Revolutions:Revolutions:Industrial, American, Industrial, American,

FrenchFrench

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

Colonists from Britain, France, Holland Colonists from Britain, France, Holland mostly settle Eastern U.S.mostly settle Eastern U.S.

Conflicts between Britain and France Conflicts between Britain and France over territory lead to Seven Years War over territory lead to Seven Years War (1756-1763) – (French and Indian War).(1756-1763) – (French and Indian War).

Britain wins – gains all land between Britain wins – gains all land between Mississippi River and Appalachian Mts.Mississippi River and Appalachian Mts.

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

Colonists believe they have a right to Colonists believe they have a right to land because they helped win it.land because they helped win it.

Conflicts with Native Americans cause Conflicts with Native Americans cause Britain to forbid settlement of new area.Britain to forbid settlement of new area.

In addition, Britain begins to tax settlers In addition, Britain begins to tax settlers to help pay for the war.to help pay for the war. Stamp ActStamp Act Tea ActTea Act

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, colonists begin to protest unjust laws.colonists begin to protest unjust laws.

Boston Massacre - 1770Boston Massacre - 1770 Boston Tea Party - 1773Boston Tea Party - 1773 First Continental Congress – 1774First Continental Congress – 1774

Many divided on how to deal with Britain – Many divided on how to deal with Britain – intense loyalty to crown vs. revolutionariesintense loyalty to crown vs. revolutionaries

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord April 19, 1775 Britain decided to seize April 19, 1775 Britain decided to seize

stockpiles of weapons in Concord, stockpiles of weapons in Concord, Massachusetts.Massachusetts.

Confronted by Minutemen at LexingtonConfronted by Minutemen at Lexington Colonists win first battles of the revolutionColonists win first battles of the revolution

Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress Colonists decide to raise an army – appoint Colonists decide to raise an army – appoint

General George Washington as headGeneral George Washington as head

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence The U.S. formally declares The U.S. formally declares

independence in July 1776independence in July 1776 Written by Thomas Jefferson – inspired Written by Thomas Jefferson – inspired

by the Enlightenment.by the Enlightenment. All people created equalAll people created equal Unalienable rightsUnalienable rights Governments derive powers from governedGovernments derive powers from governed

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

War lasts from 1775-1781.War lasts from 1775-1781. Many battles – most importantMany battles – most important

Battle of Saratoga – French decide to Battle of Saratoga – French decide to join Americansjoin Americans

Battle of Yorktown – General Cornwallis Battle of Yorktown – General Cornwallis surrenders to General Washington.surrenders to General Washington.

Americans begin to form new Americans begin to form new government.government.

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

First government – Articles of First government – Articles of ConfederationConfederation Weak central – strong statesWeak central – strong states Many problemsMany problems

By 1787 – everyone realizes the Articles By 1787 – everyone realizes the Articles needs revisionneeds revision Constitutional Convention – summer of 1787Constitutional Convention – summer of 1787 Supposed to change Articles – eventually Supposed to change Articles – eventually

created whole new governmentcreated whole new government

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution The ConstitutionThe Constitution

Inspired by Enlightenment philosophers – Inspired by Enlightenment philosophers – Voltaire, Montesquieu, LockeVoltaire, Montesquieu, Locke

Strong central governmentStrong central government Two houses in Congress (Great Compromise)Two houses in Congress (Great Compromise)

Senate, House of RepresentativesSenate, House of Representatives Three branches of government (Leg, Ex, Jud)Three branches of government (Leg, Ex, Jud) Federal SystemFederal System

Federal gov’t, State gov’t, Local gov’tFederal gov’t, State gov’t, Local gov’t Bill of Rights – first 10 amendments to Bill of Rights – first 10 amendments to

ConstitutionConstitution Can change government when it needs itCan change government when it needs it Currently 27 amendments have been ratifiedCurrently 27 amendments have been ratified

Feudal SystemFeudal System KingsKings

Ruler/collected Ruler/collected feesfees

LordsLords Land/fees/loyaltyLand/fees/loyalty ChurchChurch – paid no – paid no

taxestaxes KnightsKnights

Protection/loyaltyProtection/loyalty SerfsSerfs

Poor masses Poor masses (slaves)(slaves)

Paid fees to Paid fees to lords/kinglords/king

France in 1789France in 1789 Old Regime—systemOld Regime—system of division among of division among

the three social classes called the three social classes called “Estates”“Estates” 11stst Estate—Clergy (church) Estate—Clergy (church) 22ndnd –rich noble families –rich noble families 11stst & 2nd estates - 2% of the pop.; owned 20% of & 2nd estates - 2% of the pop.; owned 20% of

the landthe land Absolute monarchy - increasingly unpopular Absolute monarchy - increasingly unpopular

form of government – increasingly form of government – increasingly ineffectiveineffective

Nobility & clergy also had powers and Nobility & clergy also had powers and prerogatives – no taxation!! prerogatives – no taxation!!

