son Alexis suffered from suffered from hemophilia.hemophilia.

Rasputin seemed to Rasputin seemed to ease the boy’s ease the boy’s symptoms.symptoms.

To show gratitude To show gratitude Alexandra allowed Alexandra allowed Rasputin to make key Rasputin to make key political decisions.political decisions.

He opposed reform and He opposed reform and obtained powerful obtained powerful positions for his friends.positions for his friends.

Page 14: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Rasputin (cont.)Rasputin (cont.)

In 1916, a group of nobles murdered In 1916, a group of nobles murdered Rasputin.Rasputin.

They feared his increasing role in They feared his increasing role in government affairs.government affairs.

Meanwhile on the war front soldiers Meanwhile on the war front soldiers mutinied deserted, or ignored orders.mutinied deserted, or ignored orders.

On home front supplies were On home front supplies were dwindling and prices were inflated.dwindling and prices were inflated.

Page 15: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

The March RevolutionThe March Revolution March 1917 – food, fuel March 1917 – food, fuel

and battlefield disastersand battlefield disasters People in the street People in the street

chanted “Bread, Bread”chanted “Bread, Bread” Czar steps down Czar steps down Duma sets up a Duma sets up a

provisional governmentprovisional government Local governments set up Local governments set up

sovietssoviets Councils of workers and Councils of workers and

soldiers ran by soldiers ran by socialistssocialists

Page 16: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Lenin and the BolsheviksLenin and the Bolsheviks

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LeninLenin Vladimir Ulyanov took Vladimir Ulyanov took

the name “Lenin”the name “Lenin” Student of Karl Marx Student of Karl Marx

Exiled to Siberia for Exiled to Siberia for plotting against the plotting against the government in 1895government in 1895 Able to return in March Able to return in March

1917 1917 He felt only revolution He felt only revolution

could bring about could bring about changeschanges

Page 18: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

The November RevolutionThe November Revolution

Lenin and Trotsky promised “Peace, land Lenin and Trotsky promised “Peace, land and Bread” for the peopleand Bread” for the people

November 1917 – Bolsheviks overthrew November 1917 – Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian government the Russian government Ended private ownershipEnded private ownership Distributed land to peasantsDistributed land to peasants Workers were given control of factories and Workers were given control of factories and

minesmines Eventually came to be called Eventually came to be called CommunismCommunism

Page 19: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Russian Civil War (1918-1921)Russian Civil War (1918-1921)

““Red” communists Red” communists vs. vs.

““White” czar White” czar loyalistsloyalists

Communists organized the Communists organized the Cheka or secret policeCheka or secret police

Executed Nicholas II his wife Executed Nicholas II his wife and 5 childrenand 5 children

““War communism” policy – War communism” policy – took over banks, mines, took over banks, mines, factories and railroads factories and railroads (government control)(government control)

1921 communists defeat the 1921 communists defeat the czar loyalistsczar loyalists 14 million Russians died 14 million Russians died

as a result of the waras a result of the war

Page 20: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Lenin Restores OrderLenin Restores Order

New Economic Policy (NEP)New Economic Policy (NEP) March 1921 Lenin puts aside his plan for March 1921 Lenin puts aside his plan for

state controlled economy.state controlled economy. Under the NEP reforms allowed peasants Under the NEP reforms allowed peasants

to sell their surplus crops.to sell their surplus crops. Government kept control over major Government kept control over major

industries.industries. Partly due to this peace returned to Partly due to this peace returned to

Russia after civil war.Russia after civil war.

Page 21: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Lenin Restores Order (Cont.)Lenin Restores Order (Cont.)

Saw Nationalism as threat to unity Saw Nationalism as threat to unity and party loyalty.and party loyalty.

Lenin organized Russia into several Lenin organized Russia into several self governing republics under the self governing republics under the central government.central government.

In 1922 the country was named the In 1922 the country was named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)(USSR)

Page 22: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Lenin Restores Order (Cont.)Lenin Restores Order (Cont.)

The Bolsheviks named their party the The Bolsheviks named their party the Communist PartyCommunist Party.. Name came from the writings of Karl Name came from the writings of Karl

MarxMarx Used the word communism to describe a Used the word communism to describe a

classless society that would exist after classless society that would exist after workers would have seized power.workers would have seized power.

