RFL Final Report Combined

7/23/2019 RFL Final Report Combined

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rfl-final-report-combined 1/53

UGJBUMZ FBU @AFG

~ Jrbwm-sburjand tlg mgsadn bf lgi`tl anfbrhitabn irtgfijts ~



[rbogjt Zpbnsbr? Zcyg Daègrt, Ditgs Fbunmitabn

[rbogjt Margjtbr? Mavyi Mitti

[rbogjt Hinidgr? Zahrin Jlbpri

Ugsgirjl gih & [lbtb Jrgmats?

Ealir, Anmai ? Inuprayi Irvanm, Zlrgyi Ininm inm Wtsiv Jlbumlury

Einmund, Anmbngsai ? Imatlyi [ricisl inm Zahrin Jlbpri

Casuhu, Cgnyi ? Mavyi Mitti inm Firam O. Eluyin

Masjìahgr? I`` vasui` g`ghgnts slirgm frbh tlg rgsgirjl watlan tlg mbjuhgnt is wg`` is

sgpiritg`y hiy nbt eg usgm fbr imvgrtasand prbmujts br sgrvajgs, erinm gnmbrsghgnts br fbr

pueàj prbpidinmi.

JCZ Jbnsu`tand [vt. @tm.

Ugjbrms fbr àfg

Jbpyradlt © 5;9:-9= Ea`` & Hgànmi Ditgs Fbunmitabn inm

Jgntrg fbr Cnbw`gmdg Zbjagtags

I`` radlts rgsgrvgm. I àjgnsg as lgrgey drintgm tb mbwn`bim inm prant i jbpy bf tlas

mbjuhgnt fbr pgrsbni` usg bn`y. Nb btlgr àjgnsg tb iny btlgr antg``gjtui` prbpgrty

radlts as lgrgey drintgm. Wn`gss gxprgss`y pgrhattgm lgrgan br ey ìw, rgprbmujtabn,

imiptitabn,trinsfgr, mastraeutabn br stbridg bf pirt br i`` bf tlg jbntgnts bf tlas mbjuhgntan iny fbrh watlbut tlg prabr wrattgn pgrhassabn bf Ea`` &Hgànmi Ditgs Fbunmitabn inm

Jgntgr fbr Cnbw`gmdg Zbjagtags as prblaeatgm. ]g jbntgnt bf tlas mbjuhgnt as prbvamgm ‐is

as,‘ watlbut wirrintags bf iny canm watl rgdirms ats ijjurijy br rgàieaàty, inm spgjaji``y

gxjùmand i`` ahpàgm wirrintags, fbr gxihp`g bf hgrjlintieaàty, tngss fbr purpbsg, tat`g

inm nbn-anfrandghgnt. An nb gvgnt sli`` Ea`` & Hgànmi Ditgs Fbunmitabn inm Jgntgr fbr

Cnbw`gmdg Zbjagtags eg àie`g fbr iny spgjai`, anmargjt br jbnsgqugntai` mihidgs, br iny

mihidgs wlitsbgvgr rgsu`tand frbh miti br prbts, irasand but bf br an jbnngjtabn watl tlg

usg bf tlg mbjuhgnt. Ea`` & Hgànmi Ditgs Fbunmitabn inm Jgntgr fbr Cnbw`gmdg Zbjagtags

rgsgrvgs tlg radlt tb rgvasg tlg mbjuhgnt br watlmriw at it iny tahg watlbut prabr nbtajg.



Jbntgnts

9. Antrbmujtabn

5. Ugsgirjl @bjitabns

:. Ipprbijl inm Hgtlbms

=. Fag`m Ansadlts

7. Hgti Ini`ysas inm Mgsadn Ugjbhhgnmitabns

6. Zystghs Antgdritabn

4. ]g Ugjbrm is i Zystgh inm an i Zystgh

<. Ippgnmax

;9

;7

;1

54

71

44

<9

<7



Jla`m ahhunazitabn as tlg prgrgquasatg

upbn wlajl wg ìy tlg fbunmitabns

bf dbbm lgi`tl inm anjrgisgm àfg

gxpgjtinjy, inm an turn, at jbntraeutgs tb

ebtl gjbnbhaj inm sbjai` wg`` egand.

Is rgpbrtgm ey tlg Tbr`m Lgi`tl

Brdinasitabn, mgàvgrand vijjanitabns

tlrbudl in gjagnt systgh as i

prgrgquasatg fbr i funjtabni` pueàj

lgi`tl strujturg3 prbvamand gvgn

tlg unmgrprava`gdgm jla`mrgn gqui`

9.9. In Antrbmujtabn tb Ugjbrms fbr @afg

9. Antrbmujtabn

bppbrtunaty tb survavg. ]us

ìyand tlg fbunmitabn fbr i lgi`tlagr

inm i egttgr futurg.

Lbwgvgr, at as ahpbrtint tb masjgrn tlit

tb ijlagvg sujl dbi`s gvgry jbhpbngnt bf

tlg ahhunazitabn jlian hust funjtabn

prbpgr`y inm an lirhbny watl gijl btlgr.

Bng sujl ahpbrtint jbd an tlg wlgg`

as tlg jla`m lgi`tl rgjbrm, at as nbt bn`y

in ggjtavg inm angxpgnsavg hgtlbm

bf rgjbrm cggpand eut at i`sb sgrvgs is i

pbant-bf-jirg anfbrhitabn fbr rgsburjg

tlit jin iudhgnt tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs

ieaàty tb hicg egttgr jànaji` mgjasabns,

davg pbwgr tb tlg pirgnts an tlg lgi`tl

jirg bf tlgar jla`mrgn inm suppbrt tlg

pueàj lgi`tl hbnatbrand systgh.

Mgspatg ats pbtgntai` tb prbvamg inimgquitg rgjbrm bf ahhunazitabn lastbry

inm ats pbtgntai` jbntraeutabn tb jla`m

lgi`tl is i sburjg bf lgi`tl hbnatbrand

miti, tlg jla`m ahhunazitabn jirm as tbb

bftgn unmgr utaàzgm br anipprbpraitg`y

usgm ey pirgnts inm lgi`tl jirg wbrcgrs

inm tlgrgfbrg mbgs nbt i`wiys fu`` ats

antgnmgm purpbsg.

Wnmgrstinmand tlg sadnajinjg bf tlg

jla`m lgi`tl rgjbrm inm tlg ahhgmaitg

nggm tb ahprbvg at tlg Ea`` & Hgànmi

Ditgs Fbunmitabn an pirtngrslap watl

TLB, WNAJGF inm JCZ lis himg

in gbrt tb rgmgsadn tlg jla`m lgi`tl

rgjbrm tlrbudl tlg Ugjbrms fbr @afg

mgsadn jbntgst.

]g Ugjbrms fbr @afg jbntgst iahgm

tb ahprbvg tlg ijjurijy, viùg inm

gisy antgrprgtitabn bf anfbrhitabn

inm vasui`s fbr tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs inm

egngjairags, iàcg.

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg 5



[rbe`gh stitghgnts tlit tlg prbogjt

iahgm tb unmgrstinm?

]g Ugjbrms fbr @afg jbntgst jbhhgnjgm

watl in gbrt tb immrgss jgrtian

funmihgnti` assugs a.g. prgvi`gnjg,

ijjurijy inm usg bf tlg jla`m lgi`tl

rgjbrms. ahg inm idian at as besgrvgm

tlit tlg jla`m lgi`tl rgjbrms irg

univiaìe`g murand lbusglb`m vasats br

it lgi`tl fijaàtags inm gvgn wlgn tlgy

irg tlg miti an at as bftgn anijjuritg. Is

sujl tlg jla`m lgi`tl rgjbrms fia` tb fu ``

tlg vati` funjtabn bf egand i sburjg bf

anfbrhitabn fbr ebtl lgi`tl wbrcgrs inm

pirgnts. I`bnd watl tlgsg ippirgnt assugs

tlg jbntgst i`sb tragm tb unmgrstinm tlg

rbbt jiusgs bf tlg jla`m lgi`tl rgjbrms

nbt egand mastraeutgm, rgtiangm inm

utaàzgm tb ats fu`` pbtgntai`.

9.5. Jbntgxt bf Ugjbrms fbr @afg

Antrbmujtabn

Tly tlg jrbwm sburjand ipprbijl2

Ey? I`hggri Inwir

]g Ugjbrms fbr @afg jbntgst tirdgtgm

tlrgg prahiry iumagnjgs fbr suehassabns,

tlgsg anjùmgm3 prbfgssabni`s an tlg pueàj

lgi`tl spijg, mgsadn jbhpinags inm rhs

br anmavamui` mgsadngrs, inm stumgnts

hiobrand an gatlgr mgsadn br pueàj lgi`tl.

I stinmirm ghia` ìam but anfbrhitabn

iebut suehassabns rgquarghgnts, tlg

gviùitabn prbjgss inm lbw wanngrs bf

tlg jbntgst wbu`m eg lbnbrgm.

]as anfbrhitabn wis eìstgm tb ngir`y 5;

mgsadn e`bds, ><7 mgsadn brdinazitabns,

tlg D`bei` Ahhunazitabn Ngws`gttgr,

inm tlg tbp mgsadn inm pueàj lgi`tl

unavgrsatags irbunm tlg wbr`m. Anmai

inm Jlani lim gxpàjat butrgijl

stritgdags. ]g ahpijt bf bur jlinng`s

wis gstahitgm eisgm bn tlg vbùhg inm

typgs bf qugstabns wg rgjgavgm, rg-twggt

nuhegrs, inm jàjc-tlrbudl ritgs bntlg wgesatg. Tg cngw gir`y bn tlit wg

lim ladl gndidghgnt inm antgrgst watl

i nuhegr bf jb``gdgs inm unavgrsatags

vai tlg qugst abns wg rgjgavgm an bur

ghia` ijjbunt (twb hbntls iftgr ìunjl,

wg wgrg rgjgavand in ivgridg bf vg tb

tgn ghia`s pgr miy3 tlas rgijlgm ngir`y

twgnty ghia`s pgr miy ey tlg jbntgst‑s

Jbntm... j`bsand wggc). Tg i`sb cnbw vai bng mgsadn

pirtngr tlit wg lim i =5% jàjc-tlrbudl

ritg an tlgar ngws`gttgr, anmajitand tlit tlg

hgssidand lim ladl anatai` ippgi` fbr bur

tirdgt iumagnjg. Lbwgvgr, egjiusg bf tlg

ladl rgsburjg jbst, wg mam nbt gviùitg tlg

ahpijt bf gvgry sand`g jlinng`3 wg hgrg`y

jipturgm wlit wis gisa`y iviaìe`g vai

gxastand hgisurghgnt hgjlinashs. ]g

jrbwm sburjand hgjlinash rgsu`tgm an :9=

suehassabns frbh =9 magrgnt jbuntrags

inm i prgtty gvgn hax bf ijimghaj inm

prbfgssabni` gntrints.

But bf tlg :9= suehassabns, 9== hgt

hanahuh rgquarghgnts.

]g jrbwmsburjandhgjlinash rgsu`tgm an:9= suehassabns frbh =9magrgnt jbuntrags inm i

prgtty gvgn hax bf ijimghajinm prbfgssabni` gntrints.

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg =



Dgbdriplaji`, mghbdriplajs, gjbnbhaj

inm drbwtl prbogjtabns, àvgàlbbms

fbr gijl jbuntry inm ritabni`g eglanm

jlbbsand tlg jatags unmgr rgsgirjl an

Anmai, Anmbngsai, Cgnyi?

Zanjg tlg jbntgst iahs it ahprbvand

tlg vijjanitabn rgjbrm, d`bei``y, watl

spgjai` fbjus bn mgvg`bpand jbuntrags

wg wintgm tb lgir frbh hbtlgrs ijrbsstlrgg hiobr rgdabns, inm eisgm bn ebtl

wlit wis fgisae`g davgn ànduastaj inm

tahand jbnstriants, inm wlit wbu`m

yag`m tlg hbst rgprgsgntitavg rgsu`ts , wg

jlbsg Cgnyi, Anmbngsai inm Anmai. ]g

sg`gjtabn bf spgjaj ruri` br pgra-urein

`bjitabns an tlgsg jbuntrags wis eisgm

bn pirihgtgrs sujl is jurrgnt stitus bf

tlg pueàj lgi`tl jirg anfristrujturg,

ahhunazitabn jbvgridg stitus, sbjab-

gjbnbhaj jbnmatabns, ju`turi` inm gtlnaj

mavgrsaty, tlg dgbdriplaj `bjitabn, àtgrijy

`gvg`s, inm pbàtaji` inm imhanastritavg

fijtbrs ihbnd btlgrs.

5. Ugsgirjl @bjitabns

Eisgm bn i`` tlg iebvg hgntabngm

pirihgtgrs, tlg fb``bwand `bjitabns

wgrg jlbsgn?

Casuhu (Cgnyi)? Casuhu as tlg tlarm

ìrdgst jaty an Cgnyi watl i pbpuìtabn

bf =;1,15< (5;;1 jgnsus). [rgsgnt miy

Casuhu jbnsasts bf 57 sue `bjitabns

tlit jin eg drbupgm antb 9; hian

`bjitabns(bwnslap, Gist Cb`wi,Jgntri` Cb`wi, ZbutlTgst Casuhu,

Nbrtl Casuhu, Jgntri` Casuhu, Gist

Casuhu, Tgst Ciouù, Gist Ciouù, inm

Tgst Cb`wi).

Cggpand tlg sg`gjtabn jratgrai an

pgrspgjtavg. Casuhu wis fbunm tb eg i

suatie`g rgsgirjl `bjitabn.

An tgrhs bf mghbdriplajs, Casuhu lis

i ìrdgr prbpbrtabn bf ats pbpuìtabn

rgsamand an urein irgis a.g. 75.= %, wla`g

tlg rghianand =4.6% wgrg àvand an ruri`

is wg`` is frandg pbpuìtabns.

]g lgi`tl jirg anfristrujturg an Cgnyi

as hbst`y i 6 tagr systgh lbwgvgr, is

Casuhu ìjcs i nitabni` `gvg` rgfgrri`

lbspati`, tlg lgi`tljirg systgh lis 7

tagrs a.g. jbhhunaty `gvg`, va`ìdg `gvg`,

lgi`tl jgntgrs, mastrajt lbspati`s inm

prbvanjai` lbspati`s.

]g lgi`tl jirg anmajitbrs fbr Casuhu

wgrg ijjgptie`g, tlg AHU inm HHU wis

rgdastgrgm it 17 inm 9=1 pgr 9;;; eartls (

is jbhpirgm tb tlg nitabni` nuhegrs bf

75 inm 4= pgr 9;;; eartls). Bn`y 67% bf

jla`mrgn unmgr bng wgrg fu``y ahhunazgm

an Casuhu an 5;;< (DbC 5;;1e). Casuhu

gxpgragnjgs bng bf tlg ladlgst anjamgnts

bf fbbm pbvgrty an Cgnyi inm jla`m

hbrtiàty tgnms tb eg ladlgst ihbnd tlg

mgpravgm (CALEZ 5;;6). At i`sb lis tlg

ladlgst LAV ritg an Cgnyi wlajl as bng

bf tlg `gimand jiusgs i`bnd watl hiìrai,

hi`nutratabn inm mairrlgi.

[itni (Ealir)? Ealir as tlg tlarm hbst

pbpu`bus stitg an Anmai watl bvgr 9;;

ha`àbn pbpuìtabn inm hbrg tlin =;%

bf tlg pgbp`g an tlg stitg àvg eg`bw

pbvgrty àng.

Tlgn at jbhgs tb tlg lgi`tl jirg

sgjtbr, Ealir sugrs frbh i p`gtlbri bf

jbnstriants an prbvamand imgquitg lgi`tl

jirg sgrvajgs tb tlg pgbp`g. Hbrg tlin

47% bf tlg jla`mrgn unmgr : ygirs bf idg

wgrg inighaj wla`g fgwgr tlin bng tlarm bf

tlgh wgrg ergist fgm.

7;% bf jla`mrgn unmgr : ygirs bf idg,

sugrgm frbh stuntand mug tb

hi`nutratabn. Ijjbrmand tlg NFLZ tlg

unmgr 7 hbrtiàty ritg an Ealir wis

rgdastgrgm it <=.< pgr 9;;; àvg eartls inm

bn`y :5.<% bf tlg jla`mrgn lim rgjgavgm

jbhp`gtg ahhunazitabn.

Is i rgsu`t Ealir‑s anfint inm hitgrni`

hbrtiàty ritgs irg ihbnd tlg ladlgst an

Anmai (WNAJGF). Ealir as i`sb bng bf tlg

hbst vu`ngrie`g stitgs fbr tlg sprgim bf

LAV an Anmai (WNAJGF).

Ealir an hiny wiys as rgprgsgntitavg bf

tlg jurrgnt `bbplb`gs an bf tlg lgi`tl jirg

systgh an Anmai. Fbr tlg purpbsgs bf tlas

stumy tlg g`mwbrc wis jirragm but an

i `bjitabn ji``gm [irsi, an tlg mastrajt

bf [itni.

Casuhu (Cgnyi)

Ealir (Anmai)

Eindmund (Anmbngsai)

Ahidg jburtg sy ? Dbbd`g Ahidgs


Vagw i`` tlg tbp 79 suehassabns bnàng it www.ditgsfbunmitabn.brd/rgjbrmsfbràfg



Einmund (Anmbngsai)? Einmund as

Anmbngsai‑s tlarm ìrdgst jaty iftgr Oicirti

inm Zurieiyi watl i pbpuìtabn bf 5.7

ha`àbn (Ou`y 5;9: gstahitgs).

Anmbngsai lis i fiar slirg bf ats

pbpuìtabn rgsamand an ebtl urein,ruri`

is wg`` is frandg irgis. ]g urein

pbpuìtabn jbnstatutgs 7;.:% bf tlg tbti`

pbpuìtabn wla`g tlg rgst =1.4% àvgs anruri` irgis.

]g lgi`tl jirg systgh an Anmbngsai

as gssgntai``y i twb pirt systgh a.g.

[uscgshis inm [bsyinmu. [uscgshis irg

tlg lgi`tl jànajs tlit bgr vijjanitabns

inm btlgr lgi`tl jirg sgrvajgs, wla`g

pbsyinmu irg tlg hbntl`y brdinasgm

lgi`tl jihps tlit irg spgjai``y hgint

fbr prgdnint wbhgn, jla`mrgn inm

tlg g`mgr`y. [bsyinmu i`sb bgrs frgg

vijjanitabns ygt egngjairags rg`y

hbrg bn [uscgshis. [bsyinmu as hbrg

iebut lgi`tl jirg jbnsu`titabn wlgrgis

[uscgshis mgi`s watl vijjanitabns.

]gy sgrvg is i suppbrt hgjlinash fbr

gijl btlgr, is wg`` prbvamand fu`` stgmdgm

lgi`tl jirg sgrvajgs.

Frbh tlg anfristrujturi` pbant bf vagw

Anmbngsai lis i tlrgg tagr systgh fbr

lgi`tl jirg3 Hanastry bf Nitabni` Lgi`tl,

[rbvanjai` Lgi`tl Bjgs inm Mastrajt

`gvg` lgi`tl bjgs.

Furtlgrhbrg, tlg lgi`tl jirg sgrvajgs it i

ruri` `gvg` irg brdinasgm antb tlrgg `gvg`s

a.g. Va`ìdg `gvg` (prbvamand dgngri` lgi`tl

sgrvajgs), Zue-mastrajt `gvg` (spgjaiàzgm

hgmaji` ghgrdgnjy sgrvajgs) inm

Mastrajt `gvg`.

An spatg bf in brdinasgm lgi`tl jirg

systgh virabus pirts bf Anmbngsai

anjùmand Einmund livg eggn sugrandfrbh àfg tlrgitgnand masgisgs sujl E

(457/9;;; pbpuìtabn) gtj.

]g LAV ritg lis i`sb anjrgisgm frbh

<71 an 5;;7 tb 59,;:9 an 5;99 inm

51,<41 ta`` Mgjghegr 5;99. Tla`g tlg

Anfint hbrtiàty ritg bf an Einmund wis

rgdastgrgm it 56 pgr 9;;; àvg eartls wla`g

9:.5% mgitls bf unmgr 7 ygirs wgrg mug

tb pnguhbnai.

Lbwgvgr, tlg bvgri`` ahhunazitabn

jbvgridg bf jla`mrgn unmgr 7 ygirs bf idg

wis rgdastgrgm it i rgspgjtie`g <<%.

Bn tlg radlt ? Ahidgs bf rgspbnmgnts frbh

i`` tlrgg `bjitabns

Jbntm...

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg <

Ugsgirjl @bjit abns



:.9. [rbjgss Hip Zgjbnmiry Ugsgirjl

Mgsadn Gntrags gjlnaji` Gviùitabn

Gviùitabn [rbjgss

Ugsgirjl Mgsadn

Fbjus Drbup gstand bf [rbtbtypgs

Miti Zyntlgsas inm Ini`ysas

Gxpgrt Gviùitabn Oury

Ztritgdaj Mgsadn Ugjbhhgnmitabns

:. Ipprbijl inm Hgtlbms

= wggcs | 6 gxpgrt antgrvagws, àtgriturg rgvagw inm mgtia`gm

`bjitabn sg`gjtabn prbjgss

Jrgitand prbtbjb` duamgs, Ugjruathgnt Uitabni`g

9.7 wggcs | Jrgitand in bnàng gviùitabn fbrh fbr mgsadngrs

inm lgi`tl gxpgrts fbr rst `gvg` bf gntrags gviùitabn.

9.7 wggcs | FDM‑s, gstand, Viàmitabn

5 wggcs | Jbhpaìtabn bf Miti, Tbrcslbp duamg, Oumdand &

gviùitabn jratgrais

5 wggcs | Gviùitand gntrags inm mbwnsg`gjtabn,

Mgvg`bpand jug jirms

5 wggcs | Fag`m Ansadlts, Ini`ysas, Miti àncidgs, ]ghg jrgitabn

: wggcs | Ugpbrt wratand, Mriwand rgjbhhgnmitabns

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg 9;



Gxpgrt Gviùitabn Frihgwbrc?

]g rst `gvg` bf gviùitabn fbr tlg mgsadn

gntrags wis mbng tlrbudl in bnàng

tgjlnaji` gviùitabn qugstabnniarg.

]g qugstabnniarg wis strujturgm tb

immrgss tlg cgy jratgrai ebtl frbh i

mgsadn inm lgi`tl jirg pgrspgjtavg.

]g qugstabnniarg wis mavamgm antb

7 erbim sgjtabns, gijl bf wlajl lim irindg bf qugstabns tb issgss tlg mgsadn

gntry bn i 7 pbant sji`g br tlrbudl i

quiàtitavg rgspbnsg. ]g qugstabns wgrg

purpbsgfu``y frihgm tb gnjipsuìtg tlg

gàdaeaàty jratgrai fbr tlg gntrags an tlg

mgsadn jbntgst. Furtlgrhbrg i vg pbant

sji`g wis jlbsgn tb lg`p iddrgditg tlg

rgspbnsgs fbr gijl gntry hgtlbmaji``y,

inm it tlg sihg fijaàtitg tlg tgjlnaji`

gxpgrts tb jiàeritg tlg gntrags egttgr.

Anjbrpbritand i quiàtitavg ispgjt tb

tlg qugstabnniarg i``bwgm fbr i hbrg

jbhprglgnsavg rgspbnsg frbh tlg

tgjlnaji` gxpgrt fbr tlg mgsadn gntrags.

]g rst sgjtabn fbjussgm bn issgssand

tlg gntry fbr ats ieaàty tb jrgitg i unaqug

pitagnt amgntaty inm slirg i rindg bf

lgi`tl jirg anfbrhitabn sujl is3 tlg

jla`m‑s vijjanitabn stitus, ahhunazitabn

lastbry, inm tlg ngxt mug mitgs. At i`sb

antgnmgm tb hgisurg tlg gisg bf `ànd

tlbsg anfbrhitabn inm immand ngw

anfbrhitabn bn tlg ahhunazitabn jirm.

]g sgjbnm sgjtabn jbnjgntritgm bn

gviùitand tlg ieaàty bf tlg mgsadn gntry

tb jrgitg viùg fbr pirgnts inm lgi`tl

wbrcgrs iàcg is egand i rghanmgr fbr

futurg ahhunazitabns, is i hgmauh tb

jbhhunajitg tlg sadnajinjg bf jla`m

lgi`tl, inm ats ieaàty tb bgr viùg

egybnm tlg ats ahhgmaitg prijtaji` viùg

wlajl jbu`m ijt is i sburjg bf hbtavitabn.

At wbu`m eg ahpbrtint tb anmajitg it tlas ounjturg tlit tlg rst twb sgj tabns bf tlg

qugstabnniarg wgrg jbhhbn fbr ebtl

mgsadngrs inm lgi`tl jirg prbfgssabni`s.

]g tlarm sgjtabn wis mgsadngm

magrgnt`y fbr mgsadngrs inm lgi`tl jirg

prbfgssabni`s. ]g mgsadn mgmajitgm

sgjtabn wis fbjusgm bn gviùitand tlg

jìraty bf anfbrhitabn, imiptieaàty tb

magrgnt hgmai, usieaàty bf tlg fbrh inm

tlg suatieaàty bf hitgrai`. Bn tlg btlgr

linm tlg lgi`tl jirg sgjtabn wis fbjussgm

bn erandand fbrtl mgsjraptavg rgspbnsgs

fbr sgjtabns tlit jbu`m eg jbnfusand br

hasunmgrstbbm ey

tlg egngjairags.

]g fburtl sgjtabn wis strujturgm tb

ladlàdlt tlg hbst prbhasand fgiturgs is

wg`` is dgt in bvgri`` ritand bf tlg mgsadn

gntry bn i vg pbant sji`g. ]g ftl inm

tlg ni` sgjtabn wis jbhp`gtg`y mgmajitgm

bn rgjgavand i quiàtitavg fggmeijc fbr tlg

mgsadn gntrags.

Jbntm...

Antgrni` Gviùitabn Frihgwbrc?