33rdrd Estate Estate 98% of population - included:98% of population - included: 1) bourgeoisie- 1) bourgeoisie-

merchants/shopkeepers, well merchants/shopkeepers, well educated—paid high taxeseducated—paid high taxes

2) workers—servants, cooks, etc.2) workers—servants, cooks, etc. 3) peasants (80% of third estate)3) peasants (80% of third estate)

These people were increasingly These people were increasingly jealous of the rights & privileges of jealous of the rights & privileges of the 1the 1stst & 2 & 2ndnd estates estates

Louis XIVLouis XIV Louis XIVLouis XIV ( (16381638 – – 17151715) )

King of France King of France Known as The Sun Known as The Sun

KingKing or or Louis the Louis the GreatGreat

ruled France for seventy-ruled France for seventy-two years—longest reign two years—longest reign of any European of any European monarchmonarch

Louis XIV increased the Louis XIV increased the power and influence of power and influence of France in Europe through France in Europe through three major wars three major wars

""L'État, c'est moiL'État, c'est moi" ("I am " ("I am the State")the State")

France under Louis XVIFrance under Louis XVI France - cultural, France - cultural,

military, and military, and political leader of political leader of EuropeEurope

Model of an Model of an absolute monarchabsolute monarch

Loved by the Loved by the French at first, but French at first, but his indecisiveness & his indecisiveness & conservatism led conservatism led the people to reject the people to reject him and hate the him and hate the tyranny of kingstyranny of kings

Causes of French RevCauses of French Rev

Bad HarvestsBad Harvests DebtDebt Weak leadership of Louis XVIWeak leadership of Louis XVI Division of classesDivision of classes As conditions worsened, third estate As conditions worsened, third estate

was taxed heavilywas taxed heavily Spread of Enlightenment ideasSpread of Enlightenment ideas

Spread of Enlightenment Spread of Enlightenment IdeasIdeas Enlightenment ideas – Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire – Enlightenment ideas – Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire –

equality & freedomequality & freedom of the individual spread to: of the individual spread to: Large & growing middle classLarge & growing middle class some of the nobility some of the nobility working classworking class****American Revolution showed American Revolution showed

Enlightenment ideas about governmental Enlightenment ideas about governmental organization could workorganization could work

American revolutionaries - Benjamin Franklin - American revolutionaries - Benjamin Franklin - stayed in Paris - frequent contact with the French stayed in Paris - frequent contact with the French intellectualsintellectuals

French troops worked with American French troops worked with American revolutionaries - spread of revolutionary ideals to revolutionaries - spread of revolutionary ideals to the French. the French.

ResultResult of new ideas - of new ideas - Many people in France attacked Many people in France attacked

the undemocratic nature of the the undemocratic nature of the government, pushed for freedom government, pushed for freedom of speech, and challenged the of speech, and challenged the Roman Catholic Church and the Roman Catholic Church and the privileges of the nobles & clergyprivileges of the nobles & clergy

AND ThenAND Then More State Debt – King calls a meeting More State Debt – King calls a meeting

of the Estates Generalof the Estates General

French RevolutionFrench Revolution Meeting of Estates General Meeting of Estates General 3 3rdrd Estate created Estate created

National AssemblyNational Assembly & meet separately—beginning of & meet separately—beginning of representative gov’t representative gov’t

33rdrd Estate broke down the door of indoor tennis court Estate broke down the door of indoor tennis court—Takes —Takes “Tennis Court Oath”—“Tennis Court Oath”—pledged to stay until pledged to stay until a new constitution is drawn up a new constitution is drawn up

National Assembly creates “Declaration of Rights of National Assembly creates “Declaration of Rights of Man”Man” Right to “liberty, property, security”; Freedom of speech, Right to “liberty, property, security”; Freedom of speech,

religion, equal justicereligion, equal justice Angry crowd captures Bastille (Paris prison)Angry crowd captures Bastille (Paris prison) Seize gunpowder, release some prisonersSeize gunpowder, release some prisoners Mob of Women marched to king’s palace in VersaillesMob of Women marched to king’s palace in Versailles

—demanding that King and Queen return to Paris & —demanding that King and Queen return to Paris & give them breadgive them bread

King and Queen try to sneak out of Versailles – caught King and Queen try to sneak out of Versailles – caught & arrested& arrested