Page 23: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Building the Communist Soviet Building the Communist Soviet UnionUnion

The Soviet Union was a “multinational” state The Soviet Union was a “multinational” state ruled by Russia the most powerful stateruled by Russia the most powerful state Numerous nations now under the control of RussiaNumerous nations now under the control of Russia

In Theory (Marx) – Political power and the In Theory (Marx) – Political power and the means of production would belong to the means of production would belong to the workers and peasantsworkers and peasants

In Reality – Political power and the means of In Reality – Political power and the means of production belonged to The Communist Partyproduction belonged to The Communist Party Used the army and secret police to achieve and Used the army and secret police to achieve and

keep powerkeep power

Page 24: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

THE NEW FLAGTHE NEW FLAG

Symbolized the union between the Symbolized the union between the workers (hammer) & the peasants workers (hammer) & the peasants (sickle)(sickle)

Page 25: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

The New Soviet UnionThe New Soviet Union

Page 26: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

From Lenin to StalinFrom Lenin to Stalin

Page 27: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Stalin Become DictatorStalin Become Dictator Lenin died suddenly in 1924Lenin died suddenly in 1924 Joseph Djugasshvili takes powerJoseph Djugasshvili takes power

Was an official under LeninWas an official under Lenin Gives himself a new name: Joseph StalinGives himself a new name: Joseph Stalin Stalin means “man of steel”Stalin means “man of steel”

““Comrade Stalin …. Has concentrated an Comrade Stalin …. Has concentrated an enormous power in his hands: and I am enormous power in his hands: and I am not sure that he always knows how to use not sure that he always knows how to use that power with sufficient caution”that power with sufficient caution”

- Lenin- Lenin

Page 28: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

Describes a government that takes Describes a government that takes total, centralized control of every total, centralized control of every aspect of public and private life.aspect of public and private life.

Page 29: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

A Government of Total A Government of Total ControlControl

Totalitarian government usually ran by Totalitarian government usually ran by dynamic leader.dynamic leader.

Police TerrorPolice Terror Government used of terror and violence to force Government used of terror and violence to force

obedience and crush opposition.obedience and crush opposition. Police used to enforce central governments Police used to enforce central governments

polices.polices. Spied on citizens.Spied on citizens. IntimidationIntimidation Often used brutal force and murder to achieve their Often used brutal force and murder to achieve their

goals.goals.

Page 30: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

A Government of Total Control A Government of Total Control (cont.)(cont.)

IndoctrinationIndoctrination Instruction in the government beliefs.Instruction in the government beliefs. mold people’s mindsmold people’s minds

Propaganda and CensorshipPropaganda and Censorship Government control of all mass mediaGovernment control of all mass media

Religious or Ethnic PersecutionReligious or Ethnic Persecution Created “enemies of the state” to blame Created “enemies of the state” to blame

for things going wrong.for things going wrong.

Page 31: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Stalin Builds a Totalitarian Stalin Builds a Totalitarian StateState

Page 32: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Stalin’s Police StateStalin’s Police State

Secret police used tanks and Secret police used tanks and armored cars to stop riots.armored cars to stop riots.

They monitored telephone lines, read They monitored telephone lines, read mail, and planted informers mail, and planted informers everywhere.everywhere. Even children were used as informers.Even children were used as informers.

The secret police arrested and The secret police arrested and executed millions.executed millions.

Page 33: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Stalin’s Police State (cont.)Stalin’s Police State (cont.)

The Great PurgeThe Great Purge (1937) (1937) A campaign of terror directed at A campaign of terror directed at

eliminating anyone who threatened his eliminating anyone who threatened his power.power.

Many old Bolsheviks stood for trial.Many old Bolsheviks stood for trial. Executed or sent to labor camps.Executed or sent to labor camps.

Ended in 1938Ended in 1938 Estimated 8 million to 13 million deaths.Estimated 8 million to 13 million deaths.

Page 34: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Russian Propaganda and Russian Propaganda and CensorshipCensorship

Stalin’s government controlled all Stalin’s government controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, radio and newspapers, motion pictures, radio and other sources of information.other sources of information.

Many writers, composers and artists fell Many writers, composers and artists fell victim to official censorship.victim to official censorship.

Stalin would not tolerate individual Stalin would not tolerate individual creativity that did not conform.creativity that did not conform.

Media under Stalin only glorified the Media under Stalin only glorified the achievements to communism under Stalin.achievements to communism under Stalin.

The arts were also used as propaganda.The arts were also used as propaganda.

Page 35: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Soviet Propaganda – StalinSoviet Propaganda – Stalin

“We will achieve prosperity”

“Our Great Stalin is the banner of friendship of the peoples of USSR”

Page 36: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Soviet Propaganda – StalinSoviet Propaganda – Stalin

“Let the indestructible friendship and cooperation of

Chinese and Soviet live and prosper!”

“We will defeat the drought, too!”

Page 37: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Soviet Propaganda – Anti-US and Soviet Propaganda – Anti-US and CapitalismCapitalism

In capitalist countries: / the way of talent... In our socialist country: / give way to talent!

"European community": The worth of this community is clear for everyone: smile

on their lips, balm in their speeches, lies in their thoughts, a knife behind their

back!

Page 38: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Soviet Propaganda – Anti-US and Soviet Propaganda – Anti-US and CapitalismCapitalism

Two Worlds, Two Plans: We Sow Life on the sack: "seed acorns“ on the map: "plan of forest

shelterbelts"

They Sow Death on the map: "map of military bases“

The dreams of our people have become true! 