Jrgitabn bf i fbur ̀ iygrgm prbjgss

bf mbwn sg`gjtabn? Bur gviùitabn

strujturg wis mgvasgm is i prbjagnt

fbur tagrgm prbjgss ticand antb ijjbunt

i`` ispgjts bf in ggjtavg gviùitabn

frihgwbrc. Uitlgr tlin ticand sg`gjtabn

is i jratgrai, tlg tgih bptgm fbr usand

gàhanitabn is i tbb` fbr mbwnsg`gjtabn

bf gntrags.

]g tgih wis mavamgm an : drbups bf twb

hghegrs gijl. Gijl drbup wis gxpgjtgm

tb `bbc it 6; tb 4; gntrags (tbti` egtwggn

9<; - 59;) watl gijl gvi ùitabn drbup

spgnmand egtwggn 7 tb 4 hanutgs

pgr gntry.

]g rst `gvg` `bbcgm it tlg jirm an tgrhs

bf bvgri`` annbvitabn. ]g mbwn sg`gjtabn

prbjgss iahgm it sg`gjtand jirms tlit livg

bng br hbrg fgiturg tlit as annbvitavg inm

wbrtly bf hgrat tgstand.

Anjbrpbritand tgjlnaji` rgvagwgrs

fggmeijc? ]g sgjbnm `gvg` anjbrpbritgm

tlg tgjlnaji` rgvagwgrs fggmeijc inm tlg

tgstand bf jirms bn tlg eisas bf mavgrsatywatl rgspgjt tb tlg cgy jratgrai bf

jug jirms.

(i) gjlnaji` rgvagwgrs fggmeijc ?

Gntrags wlajl sjbrgm 5; br hbrg but bf =;

wgrg sgnt tb tlg ngxt `gvg`.


Ipprbijl inm Hgtlbms



I `bbp jbuntgr wis jrgitgm fbr rg-

jlgjcand gntrags tlit wgrg rgmunmint

it tlg rst `gvg` inm ygt himg at tlg tb

sgjbnm `gvg` tb gnsurg tlit gvgry gntry wis

prbpgr`y vgttgm.

(e.) Mavgrsaty eisas jrataji` pirihgtgr?

]g gntrags wgrg i`sb gviùitgm eisgm

bn tlgar mavgrsaty ijjbrmand tb tlg g`m

tgstand pirihgtgrs inm jitgdbrazgm

fbr jug-jirm tgstand. ]g jitgdbrags

wgrg nihg`y -

9. Hgtlbm bf gstieàsland tlg pitagnt‑sunaqug amgntaty.

5. Gjijy bf tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`gmgsadn / rgprgsgntitabn

: Gjijy bf tlg Vasui` Hgtiplbrsusgm fbr Drbwtl Jlirt / Lgi`tl jirgjbunsg`ànd anfbrhitabn

= Gjijy an jbhhunajitand tlgsadnajinjg bf ahhunazitabn fbr jla`mprbtgjtabn

7. [btgntai` tb prbvamg viùg tb usgrs

6. Jìraty bf anfbrhitabn

4. Hitgrai` inm Fbrh

]g gntrags wlajl sjbrgm `gss tlin in

bvgri`` ritand bf : but bf 7 frbh tlg

rgvagwgrs fggmeijc, wgrg nbt sgnt tb tlg

ngxt `gvg`. ]as `gvg` i`sb anjùmgm sjbpg

fbr rgvagwgrs tb tid tlg hbst prbhasand

mgsadn fgiturgs/ispgjts/ittraeutgs bf

tlg jirm inm prbvamg jbhhgnts idianst

rg`gvint ispgjts bf tlit pirtajuìr gntry

tlit hgratgm g`m tgstand.

]g tlarm `gvg` `bbcgm it tgstand jirms

idianst tgjlnb`bdy. ]g pirihgtgrs tlit

wgrg mgvasgm fbr tlas `gvg` wgrg -

(i.) gstand tlg jirm bn iny c anm bf

tgjlnb`bdy at anjbrpbritgs inm wlgtlgr

tlg sihg as fgisae`g br jbntgxtui``y

ipprbpraitg tb eg ahp`ghgntgm bn

tlg g`m.

(e.) gstand tlg jirm bn ats pbtgntai` tb

gisg br spggm up miti jbnsbàmitabn.

Iftgr egand vgttgm tlrbudl i`` tlgsg

`gvg`s, i`` tlg jirms tlit quiàgm an

anmavamui` pijcgts wgrg rg-`bbcgm it

inm masjussgm watl tlg tgih inm tbp

tlarty jirms wgrg sg`gjtgm fbr

g`m tgstand.

Jirms wlajl wgrg lgivy bn tgjlnb`bdy

inm jbu`m nbt eg tgstgm bn g`m, wgrg

hircgm sgpiritg`y fbr tlg @bnmbn

oury wbrcslbp.

Ahidgs frbh tlg

Erianstbrhand Ebirm

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg 9=

Jbntm...Ipprbijl inm Hgtlbms



]g gntrags tlit wgrg sg`gjtgm frbh

tlg jbntgst wgrg mavgrsg an niturg inm

mgsadn inm at wis vati` fbr tlgh tb eg

tgstgm bn tlg g`m tb viàmitg tlg virabus

gviùitabn jratgrai. An brmgr tb ijlagvg

tlit, at wis quantgssgntai` tb jrgitg i

rgjruathgnt ritabni`g wlajl wbu`m

gùjamitg tlg virabus usgr drbups sujl

is tlg Egngjairags inm Frbntàng

Lgi`tl Tbrcgrs. ]g rgjruathgnt

ritabni`g wis mgsadngm tlit

trinsjgnmgm virabus pirihgtgrs.

Ugjruathgnt Uitabni`g?

]g sihp`g mastraeutabn wis

rgprgsgntitavg bf i wamgr tirdgt

iumagnjg inm eisgm bn tlg fb``bwand

pirihgtgrs?

Idg | @atgrijy | Gxpgragnjg | Lgi`tl

wbrcgrs anvb`vgm an vijjanitabn inm

wlb mgi`t watl ahhunazitabn jirms.

]g egngjairags (hbtlgrs inm

fitlgrs) wgrg rgjruatgm bn fb``bwand

pirihgtgrs? Idg | Nb. Bf jla`mrgn |

@atgrijy | Fiha`y ypg

]g rgjruathgnt prbjgss wis hbst jrujai`

is at wis gssgntai` tb dgt rgspbnmgnts tlit

hitjlgm tlg pirihgtgrs inm rgprgsgntgm

tlg usgr drbup. ]g rgjruathgnts wgrg

hinidgm ey tlg JCZ tgih an Anmai inm an

btlgr `bjitabns ey tlg rgsgirjl pirtngrs.

Tlgn rgjruatand tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs inm

hbeaàzgrs, at wis pirihbunt fbr tlgh tb

eg àtgritg inm mug tb tlg mavgrsg niturg bf

tlg rgsgirjl `bjitabns tlg `gvg` bf àtgrijy

wis gxpgjtgm tb eg viragm.

]g idg bf tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs wis i`sb

gqui``y ahpbrtint is at wis gssgntai` fbr

tlgh tb livg suestintai` gxpbsurg an

wbrcand watl tlg jla`m lgi`tl rgjbrm,

tlgrgfbrg i fiar hax bf gxpgragnjg wis

prgfgrrgm watl lgi`tl wbrcgrs idgm

egtwggn ìtg 5;‑s tb ìtg =;‑s wgrg jlbsgn

fbr tlg FDM‑s.

Tla`g rgjruatand egngjairags in

ahpbrtint fijtbr tlit wis cgpt an hanm

wis tlg nuhegr bf jla`mrgn inm tlg idg

bf tlg hbtlgr. At wis jrataji` tlit tlg

egngjairags hust eg anvb`vgm an tlg

ahhunazitabn prbjgss inm ijquiantgm

watl tlg imvintidgs inm tlg `bbplb`gs an

tlg jurrgnt jla`m lgi`tl rgjbrm.

Zanjg tlg dgbdriplaji` mavgrsaty lim tb

eg ijjbuntgm fbr, tlg `gvg` bf àtgrijy wis

cgpt stgxae`g cggpand an hanm tlg `bji`

àtgrijy `gvg`s.

]g fiha`y typg wis i`sb in ahpbrtint

fijtbr gspgjai``y fbr hbtlgrs is at wis

gisagr fbr hbtlgrs an in gxtgnmgm br

obant fiha`y tb `gi rn frbh tlgar g`mgrs is

jbhpirgm tb sand`g hbtlgrs. Is sujl tlg

rgspbnmgnts frbh ebtl fiha`y typgs wgrg

jlbsgn tb livg i fiar rgprgsgntitabn an

tlg butjbhg bf tlg stumy.






]g jbrg anfbrhitabn inm mgsadn

g`ghgnts tlit jihg tbdgtlgr tb fbrh i

jbhp`gtg rgjbrm wgrg masiddrgditgm tb

fbrh mgsadn jitgdbrags bn wlajl tlg jirm

jbu`m tgst. Jbhpbngnt jug jirms wgrg

jrgitgm tb rgprgsgnt tlg magrgnt mgsadn

prbpbsatabns watlan tlg sihg mgsadn

jitgdbry. ]gsg jitgdbrags i`sb immrgssgm

tlbsg g`ghgnts br sgjtabns bf tlg jirm

tlit irg ahpbrtint fbr ebtl, tlg Frbnt

@ang Lgi`tl Tbrcgrs (F@LTs)

inm Egngjairags. ]g jitgdbrags

niàzgm wgrg?

Jrgitand Jug-Jirm Ztahuùs fbr Fbjus Drbup Masjussabns?

Hgtlbms gnieànd Wnaqug

Amgntajitabn? ]as jitgdbry amgntagm

inm tgstgm tlg sgvgri` magrgnt hgtlbms

bf ahprbvand unaqug amgntajitabn inm

trijcand pitagnts tlit tlg mgsadn gntrags

prbpbsgm inm àncand inm vgrafyand i

jla`m tb tlg lgi`tl jirm inm tlg systgh.

Vasui` Ugprgsgntitabn bf tlg

Ahhunazitabn Zjlgmu`g? ]as sgjtabn

wis tgstgm tb erand but ansadlts bf

rgspbnmgnts bn tghpbriàty bf miti,

`ànd pittgrns, vasaeaàty, iàdnhgnt bf

miti watl rgspgjt tb tahg, sgqugntaiàty

bf anfbrhitabn, iutlgntajaty inm viàmaty.

Vasui` Hgtiplbrs ghp`bygm fbr

Drbwtl Jlirts inm Lgi`tl jirg

Jbunsg`ànd Anfbrhitabn? ]as sgjtabn

jbvgrgm twb sue-sgjtabns ‚ Drbwtl

jlirts inm Lgi`tl jirg anfbrhitabn. ]g

rgisbn fbr tgstand tlas sgjtabn sgpiritg`y

wis tb `bbc it jbntgxt inm jbhprglgnsabn

bf vasui` ini`bdy. Fbr anstinjg g`ghgntsàcg iestrijtabn bf vasui` ahidgry, vasui`

sty`g inm mgptl bf miti wgrg ini`ysgm.

Ngw Anfbrhitabn Fag`ms? ]as sgjtabn

amgntagm inm tgstgm tlbsg ispgjts bf

anfbrhitabn tlit wgrg nbt anjùmgm br

tlbudlt bf watl rgspgjt tb i lgi`tl jirm.

Wsg bf Jb`br? ]as sgjtabn wis spàt

an twb wiys ‚ @bbcand it jb`br is in

igstlgtaj inm is funjtabn. Igstlgtaj

unmgrstinmand bf jb`br divg ansadlts antb

i usgr‑s vasui`, ju`turi` inm sbjai`

hanmsgt. Jgrtian jb`brs wgrg issbjaitgm

watl hbrg strbnd`y tlin tlg btlgrs.

@bbcand it jb`br is funjtabn lg`pgm

unmgrstinmand bf jb`br an tgrhs bf

anfbrhitabn jbmand inm iàdnand watl

tahg br btlgr fijtbrs an tlg jirm.

Hitgrai` inm Fbrh? ]as sgjtabn

amgntagm inm tgstgm tlg ispgjts

pgrjgptabn bf plysaji` fbrhit, fbrh inm

strujturg bf i lgi`tl rgjbrm, murieaàty,

hiantgninjg inm hitgrai` bf tlg rgjbrm

ihbndst tlg usgr sgts.

Zpàttand tlg jirm an tlgsg sgjtabns i`sb

divg rasg tb viragm usgr pgrspgjtavgs

watlan tlg sihg `bjitabn inm jrbss

`bjitabn. ]g prbjgss nbt bn`y `bbcgm it

i egttgr jbhprglgnsabn bf tlg spgjaj

sgjtabns bf tlg jirm eut i`sb lg`pgm

ijjuhuìtg virabus typgs bf jirms watl

magrgnt sty`gs bf rgnmgrand anfbrhitabn

(wrattgn br vasui`) bf tlg mgsadn jitgdbry.

]g jirms jbu`m tlgn eg tgstgm bn tlg

pirihgtgr bf mavgrsaty watlan bng mgsadn

jitgdbry. ]g jug jirm eisgm gxgrjasg

wis fb``bwgm ey prgsgntitabn bf fu`` jirms

inm tlgn vbtand.

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg 9<





Fbr i egttgr inm mgtia`gm unmgrstinmand

bf tlg rgspbnmgnts, tlg tgih jbnmujtgm

i quajc sjgnirab inm pgrsbni eua`mand

gxgrjasg eisgm bn sgjbnmiry rgsgirjl inm

prgvabus gxpgragnjg bn g`m. Jbhhbn`y

usgm is in gxp`britbry hgtlbm fbr

mgjasabn-hicand, sjgnirab inm pgrsbni

eua`mand irg mgsadn rgsgirjl tbb`s tb

lg`p eua`m i`tgrnitavg vasabns bf pbssae`g

futurgs/satuitabns tlit magrgnt typgs bf

rgspbnmgnts hiy fijg, watl rgspgjt tb

i pirtajuìr prbe`gh irgi. ]gsg tbb`s

Zjgnirab inm pgrsbni eua`mand?

lg`p tb ladlàdlt masjbntanuatags frbh tlg

prgsgnt, rgvgi` jlbajgs iviaìe`g inm tlgar

pbtgntai` jbnsgqugnjgs.

Bur usgr prb`g jbnsastgm bf Frbntàng

lgi`tl wbrcgrs (iuxaàiry nursg hamwavgs,

IZLIs) inm egngjairags. Fijtbrs sujl

is nihg, idg, fiha`y typg, mavgrsaty an

triats/jlirijtgrastajs bf tlg anmavamui`,

ghp`byhgnt stitus inm wbrc gxpgragnjg

i`bnd watl satuitabns rgìtand tb tlg usidg

bf tlg jirm wgrg anjùmgm an tlg gxgrjasg.

Jrbss `bjitabni``y, i tbti` bf 95 sjgnirabs

inm 99 pgrsbnis wgrg mgvg`bpgm fbr :

jbuntrags. Zatuitabns fijgm ey F@LTs

watl rgspgjt tb `ànd inm linmànd bf

lgi`tl jirms, amgntajitabn bf tlg jla`m,

mgiànd watl tlg jirms an ghgrdgnjy

satuitabns, jrgitand iwirgngss iebut

dgttand ahhunazitabns, wgrg `bbcgm

it. Gmujitabn `gvg`s, sbjai` mbdhis,

iwirgngss iebut tlg jirm, sgrabusngss

tbwirms tlg rbutang ahhunazitabns,

eglivaburi` pittgrns wla`g dgttand

ahhunazitabns gtj. wgrg sbhg bf tlg

satuitabns jbnsamgrgm fbr egngjairags.

[rg ghptand lbw tlg magrgnt canms

bf usgrs rgìtg watl tlg jirm an virabus

satuitabns eisgm bn tlgar cnbw`gmdg inm

gxpgragnjg prbvgm tb eg in ahpbrtint

ispgjt an lg`pand us unmgrstinm tlg

hanmsgt bf tlg usgrs inm wis egngjai`

an tlg fb``bwand rgsgirjl tbb`s tlit wg

ghp`bygm fbr gviùitabn inm g`m wbrc.





Fbjus Drbup Masjussabns?

An in gbrt tb viàmitg tlg gjijy

bf tlg mgsadn gntrags, Fbjus Drbup

Masjussabns (frbh lgrgbn rgfgrrgm tb is

FDM) wgrg jbnmujtgm ey tlg JCZ tgih

an i jbntrb``gm gnvarbnhgnt watl tlg

lgi`tl jirg wbrcgrs inm egngjairags

an i`` tlg tlrgg rgsgirjl `bjitabns. Gijl

rgsgirjl `bjitabn lim sax FDMs tlit wgrggqui``y mavamgm ihbnd lgi`tl wbrcgrs

inm egngjairags. Fbr gijl FDM 6 tb <

rgspbnmgnts wgrg jlbsgn frbh virabus

idg erijcgts inm gxpgragnjg `gvg` (lgi`tl

wbrcgrs bn`y).

b anfusg i sgnsg bf margjtabn tb tlg FDMs

mgtia`gm g`m duamgs wgrg wrattgn, wlajl

wgrg bn`y pbssae`g tlrbudl gxtgnsavg

sgjbnmiry rgsgirjl inm erianstbrhand

sgssabns wlajl wgrg unmgrticgn tb

jbhprglgnm tlg jurrgnt lgi`tl jirg

systghs an i`` tlg tlrgg `bjitabns.

Zujl gbrts issastgm an frihand egttgr

qugstabns wlajl gvgntui``y `gm tb

egttgr ansadlts.

]g g`m duamgs i`sb anjbrpbritgm tlg

jli``gndgs fijgm ey tlg lgi`tl jirg

wbrcgrs inm tlg egngjairags an magrgnt

stidgs bf tlg ahhunazitabn prbjgss. Furtlgrhbrg, an brmgr tb livg i egttgr

unmgrstinmand bf tlg ahhunazitabn jirm

inm ats magrgnt sgjtabns, nuhgrbus jug

jirms wgrg jrgitgm fbr hbst sgjtabns bf tlg

jirm a.g. Wnaqug Amgntaty, Ahhunazitabn

sjlgmu`g, Ngw anfbrhitabn g`ms, Vasui`

hgtiplbr, jb`br, hitgrai` inm fbrh.

]g jug jirms wgrg tlgn usgm tb frihg

tlg qugstabns wlajl sggc tb ipprglgnm

tlg `gvg` bf unmgrstinmand ihbnd tlg

rgspbnmgnts inm tlgar rgisbns fbr jlbbsandi spgjaj jug jirm.

]g ìst pirt bf tlg g`m duamg mgi`t watl

tlg gntarg jirm an wlajl tlg rgspbnmgnts

wgrg iscgm tb vbtg fbr tlgar fivbratg jirms.

Yugstabns wgrg frihgm tb cnbw tlg

rgisbns eglanm tlgar jlbajg. b fijaàtitg

tlg gisg bf unmgrstinmand g`m duamgs

wgrg trinsìtgm antb tlg `bji` ìnduidgs

fbr Ealir inm Anmbngsai. An Cgnyi, tlg

rgspbnmgnts wgrg jbhfbrtie`g watl

Gndàsl is tlg ìnduidg bf anstrujtabn

inm jbnvgrsitabn.

An Cgnyi inm Anmbngsai JCZ obangm

linms watl `bji` rgsgirjl pirtngrs

wlb lg`pgm hbmgritg inm trinsìtg

tlg FDMs. An Anmai JCZ hbnatbrgm tlg

rgjruathgnt prbjgss inm hbmgritabn bftlg FDMs bn tlgar bwn.

]g prbjgss fb``bwgm an tlg FDM‑s

wis tb anataitg i masjussabn irbunm

tlg jurrgnt jirm inm mb in ajg

ergicand sgssabn watl tlg rgspbnmgnts

wlajl wbu`m hicg tlgh fgg` hbrg

jbhfbrtie`g an slirand tlgar stbrags inm



Vagw i`` tlg tbp 79 suehassabns bnàng it www.ditgsfbunmitabn.brd/rgjbrmsfbràfgVagw i`` tlg tbp 79 suehassabns bnàng it www.ditgsfbunmitabn.brd/rgjbrmsfbràfg



gxpgragnjgs watl tlg jurrgnt jirm inm tlg

ahhunazitabn prbjgss. ]g rgspbnmgnts

wgrg tlgn iscgm iebut iny maju`tags tlgy

fijgm watl tlg jurrgnt jirm inm tlg prbjgss

tlgy fb``bw wla`g dgttand ahhunazitabns.

Iftgr dgttand i sgnsg bf tlg prbe`ghs fijgm

ey tlg rgspbnmgnts wla`g linmànd tlg

ahhunazitabn rgjbrms wg eua`t tlg ngxt

sgqugnjg bf qugstabns irbunm tlgh sb is

tb egttgr prbeg tlg masjussabn.

Iftgr in anataitabn bf tlg jratajiàtags

inm fi``buts, tlg rgspbnmgnts wgrg

antrbmujgm tb tlg sg`gjtgm jug jirms bf

spgjaj jitgdbrags. Fbr gxihp`g, Wnaqug

Amgntajitabn wis tlg rst sgjtabn tlit wis

antrbmujgm. ]g sgqugnjand bf tlg sgjtabns

wis ìam but bn tlg eisas bf tlg antgrijtabn

tlit tbbc pìjg wla`g ijjgssand tlg jirm an

tlg ahhunazitabn prbjgss.

Fbr gijl sgjtabn tlg rgspbnmgnts lim tb

jlbbsg tlgar hbst inm tlg `gist prgfgrrgm

jug jirms. ]g ritand systgh furtlgr

i``bwgm us tb dgt i fggmeijc tb wlit wis

hbst àcgm inm tlg rgisbns fbr tlg sihg.

]g FDM‑s wgrg mgsadngm cggpand an hanm

tlg magrgnt nggms inm tlg antgrijtabn

tlit lgi`tl wbrcgrs inm pirgnts livg wla`g

antgrijtand watl tlg jirm. Fbr gxihp`g, tlglgi`tl wbrcgrs sg`gjtgm tlg jirms tlit wgrg

jbhprglgnsavg, gisy tb `` inm i`sb gisy tb

hiantian. ]gy i`sb vbtgm cggpand an hanm

tlgar wbrc sjlgmu`gs inm egngjairags `gvg`

bf unmgrstinmand.

]g nursgs wgrg iscgm tb `` sgts bf

ahhunazitabn jug jirm jitgdbrags wlajl

lg`pgm unmgrstinm tlg tahg ticgn

tb jbhprglgnm i ngw jlirt inm tlg

prbjagnjy watl wlajl tlgy jbu`m ``

tlg sihg. ]us gviùitand tlg mgsadn

gntrags bn tlg `gvg` bf mgtia`s prbvamgm

cggpand an hanm tlg tisc it linm. ]g

egngjairags bn tlg btlgr linm wgrg

prgsgntgm bn`y tlbsg jug jirms tlit

wgrg sg`gjtgm inm ``gm ey tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgrs. ]g hian idgnmi egand af tlgy

jbu`m antgrprgt tlg anfbrhitabn ``gm

an ey tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs an tlg ngw

fbrhit prbvamgm ey tlg suddgstgm gntry.

]as prbjgss lg`pgm tb ipprglgnm tlg

prgfgrgnjgs bf egngjairags rgdirmand

magrgnt jitgdbrags.

Iftgr tlg jbhp`gtabn bf tlg jug

jirm jitgdbrags pbantand but spgjaj

jratgrabn wg fbjusgm bn unmgrstinm

fbrh inm jb`bur, wlajl lim ebtl

funjtabni` inm ju`turi` ispgjts pìyand

i rb`g an tlg sg`gjtabn.

]as wis gviùitgm usand gntarg jirms.

An tlas ijtavaty tlg rgspbnmgnts jlbbsg

tlg mgsadn gntrags wlajl wgrg fu``ànd

tlg nggms br tlg jratgrai tlgy lim

anmajitgm giràgr an tlg FDM prbtbjb`.

Fbjus drbup masjussabns an prbdrgss an

Cgnyi, Anmbngsai inm Ealir (j`bjcwasg)





[rbjgss Jbnstriants ?

]g prbogjt wis fbjusgm bn wbrcand an

tlrgg magrgnt jbuntrags wlajl wgrg vgry

magrgnt frbh gijl btlgr an i`hbst gvgry

ispgjt, watl tlg bn`y sahaìraty egand

tlit tlgy irg i`` pirt bf tlg ghgrdand

gjbnbhags bf tlg wbr`m.

Is wg wgrg wbrcand watlan tlg àhats bfprg-mgngm tahgàng, wg lim tb ripam`y

jbnmgnsg plisgs bf mgsadn ini`ysas inm

gàhanitg prbtbtypg `bjiàzitabn a.g. tlg

prbtbtypgs wgrg nbt trinsìtgm antb tlg

`bji` ìnduidg bf tlg rgdabns. ]as wis

nbt sb hujl i eirragr an Cgnyi wlgrg

rgspbnmgnts jbnvgrsgm jbhfbrtie`y inm

wgrg usand i jla`m lgi`tl rgjbrm tlit wis

prantgm an Gndàsl. Lbwgvgr an Anmbngsai

wlgrg tlg ìnduidg as Eilisi inm Anmai

wlgrg tlg ìnduidg as Lanma, hujl bf

tlg anfbrhitabn bn tlg prbtbtypgs jbu`m

nbt eg rgim ey rgspbnmgnts inm tlgar

rgspbnsgs wgrg ìrdg`y eisgm bn i vasui`

rgimand bf tlg prbtbtypgs.

Tg i`sb unmgrstbbm tlg ju`turi`

bragntitabn inm lgi`tl jirg strujturg bf

tlg rgspgjtavg `bjitabns quajc`y an brmgr

tb iàdn bur rgsgirjl idgnmis ijjbrmand`y.

@ahatitabns bf tlg Yuiàtitavg Ugsgirjl?

]grg irg jgrtian àhatitabns bf tlas

quiàtitavg rgsgirjl wlajl nggm tb eg put

fbrwirm it in gir`y stidg fbr tlg rgimgr tb

eg ie`g tb egttgr unmgrstinm tlg quiàtitavg

ispgjt bf virabus quintatitavg nmands.

Zanjg tlg sihp`g bf tlas rgsgirjl as

jbnsamgrie`y shi``gr tlin tlit an tlg

quintatitavg plisg, tlg nmands hiy nbt

ngjgssira`y suppbrt i`` tlg nmands frbh i

quiàtitavg pbant bf vagw.