““Equality, Fraternity, Equality, Fraternity, Liberty”Liberty”

Liberty leading the Liberty leading the

PeoplePeople

National AssemblyNational Assembly took over church lands & sold to pay off France’s debttook over church lands & sold to pay off France’s debt Many peasants objected to this (devout Catholics)—Many peasants objected to this (devout Catholics)—

some objected to the idea of separation of church and some objected to the idea of separation of church and statestate

1791- N.A. created a limited constitutional monarchy1791- N.A. created a limited constitutional monarchy Legislative Assembly -power to make law/declare warLegislative Assembly -power to make law/declare war King Louis - little powerKing Louis - little power food shortages/debt - Rev’s leaders split into 3 factionsfood shortages/debt - Rev’s leaders split into 3 factions Austria/Prussia wanted to restore Louis to powerAustria/Prussia wanted to restore Louis to power Why did European monarchs want Louis restored Why did European monarchs want Louis restored

to power??to power?? National Assembly declare war on Austria, April 1792 National Assembly declare war on Austria, April 1792 French – abroad – losing war French – abroad – losing war France – at home – in a state of chaos “Great Fear”France – at home – in a state of chaos “Great Fear” National Assembly could no longer keep power - National Assembly could no longer keep power -

dissolveddissolved New government elected—National ConventionNew government elected—National Convention

End of absolutist monarchy in End of absolutist monarchy in FranceFrance

King’s powers suspended King’s powers suspended in August 1792.in August 1792.

Arrested & tried by the Arrested & tried by the National Convention, National Convention, found guilty of treason, found guilty of treason, and executed - January and executed - January 1793. 1793.

Louis XIV is reported to Louis XIV is reported to have said on his death have said on his death bed: "bed: "Je m'en vais, mais Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera l'État demeurera toujours.toujours." ("I am going " ("I am going away, but the State will away, but the State will always remain"). always remain").

Jacobins (radicals) San-Jacobins (radicals) San-coulottescoulottes

Radical group - wanted to remove king Radical group - wanted to remove king permanently & establish a democratic govtpermanently & establish a democratic govt

Led by Jean Paul MaratLed by Jean Paul Marat France declared a France declared a republic – “liberalism”republic – “liberalism” N.C. N.C. draftsdrafts 300,000 citizens into army for war 300,000 citizens into army for war

against Prussia/Austria - Napoleon generalagainst Prussia/Austria - Napoleon general Robespierre leads Robespierre leads “Reign of Terror”“Reign of Terror” Forms “Committee of Public Safety”Forms “Committee of Public Safety” Tried and executed thousands of citizens who were Tried and executed thousands of citizens who were

considered to be “enemies of the republic”considered to be “enemies of the republic”

National Convention eventually National Convention eventually turns on Robespierre - guillotined turns on Robespierre - guillotined in 1794in 1794

Directory Directory Napoleon Napoleon Man of the EnlightenmentMan of the Enlightenment Military leaderMilitary leader – rose through ranks – rose through ranks

fighting abroad during French Revolutionfighting abroad during French Revolution 1797 – returned to Paris a hero1797 – returned to Paris a hero Took part in the Took part in the coup d’etat of 1799 coup d’etat of 1799

that overthrew the Directorythat overthrew the Directory & set & set up new gov’tup new gov’t

THE CONSULATE – a republic on paper THE CONSULATE – a republic on paper but Napoleon had absolute power in but Napoleon had absolute power in realityreality

Napoleon became CONSULNapoleon became CONSUL

Napoleon Napoleon crownscrowns

himself Emperorhimself Emperor

of France; also of France; also

Crowns his wife Crowns his wife

Josephine QueenJosephine Queen

What is the What is the

Significance of Significance of this?this?

France under NapoleonFrance under Napoleon Church Church

1801 1801 agreement with Catholic Churchagreement with Catholic Church Catholicism recognized as majority religion; church Catholicism recognized as majority religion; church

got no lands backgot no lands back Civil Code – Civil Code – Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code

Before rev. France had approx 300 different legal Before rev. France had approx 300 different legal systemssystems

Equality for all citizens before the lawEquality for all citizens before the law Right of individuals to choose a professionRight of individuals to choose a profession Religious toleranceReligious tolerance Abolition of serfdom & feudal obligationsAbolition of serfdom & feudal obligations

Napoleon created a strong central bureaucracy Napoleon created a strong central bureaucracy Public officials/military leaders promoted not because of Public officials/military leaders promoted not because of

rank or birth but because of ability- rank or birth but because of ability- meritocracymeritocracy Created a new aristocracy – only 22% of public officials Created a new aristocracy – only 22% of public officials

were from noble families; 60% from were from noble families; 60% from middle classmiddle class!!!!