Page 39: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

"American Freedom". Upper Right – "personal freedom"

Lower Right – "freedom of gatherings & meetings" Lower Left – "freedom of opinions"

Upper Left – "freedom of press"

Soviet Propaganda – Anti-Soviet Propaganda – Anti-United StatesUnited States

Page 40: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

“Forever together (Russians & Ukrainians)”

Soviet Propaganda – UnitySoviet Propaganda – Unity“Be vigilant on your working post!”

Page 41: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

“With every day, our life is getting happier”

Soviet Propaganda – UnitySoviet Propaganda – Unity

1917-1955: “From the first decrees of the Great October

to the bloom of the socialist agriculture”

Page 42: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

The Arts of the StateThe Arts of the State

Stalin forced artists and writers to Stalin forced artists and writers to conform to socialist realismconform to socialist realism Showing soviet life in a positive lightShowing soviet life in a positive light Government censored books, music and artGovernment censored books, music and art

Government punishments were issuedGovernment punishments were issued Artists were imprisoned, tortured and/or exiledArtists were imprisoned, tortured and/or exiled

Popular themes were: peasants, Popular themes were: peasants, workers, heroes of the revolution and workers, heroes of the revolution and StalinStalin

Page 43: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Socialist RealismSocialist Realism

“Lenin with Villagers”

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Socialist RealismSocialist Realism

“Roses for Stalin”

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Socialist RealismSocialist Realism

“Steel Workers”

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Socialist RealismSocialist Realism

“Young Steel Workers”

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Education and IndoctrinationEducation and Indoctrination

Government controlled all education Government controlled all education from nursery school to collegefrom nursery school to college Communist Party built schools and required Communist Party built schools and required

children to attendchildren to attend State sponsored youth groups trained State sponsored youth groups trained

future party membersfuture party members The importance of sacrifice and hard The importance of sacrifice and hard

work to build the Communist state were work to build the Communist state were stressed stressed

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Religious PersecutionReligious Persecution

Soviet Government forced atheism on Soviet Government forced atheism on populationpopulation Atheism – belief in no godAtheism – belief in no god

Targeted Russian Orthodox ChurchesTargeted Russian Orthodox Churches Turned churches into offices and museumsTurned churches into offices and museums Killed priests and religious leadersKilled priests and religious leaders Writings of Marx and Lenin were replaced as Writings of Marx and Lenin were replaced as

sacred textsacred text

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Stalin Seizes Control of the Stalin Seizes Control of the EconomyEconomy

Command EconomyCommand Economy Government officials made all basic economic Government officials made all basic economic

decisions – owned all businessesdecisions – owned all businesses Five-Year PlansFive-Year Plans

Aimed to make USSR an industrial powerAimed to make USSR an industrial power USSR – United Soviet Socialist RepublicUSSR – United Soviet Socialist Republic

Government pushed workers and managers to Government pushed workers and managers to meet goals meet goals

Received bonuses and punishmentsReceived bonuses and punishments Economy improved but standard of living for Economy improved but standard of living for

peasants remained poorpeasants remained poor

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An Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural Revolution

Agriculture under Agriculture under government controlgovernment control Forced peasants to Forced peasants to

give up their private give up their private plots and live on plots and live on collectivescollectives – –

Large farms owned and Large farms owned and operated by peasants as operated by peasants as a groupa group

Peasants resisted Peasants resisted collectivism – killed collectivism – killed animals, destroyed animals, destroyed tools and burned tools and burned cropscrops

Page 51: Revolutions in Russia 1917-1939 Czars Resist Change ( The Romanovs) From 1613 to 1913 From 1613 to 1913 Romanov Dynasty in Russia Romanov Dynasty in

Members of the Communist Party Members of the Communist Party Were the eliteWere the elite Received the best benefits and homesReceived the best benefits and homes

The people The people Received free education and medical careReceived free education and medical care Had small housing and limited foodHad small housing and limited food

Daily Life Under StalinDaily Life Under Stalin

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Women Gain Rights Under Women Gain Rights Under StalinStalin

Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 declared men and Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 declared men and women equal.women equal.

Under the five year plan they had no choice but Under the five year plan they had no choice but to join the labor force.to join the labor force.

State provided child care for mothers who were State provided child care for mothers who were working.working.

Given education opportunities.Given education opportunities. By 1950 75% of doctors were women.By 1950 75% of doctors were women. Besides being responsible for their job, women Besides being responsible for their job, women

were responsible for the housework and childcare were responsible for the housework and childcare as well.as well.

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Total Control AchievedTotal Control Achieved

By mid 1930s, Stalin had forcibly transformed By mid 1930s, Stalin had forcibly transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian regime the Soviet Union into a totalitarian regime and an industrial and political power.and an industrial and political power.

He stood unopposed as dictator.He stood unopposed as dictator. Maintained authority over the Communist Maintained authority over the Communist

Party.Party. He ushered in a period of total social control He ushered in a period of total social control

and rule by terror, rather than a and rule by terror, rather than a constitutional government.constitutional government.