Furtlgr bn, tlgrg hiy eg antgrgstand eut

sgghand`y arrg`gvint ansadlts is wg`` is

jbntrimajtabns tb sbhg bf tlg quintatitavg

nmands eut sujl nmands irg sueogjt tb tlg

anmavamui` jlirijtgrastajs bf tlg rgsgirjl

rgspbnmgnts, wlajl wg livg tb rgspgjt

inm rgprgsgnt. An jgrtian jisgs, sbhg

nmands slbu`m nbt eg jbnsamgrgm is

jbnjùsavg egjiusg bf tlg niturg bf tlg

miti. ]g miti as ladl`y sueogjtavg inm

jin viry fbr magrgnt rgspbnmgnts.

]g rgàieaàty bf sujl miti as nbt

duirintggm. Tg livg, lbwgvgr,

sbudlt in ivgridg frbh hbst bf bur

rgspbnmgnts inm tlg rgsu`ts prgsgntgm

wgrg ìrdg`y idrggm upbn. ]g nmands

livg eggn jrbss jlgjcgm inm wg livg

davgn tlg ivgridg pgrjgptabn i`tlbudl

an brmgr tb prbvg tlg pbant bf pgbp`g‑s

massitasfijtabn, wg livg rgprgsgntgm

wlit wis siam ey sujl sand`g usgrs

an ijtuiàty.





An i`` tlrgg `bjitabns tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs

inm egngjairags slirgm tlgar rgvagw

rgdirmand tlg gxastand jirms. An i``

`bjitabns tlg pgrjgavgm ahpbrtinjg wis

vgry magrgnt.

At wis besgrvgm tlit an Cgnyi inm

Anmbngsai, egngjairags pgrjgavgm

tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm is egand in irtgfijt

bf ahpbrtinjg inm i sadnagr bf tlg

rgspbnsaeaàty tlit tlg pirgnt fgg`s

tbwirms tlg jla`m lgi`tl inm sifgty.

Lbwgvgr an Anmai tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm

as nbt viùgm is egand in ahpbrtint

anfbrhitabn irtgfijt frbh tlg pgrspgjtavg

bf tlg egngjairy. ]grg wis `bw

iwirgngss bf tlg purpbsg tlit as fu```gm

tlrbudl tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm. ]g lgi`tl

wbrcgrs hgntabngm tlit tlgy mgpgnm

bn tlgar rgdastgrs ritlgr tlin tlg lgi`tl

rgjbrm an brmgr tb sgirjl fbr tlg unaqug

amgntajitabn anfbrhitabn bf tlg eiey.

=. Fag`m Ansadlts

Immatabni``y an Anmbngsai, egngjairags

issbjaitgm tlg lgi`tl jirm watl tlg jgntgr

tlit assugs. Is i rgsu`t egngjairags bftgn

mb nbt jirry tlg jirm watl tlgh an jisg

tlgy hadritg tb i ngw irgi, sanjg tlgy

gxpgjt tb eg prbvamgm watl i ngw jirm.

]as rgsu`ts an ergicmbwns an sgrvajg,

sanjg egngjairags bftgn gxpgjt tlit

tlg [LJ lis hiantiangm jbhp`gtg

lgi`tl rgjbrms.

At wis besgrvgm tlit an Anmbngsai

inm Cgnyi pirgnts vgstgm tlg bnus bf

ahhunazitabn bn tlghsg`vgs. An fijt

an Cgnyi, at wis besgrvgm tlit hbtlgrs

irg bftgn imhbnaslgm fbr hassand i

vijjanitabn mitg. Is i jbnsgqugnjg

pirgnts fumdg tlg miti inm tlit jihg but

is egand i sgrabus jbnjgrn ihbndst lgi`tl

wbrcgrs an Cgnyi.

Lbwgvgr an Anmai tlg egngjairags bftgn

pgrjgavgm tlg bnus bf ahhunazitabn bf

tlg jla`m is vgstand watl tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrritlgr tlin tlghsg`vgs. ]g egngjairags

egjiusg bf `bw àtgrijy wgrg lgiva`y

mgpgnmgnt upbn bri` massghanitabn bf

anfbrhitabn frbh tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs inm

iny fbrh bf gndidghgnt watl tlg jirm wis

hanahi`.

=.9. Ugìtabnslap watl tlg Jirm

‐Zbhgtahgs pgbp`g mbn‑t erand tlg

jirm tb tlg lbspati`. ]gy issuhg

tlit tlg lbspati` lis rgjbrms.‘

~ Nursgs, Anmbngsai

An Cgnyi inm Anmbngsai, mug tb rgìt avg`y

egttgr àtgrijy `gvg`s, tlg lgi`tl jirm

wis hbrg sujjgssfu` an iamand tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgr an jbhhunajitand tlg ahpbrtinjg

bf tlg ahhunazitabn prbjgss. ]g jirm

wis i`sb utaàzgm ey tlg egngjairags is i

sburjg bf lgi`tl jirg anfbrhitabn.

‐Tg mb livg i jirm eut tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgr upmitgs us bn tlg mitgs. Fbr tlg

ngxt vijjanitabn, wg ticg bur jla`mrgn

wlgn slg anfbrhs us‘

- Egngjairy, Anmai




=.5.9 Wnaqug Amgntajitabn

An tlg vijjanitabns prbjgss tlg anatai`

plisg as tlg amgntajitabn bf tlg jla`m,

at as tlg hbst jrataji` stgp tb gnsurg

sujjgssfu` rbutang ahhunazitabns.

Wnaqug amgntajitabn as i cgy pirihgtgr

fbr jbnrhitabn bf tlg vijjangs tlit irg

davgn inm tlg bngs tlit irg mug. Eirragrs

an amgntafyand jla`mrgn jbrrgjt`y jin

jrgitg prbe`ghs an trijcand vijjanitabn

lastbry. ]us anjrgisand tlg tlrgit bf

rgpgit br hassgm vijjanitabns.

Jli``gndgs watl Ugspgjt tb Amgntafyand

tlg Eiey (Wnaqug Amgntajitabn)

Zgjurand Bf Jrataji` Anfbrhitabn bn

tlg Jirm? An Anmai at wis besgrvgm tlit

tlg hitgrai` usgm fbr tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm

ìjcs murieaàty sb jrataji` anfbrhitabn

as bftgn shumdgm/wapgm. Is i rgsu`t

lgi`tl wbrcgrs irg bftgn `gft watl

anjbhp`gtg anfbrhitabn tb ànc tlg

eiey watl tlg rgjbrm.

Iesgnjg bf tlg Jirm is rst `gvg` bf

amgntajitabn? An i`` `bjitabns, at wis

besgrvgm tlit hiny tahgs pirgnts mb

nbt jirry tlg lgi`tl jirm watl tlgh fbr

rbutang ahhunazitabns, wlajl prbvgs

tb eg i sadnajint jli``gndg gspgjai``y

an Anmai. Is i rgsu`t bf tlas, tlg jirm

as pgrjgavgm ey lgi`tl wbrcgrs is egand

unmgpgnmie`g is i prahiry sburjg bf

vgrajitabn fbr tlg jla `m‑s amgntaty. Lgnjg

pgrsbni` irtgfijts àcg lgi`tl wbrcgr‑s

rgdastgrs egjbhg hbrg antgdri` fbr

àncand tlg jla`m tb tlg jirm, tlin tlg

jirm atsg`f.

]g mui` lgi`tl strujturg an Anmbngsai

bf twb lgi`tl jànajs a.g. pbsyinmu inm

puscgshis, watl twb sgpiritg lgi`tl

rgjbrms i`sb jrgitgs jbnfusabn an

amgntajitabn bf tlg jla`m.

=.5. Jug jirm eisgm sgdrgditabn bf g`m ansadlts (Anmai, Anmbngsai, Cgnyi)

Oumdghgnt Eisgm Mgjasabn Hicand?

Jrbss `bjitabni``y, iheaduaty an àncand

tlg jla`m watl tlg rgjbrm hicgs tlg

mgjasabn hicand prbjgss fbr amgntafyand

tlg jla`m lgiva`y mgpgnmgnt upbn tlg

oumdghgnt bf tlg lgi`tl wbrcgr br tlg

anstugnjg bf tlg hbtlgr. ]as oumdghgnt

eisgm-mgjasabn hicand egjbhgs i

jli``gndg, gspgjai``y wlgn tlgrg as

i jbhhunajitabn dip egtwggn tlg

egngjairy inm tlg lgi`tl wbrcgr. At

i`sb anjrgisgs tlg rasc bf in anjbrrgjt

vijjanitabn egand davgn tb tlg jla`m.

Fridhgntgm [itagnt Amgntaty

Anfbrhitabn? An Cgnyi at wis besgrvgm

tlit vati` anfbrhitabn, nggmgm tb ànc

tlg jla`m watl tlg jirm as sprgim ijrbss

magrgnt pidgs bf tlg ebbc`gt. ]as

`gims tb in anjrgisg an tahg ticgn tb

amgntafy tlg jla`m. I`sb hu`tap`g amgntaty

anfbrhitabn/jbmgs davgn tb i pitagnt fbr

magrgnt pueàj systghs anjrgisgs tlg

rasc bf grrbr.

‐bti` mgpgnmgnjy bn tlg hbtlgr tb

mb tlg radlt amgntajitabn. (an jisg bf

jbnfusabn) tlg rgsu`ts jin eg anmajitgm

an i wrbnd jirm watlbut tlg prbvamgrs

nbtajand.‘

~ Egngjairy, Cgnyi

‐An anstinjgs wlgn tlg hbtlgr fbrdgts

tlg jirm it lbhg, inm stiys fir

iwiy frbh tlg jgntgr, wg jlgjc lbw

jbnmgnt tlg hbtlgr as, rgdirmand

tlg ìst vijjanitabn tlit wis davgn tb

lgr jla`m egfbrg wg davg tlg jla`m tlgvijjanitabn‘

~ Nursg, Anmbngsai

‐wb nuhegrs irg davgn tb i jla`m?

i pgrhingnt rgdastgr nuhegr inm

& jla`m wg`firg nuhegr. ]g [U

nuhegr virags fijaàty tb fijaàty wla`g

tlg JTJ as davgn bn`y bnjg, hiny

prbvamgrs jbnfusg tlgsg nuhegrs inm

wratg at wrbnd`y bn tlg ebbc.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

]g sjittgrgm pidgs i`sb pbsgs i

jli``gndg an amgntafyand tlg jla`megjiusg tlg mgtia`s tlit irg rgquargm tb

amgntafy i jla`m irg an magrgnt pidgs

an tlg gxastand ebbc`gt pidg 4 ‚ eiey

anfbrhitabn, pidg 5; eiey inm hbtlgr

anfbrhitabn, pidg :; idian eiey

anfbrhitabn.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg :;

Jbntm...Fag`m Ansadlts




=.5 Jug jirm eisgm sgdrgditabn bf g`m ansadlts (Anmai, Anmbngsai, Cgnyi)

Ugspbnsgs tb Ngw Mgsadn [rbpbsat abns ?

]g mgsadn gntrags, tlit wgrg suehattgm

tb tlg jbntgst, prbpbsgm sgvgri`

magrgnt hgtlbms bf ahprbvand unaqug

amgntajitabn inm trijcand pitagnts

rindand frbh immatabn bf plbtbdripls,

hircand bf eartlhircs, eabhgtraj prants,

eir inm YU jbmgs inm tlg immatabn tb

twb immrgssgs.

(a) [lbtbdripl is in Amgntagr? An i``

`bjitabns unmgr stumy at wis pgrjgavgm

tlit tlg plbtbdripl bf tlg fiha`y bn

tlg rgjbrm wis tlg gisagst inm hbst

jbnvgnagnt fbrh bf amgntajitabn. At wis

i`sb `bbcgm upbn is i fijtbr tb anjrgisg

tlg ghbtabni` issbjaitabn bf pirgnts watl

tlg rgjbrm.

Funjtabniàty unmgr Murgss? I cgy

mravgr bf jlbajg fbr tlg plbtbdripl

jirm is at wis viùgm fbr egand i unaqug

amgntagr lg`pand amgntafy tlg jla`m gvgnaf tlg jirm wis tbrn/spba`t. At i`sb lis

tlg ieaàty fbr ippàjieaàty ijrbss mavgrsg

satuitabns, lgi`tl wbrcgrs frbh Anmai

viùgm tlg fijt tlit tlg plbtbdripl

wa`` eg usgfu` tb amgntafy tlg jla`m

gvgn af tlg jla`m as ijjbhpinagm watl

iny rgìtavg br i duirmain. An Anmai, an

immatabn tb tlg iebvg, pgrjgavgm gisg

an ahp`ghgntitabn wis i cgy mravgr bf

tlg mgjasabn tb jlbbsg tlg plbtbdripl

sanjg davgn tlg jurrgnt anfristrujturg

jbnstriants an tlg pueàj lgi`tl sgjtbr an

Ealir, lgi`tl-wbrcgrs pgrjgavgm tlas tb eg

tlg gisagst tb ahp`ghgnt. Lbwgvgr drbup

jbnsgnsus wis nbt rgijlgm bn wlgtlgr

tlg bnus bf rgspbnsaeaàty bf irrindand

fbr tlg plbtbdripl slbu`m eg bn tlg

lgi`tl jànaj br upbn tlg egngjairy. An

Anmbngsai egngjairags pgrjgavgm tlg

plbtbdripl jirm is egand in ggjtavg

i`tgrnitavg an jisg bf iny jbnstriants tb

tlg ahp`ghgntitabn bf tgjlnb`bdy.

‐]as jirm as lg`pfu` an jisg tlg `gttgrs

irg fimgm.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmbngsai

‐[lbtb‑s slbu`m eg ticgn it magrgnt

stidgs is tlg jla`m drbws, is jla`mrgn‑sippgirinjg jlindgs watl tahg.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

[grjgavgm Masimvintidgs bf tlg

Jirm? An Cgnyi, nursgs pgrjgavg

tlit tlg plbtbdripl as nbt i dbbm

bptabn fbr amgntajitabn, is tlg eiey

drbws, las fijg jlindgs bvgr tahg an

tlg rst twb ygirs. ]g plbtbdripl

as i`sb nbt mgghgm vgry murie`g is

at jin eg gisa`y mihidgm ey rbutang

wgir inm tgir. Immatabni``y an Anmai,

sbhg nursgs wgrg scgptaji` iebut tlg

ahp`ghgntitabn bf sujl in anataitavg.

‐Ztajcand plbtbs bn tlg jirms hadlt

nbt ìst `bnd. ]gy hiy tgir br dgt

mihidgm.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

‐]as plbtb amgi hadlt nbt wbrcan va`ìdgs. ]g Ealir Dbvt. assugs

pissebbcs inm ats maju`t fbr tlgh gvgn

tb davg bng plbtbdripl fbr at. ]gy siy

tlit tlit tlg hbngy tlgy dgt wbu`m i``

dgt spgnt an jàjcand tlit bng pajturg.‘

~ Nursg, Anmai

[lbtbdripl is in amgntafgr ~ ]g Zipànd Jirm | I[[9<1<15

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg :5






(aa) Eabhgtrajs Fbbtprant? An

Anmbngsai, tlas jirm wis drgit`y viùgm

ey egngjairags is egand i sadnagr

bf tlg unaqug amgntaty bf tlg jla`m.

[grhingnjy inm ijjgssaeaàty bf miti

wgrg cgy issbjaitabns tlit wgrg himg

ey egngjairags watl rgspgjt tb tlas

jirm. Inbtlgr fijtbr jbntraeutand tb

tlas sg`gjtabn wis tlg fijt tlit tlg

fbbtprant bf tlg eiey as jb``gjtgm it eartl

it tlg [LJ an Anmbngsai. Is i rgsu`t,

egngjairags pgrjgavgm tlg fbbtprant tb

eg in anataitavg tlit as gisa`y ahp`ghgntgm

sanjg tlas anfbrhitabn as i`rgimy egand

jb``gjtgm it prgsgnt ey lgi`tl jànajs

wlgn tlg jla`m as ebrn.

Inbtlgr mravand fijtbr eglanm tlg

jlbajg bf tlg fbbtprant wis tlg fijt tlit

at as issbjaitgm is egand unaqug tb tlg

jla`m. Immatabni``y tlg fbbtprant as usgm

is i unaqug amgntagr, at i`sb egjbhgs

ijjgssae`g tb tlg egngjairy is i viùie`g

hghbry irtgfijt, wlajl wa`` ahprbvg tlgghbtabni` viùg bf tlg jirm, tlus iamand

tlgh an tlg rgtgntabn bf tlg jirm.

‐A tlanc tlg eirjbmg wa`` sta`` eg

funjtabni` wlgn tlg jla`m lis i`rgimy

drbwn up.‘


‐A sta`` jin db tb tlg btlgr jànaj sanjg

tlg eirjbmg wa`` slbw tlg sihg miti‘

- Egngjairy, Anmbngsai

‐Fbbtprant inm ndgrprant as i`rgimy

pirt bf tlg jirm fbr amgntafyand tlg

eiey eut at as nbt an tlg jirm tlit wg

ticg lbhg (tlg [uscgshis jirm). Eutat as an tlg jirm tlit tlg [bsyinmu

lis.‘


Masimvintidgs bf Eabhgtrajs? Egngjairags

an Anmbngsai wgrg jbdnazint bf tlg fijt tlit

tlg fbbtprant is i miti pbant as àhatgm an

niturg gspgjai``y fbr anfbrhi` mgàvgrags.

Immatabni``y an Anmai, lgi`tl wbrcgrs

pgrjgavgm tlit tlg miti jb``gjtgm tlrbudl tlg

fbbtprant, jin bn`y eg usgm it tlg jgntgr tlit

jb``gjts tlit anfbrhitabn. ]gy wgrg unie`g

tb ahidang lbw tlas anfbrhitabn jin eg

himg iviaìe`g ijrbss btlgr [LJs. An Anmai,

nursgs jbnsamgrgm tlg fbbtprant jirm tb eg

gxtrghg`y tahg jbnsuhand.

At wis pgrjgavgm tlit bnjg tlg jla`m egjbhgs

b`mgr at wa`` eg lirmgr tb jrbss rgfgrgnjg tlgar

amgntajitabn tlrbudl tlgar fbbtprants.

‐]g fbbtprant jinnbt eg mbng it

gvgry pìjg wlgrg i jla`m as ebrn,

an anstinjgs wlgrg tlg eartl as

linm`gm ey in anfbrhi` hamwafg.‘


‐Af tlg jla`m as ebrn an [LJ tlgn

amgntafyand tlrbudl fbbtprant

sjinnand hicgs sgnsg. Lbwgvgr Af lg‑s nbt ebrn an tlg [LJ, lbw

wbu`m wg livg eijcup miti tb

jbnrh las amgntaty2‘

~ Lgi`tl wbrcgr, Ealir Eabhgtrajs fbbtprant ~ Ugjbrms fbr

@afg? in annbvitavg, jbhpijt, inm

murie`g rgmgsadn bf tlg jla`m lgi`tl

rgjbrm, suehattgm ey City Lirras bn

egli`f bf Fitlbh Anfbrhitabn Mgsadn

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg :=





(aaa) ]g Eartlhirc is in Amgntagr?

]g amgi bf nbtand tlg eartl-hirc is

in amgntagr wis ìrdg`y pgrjgavgm is

unfgisae`g ijrbss `bjitabns. Ebtl lgi`tl-

wbrcgrs inm egngjairags wgrg unsurg

iebut tlg pgrhingnjy bf tlg eartl-hirc,

inm wgrg tlgrgfbrg mbuetfu` iebut ats

suatieaàty is i prahiry amgntagr sanjg at

hadlt nbt eg tlgrg fbr i`` jla`mrgn, watl

sbhg pgrjgavand tlit tlg eartlhirc wa``

fimg iwiy watl tahg.

Iheaduaty bvgr wlit jbnstatutgs i

eartlhirc? Lgi`tl wbrcgrs pgrjgavgm

tlit pgbp`g hiy livg hiny typgs bf

hircs sb tlgrg wis i jbnfusabn is tbwlit jbnstatutgs i eartlhirc inm lbw

at wa`` eg amgntagm. At i`sb prbogjts

jbnjgrns bvgr prbjgss gjagnjy, an

btlgr anstinjgs, lgi`tl wbrcgrs an

Anmbngsai wgrg unsurg iebut wlgtlgr tlg

eartlhirc wa`` eg i tahg gjagnt wiy bf

amgntafyand i jla`m

Zbjai` Ztadhi? Egngjairags an Anmai

wgrg unjbhfbrtie`g watl tlg amgi

bf tlgar jla`m egand anspgjtgm fbr i

eartlhirc gvgry tahg i vijjanitabn

lis tb eg mbng. An i`` `bjitabns unmgr

stumy, lgi`tl wbrcgrs wgrg jbdnazint

bf tlg egngts bf anjùmand anfbrhitabn

iebut tlg eartlhirc bn tlg jirm. Lgi`tl

wbrcgrs wgrg hbrg jbhfbrtie`g watl

tlas anfbrhitabn pìyand tlg rb`g bf i

eijcup amgntagr ritlgr tlin i prahiry

amgntagr (inm tlgrgfbrg rgjbrmgm an tlg

jirm is i fbbtnbtg ritlgr tlin i vasui`.)

‐Is tlg eiey drbws tlg eartlhirc

wa`` jlindg.‘


‐]g eartl hirc as nbt tbb ijjuritg,

egjiusg bng jla`m jin livg tlg

sihg hirc watl inbtlgr.‘


‐]g jla`m hiy nbt livg i

eartlhirc an i vasae`g irgi, sb

nmand at hiy ticg us tahg.‘

~ Nursg, Anmbngsai

(av) Eir Jbmg is in amgntagr? ]g

eirjbmg wis hbst àcgm an Cgnyi ey

egngjairags inm nursgs. ]g jirm

wis pgrjgavgm is rgsu`tand an gisg bf

amgntajitabn bf tlg jrgmgntai`s bf tlg

jla`m. Ijjgssaeaàty bf anfbrhitabn an

bng pìjg wis viùgm drgit`y ey nursgswatl rgspgjt tb tlas jirm. Bng rgisbn

fbr tlas as tlit at rgmujgs tlg jratajiàty

bf tlg egngjairy hiantianand tlg

lgi`tl rgjbrm sifg`y, watl rgspgjt tb tlg

ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g.

‐]g jirm wa`` eg usgfu` an amgntafyand

twans.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

‐]as jirm wbu`m wbrc egst egjiusg

unaqug AM wbn‑t jlindg inm ats radlt it

tlg jbvgr pidg bf tlg jirm.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

‐]g jirm as usgfu` egjiusg i`` tlg

mgtia`s bf tlg jla`m irg jipturgm a.g.

unaqug AM, Jla`m‑s AM, `bjitabn. Btlgr

tlin tlgsg, tlg dgnmgr bf tlg jla`m asi`sb jipturgm an tlg jirm..‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

‐]g tgjlnb`bdy wbu`m eg in immgm

imvintidg, egjiusg at wa`` davg us hbrg

miti iebut tlg jla`m.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

‐Bng lgi`tl-wbrcgr wa`` jlgjc tlg

wgadlt inm lgadlt, an tlg lgi`tl

jànaj, inm inbtlgr lgi`tl-wbrcgr

wa`` davg tlg vijjang, tlgn wlb wa``

jlgjc tlg eartlhirc inm lbw wa``

tlgy jbhhunajitg.‘

~ Lgi`tl-wbrcgr, Cgnyi

]g Eartlhirc is in amgntagr ~ Vasui`s

Zivg @avgs, suehattgm ey Uifig` Vavis, Nita

Ubmradugz, @ujai Irnium, Yuaqug Jarai, I`virb

Brtaz, Fgrninmb Jisimb, Nimai Ugvg`b inm

Oivagr Irniaz bn egli`f bf VAZWI@A_IHBZ

YU jbmg jirm ~ Ugjbrms fbr @afg ‚ suehattgm ey

Dbpaci [irelu, Ziri Jbrradin-Daees, Obln Lini

inm Hittlgw Zjlirpnajc bn egli`f bf G`gnt Mgs

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg :6





Erbimgr [grjgptabns irbunm

gjlnb`bdy? An Anmbngsai inm Cgnyi,

tgjlnb`bdy wis pgrjgavgm is egand

sbplastajitgm inm mgsarie`g. At wis

besgrvgm tlit in isparitabni` viùg wis

issbjaitgm watl tgjlnb`bdy.

An Anmbngsai, usgrs prgfgrrgm tlit

tgjlnb`bdy slbu`m pìy i pissavg rb`g,

tb amgntafy tlg eiey an anstinjgs wlgn

tlg jirm as `bst/tbrn. An fijt egngjairags

prgfgrrgm af tgjlnb`bdy as ahp`ghgntgm

it tlg gnm bf tlg lgi`tl prbvamgr, an brmgr

tb rgmujg tlg ahpàjitabns bf `bsand tlg

lgi`tl rgjbrm. Cgnyin usgrs wgrg hbrg

ijjgptand bf tgjlnb`bdy.

An Anmai i`tlbudl tgjlnb`bdy wis

pgrjgavgm is egand mgsarie`g, rgspbnsgs

wgrg suemugm mug tb ipprglgnsabns

bvgr anfristrujturg jbnstriants i`sb nbt

gvgrybng wa`` eg ie`g tb unmgrstinm jbmg

sjinnand..Immatabni``y at wis besgrvgm

tlit ebtl egngjairags inm lgi`tlwbrcgrs wgrg unie`g tb mastanduasl

egtwggn tlg funjtabnand bf i eir jbmg

inm i YU jbmg.

‐Egjiusg bf tlg eirjbmg, wg jin rgim

inm slbw tlg miti it iny tahg. af tlg

miti wrattgn as `bst, an jisg bf fimand,

wg jin sta`` livg tlg miti frbh tlg

eirjbmg.‘

~ Nursg, Anmbngsai

‐Hy jla`m‑s fbbtprant wa`` nbt eg tlg

sihg is inybng g`sg‑s.‘

~ Egngjairy, Cgnyi

‐Zjinnand inm dgttand i`` tlg

anfbrhitabn it bnjg as fist inm

rgàie`g.‘

~ Nursg Cgnyi

‐Lbw jin wg eg surg tlit iny

tgjlnb`bdy ghp`bygm fbr amgntafyand

wa`` eg prgsgnt gvgrywlgrg an Anmai2‘

~ Nursg, Anmai

‐Zjinnand i fbbtprant as nbt tlg egst

wiy tb amgntafy i jla`m. Lbw as at gvgn dband tb eg usgm2‘

~ Nursg, Anmai

=.5.5 Ahhunazitabn Zjlgmu`g?