Fr Rev ideals upheld or Fr Rev ideals upheld or killed??killed??

No free elections – No free elections – plebiscite plebiscite – an election w/a – an election w/a fixed resultfixed result

Civil Code – Napoleonic CodeCivil Code – Napoleonic Code New bureaucracy – more people gained gov’t New bureaucracy – more people gained gov’t

powerspowers Censored press – restriction of liberty - 60 of 73 Censored press – restriction of liberty - 60 of 73

newspapers shut downnewspapers shut down Gov’t police censored private mail – limited Gov’t police censored private mail – limited

freedom of speechfreedom of speech 1803 – war broke out with Britain, Austria, Russia, 1803 – war broke out with Britain, Austria, Russia,

Sweden & PrussiaSweden & Prussia Sold French territory in America to the United Sold French territory in America to the United

States – Louisiana Purchase – raise money for States – Louisiana Purchase – raise money for European warsEuropean wars

By 1807 - Napoleon - victorious By 1807 - Napoleon - victorious

Napoleon rules Europe Napoleon rules Europe

--1807 to 1812 --1807 to 1812 --Spread the principles of --Spread the principles of the Fr. Rev. to the Fr. Rev. to continental Europe– continental Europe– equality before the law, equality before the law, religious tolerance, religious tolerance, economic freedom, economic freedom, opening of public offices opening of public offices to talented men instead to talented men instead of nobilityof nobility--Destroyed much of old --Destroyed much of old regime – nobility & clergy regime – nobility & clergy lost privilegeslost privileges

Napoleon’s defeatNapoleon’s defeat1. Britain1. Britain – – most powerful most powerful Navy in worldNavy in world

**Battle of **Battle of Trafalgar 1805 Trafalgar 1805 – Napoleon’s – Napoleon’s navy defeatednavy defeated**Napoleon’s **Napoleon’s Continental Continental System – stop System – stop European European countries from countries from buying British buying British goods - failedgoods - failed

2. 2. NationalismNationalism in Europe undermined in Europe undermined Napoleon’s desire to build a European Napoleon’s desire to build a European EmpireEmpire French started nationalism in Europe – decided French started nationalism in Europe – decided

THE PEOPLE were the stateTHE PEOPLE were the state; ; the ruler was the ruler was notnot

Napoleon spread ideas of nationalism to people Napoleon spread ideas of nationalism to people of Europe & they united against Napoleon’s of Europe & they united against Napoleon’s occupationoccupation

3. Disaster in 3. Disaster in RussiaRussia June, 1812 – Russia refused Continental System June, 1812 – Russia refused Continental System Napoleon invaded w/600,000 troops Napoleon invaded w/600,000 troops Russian troops retreated instead of engaging Russian troops retreated instead of engaging

Napoleon’s troopsNapoleon’s troops Russians used Russians used SLASH & BURNSLASH & BURN strategy to keep strategy to keep

Napoleon’s troops from finding foodNapoleon’s troops from finding food

Moscow – cold!!Moscow – cold!! Napoleon’s troops finally Napoleon’s troops finally

arrived in Moscow & find arrived in Moscow & find capital city burningcapital city burning

Lacking food & supplies, Lacking food & supplies, Napoleon begins retreat Napoleon begins retreat in Octoberin October

Winter began to set in – Winter began to set in – thousands starved/froze thousands starved/froze

January 1813 – only January 1813 – only 40,000 soldiers survived 40,000 soldiers survived

French Army completely French Army completely devastated - European devastated - European armies join the Russiansarmies join the Russians

March 1814 – Paris March 1814 – Paris captured by Eur. powerscaptured by Eur. powers

Exile of NapoleonExile of Napoleon Napoleon exiled to island of Napoleon exiled to island of

ElbaElba Louis XVI’s brother restored Louis XVI’s brother restored

to the throne of France – to the throne of France – unpopular with French unpopular with French peoplepeople

Napoleon returned from Napoleon returned from exile & led a new army into exile & led a new army into battle at Waterloobattle at Waterloo

June 1815 – Napoleon June 1815 – Napoleon defeated – exiled to St. defeated – exiled to St. Helena Helena

Napoleon died there in 1821Napoleon died there in 1821

Revolution ComparisonRevolution Comparison American Revolution – p. 515American Revolution – p. 515 French Revolution – 516French Revolution – 516 Haitian Revolution – 565Haitian Revolution – 565 ((20 pts20 pts))