Ahhunazitabn Zjlgmu`g as bng bf tlg

hbst ahpbrtint sgjtabns bf i jirm. ]g

ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g as mgtgrhangm an

tieuìr fbrh an i`` tlg `bjitabns. At pìys

in ahpbrtint rb`g fbr lgi`tl wbrcgrs

tb mgtgrhang tlg mug mitg fbr tlg ngxt

vijjanitabn inm tlg vijjanitabns davgn. At

as gqui``y ahpbrtint fbr tlg egngjairags

is at gnie`gs tlgh tb cggp i trijc bf tlg

vijjanitabns inm tlg mug mitgs.

Jli``gndgs?

An Anmai, tlg ahhunazitabn tie`gs irg

jurrgnt`y rgfgrrgm tb ey àtgritg hbtlgrs

bn`y is i sburjg bf jbnrhitabn bf

wlgtlgr tlgar jla`m lis eggn vijjanitgm

br nbt. ]gy mb nbt usui``y jlgjc tlg

mug mitg fbr tlg ngxt vijjanitabn is tlgy

cnbw tlit hbeaàzgrs (IZLI‑s) irg tlgrg

tb rghanm tlgh. ]g hbtlgrs gxprgssgm

tlgar jbnjgrn bn jbhprglgnsabn inm

unmgrstinmand bf tlg tie`g. ]gy fg`t tlit

tlbudl at as ahpbrtint tb cnbw wlajl

vijjangs livg eggn imhanastgrgm, tlgy

irg nbt ie`g tb ittijl tlg ahpbrtinjg bf

unmgrstinmand bf tlg tie`g.

]g jurrgnt ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g as

jbnfusand fbr tlg hbtlgrs is tlg mitias davgn ebtl lbrazbnti``y is wg`` is

vgrtaji` `y hicand at ma ju`t fbr hbtlgrs

tb fb``bw tlg stbw bf anfbrhitabn bn

tlg jirm.

]g Lgi`tl wbrcgrs, fg`t tlit tlg jurrgnt

jirm mbgsn‑t livg gnbudl spijg tb imm

i`` anfbrhitabn. ]g anfbrhitabn immgm

sbhgtahgs dgts rueegm b inm tlgy i`sb

fg`t tlg nggm tb livg i mgsjraptabn bf gijl

vijjanitabn davgn, is egngjairags bftgn

isc tlgh qugstabns rgìtgm tb tlit. ]gy

fg`t tlit tlgrg as i ìjc bf jìraty an tlg

prgsgnt jirm.

]g egngjairags frbh Cgnyi, fg`t tlit

tlg tgrhanb`bdags inm ieergvaitabns usgm

an tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g irg tbb

jbhpàjitgm fbr tlg pirgnts tb unmgrstinm.

]gy hgntabngm tlit sgha-àtgritg pgbp`g

i`sb nm tlg sjlgmu`g maju`t is at as tbb

tgxt lgivy inm fiar`y jbhpàjitgm.

]g Lgi`tl wbrcgrs, frbh Cgnyi

hgntabngm jli``gndgs àcg ijjurijy,

iutlgntajaty inm mgjagnjy. ]gy siam

tlit hiny i tahgs tlgy fijg jli``gndg an

tgrhs bf ji`juìtand tlg ngxt mug. ]g

hbtlgrs bftgn jlindg tlg mug mitg an jisg

tlgy hass tlg vijjanitabn tb ivbam dgttand

sjb`mgm frbh tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs. I`sb,

tlgy fg`t nggm fbr hbrg spijg tb imm hassgm

vijjanitabns inm btlgr a nfbrhitabn.

An Anmbngsai, tlg rgspbnmgnts livg ladl

àtgrijy ritgs inm tlgy prgfgrrgm tb rgim

inm jlgjc tlg jirm fbr tlg ngxt mug mitg.

‐A`àtgritg pirgnts mbn‑t unmgrstinm

tlg anfbrhitabn an tlg ebbc`gt. ]grg

slbu`m eg i wiy bf prgsgntand tlg

anfbrhitabn wg`` sb tlit gvgn is i ìy

pgrsbn jin unmgrstinm tlgh.‘

~ Egngjairy, Cgnyi

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg :<




Tlgn tlgy fbrdgt iebut tlg ahhunazitabn,

tlgy rg`y bn tlg lgi`tl systgh. Fbr

rghghegrand tlg mitg tlgy mgvasg tlgar

bwn wiys àcg hicand i hirc an tlg

ji`gnmir, puttand plbng iìrhs gtj.

‐A jlgjc hy sjlgmu`g eut af A hass tlg

vijjanitabn mitg, A wa`` wiat fbr tlg

pbsyinmu sjlgmu`g inm db tlgrg. A

hicg i nbtg bn tlg ji`gnmir iebut hy

ngxt vasat.‘


Ugspbnsgs tb Ngw Mgsadn [rbpbsatabns?

Vasui`s Zivg @avgs? ]as jug jirm

wis àcgm an i`` tlrgg `bjitabns ey

tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs is wg`` is tlg

egngjairags. ]g lgi`tl wbrcgrs fg`t

tlg sjlgmu`g wis gisy tb unmgrstinm

egjiusg bf tlg vasui`s inm tlgrg wis

jìraty bf anfbrhitabn.

]g nursgs ipprgjaitgm tlg jirm is at

anjùmgm sgjtabns bf btlgr vijjangs,

tlg nihgs bf vijjangs wrattgn an fu``

fbrh inm nbt an ieergvaitabns, tlgy fg`t

at wis usgfu` fbr ebtl tlg nursgs inm

tlg pirgnts is at wa`` rgmujg jisgs bf

jbnfusabn inm tlg fijt tlit at wbu`m eg

gisagr tb gxpìan at tb tlg hbtlgrs.

]g egngjairags hgntabngm tlg

jirm wis wg`` a`ùstritgm inm gisy

tb unmgrstinm gvgn fbr tlg a`àtgritg

hbtlgrs. Ijjbrmand tb tlgh tlg

anfbrhitabn wis j`gir, jbnjasg inm

tlg anfbrhitabn wis wg`` sgdrgditgm.

Lbwgvgr, tlgy stitgm i fgw àhatitabns

bf tlg jug jirm, tlgy fg`t tlit mug mitg

sgjtabn wis hassand. ]gy suddgstgm

i sgpiritg jbùhn fbr mug mitg i`bnd

samg tlg mitg bf jurrgnt vijjanitabn.

]g Uianebw Ugjbrm? ]as wis tlg

sgjbnm hbst prgfgrrgm jirm ihbnd tlg

egngjairags inm lgi`tl wbrcgrs. ]gy

hgntabngm tlit tlg jug jirm wis j`gir,

sahp`g, tlg vijjanitabn mitg inm tlg

ngxt mug mitg wgrg j`gir`y hgntabngm

i`bnd watl tlg sadniturg bf tlg

lgi`tl wbrcgr davand tlit pirtajuìr

vijjanitabn.

]g pajturg as antgrgstand inm wa``

lg`p tlg pirgnts tb unmgrstinm tlg

anfbrhitabn gisa`y. At as sahp`g inm

lis anfbrhitabn iebut ngxt vasat

mitg sb tlg pirgnt wa`` prgpirg fbr

tlg ngxt vasat vijjang.‘

~ Lgi`tl wbrcgr, Anmbngsai

‐]g jirm watl tlg pajturg a s rgi``y

dbbm. Ats rgi``y gisy tb unmgrstinm

inm an jisg af tlg lgi`tl wbrcgr br

IZLI as nbt irbunm wg jin rgfgr tb

tlg jirm fbr lg`p.‘~ Egngjairy, Anmai

‐]g ngxt vasat an tlg jirm slbu`m eg

ngxt tb tlg jurrgnt vasat anfbrhitabn.‘


]g Uianebw Ugjbrm? Uipam Ijjgss Ahhunazitabn Nbw? Egttgr Bur Tbr`m,

suehattgm ey Inmrgs Hbrbs, Wnavgrsaty bf Lbustbn stumgn

]g Eartlhirc is in amgntagr ~ Vasui`s Zivg @avgs, suehattgm ey Uifig`

Vavis, Nita Ubmradugz, @ujai Irnium, Yuaqug Jarai, I`virb Brtaz, Fgrninmb

Jisimb, Nimai Ugvg`b inm Oivagr Irniaz bn egli`f bf VAZWI@A_IHBZ

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg =;



sadniturg tb eg in ggjtavg hgmauh

tb antrbmujg drgitgr ijjbuntieaàty

watlan tlg systgh. An fijt an Anmbngsai,

lgi`tl wbrcgrs i`sb pgrjgavgm tlas tb

eg in imvintidg, ey jìahand tlit tlg

sadniturg wa`` lg`p an amgntafyand wlajl

jgntrg lis assugm tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm

an anstinjgs wlgn tlg egngjairy lis

rgjgnt`y hadritgm tb tlg irgi.

At wis besgrvgm tlit tlg lgi`tl

jirg systgh an Cgnyi funjtabngm

an i hinngr tlit puts tlg bnus bf

rgspbnsaeaàty bf ahhunazitabn bn tlg

pirgnt. An fbjus drbup masjussabns watl

lgi`tl wbrcgrs an Cgnyi at wis fbunm

tlit fumdand bf miti as i ead jbnjgrn,

sanjg sbhg hbtlgrs mb tlit tb ivbam

egand slbutgm it ey tlg lgi`tl wbrcgr

fbr hassand i vijjanitabn mitg.

Ugimand tlg anfbrhitabn? bn tlg

sjlgmu`g? An Anmai inm Anmbngsai,

tlg vgrtaji` iàdnhgnt bf àstand

vijjanitabns i`bnd watl tahg wis

prgfgrrgm is tahg wis sggn an plisgs,

jbhand bng iftgr inbtlgr.

An Cgnyi is wg`` vgrtaji` bragntitabn

bf tahg wis ipprgjaitgm, nursgs irg

bftgn an i lieat bf `ànd an hbst

mbjuhgnts àcg i jlgjcàst inm

tlgrgfbrg tlg anjrgisgm jbhfbrt watl

rgimand inm `ànd vgrtaji``y iàdngm

(tahgm) sjlgmu`gs.

‐A nm jbhfbrtie`g tb rgim tlg jirm,

inm gisy tb unmgrstinm. At hgntabns

tlg typg bf vijjang davgn, inm ngxt

vasat mitg inm mbsidg bf vijjang

davgn.‘

~ Egngjairags, Anmbngsai

‐]g ebxgs irg tbb shi``. A tlanc

tlg ebxgs slbu`m livg i àtt`g spijg

egtwggn tlgh.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmai

Jrgitavg jirm gntrags

]g `bndatumani` ipprbijl bf tlg jirm

wis egttgr unmgrstbbm is at slbwgm tahg

inm miti `ànd an tlg sihg margjtabn inm

iàdngm watl tlg rgspbnmgnts unmgrstinmand

bf tahg. ]g egngjairags prgfgrrgm tlg jirm

is tlgy fbunm at tb eg mgtia`gm watl spijg fbr

immatabni` vijjanitabns inm tlg sadn bf tlg

hamwafg.

]gy i`sb hgntabngm jgrtian àhatitabns tlg

lgi`tl wbrcgrs inm egngjairags fg`t tlit tlg

ebxgs fbr `ànd tlg anfbrhitabn wgrg tbb

shi`` inm at wbu`m eg maju`t tb rgim tlg

anfbrhitabn ``gm an at.

An i`` `bjitabns, ebtl egngjairags inm

lgi`tl wbrcgrs ittraeutgm tlg jbnjgpt bf tlg

[grsbniàzgm Vijjanitabn Tlgg`

inm Lgi`tl Ugjbrm wis tlbudlt tb

eg maju`t tb antgrprgt inm ditlgr

jrataji` anfbrhitabn an Anmai inm

Cgnyi. Immatabni``y an Anmbngsai,

pirgnts wgrg unjbhfbrtie`g watl

tlg amgi bf usand tlg wlgg` is i

mgvajg tb unmgrstinm tlg ngxt

vijjanitabn mitg.

‐At‑s i eat jbhpàjitgm. ]g ajbns irgn‑t

gisa`y unmgrstbbm. Inahi`s Ajbns irg

jbnfusand. Hiy nbt eg ticgn sgrabus`y‘.- Egngjairy, Cgnyi

‐]as jirm wa`` eg gisy tb unmgrstinm,

issbjaitg. ]g ajbns bn tlg jirm wa``

eg jbnvgnagnt rghghegr inm wa`` eg

lg`pfu` an rgji`ànd tlg vijjanitabns

davgn‘. - Egngjairy, Anmai

J`bsg up bf spijg fbr Lgi`tl wbrcgr nihg

inm sadniturg

Imiptie`g, Ijjgssae`g, Ibrmie`g? Ugahidanand tlg Jla`m

Lgi`tl Ugjbrm, suehattgm ey Graji Zjlrbgmgr, Lia`gy

B‑Jbnnbr, inm @iuri @adlt`y

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg =5



=.5.: Drbwtl jlirts inm lgi`tl jirg

anfbrhitabn?

]g sgjtabn as ritlgr unmgrgstahitgm

tb tlg pbtgntai` lg`p inm anfbrhitabn at

jin prbvamg. ]g lgi`tl wbrcgrs inm tlg

egngjairags ebtl ijjgss tlas anfbrhitabn

eut it magrgnt `gvg`s inm satuitabns.

Hicand tlg anfbrhitabn bn tlg rgjbrm

bn`y rg`gvint it jgrtian tahgs.

]g sgjtabn mgi`s watl tlg `bw

gndidghgnt assugs wlajl irg tlg

butjbhg bf `bw àtgrijy `gvg`s inm

rg`gvinjg bf miti. Egngjairags wlb

jinnbt rgim irg nbt ie`g tb usg tlas

anfbrhitabn tb at fu`` pbtgntai`.

]g miti i`sb egjbhgs rgmunmint iftgr

i wla`g inm tlg egngjairags mb nbt

nm at viùie`g tb tlgh inyhbrg. ]gy

rg`y lgiva`y bn tlg vgrei` massghanitabn

bf tlas canm bf anfbrhitabn wlajl

tlgy prgfgr tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs br tlgar

rgìtavgs br fragnms tb tg`` tlgh.

Jli``gndgs?

]g gxastand jli``gndgs ijrbss `bjitabns

irbunm tlg splgrg bf lgi`tl jirg

anvb`vg tlg gndidghgnt bf tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgr, hbeaàzgr inm tlg pirgnts.]g egngjairags lgiva`y rg`y bn tlg

anfbrhitabn prbvamgm ey tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgrs. Hbrg bftgn tlg anfbrhitabn

as vgrei``y massghanitgm tb tlg pirgnts

bn lbw tb ticg jirg bf tlg jla`m inm tlg

drbwtl pittgrn.

]g lgi`tl jirg prbvamgrs usg tlg jirm

tb rganstitg tlg anfbrhitabn prbvamgm ey

tlgh sb tlit egngjairags jin rg`y bn tlg

jirm fbr futurg rgfgrgnjg. ]g a`àtgritg

egngjairags nm at maju`t tb rgfgr tb

tlg jirm inm irg jbhp`gtg`y mgpgnmgnt

bn tlg lgi`tl jirg prbfgssabni`s tb davg

tlgh anfbrhitabn.

Zbhgtahgs tlg egngjairy fgg` tlit tlg

miti prbvamgm an tlg jirm as nbt gìebritg

inm mb nbt immrgss tlg prbe`ghs fijgm ey

tlgh. ]budl tlg hbtlgrs unmgrstinm

at as ahpbrtint tb cnbw tlg prbdrgss bf

jla`m‑s lgi`tl inm tlit as bn`y pbssae`g

ey trijcand tlg lgadlt inm wgadlt, tlgy

siy tlit tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs mb nbt `` tlg

drbwtl sgjtabn br tlgy gxpìan wlit at as

fbr inm wly as at ahpbrtint.

At wis besgrvgm tlit an Anmbngsai inm

Cgnyi egngjairags wgrg gxtrghg`y

jbhfbrtie`g watl tlg amgi bf livand i

mgpgnmie`g antgrfijg bn tlg jirm atsg`f

tlrbudl wlajl tlgy jin vgrafy tlit

tlgar eiey‑s drbwtl as prbdrgssand i`bnd

gxpgjtgm àngs, bn tlgar bwn. [grlips tlas

as bng sgjtabn bf tlg jirm wlgrg tlgrg as

‐Tg irg jbhp`gtg`y mgpgnmgnt bn

tlg IZLI.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmai

‐]g IZLI br lgi`tl wbrcgr ngvgr

`` tlg drbwtl jlirts nbr mb tlgy

gxpìan wlit at as fbr.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmai

Ugmgsadngm Ahhunazitabn Ugjbrm, suehattgm ey Mge Tbrcand

[grsbniàzgm Vijjanitabn Tlgg` inm Lgi`tl Ugjbrm, suehattgm ey Hbbn

C. Cah, ]grgsg Ebstbn, Zlgaì Aseg``, inm Hirdirati Dbnzi`gz bn egli`f

bf Dgbrdai gjl Ugsgirjl Anstatutg

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg ==



sjbpg tb rgmujg tlg mgpgnmgnjy upbn tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgrs tb jbhhunajitg gssgntai` anfbrhitabn.

]g egngjairags i`sb tlanc tlit unmgrstinmand

dripls inm jlirts as tbb jbhpàjitgm fbr tlgh.

Hiny tahgs tlg lgadlt inm wgadlt miti as ``gm

an tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g spijg atsg`f is

bppbsgm tb ats davgn pìjg wlajl jrgitgs `bt bf

jbnfusabn. I`sb i tieuìr fbrhit watl nuhegrs

wis prgfgrgntai` ritlgr tlin i dripl.

Ugspbnsgs tb ngw mgsadn prbpbsatabn ?

Lgi`tl Jirg, Nutratabn Jbunsg`ànd

Anfbrhitabn?

Liata Jla`m Lgi`tl Linmebbc Ugmgsadn?

Ijrbss i`` `bjitabns tlg egngjairags

ipprgjaitgm tlg iebvg hgntabngm jirm is tlgy

fbunm tlg miti gisy tb unmgrstinm, tieuìr, bng

iftgr inbtlgr inm nbt an tlg fbrh bf jlirts inm

dripls. ]g wirnand sadns wgrg wg`` ijjgptgm.

Egngjairags wgrg ie`g tb unmgrstinm tlg

vasui` s usgm fbr tlg sihg, wl ajl wgrg rgiàstaj

a`ùstritabns ritlgr tlin iestrijtabns an tgrhs bf

vasui` st y`g.

Vasui` rgprgsgntitabn bf wirnand syheb`s wgrg

unmgrstbbm inm wg`` rgjgavgm, Anfbrhitabn

iebut wlit nbt tb mb, as jbnsamgrgm is egand

ahpbrtint. Vasui`s wgrg pgrjgavgm is egand tlg

hbst imgpt fbrh bf jbhhunajitabn fbrtlg sihg.

‐Tg jin unmgrstinm anfbrhitabn frbh

tlg pajturg. At as j`gir. A jin unmgrstinm

watlbut at nbt livand iny gxpìnitabn .‘


]g lgi`tl wbrcgrs fg`t tlg jirm wis

gisy tb unmgrstinm, jbhprglgnsavg

inm tlg anfbrhitabn wis wg``

rgprgsgntgm an tlas a`ùstritavg

vasui` st y`g. ]gy hgntabngm tlit

gvgn tlg egngjairags wa`` àcg inm

unmgrstinm tlg jirm is tlg drbwtl

as slbwn an plisgs tlrbudl mgtia`gm

sgqugntai` ahidgs.

Liata Jla`m Lgi`tl Linmebbc Ugmgsadn, suehattgm ey Oijqugàng

@gg B‑Frag`, Ugegjji [grgz inm Ugdang Ogin-Frinjbas

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg =6



]g [ajturg bf Lgi`tl? ]g lgi`tl wbrcgrs

ipprgjaitgm strbnd vasui` ìnduidg.

]g egngjairags fg`t mindgr Zadns wgrg

ahpbrtint is at i`grts tlgh iebut tlgar

jla`mrgn‑s lgi`tl inm anfbrhs tlgh wlgn

tlgy hust ticg tlgar jla`m tb tlg lbspati`.

I driplaj as usgm tb slbw tlg drbwtl, wg

jin sgg (amgntafy) tlg wgadlt bf tlg eiey,

at as prgsgntgm an i driplaj fbrh. ]g

qugstabns prbvamgm irg usgfu` fbr ebtl tlg

pirgnt is wg`` is tlg hamwafg. At rghanms

tlg hamwafg bf wlit slbu`m eg tb`m tbtlg pirgnts, tlas jin wbrc is i prbjgss bf

jbunsg`ànd.‘


‐Gisy tb unmgrstinm egjiusg an immatabn

watl pajturgs tlg anfbrhitabn as jbhp`gtg.

Gvgn fbr inybng wlb jinnbt rgim, at as

ittrijtavg fbr hg tb rgim at.‘


Dripl Nbn-@atgrijy ? ]g dripls irg

nbt unmgrstbbm ey hbst bf tlg pirgnts is

prgvi`gnt vasui` jbdnatabn as nbt strbnd

gnbudl tb antgrprgt tlas canm bf driplajiànfbrhitabn. ]gy irg jbhfbrtie`g an rgimand

nuhegrs ritlgr tlin antgrprgtand i p`bttgm

dripl àng. ]as satuitabn wis quatg bppbsatg

an Anmbngsai wlgrg pgbp`g wgrg bpgn tb

rgimand inm antgrprgtand dripl miti is tlgy

sgghgm tb unmgrstinm tlg anfbrhitabn.

Trattgn nuhegrs an i tieuìr fbrhit sgghgm

àcg in inswgr tb tlg satuitabn wlajl jin

eg rgim watlbut iny antgrprgtitabn br

issastinjg. An Cgnyi tlg ijjurijy bf

tlg hircands mbng ey tlg nursg bn tlg

drbwtl jlirt wis i jiusg fbr jbnjgrn

ihbndst egngjairags. An Anmai is wg``,

hiny tahgs tlg lgadlt inm wgadlt miti

as ``gm an tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g

spijg atsg`f wlajl jrgitgs jbnfusabn.

‐Hiny tahgs tlg lgadlt inm wgadlt

miti as ``gm an tlg ahhunazitabn

sjlgmu`g spijg atsg`f is bppbsgm tb

ats davgn pìjg wlajl jrgitgs `bt bf

jbnfusabn.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmai

‐Dripl jlirts irg lirm tb antgrprgt.

Af tlg wgadlts jbu`m eg anmajitgm an

wratand anstgim bf usand tlg dripls

at wa`` eg gisagr fbr pirgnts tb

unmgrstinm.‘

Mindgr Zadns - Ladl`y viùgm

Anfbrhitabn ? An Anmbngsai inm

Cgnyi vasui` rgprgsgntitabn bf

wirnand syheb`s wis unmgrstbbm

inm wg`` rgjgavgm. Anfbrhitabn iebut

wlit nbt tb mb, as jbnsamgrgm is egand

ahpbrtint. An Anmai, egngjairags

wg`jbhgm tlg amgi bf immand mindgr

sadns an tlg jirm egjiusg tlg prgsgnt

HJL jirm hassgs tlas anfbrhitabn.

Cgy anfbrhitabn sgjtabn? An Cgnyi

inm Anmbngsai usgrs àcgm tlg lgim

jarjuhfgrgnjg is bng bf tlg drbwtl

anmajitbrs, is ats trijcand jbu`m

rgvgi` spgjaj masgisgs. I`sb tlgy

tlbudlt tlit tlg drbwtl anfbrhitabn

wbu`m eg hbrg jbhp`gtg af tlas

sgjtabn wis immgm.

‐Lgim jarjuhfgrgnjg, `gndtl & wgadlt

irg sgpiritg`y hgisurgm lgnjg gisy tb

antgrprgt tlg pirihgtgrs.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

‐A àcg tlas egjiusg wg jin sgg eiey lgimjarjuhfgrgnjg tb jlgjc af tlg jla`m lis

lymrbjgpliùs br nbt.‘

~ Nursg, Anmbngsai

‐]g p`bttand as nbt gisy tb unmgrstinm.

Nursgs mbn‑t i`wiys hirc bn in

antgrsgjtabn br i àng tlgy hiy hirc an i

squirg spijg. Qbu wbn‑t cnbw tlg gxijt

wgadlt br lgadlt frbh tlg p`bttand.‘

~ Egngjairy, Cgnyi

]g [ajturg bf Lgi`tl, suehattgm ey rap B‑Mg``

inm Whegrtb Fusjb

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg =<



Lgi`tl wbrcgr jirm prgfgrgnjgs? ]g lgi`tl jirg

jbunsg`ànd anfb eba`s mbwn tb tlg fijt tlit tlg

lgi`tl wbrcgrs mb nbt livg tlg tahg tb gxpìan

gvgrytland tb tlg egngjairags sb tlgy wbu`m wint

i hgjlinash tlit jbu`m sujg tlg nggm.

At jin eg mbng tlrbudl sg`f gxpìnitbry vasui`s is

suddgstgm ey i fgw mgsadn gntrags. An Anmai, lgi`tl

wbrcgrs irg unie`g tb prbvamg mgtia`gm lgi`tl jirg

jbunsg`ànd is tlg ahhunazitabn prbjgss as `gndtly

inm tlgrg irg ìrdg egngjairy jrbwms.

An Anmbngsai is wg`` tlg egngjairags tlanc tlit tlg

u`tahitg sburjg bf anfbrhitabn fbr lgi`tl jirg anfb

irg tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs, gvgn af tlgy jin rgim tlg

anfbrhitabn tlghsg`vgs tlgy àcg tb jrbss jlgjc tlg

sihg watl tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs.

]g Lgi`tl wbrcgrs prgfgrrgm jbnjasg anfbrhitabn

inm sg`f gxpìnitbry vasui` ìnduidg. Bn tlg btlgr

linm, egngjairags prgfgrrgm jbhprglgnsavg,

gxpìnitbry vasui`s sb gvgn an iesgnjg bf lgi`tl

wbrcgr tlgy jin dgt rg`gvint anfbrhitabn.

.‘At as (lis) dbbm anfbrhitabn tlit tlg

pirgnt slbu`m livg. At i`sb davgs ghgrdgnjy

trgithgnt tb tlg eiey wlgn i prbe`gh as

fijgm ey tlg pirgnts watlbut iny hgmaji`

lg`p irbunm tlgh.‘

~ Nursg, Anmbngsai

‐At prbvamgs ygs br nb qugstabns tb tlg

pirgnts an brmgr tb eg ie`g tb jlgjc tlg

drbwtl bf tlg eiey. At i`sb slbws tlg sji`g

inm drbwtl bf tlg eiey.‘

~ Nursg, Anmbngsai

=.5.= Ngw Miti Fag`ms ?

An tlg ngw miti g`m sgjtabn tlg jbnjgpts

tlit wgrg sg`gjtgm tb eg tgstgm bn tlg g`m

wgrg eisgm bn tlg prijtajiàty inm tlg

bvgri`` ggjtavgngss bf tlg mgsadn. ]g

gntrags tlit himg tlg sg`gjtabn anjùmgm

jbnjgpts sujl is plbtbdripls bf tlg

jla`m tb mgpajt ats drbwtl inm prbdrgss,

jgrtajitg watl i p`gmdg fbr hbtlgrs,

unaqug lgi`tl anfbrhitabn sujl is i``grdagsbf tlg jla`m, in ghgrdgnjy lg`pàng nuhegr

inm plbng nuhegrs bf `bji` lgi`tl jgntrgs

inm nursgs inm i fgw nbvg` ygt annbvitavg

jbnjgpts sujl is rbtitand mai`s wlajl jbu`m

wbrc is in ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g.

Ugspbnsgs tb ngw mgsadn prbpbsatabn?

I Ugjbrm fbr @afg? Lbwgvgr, tlg

jbnjgpts tlit ghgrdgm strbnd`y ijrbss

`bjitabns wgrg tlit bf tlg jla`m‑s

plbtbdripl inm tlg lg`pàng nuhegrs

fbr hbtlgrs.

]g lgi`tl wbrcgrs fg`t tlit tlrbudl

tlg plbtbdripls tlg hbtlgrs wbu`meg ie`g tb sgg lbw wg`` tlgar jla`m lis

mgvg`bpgm inm an gssgnjg ansta`` i sgnsg

bf ijjbhpàslhgnt an tlg pirgnts.

Immatabni``y, tlg egfbrg inm iftgr

nirritavg bf tlg jbnjgpt wbu`m lg`p

jbhhunajitg tlg egngts mgravgm frbh

tlg vijjanitabns. Zbhg pirgnts i`sb

I Ugjbrm fbr @afg, suehattgm ey Ihinmi Eujc, Zi``y

Hiagr, Jlgn Qu inm Nitg Du``gmdg bn egli`f bf Hiryìnm

Anstatutg Jb``gdg bf Irt




fg`t tlit tlg jbnjgpt bf egfbrg inm iftgr wbu`m

hbtavitg tlgh inm hicg tlgh hbrg rgspbnsae`g

tbwirms jbhp`gtand tlg ahhunazitabn prbjgss inm

gvgntui``y `gim tb egttgr up cggpand bf tlg jirm.

‐A wa`` ngvgr fbrdgt tlas canm bf jirm egjiusg

bf tlg pajturgs is wg`` is tlg fijt tlit i`` tlg

mitgs bf tlg vijjangs irg jbhp`gtg. Tlgngvgr

tlg ahhunazitabn as jbhp`gtg, sb wg jin sgg

tlg lgi`tly jla`m plbtb, sb A wa`` cggp tlg jirm

is i hghbrie`g stu.‘


‐]g plbtb jin eg pramg bf tlg hbtlgr fbr tlg

jla`m it i ìtgr mitg.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

@avg ta`` 7? ]g sgjbnm hbst ipprgjaitgm jbnjgpt

wis tlit bf in ghgrdgnjy lg`pàng nuhegr jbup`gm

up watl tlg plbng nuhegrs bf tlg lgi`tl jgntrg

inm tlg `bji` nursg. ]g pirgnts fg`t tlit tlg

plbng nuhegr wbu`m ijt is i eramdg egtwggn

tlg pirgnts inm tlg lgi`tl jgntrg. Hbrgbvgr, tlg

pirgnts stitgm tlit livand i jbntijt nuhegr it

tlgar maspbsi` wbu`m gnie`g tlgh tb rgijl but tb

tlg lgi`tl jgntrg br tlg `bji` nursg murand tahgs bf

ghgrdgnjy. ]g jbnjgpt bf in ghgrdgnjy lg`pàngnuhegr wis gspgjai``y ipprgjaitgm ey hbtlgrs

wlb fg`t tlit tlgy irg bvgr`y mgpgnmgnt bn tlg `bji`

nursgs fbr gvgn tlg hbst eisaj anfbrhitabn, inm

lgnjg livand i lg`pàng nuhegr wbu`m hicg àfg

gisagr fbr tlgh.

‐Af plbng nuhegr bf tlg [LJ as tlgrg ,

tlgn wg jin ji`` up inm nm but mitgs fbr

vijjanitabn, nbw wg livg tb jbntijt inm

wiat fbr IZLI.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmai

‐]g plbng nuhegr as lg`pfu`. Oust an jisg

hy jla`mrgn livg in i``grdaj rgijtabn .‘


Immatabni` Anfbrhitabn? Furtlgrhbrg, tlg amgibf livand unaqug hgmaji` anfbrhitabn bf tlg jla`m

bn tlg jirm wis wg`` rgjgavgm ey pirgnts inm

lgi`tl wbrcgrs.

]g pirgnts fg`t tlit livand in immatabni` spijg

fbr vati` anfbrhitabn àcg i``grdags wbu`m nbt bn`y

hicg tlg lgi`tl anfbrhitabn bn tlg jirm hbrg

jbhprglgnsavg eut i`sb issast tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs

inm mbjtbrs tb imhanastgr tlg radlt canm bf

hgmajitabn tb tlgar jla`m.

I fgw hbtlgrs i`sb stitgm tlit hbrg bftgn

tlin nbt tlgy irg jbhp`gtg`y uniwirg iebut

tlg i``grdags bf tlgar jla`m inm lgnjg sujl

anfbrhitabn wbu`m eg rgi``y usgfu` fbr tlgh.

‐]grg slbu`m eg spijg fbr gxtri anfbrhitabn

àcg i``grdags gtj. ]as anfbrhitabn as

ahpbrtint.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmai

@avg ta`` 7, suehattgm ey

Mayi Mge




=.5.7 Hitgrai` inm fbrh inm jb`bur

Hitgrai`? In ahpbrtint assug irbunm tlg

hitgrai` bf tlg jurrgnt jirms wis maju`ty

an hiantgninjg mug tb fridaàty bf tlg jirm.

]g jirms wgrg sueogjt tb spbaìdg ey rit

eatgs, ba` hircs, stians, witgr spìslgs

gtj. Wsgrs gxprgssgm tlg nggm fbr pìstaj

jbitgm jirms br jirms watl shbbtl jbvgrgm

surfijgs wlajl wbu`m gnsurg murieaàty,

prbtgjt anfbrhitabn an tlg jirm, lg`p an

gisy upcggp bf tlg rgjbrm inm prbtgjt frbh

iny plysaji` mihidg.

Fbrh? Fbrh as tlg rgprgsgntitabni` ispgjt

bf tlg jirm. At as tlg ni` plysaji` fbrhit

tlit eanms anfbrhitabn inm vasui`s an i

tijta`g fbrhit.

]g Ebbc`gt fbrh? Jrbss `bjitabni``y,

tlg ebbc`gt fbrhit jihg but is tlg

strbndgst plysaji` fbrh bf tlg jirm. At

wis ipprgjaitgm i`` usgr sgts is at wis

jbhpijt, hinidgie`g, pbrtie`g, linmy

inm usgr fragnm`y. An Anmai tlg fbrh bf i

ebbc gvbcgm rgspgjt mug tb tlg rgfgrgnjg

issbjaitgm watl gmujitabn. An Cgnyi inm

Anmbngsai, tlas jirm wis ladl`y viùgm mug

tb fihaàiraty bf tlg fbrhit is tlgar prgsgnt

jirms irg an i ebbc`gt fbrhit. At gpatbhasgm

i ladlgr stinmirm bf lgi`tljirg an Anmaiinm Anmbngsai is at wis issbjaitgm watl

lgi`tl jirg rgjbrms bf pravitg lbspati`s.

]g Ea-Fb`m fbrh? Hiny rgspbnmgnts

ijrbss i`` `bjitabns i`sb jlbsg shi``gr

jbhpijt sazgs bvgr ead sazgs lgnjg tlg

Ea-Fb`m jirm wis i hiobr prgfgrgnjg fbr

usgr sgts prahira`y fbr ats murieaàty inm

gisg an hinidand.

‐I sand`g fb`m as tlg egst egjiusg at

hicgs tlg jirm jbhpijt inm gisy tb

usg, oust àcg i sahp`g tie`g hgnu.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmai

Jbhpijt strujturgs? An Anmai, fitlgrs

gxprgssgm jbhfbrt watl jirms wlajl

wgrg jbhpijt gnbudl tb t an tlgar

wi``gts. Wsgrs àcgm `gssgr nuhegr

bf fb`ms tb gnsurg tlg jirm as gisy tb

linm`g inm mbgs nbt tgir it tlg fb`ms.

Fbrhs inm strujturgs wlajl wgrg

pìyfu` inm nbt sgrabus an niturg wgrg

nbt gnjburidgm. Fbrhs àcg egims,

huds, einms wgrg rgogjtgm ey tlg

pirgnts bn tlg prghasg tlit tlgy wbu`m

nbt eg ticgn sgrabus`y inm wbu`m eg

hasusgm ey jla`mrgn.

]g Ebbc`gt fbrh

Jbhpijt strujturg

]g EA-Fb`m fbrh





Jb`bur? Bur FMDs `bbcgm it jb`brs an

twb ispgjts, is in igstlgtaj inm is i

funjtabn an tgrhs bf jbmand

Issbjaitabn, Ugìtabn inm

Amgntajitabn? Ijrbss i`` `bjitabns, tlg

sbjai` jbntgxt jihg but is i strbnd mravgr

fbr rgspbnmgnts an hicand jlbajgs br

suddgstabns iebut jb`br prgfgrgnjgs.

Lgi`tl wbrcgrs suddgstgm yg``bw inm

drggn fbr tlg gntarg jirm prahira`y

egjiusg tlgy irg eradlt inm wbu`m eg

vasui` `y hbrg ippgiànd inm gisy tb

mastanduasl frbh tlg rgst. ]g lgi`tl

wbrcgrs fg`t tlit drggn wis gisy tb

issbjaitg watl lgi`tl, is at as bftgn sggn

an tlg lbspati`s.

Drggn i`sb sadnags drbwtl inm niturg.

Bng bf anstinjg an Anmai wis wlgn i

lgi`tl wbrcgr‑s rgisbn fbr jlbbsand drggn

wis tlit prgdnint hbtlgrs irg bftgn

iscgm tb jbnsuhg drggn vgdgtie`gs an

tlgar magt, wlajl an turn rganfbrjgs tlg

jbnjgpt bf lgi`tl issbjaitgm watl tlg

jb`bur drggn.

An Anmbngsai i prgfgrgnjg tbwirms

drggn wis i`sb besgrvgm is tlg jb`bur as

ju`turi``y rg`gvint tb tlg jbntgxt. ]gy

wgrg i`sb bpgn tb usand btlgr eradlt

jb`burs fbr tlg purpbsg bf amgntajitabn

inm rghanmgr jrgitabn.

An Cgnyi, eradlt jb`brs irg hbst`y

issbjaitgm watl lgi`tl. Zanjg tlg jb`br bf

tlg gxastand vijjanitabn jirm as purp`g, at

as i`sb prgfgrrgm ey hiny lgi`tl wbrcgrs.

Tlatg jb`br watl rgm jrbss as i`sb

issbjaitgm watl lgi`tl. Hiny usgrs i`sb

`bbcgm it tlg igstlgtajs bf jb`bur an tgrhs

bf ats funjtabniàty. ]gy gxprgssgm tlg

nggm fbr àdltgr jb`burs an tlg jirm‑s

eijcdrbunm sb tlit anfbrhitabn jbu`m eg

gisa`y wrattgn br rgim.

‐]g gxastand jb`br “purp`g‑ as dbbm.‘

~ Lgi`tl wbrcgr, Cgnyi

‐Eradlt jb`brs irg dbbm egjiusg

anfbrhitabn jin eg sggn it i dìnjg.‘

~ Egngjairy, Cgnyi

Qg``bw is i jirm jb`bur

Ugm is i jirm jb`bur Drggn is i jirm jb`bur





Funjtabniàty bf jb`bur?

Jb`bur Iàdngm watl ahg ? Nursgs

besgrvgm tlit hbtlgrs wbu`m nm at

gisy tb issbjaitg jb`burs watl tahg br

hbrg spgjaji``y plisgs bf i jla`m‑s

mgvg`bphgnt. Jb`bur jbmand tlg

prbdrgssand idg bf tlg jla`m iàdngm

watl tlg vijjanitabns bf tlit plisg,

wis prgfgrrgm bvgr issadnand jb`burs

tb vijjangs.

Hbtlgrs egàgvgm tlgy wbu`m cnbw wlit

plisg bf tlg vijjanitabn jyj`g las/lgr

jla`m wis an eisas las idg jbu`m rgpbrt

tlg sihg tb nursgs, wlb jbu`m stap eijc

lgr rgdastgr tb tlit tahg-pgrabm watlbut

wistand tahg.

An Anmbngsai, jb`br jbmand an tlg jirm wis

vgry wg`` rgjgavgm ey usgrs is tlg jbuntry

usgs jb`bur jbmand systghs fbr magrgnt

purpbsgs. ]gy livg pueàj trinspbrt

systgh jb`br jbmgm eisgm bn `bjitabns, sb

tlg jb`bur jbmand systgh as i`rgimy wg``

andriangm an tlgh ju`turi``y.

An Cgnyi, tlg nggm bf amgntafyand

anfbrhitabn it i dìnjg wis i strbnd

mravgr tb prgfgr jb`br jbmand. An jirms

wlgrg jb`bur jbmand wis mbng ijjbrmand

tb vijjang, nursgs hgntabngm tlit stirc`y

jbntristand jb`burs slbu`m eg usgm ritlgr

tlin slimgs tlit jin eg jbnfusgm.

‐At (jb`bur jbmand is pgr

idg bf tlg jla`m) as gisy tb

rghghegr , egjiusg wg

tgnm tb rghghegr tlg idg bf

jla`m egttgr tlin tlg vijjang

davgn.‘


‐Imoust jb`bur tb idg. T lgn

pirgnts jbhg tb tlg jànaj

wlgn wg isc iebut tlg idg bf

tlg eiey tlgn wg wa`` cnbw at

as an tlas jb`bur einm .‘~ Nursg, Anmbngsai

Ugìtand vijjangs tb tahg

(idg) as dbbm egjiusg gvgn

a`àtgritg pgbp`g jin gisa`y

unmgrstinm af gxpìangm

ijjbrmand tb jb`bur.‘

~ Egngjairy, Cgnyi

‐]g jirm slbws j`gir`y

wlajl vijjangs irg tb eg

davgn bvgr wlit pgrabm bf

tahg.‘

~ Egngjairy, Cgnyi

‐At wbu`m eg gisagr fbr

hbtlgrs tb sgg tlg vijjangs

murand lgi`tl ti`cs .‘


‐]g prbvamgr jin gisa`y

gxpìan tlg jb`burs /

vijjangs.‘


Jb`br iàdngm watl tahg

Jb`br iàdngm watl vijjanitabns


Vagw i`` tlg tbp 79 suehassabns bnàng it www.

ditgsfbunmitabn.brd/rgjbrmsfbràfg



]g rgjbrm as i pgrsbni` irtgfijt tlit

massghanitgs anfbrhitabn is wg`` is

ijts is i einc fbr jb``gjtand inm stbrand

anfbrhitabn bf tlg jla`m fbr tlg futurg.

]g pbtgntai` viùg bf tlg rgjbrm as hujl

hbrg vist tlin wlit at as ijtui``y usgm

fbr radlt nbw inm at jin eg lirngssgm

tlrbudl immatabn bf virabus miti g`ms.

]g anfbrhitabn mgsadn bf tlg rgjbrm as

in ispgjt wlajl lis tb eg linm`gm it twb

`gvg`s wlajl as tlrbudl unmgrstinmand

bf nggms inm tlg wiy pgbp`g ijjgss

tlg anfbrhitabn.

7.9.9. Wnhgt-Anfbrhitabn Nggms?

]g jurrgnt lgi`tl rgjbrm as nbt ie`g

tb immrgss i`` tlg nggms bf tlg

egngjairags. ]g egngjairags sggc

irriy bf immatabni` anfbrhitabn iebut

ahhunazitabns inm tlg prbjgss tlrbudl

tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs. ]g rgjbrm jin eg

gnlinjgm watl sg`f gxpìnitbry miti sb

tlit tlg egngjairags wa`` egjbhg sg`frgàint inm dgt ijjuritg anfbrhitabn.

An Anmai, wla`g hiny egngjairags

jbnsamgr tlg jirm tb eg nbt ahpbrtint,

tlg nursgs rg`y lgiva`y bn tlgar rgdastgrs

tb cggp i trijc bf ahhunazitabns.

]us hicand tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm is in

anfbrhitabn irtgfijt `bbsg ats pbtgntai` tb

7. Hgti Ini`ysas inm Mgsadn Ugjbhhgnmitabns

7.9. Anfbrhitabn Mgsadn

‐]grg slbu`m eg spijg fbr gxtri

anfbrhitabn àcg i``grdags gtj. ]as

anfbrhitabn as ahpbrtint.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmai

‐Tlit as an at fbr us2 Tg mb nbt

unmgrstinm tlg virabus sgjtabns bf tlg

jirm.‘

~ Egngjairy, Anmai

rgìy anfbrhitabn an i rgspbnsavg hinngr.

@bw àtgrijy `gvg`s3 Ladl mgpgnmgnjy

bn vgrei` anfbrhitabn inm rghanmgrs

(IZLIs)3 @bw lgi`tl jirg iwirgngss3

Hastrust bn pueàj lgi`tl systgh i`sb

jbntraeutg tb `bw viùg bf tlg jirm.

]g rgjbrm slbu`m immrgss tlg nggm bf

tlg egngjairags wlb irg `bbcand fbr

immatabni` anfbrhitabn g`ms sujl is

mindgr sadn, hassgm vijjanitabns, i``grdy

anfbrhitabn gtj. Zujl anfbrhitabn wa``

hicg tlg pirgnts rg`y bn tlg rgjbrm fbr

hbrg gìebritg anfbrhitabn.

]g rgjbrm slbu`m i`sb i``bw fbr

`bjiàsitabn. I mgmajitgm spijg slbu`m eg

i``bttgm an tlg rgjbrm tb immgm iny canm

bf anfbrhitabn wlajl tlg pirgnts tlanc as

ahpbrtint tb anfbrh tlgh bf tlg lgi`tl bf

tlgar jla`m. Fbr gxihp`g tlgrg slbu`m eg

i spijg fbr hassgm vijjang br wratand iny

canm bf gxtri anfbrhitabn an tlg rgjbrm

tb anjbrpbritg i sgnsg bf eg`bndand inm

rgspbnsaeaàty tbwirms tlg rgjbrm.

]g jurrgnt jirm lis nb spijg fbr

immatabni` anfbrhitabn. ]g hbtlgrs

irg bftgn uniwirg bf i``grdags br btlgr

vijjanitabns tlit i jla`m nggms.

Livand in immatabni` spijg fbr vati`

anfbrhitabn àcg i``grdags inm plbng

nuhegrs davgs hbtlgrs i rgfgrgnjg pbant

inm i`sb mbgs nbt imm jbnfusabn tb tlg

gxastand miti.

Zbhg canm bf ngditavg rganfbrjghgnt

wbu`m i`sb lg`p an dgttand tlg pirgnts

ticg jbnsamgritabn tb tlg fijt tlit tlgrg

jin eg eim ggjts tb tlg jla`m‑s lgi`tl af

tlgy irg nbt davgn vijjanitabns bn tahg.

Is besgrvgm bn g`m pirgnts wint i

hgisurg bf tlg lgadlt inm wgadlt bf tlg

jla`m tb cggp i trijc bf tlg jla`m‑s lgi`tl.

]g pirgnts wbu`m wint in anmajitbr

bf stinmirm drbwtl jurvg inm jbhpirg

at watl tlg ijtui` drbwtl bf tlgar bwn

jla`m. ]as hgjlinash wbu`m hicg tlgh

sg`f mgpgnmgnt an hbnatbrand tlg drbwtl

bf tlgar jla`m.

]g rgjbrm slbu`m i`sb livg tlg pbtgntai`

tb inswgr magrgnt qugstabns watl

rgspgjt tb tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g.

Immrgssand qugstabns rgdirmand tlg

virabus vijjan itabns, tlgar mgtia` s inm

tlgar egngts. Tlit as egand davgn2 Tlit

as at prbtgjtand frbh2 Tlit as tlg vijjang

fu`` fbrh inm tlg samg ggjts2

Tatl rgspgjt tb tlg ahhunazitabnsjlgmu`g, jrataji` irgis bf anfbrhitabn an

tlg rgjbrm slbu`m i`sb eg àncgm, tlgsg

anjùmg mug mitg, anfbrhitabn bn vijjang

inm lgadlt/wgadlt bf tlg jla`m. ]grg

jbu`m eg i wiy tb inswgr tlg qugrags

pirgnts hadlt livg wlajl ticgs jirg

bf tlg ghgrdgnjy nggms is an wlgn tlg

jla`m fi``s sajc inm tlg tlgy wbu`m nggm

duaminjg an ticand jirg bf tlg jla`m.




7.9.5. Ju`turgs? Jb``bquai` @induidg, Hgmai

inm Fbrhit

Ju`turgs, Hgmai inm Fbrhit? Magrgnt

ju`turgs livg magrgnt wiys an wlajl tlgy

jbhhunajitg, jbhprglgnm, rgdastgr br gvgn

trust anfbrhitabn. ]as hiyeg mgpgnmgnt

bn wlb as davand tlgh anfbrhitabn (sburjg),

wlit hgmai inm fbrhit as at egand jbhhu-

najitgm at (fijg tb fijg, hbea`g, iumab, tgxt,

vasui` inm sb bn), wlit as tlg hinngr br tbng

bf jbhhunajitabn (anstrujtabni`, pbsatavg

hbtavitabni`, rgvgrsg psyjlb`bdy inm sb bn)

inm tlg tgjlnaqugs usgm tb rganfbrjg tlit

sihg anfbrhitabn. Tg irg hbst àcg`y tb

ahprbvg anfbrhitabn stbw inm miti hin-

idghgnt af wg `gvgridg bn tlg cnbw`gmdg

bf tlgsg `bji` ju`turgs bf anfbrhitabn inm

jbhhunajitabn inm ijjbunt fbr tlgh wla`g

mgsadnand i ngw systgh. Fbr anstinjg, tlg

eg`bw a`ùhanitgs ?

Amgntafyand tlg jla`m

]g nursg wbu`m

gnquarg iebut tlg

nihg bf tlg jla`m.

]g hbtlgr wa`` rghghegr

tlg eartl brmgr bf tlg jla`m

a.g. wlgtlgr tlg jla`m as lgr

9st ebrn, 5nm ebrn, :rm ebrn

Amgntafyand tlg ìst vijjanitabn davgn

]g nursg wbu`m

gnquarg iebut tlgnihg bf tlg ìst

vijjanitabn davgn.

Lbwgvgr tlg hbtlgr wbu`m

bn`y rghghegr tlg satgbn tlg ebmy wlgrg tlg

vijjanitabn lim eggn davgn.

Amgntafyand wlgrg

tlg jla`m as an tlg

ahhunazitabn jyj`g

]g nursg wbu`m

gnquarg iebut tlg

nihg bf tlg ìst

vijjanitabn davgn.

Lbwgvgr, tlg hbtlgr wbu`m

rghghegr tlg nuhegr bf

vasats tlg hbtlgr lis himg.





Hgmai inm Fbrhits - Mgpgnmgnj y bn

vgrei` v/s wrattgn anfbrhitabn? Ju`turgs,

Hgmai inm Fbrhit? Jurrgnt`y tlg anfbrhi-

tabn massghanitabn fbr tlg jirm as frid-

hgntgm egtwggn anfbrhitabn wrattgn ey

Lgi`tl jirg wbrcgrs spgjaji``y Nursgs inm

vgrei` anfbrhitabn fbr lgi`tl jirg anfbrhi-

tabn egand davgn IZLIs. Egngjairags livg

nb rb`g bf miti gndidghgnt watl rgspgjt tb

tlg jirm fbr wrattgn anfbrhitabn wlajl àncs

eijc tb tlg jli``gndg bf usgr jbnngjt inm

gndidghgnt inm anjùsabn bf i justbhazgm

spijg fbr usgrs tb wratg an tlg jirm. Lgnjg,

vgrei` anfbrhitabn, (wlajl as i pbbr sburjg

fbr iutlgntajitabn inm rgjb``gjtabn bf miti)

egjbhgs i prahiry sburjg bf anfbrhitabn

rgàinjg fbr tlgh.

@bw àtgrijy `gvg`s davg rasg tb prbe`ghs

rgvb`vand irbunm unmgrstinmand anfbrhitabn

an jurrgnt prant eisgm fbrhits.

Fag`ms ansadlts slbw i jrujai` nggm fbr

iviaìeaàty bf viragm hgmai inm fbrhits fbr

i ladlgr mgdrgg bf usgr anvb`vghgnt, jìraty

inm miti rganfbrjghgnt.

Tg irg àcg`y tb immrgss tlas assug watl jirms

mgsadngm tb eramdg tlas dip ey suppbrtand

wrattgn miti tlrbudl iumab hgssidgs is i

rghanmgr bf tlg anfbrhitabn davgn ey nursgbr vasui`s bn wi``s br pìjgs tlit frgqugnt`y

anlieatgm ey tlg usgrs.

I`sb massghanitabn bf anfbrhitabn frbh

i pgbp`g bf ahpbrtinjg àcg mbjtbrs,

ahpbrtint durgs anvb`vgm an tlg lgi`tl

jirg inm pbàjy hicand prbjgss br `bbcand

it i egttgr pìtfbrh fbr jrgitand i jatazgn

gndidghgnt fbruh.

Mgspatg viryand ansadlts irbunm

tgjlnb`bdy, bur suddgstabn as tlit at

jin eg utaàsgm is in imvintidgbus

hgmauh af àncgm tb tlg jbntgxt bf

ju`turg. Ju`turg inm tgjlnb`bdy db

linm an linm irg mgtgrhanint bf gijl

btlgr‑s gxastgnjg. ]g hbst vaie`g wiy

bf tgjlnb`bdy egand jbnsamgrgm is i

ngw hgmauh tb eg antgdritgm watl tlg

ju`turi` jbntgxt bf tlg `bjitabn.

7.9.:. Jbntgxt an wlajl anfbrhitabn as rgim

]g haàgu bf tlg rgjbrm jlindgs gvgry

tahg tlg usgrs gndidg watl tlg rgjbrm. ]g

magrgnt usgr inm magrgnt antgrijtabn

sjgnirab `gims tb jrgitabn bf mavgrsg

satuitabns wlajl jin eg `gvgridgm tb jrgitg

jbntgxt. ]g rgjbrm is in anfbrhitabn

irtafijt lis jgrtian mriweijcs wlajl irg

jiusgm ey ijjgssand bf miti it magrgnt

tahgs inm jbntgxts. ]g rg`gvinjg bf tlg

anfbrhitabn cggps jlindand is tlg rgjbrmgm

anfbrhitabn egjbhgs b`m inm arrg`gvint

iftgr i pgrabm bf tahg. I`sb tlg stitaj

anfbrhitabn prbvamgm an tlg rgjbrm

lis i tahg ebunm sadnajinjg fbr

tlg usgrs inm tlas issbjaitabn bf usgr

anfbrhitabn bvgr mug jbursg bf tahg

egjbhgs rgmunmint, `gimand tb viragm

`gvg`s bf gndidghgnt egtwggn tlg usgr,

anfbrhitabn prbvamgm inm tlg rgjbrm is

i wlb`g.

Fbr anjrgisand tlg gjagnjy bf tlg

anfbrhitabn inm tlg rgjbrm at as

gssgntai` tb ergic mbwn tlg nggms

inm tlg antgrijtabns. At jin ticg pìjg

watl rgdirm tb tlg usgrs. Zpàttand tlg

rgjbrm antb twb sgjtabns as in ipprbijl

wlajl jin lg`p us ijlagvg tlg nggmfu`.

Tatl tlg rst pirt bf tlg rgjbrm egand

andriangm an sbhgtland tlit tlg

egngjairags usg gvgry miy inm jin eg

pirt bf tlgar mia`y àfg an i nbn-antrusavg

wiy. ]as pbrtabn bf tlg jirm jin wbrc

is i rghanmgr hgjlinash wlajl jin eg

rgim ey usgrs wla`g mband tlgar mia`y

ijtavatags. ]g irtafijt jin livg tlg

ieaàty tb hgrdg antb gvgrymiy beogjts

inm bn`y dgt nbtajgm eijc wlgn gvgr

nggmgm. Mia`y antgrijtabns watl tlg

irtafijt jin rganstitg tlg hgssidg an i

hbrg irhitavg wiy. I`sb pirtajuìr

antgrijtabns jin lg`p eua`m i rghanmgrhgjlinash fbr tlg sihg.

]g rghanmgr hgjlinash jin eg

trinsìtgm antb i mug mitg ji`gnmir

br i wi`` j`bjc wlajl jin tg`` tlg

egngjairags iebut tlg ngxt mitg bf

vijjanitabn br tlg wiys wlajl jin

mgsjraeg lbw tlgy jin ticg jirg bf




tlg jla`m. At jin i`sb eua`m bn ghgrdgnjy

jisgs wlajl jin eg `gvgridgm is i lg`p

hgjlinash it tlg tahg bf jrasas.

]g btlgr pbrtabn bf tlg rgjbrm jin

jirry ahpbrtint anfbrhitabn iebut

tlg ahhunazitabns tlit irg gntgrgm ey

tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs. ]as as gssgntai` an

hiantianand tlg hgmaji` lastbry bf tlg

jla`m wlajl jin eg ijjgssgm wlgngvgr tlg

nggm as pirihbunt. At jin eg cgpt iwiy

watl jirg inm ijjgssgm bn tlg ngxt mug

mitg bf tlg ahhunazitabn. ]as sgdhgnt bf

tlg rgjbrm wbu`m prbvamg anfbrhitabn tb

eg rgim it i dìnjg inm wbu`m nbt anvb`vg`bndgr gndidghgnt.

Tg suddgst tlit imbptand tlas hgtlbm bf

sgpiritabn bf tlg rgjbrm antb pbrtabns bf

ippàjitabn anjànitabn jin mriw egngjai`

butjbhgs is tlgy sujg tlg rgquarghgnts

bf tlg magrgnt usgrs.

7.9.=. Ugprgsgntitabn inm Vasui` Jbdnatabn

Vasui` jbdnatabn as i vati` ispgjt bf

miti inm pajturg antgr rgìtabn inm ats

antgrprgtitabn an tlg jirm. At mgpgnms

bn jlindand rgprgsgntitabns bf vasui`

anfbrhitabn a.g. slipgs, fbrh, jb`br, sty`g,

a`ùstritabns gtj.

Jurrgnt`y tlg lgi`tl jirms ghp`by i ritlgr

fridhgntgm inm rgstrajtavg ipprbijl tb

miti vasuiàsitabn wlajl as pgrjgavgm tb

eg jbnfusand inm nbn anfbrhitavg tb tlg

gatlgr usgr sgts.

Vasui` àtgrijy - Wnmgrstinmand tie`gs

v/s Dripls v/s Nuhegrs? @bbcand it

tlg mavgrsaty an tlg usgr mghbdriplaj, i

strbnd prbe`gh amgntagm bn g`m wis

rgimand inm jbhprglgnsabn bf dripls

fbr drbwtl jlirts. Jgrtian ansadlts

rgvgi`gm nursgs tb eg jbhfbrtie`g watl

dripls wla`g tlg btlgrs prgfgrrgm gatlgr

i nuhegr eisgm prbdrgssabn br i tieuìr

fbrhit.

Irgis watl vgry `bw vasui` àtgrijy

prgfgrrgm miti an tie`gs is bppbsgm tb

dripls br nuhegrs is jrbss rgfgrgnjand

wis i jbhpàjitabn.

‐Nbt i`` pirgnts jin unmgrstinm lbw

tb antgrprgt tlg dripl. Trattgn an

ca`bs wa`` eg gisagr tb antgrprgt… af hy

jla`m‑s wgadlt lis anjrgisgm frbh 6.7

tb 4 CDZ, A wa`` cnbw tlit lg as bn tlg

radlt trijc.‘

~ Egngjairy, Cgnyi

Iestrijtabn v/s rgiàsh - A`ùstritabns

br ajbnbdriply? Iny eirg ebng vasui`s,

ajbnbdriply, àng-mriwands, iestrijtabn

br sahpàjitabn bf vasui` ahidgry wis

nbt unmgrstbbm. ]as idian àncs eijc tb

usgrs nbt prgfgrrand miti an dripls, is

driplaji` vasuiàzitabn as i vgry iestrijt

fbrhit bf vasui` rgprgsgntitabn.

‐Zihg rgm jb`bur fbr fbbm inm witgr,

mbgs nbt wbrc, tlas as nbt rgiàstaj.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi





Jrbss `bjitabni` ansadlts slbwjisgm i ladl

mgdrgg bf prgfgrgnjg fbr mgtia` inm rgiàsh

an a`ùstritabn sty`gs. I rgiàstaj ipprbijl

tb vasui` ahidgry wis hbrg viùie`g inm

wg`` rgjgavgm ey i`` usgrs. ]as i`sb prbvgm

tb eg egngjai` fbr usgrs watl `bw àtgrijy

`gvg`s br pìjgs wlgrg vgrei` anfbrhitabn

as prahiry is rganfbrjghgnt bf anfbrhitabn

tlrbudl stgp ey stgp atgritabns hicgs

unmgrstinmand egttgr inm sahp`gr.

‐Gvgn fbr inybng wlb jinnbt rgim, at

as ittrijtavg fbr hg tb rgim at.‘


‐Af tlgy hass iny anfbrhitabn ‚ tlgy

wa`` sgg tlg vasui`s inm rghghegr at.

At wa`` rgdastgr idian inm idian.‘

Bur ini`ysas suddgsts i rgiàstaj ygt sahp`g

ipprbijl tb miti br vasui` rgprgsgntitabn.

Vasui` sty`gs bf i rgìtie`g niturg watl

luhin fbrhs inm mia`y beogjts mriwn is

tlg usgrs ijtui``y sgg an tlgar gvgrymiy àvgs

wbu`m eg hbst viùgm inm unmgrstbbm.

7.9.7. F`bw inm Zgqugnjand?

F`bw inm sgqugntaiàty irg ahpbrtint

mravand fijtbrs fbr ladlgr rgimieaàty

inm rgji`` bf anfbrhitabn is anfbrhitabn

pìjghgnt br sgqugnjand an tlg jirm lis

i margjt rgìtabn watl wlgtlgr at wa`` eg

nbtajgm, rgim, inm rgpgitgm`y rganfbrjgm

ey egngjairags br nbt. ]g ahhunazitabn

tie`g as tlg hbst ahpbrtint anfbrhitabn

pagjg an tlg mgsadn bf tlg rgjbrm inm

ats pìjghgnt wa`` mgng tlg wiy pgbp`g

nivaditg. Zb at‑s pìjghgnt as sadnajint

tb tlg anticg bf anfbrhitabn tlit

pgbp`g jin livg wla`g dband tlrbudl

tlg rgjbrms

Tlgrg stbw bf anfbrhitabn `bbcs it i

`bdaji` i stgp ey stgp miti sgdrgditabn

hgtlbm, fijtbrand bn tlg tahg frihg

tlit tlg usgrs dgt tb antgrijt watl tlg

jirm an, sgqugnjand `bbcs it i hbrg

fbjussgm ipprbijl bf miti jluncand bf

bn`y tlbsg jrataji` anfbrhitabn g`ms

wlajl irg hbst rgìtavg tb tlg usgrs.

Mgspatg egand sgpiritg gntatags an

tlghsg`vgs, ebtl nggm tb eg strbnd`y

àncgm watl gijl btlgr tb lg`p immrgss

tlg prbe`gh bf rgspbnmgnts nbt rgimand

tlg gntarg jirm inm nbt egand ie`g tb

hicg àncs egtwggn tlg anfbrhitabn an

virabus sgjtabns.

Tlgrg as tlg mug mitg2? Ansadlts frbh

tlg g`m ini`ysas rgvgi`gm nursgs inm

egngjairags livand jbntristand vagws

bn wlgrg tlg ngxt mug-mitg slbu`m eg

pìjgm an tlg jirm mug tb magrgnjg an

tlgar rgìtabn watl tlas anfbrhitabn.

Frbh tlg nursgs‑ pgrspgjtavg wis tlgar

prgfgrgnjg bf tlg mitg tb eg pìjgm

an tinmgh watl tlg ahhunazitabn

sjlgmu`g fbr twb rgisbns - ]gy

wbu`m eg ie`g tb ji`juìtg tlg mug

mitg watl gisg sggand tlg ìst mitg bf

ahhunazitabn davgn, at wbu`m eg tlg

ìst tland tlit tlgy sgg wla`g `ànd

tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g inm

tlgrgfbrg tlgy wbu`m nbt fbrdgt at inm

sgjbnm`y, tlgy fg`t tlit tlg mug mitg

egand hgntabngm inywlgrg egfbrg tlg

ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g wbu`m massuimg

hbtlgrs frbh dband tlrbudl tlg gntarg

jirm. Vasaeaàty inm rgjb``gjtabn bf tlg

ngxt mug mitg inm ats stritgdaj pìjghgnt

an tlg jirm btlgr tlin tlg ahhunazitabn

sjlgmu`g wis fbunm tb eg hbrg lg`pfu`

fbr egngjairags.

[rbhangnjy bf tlg anfbrhitabn tlit as

sbudlt ey tlg egngjairy, àcg tlg ngxt

vasat miti, jin lg`p an rgan stitand tlg

ahpbrtinjg tb eg issbjaitgm watl tlg

lgi`tl rgjbrm. Tg irg àcg`y tb jrgitg i

hbrg gjagnt systgh watl bf “ngxt-mug

mitg‑ rganfbrjghgnt af wg jin sujjgssfu``y

rgjbnja`g tlg nggms bf tlgsg twb usgr

sgts a.g. Nursgs inm egngjairags tlrbudl

egttgr mgsadn. Fbr anstinjg, i jirm watl i

sgpiritg sgjtabn j`gir`y hircand tlg ngxt

mug mitg an tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g

i`bnd watl ats rganfbrjghgnt is i stajcgr br

i eùre prgfgrie`y tbwirms tlg gnm bf tlg

jirm wbu`m immrgss ebtl anfbrhitabn stbw

inm sgqugnjand watlbut jbhprbhasand bn

tlg ijjgss inm gisg bf miti rgimand, `àndbr jbhprglgnsabn.

‐rianand tlg hbtlgrs bn oust sggand

tlg rst pidg fbr tlg mug mitg, hiy

gnjburidg tlg hbtlgrs nbt tb db

tlrbudl tlg nbtgs an tlg ebbc.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi





Jbntanuaty bf Miti? Jbntanuaty bf

miti as in ahpbrtint mravgr fbr stbw inm

sgqugnjand bf anfbrhitabn fbr rgimand

inm jbnngjtand virabus sgjtabns bf

anfbrhitabn an tlg jirm ey tlg usgrs,

prahira`y egngjairags. ]g g`m ansadlts

slbwgm tlit àncand tlg idg bf tlg jla`m

inm lgi`tl jirg anfbrhitabn i`bnd watl

tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g strgndtlgns

tlg amgi bf drbwtl inm prbdrgss gsp.

ihbndst tlg egngjairags.

At as bur lypbtlgsas tlit ergicand tlg jirm

antb sgpiritg sgjtabns fbr ahhunazitabn

sjlgmu`g, drbwtl jlirts inm lgi`tl jirg

anfbrhitabn watl i sahaìr tahgàng tgnms

tb scgw tlg amgi bf lgi`tl jirg an tlg

egngjairags‑ hanms.

At wbu`m egst sgrvg tlg jirm af tlg

ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g wis àncgm

tb btlgr jrataji` anfbrhitabn g`ms

àcg anfbrhitabn bn tlg vijjanitabn,

ats ahpbrtinjg inm prbtgjtabn viùg3

tlg lgadlt/wgadlt bf tlg jla`m watl

prbdrgssand idg inm ahpbrtint lgi`tl

jirg anfbrhitabn tlit jbrrgspbnms watl

gijl plisg an tlg vijjanitabn sjlgmu`g.

An tlas wiy tlg hgtiplbr tlit tlg jirm

usgs fbr jbrrgìtand lgi`tl inm prbdrgss bftlg jla`m watl rbutang ahhunazitabns inm

ipprbpraitg lgi`tl jirg as strbndgr an tlg

hanms bf tlg egngjairags.

‐Drbwtl hbnatbrand jlirt slbu`m eg

put ngxt tb ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g

fbr gisg bf jbntanuaty bf tlg pirgnt

tb cggp bn erandand tlg jla`m tb tlg

jànaj.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

7.9.6. Magrgnt Wsgrs, Magrgnt Anfbrhitabn Nggms, Magrgnt

Gxpgjtitabns

]g jirm lis i jrataji` rb`g tb

pìy an ahprbvand antgrijtabn inm

anfbrhitabn stbw egtwggn tlg lgi`tl

prbvamgrs inm egngjairags. ]as

antgrijtabn as mgpgnmgnt bn tlg

fijt tlit tlg rgjbrm as ijjgssgm it

magrgnt pgrabms bf tahg ey magrgnt

pgbp`g egand tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs br

tlg egngjairags.

Magrgnt Wsgrs? ]grg irg prahiry,

sgjbnmiry inm tgrtairy usgrs anvb`vgm

an tlg antgrijtabns watl tlg rgjbrm.

]g prahiry egand tlg egngjairags

wlb gndidg watl tlg rgjbrm tlg hbst

inm utaàzg jrataji` anfbrhitabn frbh

at. ]g sgjbnmiry egand tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgrs wlajl irg tlg nursgs inm tlg

hbeaàzgrs wlb `` tlg jirm, antgrprgt

tlg anfbrhitabn inm massghanitg at tb

tlg egngjairags anvb`vgm. ]g tgrtairy

irg tlg pgbp`g tlit ijjgss tlg jirm

hbhgntira`y fbr gxihp`g tgijlgrs,

rgìtavgs gtj.

]g nggm bf tlg gijl usgr as vgry

magrgnt inm tlg jirm lis tb eg ininswgr tb hbst bf tlg qugstabns

anvb`vgm. Nursgs fgg` tlit tlg

anfbrhitabn an tlg rgjbrm hust gjlb

wlit tlgy tg`` hbtlgrs, tlas wa``

gnie`g egttgr rgji`` inm ahprbvg tlg

`gvg` bf trust hbtlgrs livg bn tlg

nursgs inm tlg anfbrhitabn atsg`f.

]g magrgnjg bf ngjgssatags as i`sb





ladlàdltgm an tlg jbuntrags bf tlg FDM.

Lgi`tl wbrcgrs an Anmbngsai fg`t jirms

slbu`m livg sg`f gxpìnitbry anfbrhitabn,

nbt ‐tbb hujl anfbrhitabn‘ wlajl hiy

gnjburidg i `bt bf qugstabns frbh pirgnts.

An Cgnyi inm Anmai, Nursgs fg`t tlgrg wis i

nggm fbr tlg jirm tb eg i rgfgrgnjg tb gnie`g

tlgh tb mb egttgr lgi`tl jirg jbunsg`ànd.

Tlb wratgs bn tlg jirm2? ]g ijt bf

wratand bn tlg jirm as i`wiys àhatgm tb tlg

lgi`tl wbrcgrs davand tlg ahhunazitabn.

]as antgrijtabn as rg`gvint tb tlg

egngjairags is wg``, af tlgy wbu`m wint

tb dgngritg sbhg anfbrhitabn br usg tlg

rgjbrm is i rghanmgr hgjlinash fbr

tlghsg`vgs. Eut tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs pgrjgavg

at is i tlrgit tb tlg rgjbrm is tlgy tlanc at

jin lihpgr tlg anfbrhitabn.

Ugimand tlg Anfbrhitabn? Nursgs

wbu`m àcg tb eg ie`g tb trijc tlg jla`m‑s

ahhunazitabn stitus inm hassgm

bppbrtunatags, inm tlg drbwtl triogjtbry

it i dìnjg, gndidand an quajc `ànd bf tlg

anfbrhitabn an tlg rgjbrm. Hbtlgrs wbu`m

àcg anfbrhitabn bn ngxt mug mitg, wlit tlg

vijjanitabn prbtgjts idi anst, mgtia `gm jla`m

rgirand, drbwtl inm mindgr sadns inm rb`g

bf tlg fitlgr sb at anvb`vgs rgimand it gisg.

bb Hujl Anfbrhitabn? ]g egngjairags

`bbc fbr sg`f gxpìnitbry vasui`s, watl

mgtia`gm anfbrhitabn sb tlit tlgy jin

antgrprgt tlg anfbrhitabn tlghsg`vgs.

Nursgs tlanc tlas wa`` gnjburidg hbrg

qugstabns wlajl tlgy wbu`m àcg tb ivbam

an vagw bf àhatgm tahg it linm. I`sb tlg

egngjairags pgrjgavg drbwtl is anjrgisg an

wgadlt inm tlgrgfbrg oust `bbc fbr tlit

pagjg bf anfbrhitabn prbdrgssand bvgr

hbntls, nursgs jlirt lgadlt, wgadlt inm

lgim jarjuhfgrgnjg.

7.9.4. [lysaji` Fbrh

]g plysaji` fbrh bf tlg rgjbrm slbu`m livg

tlg quiàty bf egand funjtabni` unmgr murgss.

]grg as i prgfgrgnjg sggn tbwirms fihaàir

inm gxastand fbrhs bf tlg rgjbrms is tlg fbrh

sg`gjtgm nggms tb jbnvgy sgrabusngss, bwngrslap

inm stitg rgjbdnatabn fbr gxihp`g i ea-fb`m br

i ebbc`gt fbrh as prgfgrrgm ey hbst pgbp`g.

]as eglivabur slbws tlit tlg egngjairags

irg `bbcand fbr tlg quiàty bf tlg rgjbrm egand

jbhpijt watl `gss nuhegr bf fb`ms wlajl i`sb

immrgssgs tlg jbst ggjtavgngss ispgjt.





7.5. Ahprbvgm Antgrijtabn inm Gndidghgnt

Gndidghgnt watl tlg rgjbrm jin eg gnlinjgm

tlrbudl anjrgisand inm andrianand tlg

antgrijtabns watl tlg jirm. ]g sihg jin eg mbng

tlrbudl virabus hgtlbms ghp`bygm watlan tlg

systgh inm tlg mgsadn bf tlg rgjbrm atsg`f.

7.5.9 Anjrgisgm Viàmitabn, Ijjbuntieaàty,

Jbhhathgnt? I jli``gndg tlit tlg lgi`tl jirms

irg jurrgnt`y fijand as viàmitabn inm ijjbunt-

ieaàty bf miti. Bur g`m rgsgirjl slbws tlit tlg

bng bf tlg prahiry fiaùrgs bf tlg jirm as tlg egn-

gjairags‑ ìjc bf hbtavitabn/ansparitabn tb rgtian

br rgfgr tb tlg jirm is tlgy irg nbt ie`g tb gatlgr

rgìtg tb br mgpgnm bn tlg jirm ghbtabni``y br

funjtabni``y. Uganfbrjghgnt bf miti frbh ladlgr

iutlbratags gsp. fbr egngjairags as inbtlgr fijtbr

tlit tlg jirm fia`s tb ijjbhpàsl.

Lgi`tl wbrcgrs fijand miti fumdand/

hinapuìtabn, trijcand hassgm vijjanitabns inm

viàmitand tlg sihg watl egngjairags irg irgis

wlajl livg ygt tb eg immrgssgm an tlg jirm wlajl

i`sb `gims tb ergicmbwns an tlg jirm wbrcand is

systgh ritlgr tlin oust in irtgfijt.

Zpgjaji``y an Anmai, hadritabn bf hbtlgrs tb

mgàvgr tlgar eieags an tlgar nitavg va`ìdg rgsu`ts

an jrgitand jbhpàjitabns fbr hbtlgrs an cggpand

i trijc bf tlg jla`m‑s lgi`tl triogjtbry watlrgspgjt tb tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs anvb`vgm an las/lgr

ahhunazitabn jyj`g.

Ansadlts rgvgi`gm tlg nggm bf tlg Lgi`tl wbrcgrs

sadnand inm `` tlgar nihgs an tlg ahhunazitabn

sjlgmu`g wlajl lg`m tlgh ijjbuntie`g ey

hbtlgrs an jisg bf mbuets inm qugstabns br

sbhgtland dband wrbnd.

‐Hbtlgrs jin eg trajcy

sbhgtahgs, af tlgy irg ìtg

fbr tlgar fijaàty vasat tlgy jin

jlindg mitgs br gvgn hirc i

vijjanitabn is davgn.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

‐Af hbtlgr wints tb i`tgr ‚at

wbn‑t eg pbssae`g is tlg nbtgsinm sadniturg (wrattgn ey tlg

lgi`tl wbrcgr) irg tlgrg .‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

Bur lypbtlgsas as tlit watlbut

rganfbrjghgnt bf viàmitabn br

ijjbuntieaàty fbr gatlgr usgr

sgts, hbtavitabn br jbhhathgnt

tb nbt oust prgsgrvg tlg jirm eut

tbwirms jbhp`gtabn bf i rbutang

ahhunazitabn jyj`g as i jli``gndg.

Jirms watl sadniturgs, stihps

inm stajcgrs bf tlg nursg davand

i pirtajuìr vijjanitabn irg

hbrg àcg`y tb immrgss assugs

irbunm gnsurand viàmitabn br

ijjbuntieaàty. At i`sb tijc`gs

tlg jli``gndg bf anfbrhitabn

egand viàmitgm frbh i ladlgr

iutlbraty fbr tlg egngjairags.

Jirms watl p`gmdgs, plbtbdripls

br anfbrhitabn bn vijjang

egngts irg àcg`y tb dgngritg hbrg

jbhhathgnt, i sgnsg bf ijjbhpàslhgnt

inm hbtavitabn fbr prgsgrvitabn fbr

egngjairags inm ijt is i strbnd mravgr fbr

tlgh tb unmgrstinm tlgar rgspbnsaeaàty

tbwirms rbutang ahhunazitabns.

‐Af hbtlgr wints tb i`tgr ‚at

wbn‑t eg pbssae`g is tlg nbtgs inm

sadniturg (wrattgn ey tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgr) irg tlgrg.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

‐]g plbtb jin eg pramg bf tlg

hbtlgr fbr tlg jla`m it i ìtgr mitg‘

- Nursg, Cgnyi

‐]as wa`` hbtavitg hbtlgrs tb db tb

pbsygnmu, sb hbtlgr lis i tirdgt tb

dgt tlg jla`m lgi`tly.‘


‐Tg hust ijcnbw`gmdg inm rgwirm

hbtlgrs.‘

~ Nursg, Cgnyi

‐Af tlg plbtb as bf hy eiey A wa`` nbt

adnbrg tlg j irm.‘

~ Egngjairy, Cgnyi

Antrbmujand jirms watl egngjairags tb

sadn/wratg/tluhe prant bn tlgh lis

hbrg jlinjgs bf anjrgisand tlgar sgnsg bf

bwngrslap an tlg jirm.

Antgdritand inm iudhgntitabn

bf hbtavitabn fbr prgsgrvitabn,

ijjbhpàslhgnt, ijjbuntieaàty inm

viàmitabn an tlg jirm fbr ebtl usgrs sgts

as hbst àcg`y tb livg i hiobr ahpijt bn

lbw i lgi`tl jirm as vagwgm br rgtiangm

an tgrhs bf ats sadnajinjg inm pbtgntai`

fbr futurg usg.

Gndidghgnt bf tlg rgjbrm jin eg

hbnatbrgm inm anjrgisgm tlrbudl

eua`mand in gjbsystgh tlit suppbrts tlg

antgrijtabns watlan tlg jirm tlrbudl

magrgnt tahgs inm jarjuhstinjgs.

]gsg antgrijtabns jin eg eua`t

an tlg rgjbrm tlrbudl gìebritg`y

tlbudlt ijtavatags wlajl wa`` livg tb

eg sgqugnjgm inm pìjgm tb anjrgisg

tlg rgìtabnslap bf tlg pirgnts watl

tlg jirm. I`sb `gimand tb i ladlgr

mgpgnmgnjy bn tlg jirm tb ditlgr lgi`tl

jirg anfbrhitabn ritlgr tlin mgpgnmand

bn tlg lgi`tl jirg prbfgssabni`s.

]g antgrijtabn watl tlg irtafijt jin eg

anataitgm tlrbudl virabus issbjaitabns

inm ijtavatags. ]gsg jin lg`p eua`m

viàmitabn inm ijjbuntiea àty antb

tlg anfbrhitabn irtafijt. ]g ijt bf

lb`mand tlg pirgnt inm tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgr ijjbuntie`g fbr tlg jla`m‑slgi`tl tlrbudl tlg rgjbrm wa`` anjrgisg

ittijlhgnt tbwirms tlg rgjbrm.

Ghbtabni` ittijlhgnt tb tlg irtafijt

bwand tb tlg sgnsatavg niturg bf tlg

rgjbrm wa`` `gim tb pgrsbni` anjgntavgs.

]g pirgnts wa`` eg hbtavitgm an tlg

prbjgss tb ticg jirg fbr tlg lgi`tl

rgjbrm is tlgrg wa`` eg i suddgstabn bf i




tirdgt inm in ijlagvghgnt. ]us anstaditand i

sgnsg bf jbhhathgnt tbwirms tlg rgjbrm inm

tlg lgi`tl jirg systgh.

]as as i stgp wasg prbjgss tlit lis tb eua`t

antb tlg rgjbrm tb livg in ggjtavg gjbsystgh

tb anjrgisg gndidghgnt watl tlg jirm. Af tlgrg

as in gjbsystgh tb suppbrt tlg antgrijtabns

ggjtavg`y at wa`` `gim tb i prbjagnt lgi`tl

jirg systgh.

7.5.:. Zpijg fbr @bjiàzitabn inm

[grsbniàsitabn? ]g antgrijtabns anvb`vand

pgrsbniàzitabn as rgi``y ngjgssiry an

tlg prbjgss bf fbrhand ebnmand watl tlg

egngjairags. ]gy irg tlg prahiry jirgdavgrs

inm nggm tb eg ie`g tb rgìtg tb tlg rgjbrm.

Af ybu i``bw tlgh tb eg tlg bng tb ticg

bwngrslap bf tlg jbntgnts bf tlg rgjbrm,

tlgy jin eg egttgr issbjaitgm watl tlg

ahhunazitabn prbjgss is i wlb`g. ]g rgjbrm

jin eg jrgitgm tb bgr magrgnt antgrijtabns

inm bppbrtunatags tb tlg egngjairags tb fbrh

pgrsbni` jbnngjtabns tlrbudl . Antgrijtabns

àcg sadniturg br puttand mbwn nbtgs an

tlg rgjbrms atsg`f wa`` bgr i ladlgr `gvg` bf

bwngrslap, tlus `gimand tb egttgr i rajlgr

gndidghgnt. Antgràncand tlg ahpbrtinjg

bf tlg ahhunazitabn prbjgss tb tlit bf i

pgrsbni` rgspbnsaeaàty wa`` dgngritg ngwgr

rgspbnsgs inm prbeieaàtags.

]g spijg prbvamgm an tlg jirm fbr

`bjiàzitabn jin gvgn lg`p tlg lgi`tl jirg

prbfgssabni`s an rgtianand anfbrhitabn an

tlg jirm gvgn tlbudl tlgy mb nbt livg i

rg`gvint sgjtabn fbr tlg sihg. ]g prijtajg

bf `bjiàzitabn wa`` i`sb lg`p rgtian tlg

ghbtabni` ebnm watl pirgnts is suddgstgm

giràgr. ]g gssgnjg bf justbhazitabn

inm `bjiàzitabn jin i`sb eg gnlinjgm

ey davand tlg egngjairags tlg

ieaàty tb anjbrpbritg tlg tlands bf

tlgar àcand an tlg rgjbrm fbr g.d.

rgàdabus syheb`s, inm stajcgrs jin

eg anjbrpbritgm ey tlgh. Ugàdabus

syheb`bdy jin lg`p rgtian tlg jirm

fbr `bndgr is tlg irtafijt anjrgisgs an

ahpbrtinjg inm jin ivia` tlg strbnd

pgrsbni` jbnngjt at fbrhs watl

tlg egngjairags.

]g rgjbrms jin i`sb erand iebut i jlindg

an lbw tlg egngjairags antgrijt watl tlg

rgjbrm is bf nbw ey erandand in g`ghgnt bf

Mb -At-Qbursg`f (MAQ). ]grg as i`rgimy i nggm

prbogjtgm ey tlg egngjairags tb egjbhg

sg`f rgàint an unmgrstinmand tlg drbwtl

bf tlgar jla`m. ]g jbhpbngnt bf MAQ jin

fijaàtitg sujl i sjgnirab anjrgisand usg inm

gndidghgnt watl tlg jirm.





6. Zystghs Antgdritabn

In gxpgrt oury bf mgsadngrs, lgi`tl

prbfgssabni`s inm pbàjy hicgrs frbh

WNAJGF, TLB, EHDF, DIVA, AxMI inm

JCZ hgt tb gviùitg tlg rgjbrm gntrags, it

tlg ìst `gd bf tlg prbogjt. Ugprgsgntitavgs

frbh Drihggn inm Hanastry bf Zumin,

tlbudl anvatgm, wgrg unfbrtunitg`y unie`g

tb ittgnm.

]g idgnmi bf tlas oury wis twb fb`m

- gviùitand inm iwirmand tlg strbndgst

mgsadn gntrags an virabus jitgdbrags

inm masjussand pirihgtgrs fbr mgsadn

rgjbhhgnmitabns tlit jbu`m eg

ahp`ghgntgm it i unavgrsi` lgi`tl inm

pbàjy `gvg`.

]g twb miys anvb`vgm rgvagwand g`m

rgspbnsgs bn tlgsg ngw mgsadn rgjbrms,

rgvagwand, gviùitand, vbtand inm

masjussand tlg magrgnt prbpbsatabns

mgsadngrs livg himg, p`bttand tlgh bn

pirihgtgrs bf ghbtabni` v/s funjtabni`

viùg, rgtrbijtavg miti gntry, trinsatabn tb

madati` tgjlnb`bdy fb``bwgm ey gxtgnsavg

masjussabns bn tahgfrihgs inm fgisaeaàty bf

ahp`ghgntitabn bf tlg mgsadn prbpbsatabns.

]g miy jbnsastgm bf ngditavg vbtand inm

pbsatavg vbtand gxgrjasgs, anmavamui` vbtand

inm jb``gjtavg vbtand, erianstbrhand

sgssabns, strujturgm is wg`` is frgg-stbwand

jbnvgrsitabns watl tlg gntrags is stahuùs

sujl tlit tlg oumdgs wgrg?

a. rgvagwand it tlg sihg gntrags sgvgri`

tahgs tlrbudl magrgnt `gnsgs inm

spgnmand tahg ahprbvand tlgar bwn

oumdghgnt sb tlgy jbu`m amgntafy tlg

strbndgst rgjbrms ey tlg gnm bf tlg

sgssabn. ,

aa. Ie`g tb rgstgjt bn tlg mgsadn stahuùs

fbr jlirtand but tlg futurg pitl inmamgitand bn stritgdaj margjtabns.

aaa. Ie`g tb jrataqug tlg jrbwm-sburjand

ipprbijl inm gxp`brg ngw pueàj

anfbrhitabn jli``gndg irgis wlgrg sujl

in ipprbijl jbu`m eg ippàgm.

Cgy mravgrs eglanm jirm jlbajgs?

Ihbndst tlg jirms prgsgntgm, oury

prgfgrrgm jirms tlit ghp`bygm sahpàjaty

an tlg ìybut, prbvamgm jìraty bf

anfbrhitabn inm wgrg jbnjasg an

jbhhunajitand jrataji` anfbrhitabn.

F`gxaeaàty watl rgspgjt tb tlg

anjbrpbritabn bf immatabni` anfbrhitabn

g`ms an tlg futurg, jihg ijrbss is i

viùie`g jratgrai bf gviùitabn. Hiny

oury hghegrs i` sb prgfgrrgm rgjbrms

tlit lim tlg ieaàty an tlgar mgsadn

tb imipt tb prbdrgssavg tgjlnb`bdy.

Jirms tlit j`gir`y inm ggjtavg`y

jbhhunajitgm tlg gntarg vijjanitabn

jyj`g tb tlg egngjairy wgrg

mgghgm viùie`g.

Zystghs Antgdritabn? Bvgr tlg jbursg bf

tlg wbrcslbp, tlg masjussabn trinsatabngm

frbh tlg lgi`tl rgjbrms inm ats rb`g an

tlg systgh antb i ìrdgr masjussabn bf

systghaj rgfbrhs / prbjgssgs tlit nggm

tb eg gstieàslgm tb fijaàtitg hbrg

anfbrhgm mgjasabn hicand an tlg futurg.

Oumdgs jbntghpìtgm in irjlatgjturg bf

magrgnt typgs bf duamgàngs tlit slbu`m eg

mgvg`bpgm fbr jbuntrags?

a. i àst bf jrataji` miti g`ms (hanahuh

miti-sgt) tlit tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm hust

`bbc it jb``gjtand, an brmgr tb gnsurg

tlit miti jb``gjtgm as futurg rgimy watl

rgspgjt tb antrbmujtabn bf ngwgr lgi`tl

sgrvajg antgrvgntabns.

aa. i stritgdaj-viùg mahgnsabn bn wlit tlg

rb`g inm pìjg bf tlg jirm slbu`m eg watlan

tlg systgh

aaa. madati` jbhpàinjg jratgrai

av. (rgjbrm) hgmai inm fbrhit mgjasabnand

eisgm bn tlg jbhhunajitabn inm

anfbrhitabn ju`turgs ijrbss sbjagtags

v. syngrdags watl lbw TLB br WNAJGF

hiy gnvasabn i purg`y madati` futurg tlit

mbgs nbt anvb`vg i lirm-jbpy rgjbrm inman tlg eua`m up tb tlit wg jrgitg sbhg

ha`gstbngs i`bnd tlg wiy tb i jbhp`gtg

gjàpsg tb tlg rgjbrm.

Jbnsgnsus wis i`sb ijlagvgm watl rgspgjt

tb tlg amgi bf jrgitand in antgdritgm

eijcgnm rgsburjg systgh fbr jbuntrags.

]as wa`` jbnsast bf in iddrgditabn bf

mgsadn inm `bji` prbmujtabn rgsburjgs

gssgntai` fbr updrimand / rgmgsadnand i

jbuntry‑s lgi`tl rgjbrm. Immatabni``y

tlas bnàng rgsburjg jin i`sb eg

gquappgm watl virabus driplaj hgmai

hitgrai` wlajl jin eg jrbwm sburjgm

tlrbudl mgsadn jbhpgtatabns. ]g jbrg

sadnajint fgiturg bf tlg rgsburjg wa``

eg i àeriry bf lgi`tl rgjbrm mgsadns tlit

jin eg ijjgssgm bnàng, tlus prbvamand

jbuntrags watl tlg bptabn tb pajc inm

jlbbsg tlg mgsadn tlit as egst suatgm tb

tlgar jbntgxt. ]as bnàng rgpbsatbry

jin rst gndidg watl tlg jli``gndg bf

prbvamand jbhprglgnsavg suppbrt tb tlg

prbjgss bf ahhunazitabn, wlajl an tlg

futurg jin i`sb eg sji`gm up tb rgspbnm

tb ìrdgr qugstabns tlit ahpijt tlg

pueàj lgi`tl gjb`bdy.

Inbtlgr jrataji` fgiturg jbu`m eg i

rgpbsatbry bf egst prijtajgs/ hgisurgs is

livg eggn besgrvgm is egand sujjgssfu`

watl rgspgjt tb lgi`tl miti tb lg`p

jbuntrags hicg anfbrhgm mgjasabn

irbunm lgi`tl miti hinidghgnt.

]rbudl tlg bnàng rgsburjg systgh,

tlgrg as in bppbrtunaty tb gàjat

pirtajapitabn inm rgspbnsgs tb tlg vist

rindg bf systghaj prbe`ghs is amgntagmsb fir. Lbwgvgr it i prbjgss `gvg` sgvgri`

suddgstabns wgrg himg watl rgspgjt

tb gndidand watl tlg sbùtabns tb eg

jrbwmsburjgm.




]g Jrbwmsburjand [rbjgss? ]grg wis

jbnsgnsus bn livand antgr masjapàniry

tgihs bf mgsadngrs inm pueàj lgi`tl

gxpgrts tb wbrc tbdgtlgr tb jbnjgptuiàzg

sbùtabns. At wis i`sb rgjbhhgnmgm tlit

i hamwiy eg sbudlt egtwggn i jbhp`gtg`y

bpgn gnmgm prbjgss inm in anvatitabns bn`y

ipprbijl is i hgins bf jbntrb`ànd quiàty

bf butput.

Is i prbjgss suddgstabn tlg oury wis bf

tlg vagw tlit i systghitaj, 5 tagrgm g`m

rgsgirjl prbjgss slbu`m eg mbng. An tlg

rst vasat i eragf gtlnbdriplaj rgsgirjl

as jbnmujtgm ijrbss : tb 7 jbuntrags tb

ditlgr jbntgxt spgjaj miti tlit fggms

antb i egttgr mgnatabn bf tlg jli``gndg

atsg`f. ]as mgsadn jli``gndg as tlgn

bpgngm up tb tlg ìrdgr mgsadn inm pueàj

lgi`tl jbhhunaty i`bnd watl drinuìr

g`m miti wlajl prbvamgs pirtajapints i

j`girgr unmgrstinmand bf tlg niturg bf rgi`

tahg jli``gndgs. Mgsadn amgis irg jrbwm-

sburjgm, syntlgtaji``y mbwnsg`gjtgm inm

i shi``gr sgt bf :7 jbnjgpt amgis irg ticgn

eijc tb g`m fbr tgstand. ]g sgt bf tbp 9;

mgsadn prbpbsatabns irg sg`gjtgm inm tlg

mgsadngrs irg gnjburidgm tb rgng inm

rg-suehat tlgar gntrags an vagw bf g`m

rgspbnsgs. Anmavamui` jbuntrags jin tlgn

jbnsamgr jbntrijtand tlg wanngrs, watltlg jbntgst egjbhand i vglaj`g tlit iàdns

nitabni` lgi`tl systghs watl `bji` tbp

mgsadn ti`gnt. ]as ti`gnt jin eg mgp`bygm

bn btlgr lgi`tl inm pueàj anfbrhitabn

mgsadn jli``gndgs.

At wis i`sb rgjbhhgnmgm tlit prb-ijtavg

mgjasabn hicgrs frbh hanastrags bf

lgi`tl bf magrgnt ghgrdand gjbnbhags

eg anvb`vgm an tlg ni` oury ping`, sb is

tb `gnm jbntgxt ipprbpraitgngss. ]as

wa`` gnsurg tlit sbùtabns dgngritgm livg

eggn vagwgm tlrbudl hu`ta masjapàniry

vagwpbants inm jin eg imiptgm tb rgi`-

tahg jbuntry spgjaj sjgnirabs.

At wis i`sb suddgst tlit antg``gjtui`

prbpgrty radlts hust eg rgsgrvgm bn`y

fbr tlg tbp tgn mgsadns, inm nbt fbr

gvgry suehassabn, sb is tb gnjburidg

hbrg prbfgssabni`s inm mgsadn stumabs

tb ipp`y tb tlg jbntgst.

I sahaìr “jrbwm-sburjand bf amgis‑

ipprbijl wis mgghgm viùie`g fbr

btlgr pueàj anfbrhitabn inm hgssidand

gbrts, gspgjai``y tbwirms nbn-àtgritg inm

magrgnt`y ie`gm pbpuìtabns.

Jurrgnt`y sanjg hbst hgssidand as iahgm it

àtgritg pbpuìtabns at mbgs ijt is i eirragr

tbwirms ggjtavg sgrvajg jbhhunajitabn

inm mgàvgry.

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg <;



Jin tlas rgjbrm ànc sgih`gss`y watl

btlgr amgntaty inm pueàj sgrvajg irtgfijts

tlit egngjairy jbhhunatags rgtian inm

viùg sujl tlit at egjbhgs i hbrg jrataji`

amgntagr bf tlg anmavamui` inm tlg fiha`y2

Jin tlg rgjbrm sgrvg is tlg injlbr fbr i``

gxjlindg bf lgi`tl anfbrhitabn egtwggn

tlg lgi`tl prbvamgr inm tlg egngjairy2

Frbh in anfbrhitabn mgsadn pgrspgjtavg,

tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm lis tlg pbtgntai` tb

bjjupy i hbrg jrataji` rb`g an gnieànd

tlg nursg tb ànc tlg eiey watl tlg jirm,

tlus rgmujand oumdhgnt eisgm mgjasabn

hicand, wlgrgis watl rgspgjt tb prbvamand

jrataji` lgi`tl jirg anfbrhitabn tlg lgi`tl

rgjbrm as gxpgjtgm tb pìy in issastavg rb`g,

sanjg tlg egngjairy as hbrg rgàint bn

inm trustand bf vgrei` jbunsg`ànd. Tatl

rgspgjt tb massghanitabn bf vati` lgi`tl

jirg anfbrhitabn, tlgrg as in bppbrtunaty

tb iàdn at watl `bji` cnbw`gmdg slirand

ju`turgs. Cgy anfbrhitabn jin tlgn eg

rgnmgrgm an i hu`ta-hbmi` fbrhit3 in

antgrpìy bf iuri`, vasui` inm tgxtui`

hgmai. Immatabni``y usgr gndidghgnt

watl tlg rgjbrm jin eg anjrgisgm ey

mgsadnand i hu`ta-hbmi` fbrhit tlit

gnie`g i sgrags bf antgrijtabns tlrbudl

magrgnt tahgs inm jarjuhstinjgs

an tlg anfbrhitabn gnvarbnhgnt bf

egngjairags. ]gsg antgrijtabns jin eg

eua`t an tlg rgjbrm tlrbudl gìebritg`y

tlbudlt ijtavatags wlajl wa`` livg

tb eg sgqugnjgm inm iahgm it anjrgisand

tlg rgìtabnslap bf tlg pirgnts watl

tlg rgjbrm.

4. ]g Ugjbrm is i Zystgh inm an i Zystgh

]g jurrgnt mgnatabn bf tlg “lgi`tl

rgjbrm‑ jli``gndg hiy eg rgstrajtavg inm

wg irg àcg`y tb jbhg up watl anjrghgnti`

sbùtabns af wg rgpgitgm`y mgng tlg

prbe`gh is at lis i`wiys eggn mgngm. At as

pbssae`g tb rgmgng tlg prbe`gh inm jrift i

hbrg ipprbpraitg sjbpand bf tlg jli``gndg.

Fbr nbw tlas ngeu`bus jli``gndg jin eg

pìjgm it tlg antgrsgjtabn bf assugs igjtand

magrgnt usgr sgts sujl is egngjairags,

frbnt-àng lgi`tl-wbrcgrs inm tlg eijcgnm

lgi`tl systgh. ]gsg assugs irg ìrdg`y

rgìtgm tb miti gntry inm rgtragvi`, pitagnt

amgntaty inm lgi`tl stitus trijcand, lgi`tl-

jirg inm nutratabn rgìtgm jbunsg`ànd inm

eglivabur jlindg jbhhunajitabn

At as i`sb antgrgstand tb nbtg tlit tlg rgjbrm

as tlg bn`y tindae`g irtafijt tlit as rgtiangm

watl tlg egngjairy inm tlgrgfbrg pbssae`y

tlg bn`y “amgntagr bf tlg sgrvajg‑ tlit as an

j`bsgst prbxahaty bf tlg egngjairy fiha`y.

At as tlgrgfbrg gvgn hbrg jrataji` fbr at tb

sadnafy tlg gssgnjg bf tlg sgrvajg a.g. jla`m

prbtgjtabn, lgi`tl inm drbwtl inm ijt isi eramdg egtwggn tlg egngjairy inm tlg

lgi`tl prbvamgr. Furtlgrhbrg tlg prbxahaty

at bjjupags watl tlg egngjairy hicgs

at i cgy vglaj`g fbr eglivaburi` jlindg

jbhhunajitabn.

Ug-mgsadnand tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm prbvamgs

us watl in bppbrtunaty tb, stgp eijc inm,

rimaji``y rg-ahidang tlg rb`g at “jin‑ pìy

an tlg pueàj lgi`tl systgh. An rgspbnsg

tb tlg `bbsg`y frihgm jli``gndg (iebvg),

at wbu`m eg ahpbrtint tb mgvg`bp i sgrags

bf magrgnt lypbtlgsgs bn tlg “canms‑

bf lgi`tl rgjbrm tlit jbu`m rimaji``y

ahpijt jbvgridg.

Tlit canm bf i rgjbrm jin fijaàtitg

in ahprbvgm rippbrt inm gndidghgnt

egtwggn egngjairags inm tlg Ubutang

Ahhunazitabn prbdrih2

Jin tlg rgjbrm egjbhg strbnd`y

synbnyhbus watl br in ajbn bf sbrts

bf tlg jla`m‑s lgi`tl inm drbwtl sujl

tlit egngjairy jbhhunatags anviraie`y

issbjaitg tlg rgjbrm watl jla`m‑s lgi`tl2

Jin tlg rgjbrm ansta`` an tlg egngjairy

tlg mgsarg inm eglivaburs tlit prabratazg

tlg `bnd tgrh dbi` bf tlg lgi`tl bf tlg

jla`m, watlan wlajl tlg ahhunazitabn

prbjgss as vagwgm is egand bn`y in ispgjtbf, ritlgr tlin tlg sb`g beogjtavg2

Mbgs tlas irtgfijt livg tlg pbtgntai` tb

gnie`g tlg antrbmujtabn bf i fggmeijc

`bbp, frbh tlg egngjairags inm lgi`tl-

wbrcgr tb tlg lgi`tl systgh, sujl tlit

tlgrg as shbbtlgr stbw bf lgi`tl miti is

wg`` is fggmeijc bn tlg sgrvajg2

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg <5




Eglivaburi` Jlindg? ]g mgsadn

jin gvgn `gvgridg bn lbw luhin

eglivabrs rganfbrjg rgspbnsaeaàty. Fbr

anstinjg, anjbrpbritand tlg sadniturg

br stihp bf tlg lgi`tl wbrcgr is wg``

is tlg egngjairy iftgr tlg ijt bf

vijjanitabn, jin gnjbur idg pgrjgptabns

bf ijjbuntieaàty inm ijjbhpàslhgnt

is wg`` is rganfbrjg tlg sadnajinjg bf

vijjanitabn. Fgiturgs tlit jin gnie`g

tlg pirgnt tb hicg tlg rgjbrm tlgar

bwn, àcg i lgi`tl `bd br plbtbdripls

gtj. jin iam an eua`mand ghbtabni` viùg3

wlajl as in anjgntavg fbr rgtgntabn.

]g pirgnts hiy eg hbtavitgm tb

prgsgrvg tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm mug tb tlg

suddgstavg prgsgnjg bf i tirdgt inm

in ijlagvghgnt. Immatabni``y, tlg ijt

bf lb`mand tlg pirgnt inm tlg lgi`tl

wbrcgr ijjbuntie`g fbr tlg jla`m‑s lgi`tl

tlrbudl tlg rgjbrm jbu`m rimaji``y

jlindg pgrjgptabns inm tlgrgey

prijtajgs irbunm rgjbrm rgtgntabn

inm usg.

Bnjg tlg rgjbrm lis diangm hanmspijg

inm trijtabn, at jin tlgn immrgss i

ìrdgr jbnjgrn, tlit bf tlg bvgri``

mgvg`bphgnt bf ebtl tlg hbtlgr inm

tlg jla`m. Tatlbut egand rgstrajtgm tb

bn`y ahhunazitabn, tlg rgjbrm jin ìtgrtrinsat antb antgdritand anfbrhitabn

massghanitabn iebut lgi`tl, nutratabn

inm sinatitabn.

Ijquarand Wsgr Fggmeijc? Bnjg

tlas as ijlagvgm, at hicgs at gvgn hbrg

ahpgritavg tb ijquarg usgr fggmeijc

jbntanubus`y frbh egngjairags, an brmgr

tb anjbrpbritg anjrghgnti` eut mynihaj

ahprbvghgnts an lgi`tl systgh prbjgssgs.

Tla`g tlg rgjbrm an ats jurrgnt fbrh hiy

nbt eg mgsadngm tb jipturg egngjairy

fggmeijc, in ipprbpraitg rgmgsadnand bf tlg

rgjbrm inm tlg anfbrhitabn trinsijtabn

prbtbjb`, hiy gnie`g us tb mb sb. ]as wa``

gnie`g gvgn tlg frbnt-àng ìygr tb anataitg

hajrb rgfbrhs inm twgics watlan ats

hinngr bf funjtabnand tb gnsurg bptahazgm

prbjgss gjagnjy.

Lgi`tl Miti F`bw inm Mgjasabn Hicand?

Frbh i systghaj pgrspgjtavg tlg jirm

slbu`m livg tlg pbtgntai` tb gisg tlg

jb`ìtabn bf pitagnt inm jla`m miti inm

stbw at eijc antb tlg systgh, an brmgr tb

gnie`g egttgr mgjasabn hicand. Livand

tlas jbntanubus miti stbw antb tlg mastrajt

inm stitg `gvg`s jin fijaàtitg tlg systgh

tb jrgitg stritgdags irbunm lbw egttgr tb

rgspbnm tb spgjaj lgi`tl vu`ngrieaàtags

bf magrgnt pitagnt sgts br pgbp`g ijrbss

magrgnt rgdabns. It in gvgn ladlgr `gvg`

at jin anfbrh tlg jrgitabn bf in gjbsystgh

tlit jin anvatg jrbss sgjtbri` anvgsthgnts

tb sgrvg spgjaj lgi`tl nggms bf

egngjairy pbpuìtabns.

]gsg inm btlgr latlgrtb unahidangm

pbtgntaiàtags jin lg`p us rg-tlanc nbtbn`y tlg jrataji` rb`g bf tlg jirm watlan tlg

ìrdgr systgh eut i`sb gnvasabn tlg jirm is

i systgh an atsg`f. ]g rgjbrm jin eg sggn is

ijtand is i sg`f sustianand gntaty, in ajbn bf

jlindg br i sgrvajg amgntagr tlit jin pivg

tlg wiy fbr updrimand tlg gntarg systgh.

Ughanmgr inm Ugji``? Jurrgnt`y tlg rgjbrm

mbgs nbt pgrfbrh tlg funjtabn bf sgrvand

is i hnghbnaj rghanmgr bf tlg sgrvajg br

tlg ngxt mug mitg. ]g rgjbrm hust eg ie`g

tb rghanm egngjairags iebut tlg ngxt mug

mitg, an imvinjg inm tlgn rganfbrjg bn tlg

miy, i`bndsamg prbvamand i sgnsg bf wlgrg

tlgy irg pìjgm an tlg gntarg vijjanitabn

jyj`g. ]g prbpbsgm rghanmgr hgjlinash

jin eg mgsadngm is egand i eramdg egtwggn

iumab inm vasui`. In iuri` hgssidg is i

rghanmgr bf tlg anfbrhitabn br i mug mitg

stihp davgn ey i pgrsbn bf iutlbraty jin

prbvamg tlg nggmgm pusl tb tlg egngjairags

tb rbutang`y imlgrg tb tlg vijjanitabn jyj`g.

Zahaìr`y vasui` `y irrgstand rghanmgr

hgtlbms jin eg mgsadngm antb tlg rgjbrm.

]us fu``ànd i erbimgr pgrspgjtavg tlin

oust usand tlg rgjbrm is i pissavg irtgfijt.

Zifgty Jlgjcs Tatlan tlg Jirm? ]g

lgi`tl rgjbrm is i systgh nggms tb

anjbrpbritg anfbrhitabn rgmunminjags

tlrbudl bvgrìps an brmgr tb gàhanitg

anfbrhitabn `gicidgs. ]g prgsgnjg bf

sifgty jlgjcs watlan tlg lgi`tl rgjbrm

is i systgh as i jrataji`, jbnsamgrand tlg

`bdastaji` prgssurg tlit tlg systgh prgsgnt`y

gxgrts upbn tlg lgi`tl wbrcgr. ]g slggr

nuhegr bf egngjairags tlit livg tb eg

sgrvajgm watlan i slbrt spin bf tahg davgrasg tb tlg sjbpg bf prbjgss grrbrs br prbjgss

mgvaitabns. An brmgr tb rgmujg tlas tlg lgi`tl

rgjbrm hust sggc tb rganfbrjg jrataji` lgi`tl

jirg anfbrhitabn tlit as jurrgnt`y mgsadnitgm

is fi`ànd watlan tlg jbrg rgspbnsaeaàty bf

tlg lgi`tl jirg prbvamgr.

Fbr anstinjg watl rgspgjt tb tlg

Wnaqug AM, tlg jirm jbu`m ittghpt tb

jipturg anfbrhitabn tlit jin funjtabn

is sgjbnmiry br pissavg amgntagrs,

gatlgr an tlg fbrh bf i unaqug

amgntajitabn jbmg, immatabni` eijcup

miti g`m br tlrbudl tlg prbvasabn

bf i eìnc spijg fbr `bjiàzgm

anfbrhitabn. Zahaìr`y tlg mug-mitg

miti g`m jbu`m eg mgsadngm an wiy

tlit gnsurgs vasaeaàty it iny davgn

tahg tlit tlg usgr as rgimand tlg

rgjbrm, rgdirm`gss bf tlg hinngr an

wlajl tlg rgjbrm lis eggn fb`mgm

br lg`m. Af sujl sifgty ngts irg eua`t

antb tlg funmihgnti` `bdaj bf tlg

jirm, tlgn at wa`` eg gquappgm tb

bpgritg ggjtavg`y an i viragty bf

g`m sjgnirabs. At wa`` i`sb anjrgisg

mgpgnmgnjy bn tlg rgjbrm tb ditlgr

lgi`tl jirg anfbrhitabn ritlgr tlin

mgpgnmand wlb``y bn tlg lgi`tl

jirg prbfgssabni`s.

An immatabn tb tlas, antrbmujand

immatabni` sgjuraty ìygrs tb tlg

anfbrhitabn jb``gjtgm an tlg jirm jin

iam tlg lgi`tl wbrcgrs ahhgnsg`y

sanjg tlg systgh as tlgn dgirgm fbr

gjagnjy is wg`` is mgsadngm tb eg

funjtabni` gvgn an tlg fijg bf àhatandg`m jli``gndgs. ]as wa`` lg`p eramdg

tlg dip egtwggn mgsargm prbtbjb`s inm

ijtui` gxgjutabn bn g`m.

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg <=



<. Ippgnmax

[rbtbjb` Duamg fbr Lgi`tl Tbrcgrs?

]g hbmgritbr anataitgm in ajg ergicand

sgssabn an brmgr tb antrbmujg pirtajapints

tb gijl btlgr is wg`` is antrbmujg tlg JCZ

rgsgirjlgrs inm tlg hbmgritbr‑s tgih tb

tlg pirtajapints).

]g FDM tlgn egadans is fb``bws?

i. Nihg

e. Lbw `bnd s/lg lis eggn wbrcand inm

lbw `bnd tlgy livg wbrcgm watl tlg jirm

j. Irgi tlit tlgy jbvgr

Y. Lbw mb ybu usg tlg ahhunazitabn

jirm2 (prbeg antb tlg gntarg usg jisg ‚

wlgn mb tlgy assug tb hbtlgr, lbw tlgy

usg at2) Jin ybu tlanc bf iny antgrgstand

gxpgragnjgs tlit ybu hiy livg lim watl tlg

prgsgnt ahhunazitabn jirm, dbbm br gvgn

btlgrwasg2

Y. Tlit irg tlg prbe`ghs tlit ybu

gxpgragnjg bn g`m watl tlg prgsgnt lgi`tl

rgjbrm jirms2 (Hbmgritbr fijaàtitgs eragf

masjussabn)Y. Ipirt frbh tlg jirm wlit btlgr

ahhunazitabn trijcand hgtlbms livg ybu

usgm2

[lisg 9 - Jug jirm eisgm ijtavatags?

i). Wnaqug amgntaty

e). Ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g

j). Ngw funjtabn g`ms

m). Vasui` hgtiplbr

g). Jb`br

f). Hitgrai` & fbrh

(i). Wnaqug Amgntajitabn Jug jirm {Nb.

bf jug jirms - =} [ipgr eisgm vbtand (9;

- 97 hanutgs)

[rbeg? b unmgrstinm tlg ahpbrtint

g`ms fbr amgntajitabn inm bpgnngss tb

tlg usg bf tgjlnb`bdy is in iam.

(7 hanutgs) Hbmgritbr egdans watl

in bpgn gnmgm masjussabn, wlgrg wg

masjuss pirtajapint gxpgragnjgs bf

linmànd vgrajitabn bf amgntatags bn tlg

jirm inm iny prbe`ghs tlgy fijg.

Y. Lbw mb ybu dgngri``y vgrafy tlg

amgntaty bf tlg jla`m2 Tlit jli``gndgs

livg ybu fijgm an jlgjcand tlg rgi`

amgntaty bf i jla`m2 Irg tlgrg iny btlgr

hgtlbms mb ybu usg tb jlgjc tlg

amgntaty bf tlg jla`m2

(9; hanutgs) Hbmgritbr slbws tlghpipgr eisgm jirms bf unaqug amgntaty

pirihgtgrs àcg nihg, plbtbdripl,

eartlhircs, eabhgtrajs inm ndgr

prants gtj.

Y. ]gsg irg i fgw ngw amgntajitabn

amgis tlit livg eggn suehattgm,

tlit jbu`m eg immgm tb tlg jirm (i

plbtbdripl bf tlg hbtlgr inm tlg

eiey, hircand eartlhircs bn tlg jirm)

/ tgjlnb`bdy (eirjbmgs). Tlit mb ybu

tlanc bf tlgsg amgis2 (Hbmgritbr fijaàtitgs

masjussabn fbr i jbup`g bf hanutgs, bn prbs,

jbns gtj.)

Y. Af wg jbu`m antrbmujg bn`y bng bf tlgsg

ngw amgntajitabn amgis, wlajl bng mb ybu

tlanc wa`` lg`p ybu ijjuritg`y trijc tlg

amgntaty bf i jla`m an tlg egst wiy pbssae`g2

[`gisg nbtg ybur nihg inm tlg jbmg bf tlg

amgi bn tlg pbst at an frbnt bf ybu.

Y. ]incs, p`gisg tg`` us (bng ey bng) iebut

tlg jlbajg ybu livg himg inm wly ybu

tlanc tlas as tlg egst jbhpirgm tb btlgrs.

(Hbmgritbr fijaàtitgs eragf masjussabn)

(e). Ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g Jug jirms {<

jug jirms} (:; hanutgs)

[rbeg? Gisg an unmgrstinmand bf

anfbrhitabn, jìraty, tahg ticgn tb ``

Hbmgritbr siys ‐]g rbutang ahhunazitabn

sjlgmu`g as it tlg lgirt bf bur rgsgirjl

watl tlas jirm ‚ wg wint tb unmgrstinm

lbw tb mgsadn tlas an tlg egst, hbst j`gir

inm hbst ggjtavg wiy.‘

(Hbmgritbr slbws tlg gxastand jirm inmpbants tb tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g)

Y. Jin ybu tg`` us i àtt`g iebut tlg

ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g an tlg gxastand

jirm2 Jin rgjb``gjt af ybu‑vg gvgr lim i

jli``gndg watl usand tlas2 Tlit canms bf

prbe`ghs bjjur2 (Hbmgritbr fijaàtitgs

eragf masjussabn)

Hbmgritbr siys ‐Mgsadngrs livg jrgitgm

ngw amgis / ngw wiys bf rgprgsgntand

tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g. An drbups

bf 5 wg‑m àcg ybu tb db tlrbudl tlg 7

jirms tlit A ih davand tb ybu. Oust ticg i

hanutg br twb tb sgg tlgsg jirms. Af ybu

wint tb jìrafy wlit i pirtajuìr tland

an tlg jirm hgins, ybu hiy masjuss watl

ybur pirtngr‑.

--- : hanutgs ----

Hbmgritbr siys ‐A‑vg wrattgn sbhg eisaj

anfbrhitabn bn tlas wlatg ebirm.‘

Nihg bf tlg jla`m? bhhy

Mitg bf EJD? 9=tl Mgj 5;9:

LG[ E? 9=tl Mgj 5;9:

B[V9? 9=tl Mgj 5;9:

NG\ MWG MIG? [`gisg ji`juìtg tlas

bn ybur bwn eisgm bn tlg mitg davgn.

@B NB. ? I:959

Hbmgritbr siys ‐A wbu`m àcg ybu tb

`` tlas anfbrhitabn antb tlg 7 jirms an

frbnt bf ybu. [`gisg mb tlas anmavamui``y

‚ wg livg jirms fbr i`` bf ybu . [`gisg

mb nbt masjuss tlg jirms wla`g ybu irg

`ànd tlgh, af ybu livg iny qugstabns

p`gisg ji`` hg tb ybur sgit, A wa``jìrafy.‘

Hbmgritbr siys ‐]it hust livg eggn

in antgrgstand gxpgragnjg/Lbw mam ybu

àcg tlit2 Eisgm bn ybur gxpgragnjg

bf `ànd tlgsg jirms, A wbu`m àcg ybu

tb ini`ysg inm mgjamg tlg bngs tlit

ijjbrmand tb ybu irg egst (5 bf tlgh

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg <6



pgrlips) inm wlajl bng ybu àcgm `gist. Zb

tbp 5 inm ebttbh 9.‘

Y. ]incs, p`gisg tg`` us (bng ey bng) iebut

tlg jlbajg ybu livg himg inm tlg rgisbn

fbr tlg sihg. (Hbmgritbr fijaàtitgs eragf

masjussabn)

]g hbmgritbr iscs tlgh tb rgim/slbw/lb`m

up tlgar jlbajg inm masjuss wlit mam tlgy

àcg an tlg tie`g2 [rbegs wly tlgy jlbbsg

tlbsg jirms inm tlg jbhprglgnsaeaàty bf tlg

miti g`ms.

Y. Nbw A wbu`m àcg ybu tb jb``gjtavg`y

masjuss inm vbtg fbr tlg tbp 5 (rincgm 9st

inm 5nm) inm tlg ebttbh 9 inm tg`` us wly2

Hbmgritbr siys ‐]grg irg i`sb tlgsg tlrgg

amgis tlit A wint tb slirg watl ybu inm

unmgrstinm wlit ybu tlanc bf tlgh‘ (Zlbw

inm gxpìan rimai`, earm ajbns, trgg mgsadn ‚

fijaàtitg eragf masjussabn)

(j). Ngw Anfbrhitabn Fag`ms / Viùg {7 jug

jirms} (97 hanutgs)

[rbeg? [rabratazitabn bf ngw anfbrhitabn

Y. Mgsadngrs livg jbhg up watl sbhg

ngw amgis bf wlit g`sg / wlit ngw canmsbf anfbrhitabn jbu`m eg antrbmujgm an tlg

jirm. Lgrg irg sbhg bf tlgsg3 (pìjg jug-

jirms bn tie`g) p`gisg livg i `bbc (hbmgritbr

fijaàtitgs masjussabn).

An jisg tlg jitgdbrags irg nbt sg`f gvamgnt tb

tlg pirtajapints, in gxpìnitabn wa`` eg davgn

tb tlgh rgdirmand tlg sihg.

Anmavamui` Vbtand?

Y. Af wg jbu`m bn`y imm bng br twb bf

tlgsg miti g`ms, wlajl bngs mb ybu

tlanc wa`` lg`p/imm viùg fbr ybu inm

tlg egngjairags hbst2 [`gisg nbtg

ybur nihg inm tlg jbmgs bf tlg 5 tbp

amgis bn tlg pbstats an frbnt bf ybu.

Y. ]incs, p`gisg tg`` us (bng ey

bng) iebut tlg jlbajg ybu livg himg

inm wly ybu tlanc tlas as tlg egst,

is jbhpirgm tb btlgrs. (Hbmgritbr

fijaàtitgs eragf masjussabn)

As tlgrg iny btlgr canm bf anfbrhitabn

tlit slbu`m eg anjùmgm an tlg jirm

inm lbw at wbu`m imm viùg2

(m). Vasui` hgtiplbr Jug jirms (97

hanutgs)

[rbeg? Jbunsgànd anfbrhitabn

davgn an tgrhs bf tahg inm drbwtl

rgprgsgntitabn

Drbwtl Jlirts (< ‚ 1 hans)

Y. Lbw mb ybu trijc tlg drbwtl bf tlg

jla`m it prgsgnt2

Hbmgritbr pìjgs jug jirms bn tlg

tie`g

Hbmgritbr siys ‐]gsg irg sbhg ngw

wiys an wlajl mgsadngrs livg mgsadngm

tlg drbwtl jlirts. Tg wbu`m àcg ybu

tb ticg 5 tb : hanutgs tb rgvagw tlgh.‘

Y. Zb, wlit mb ybu tlanc bf tlgsg2

(Hbmgritbr fijaàtitgs eragf masjussabn

bn prbs inm jbns gtj., prbeg antb tlg

vasui` inm anfbrhitabni` sty`gs inm

ijquarg unmgrstinmand bf prgfgrgnjg

pittgrns, isc wly wly wly)

Y. Tlajl bf tlgsg ijjbrmand tb ybu

as egst (5 jirms) inm wbrst (9 jirm) an

tgrhs bf gisg bf usg inm unmgrstinmand

ey ybu inm egngjairags2 [`gisg nbtg

ybur nihg inm tlg jbmgs bf tlg 5 tbp

amgis bn tlg pbstats an frbnt bf ybu.

Y. ]incs, p`gisg tg`` us (bng ey bng)

iebut tlg jlbajg ybu livg himg inm wly

ybu tlanc tlas as tlg egs t, is jbhpirgm

tb btlgrs. (Hbmgritbr fijaàtitgs eragf

masjussabn)

Lgi`tljirg Jbunsg`ànd anfbrhitabn

(7 ‚ 4 hanutgs)

Y. Lbw mb ybu jbunsg` hbtlgrs bn lbw

tb ticg jirg bf tlg jla`m it prgsgnt2 Mb

ybu livg i prbvasabn an ybur jirm tlit

suppbrts tlg anfbrhitabn ybu davg tlgh2

Hbmgritbr pìjgs jug jirms bn tlg tie`g

Hbmgritbr siys ‐]gsg irg sbhg ngwwiys an wlajl mgsadngrs livg vasuiàzgm

br mriwn lgi`tljirg anfbrhitabn. Tg

wbu`m àcg ybu tb ticg 5 tb : hanutgs tb

rgvagw tlgh.‘

Y. Zb, wlit mb ybu tlanc bf tlgsg2

(Hbmgritbr fijaàtitgs eragf masjussabn

bn prbs inm jbns gtj., prbeg antb tlg

vasui` inm anfbrhitabni` sty`gs i nm ijquarg

unmgrstinmand bf prgfgrgnjg pittgrns,

isc wly2)

Y. Tlajl bf tlgsg ijjbrmand tb ybu as egst

(5 jirms) inm wbrst (9 jirm) fbr tlg purpbsg

bf hicand egngjairags unmgrstinm inm

rghghegr2 [`gisg nbtg ybur nihg inm tlg

jbmgs bf tlg 5 tbp amgis bn tlg pbstats an

frbnt bf ybu.

(g). Jb`br Jug ji rms {:+5 jug jirms}

(5; hanutgs tgntitavg

[rbeg? Ju`turi` jbntgxt bf jb`br,

prgfgrgnjgs eisgm upbn pgrsbni`

gxpgragnjgs, Jb`br is in anmajitbr bf

sgdrgditabn bf anfbrhitabn, Jb`br is in

anmajitbr bf ahpbrtinjg, Jb`br is in

anmajitbr bf prabratazitabn. Tg irg `bbcand

fbr quajc rgspbnsgs inm bpgn gnmgm

masjussabns.

Dgngraj Jb`br

Y. Af ybu lim tb jlbbsg i jb`bur fbr i

lgi`tljirm wlajl bng wbu`m at eg inm wly2

(Masjussabn)

Y. Tlajl jb`bur mb ybu issbjaitg watl

lgi`tl2 (Masjussabn)

Hbmgritbr maspìys jirms bn tlg tie`g.

Y. Tlajl jb`br but bf tlgsg wbu`m ybu

jlbbsg fbr tlg ahhunazitabn jirm2 (Drbup

masjussabn bn jlbbsand wlajl jb`brs wbrc

br mbn‑t wbrc inm wly)

Ugjbrms fbr àfg | [idg <<



Jb`bur Jbmand (Jb`br is i funjtabn an

tgrhs bf anfbrhitabn jbmand? Jb`br jirms an

tgrhs bf jb`br fbr vijjanitabn inm tahg br

hbntl)

Hbmgritbr maspìys jb`bur jbmand jug jirms

bn tlg tie`g.

Hbmgritbr siys ‐Jb`br lis eggn usgm an tlg

mgsadn bf tlgsg jirms, p`gisg ticg i hanutg

tb sgg tlgsg‑

Y. Tlit mb ybu tlanc bf tlgsg2 (Masjussabn,

af tlg rgspbnmgnts livg nbt unmgrstbbm tlg

jbmgm funjtabn gxpìan jb`bur ijjbrmand tb

tahg br ijjbrmand tb vijjang)

Y. Tlajl bng mb ybu prgfgr inm wly2

(Jb``gjtavg masjussabn inm jlbajg)

[lisg AA ‚ Vbtand bn tlg gntarg jirm {97

jirms} (:; hanutgs)

[rbeg? bn wlit eisas tlgy irg hicand tlgar

jlbajg

Hbmgritbr maspìys i`` tlg jirms bn

tlg tie`g

Hbmgritbr siys ‐]incs fbr ybur wbnmgrfu`

fggmeijc bn tlg jirms prgsgntgm tb ybu

upta`` nbw. a`` nbw wg wgrg slbwand ybu

magrgnt pirts bf tlg jirms tb dgt spgjajfggmeijc. Nbw A‑m àcg tb prgsgnt tlg

jbhp`gtg jirms tlit livg jbhg an. ]grg

irg vgry magrgnt canms bf gntrags tlit livg

jbhg an. [`gisg ticg i `bbc it tlgsg jirms

‚ ybu livg 97 ‚ 5; hans tb `bbc it i`` bf

tlgh, ybu jin gvgn nbtg mbwn tlands ybu

àcg, i`` ybur tlbudlts tlit ybu irg livand

wla`g vagwand tlg jirms inm tlgn wg‑``

livg i masjussabn‘

Eisgm bn ybur rgvagw bf tlgsg jirms, A

wbu`m àcg ybu tb ini`ysg inm mgjamg

ybur : fivburatg bngs inm wlajl bng ybu

àcgm `gist. Zb tbp : inm ebttbh 9.‘ Qbu

jin nbtg ybur anmavamui` jlbajgs an tlg

pbst an frbnt bf ybu.

Y. ]incs, p`gisg tg`` us (bng ey bng)

iebut tlg jlbajgs ybu livg himg inm

tlg rgisbn fbr tlg sihg. (Hbmgritbr

fijaàtitgs eragf masjussabn)

Y. Nbw A wbu`m àcg ybu tb jb``gjtavg`y

masjuss inm vbtg fbr tlg tbp : (rincgm 9st

inm 5nm) inm tlg ebttbh 9 inm tg`` us

wly tlgsg irg ybur jlbajgs2

Bn tlg radlt? Erianstbrhand sgssabn an

prbdrgss fbr g`m duamg jrgitabn .





[rbtbjb` Duamg fbr Egngjairag s

Egngjairags tb antrbmujg tlghsg`vgs is

pgr tlg fb``bwand lgimgrs?

i. Nihg

e. Bjjupitabn (af iny)

j. Nuhegr bf Jla`mrgn

m. Tlb ticgs tlg jla`m fbr ahhunazitabn2

g. Lis ybur jla`m hassgm iny vijjanitabn2

f. Mb ybu jirry i lgi`tl jirm gvgry

tahg ybu ticg ybur jla`m/ jla`mrgn fbr

ahhunazitabn2

d. Tlit canm bf prbe`ghs livg ybu

gxpgragnjgm/fijgm watl tlg prgsgnt lgi`tl

rgjbrm jirm2

[lisg 9 - Jug jirm eisgm ijtavatags?

(i). Wnaqug Amgntajitabn Jug jirms (= Jug

Jirms) (97 hanutgs)

(Hbmgritbr tb gnjburidg in bpgn

masjussabn sb tlit i viragty bf prbe`ghs

gnjbuntgrgm bn g`m jin eg amgntagm)

[rbeg? as tlgrg i/iny nggm tb rganfbrjg

sgjuraty bf unaqug amgntaty2

Yugstabns?

Y. I`` bf ybu livg lim it bng pbant br tlg

btlgr ticgn ybur jla`mrgn fbr i vijjanitabn.

An i`` tlgsg anstinjgs, lis at gvgr lippgngm

tlit tlg INH lis fbunm at maju`t tb

amgntafy ybur jla`m2

Y. Livg ybu fijgm prbe`ghs àcg, tlg

plbtb/wratand dgttand shumdgm br tlit

tlg jirm lis wbrn but tlus hicand at

maju`t fbr tlg INH tb amgntafy tlg

jla`m2

Y. Lbw hiny jla`mrgn mb ybu livg2

Lbw mb ybu hinidg trijcand tlgar

lgi`tl anfbrhitabn2

Irg ybu ie`g tb amgntafy wlajl jirm

eg`bnds tb wlajl jla`m bf ybur fiha`y2

(Lis at gvgr lippgngm tlit ybu livg dbt

jbnfusgm is tb wlajl lgi`tl jirm ybu

livg tb jirry fbr tlg vijjanitabn2)

Y. Af ybu jbu`m hicg bng suddgstabn

tb tlg gxastand jirm tb egttgr amgntafy

ybur jla`m, wlit wbu`m tlit bng

suddgstabn eg2

(Anataitg in bpgn gnmgm masjussabn is

tb wlit tlbsg jlindgs jbu`m pbssae`y

hgin. Fbr gxihp`g, mb tlgy egàgvg

tlin in immatabni` miti g`m nggms tb

eg immgm2 An jisg nb rgspbnsgs irgrgjgavgm, tlgn furtlgr masjussabns wa``

eg fijaàtitgm ey tlg jug jirms tlit wg

slbw an tlas sgjtabn)

Zlbw Jug Jirms.

Tg livg i fgw jug jirms watl us. Tg

wint ybu tb p`gisg livg i `bbc it tlgsg

jug jirms bng ey bng inm tg`` us wlajl

irg tlg twb egst BU jbheanitabn inm bng

tlit ybu tlanc as nbt nggmgm (]g jirms irg

gxpìangm bng ey bng tb tlg pirtajapints).

(e). Ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g Jug jirms (<

Jug Jirms) (5; hanutgs)

Tg wa`` nbw eg `bbcand it tlg

ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`gs. Tg wbu`m àcg

tb stirt tlas sgjtabn, ey unmgrstinmand tlg

ahpbrtinjg tlit ybu issbjaitg watl tlg

ahhunazitabn jirm.

[rbeg? Gisg bf jbhprglgnsabn inm

unmgrstinmand, unmgrstinm pgrjgavgm

ahpbrtinjg bf tlg ahhunazitabn sjlgmu`g

Y. Mb ybu tlanc ahhunazitabn jirms

lg`p ybu tb rgji`` tlg mug mitg fbr ngxt

vijjanitabn inm cggp i rgjbrm fbr ìst

vijjanitabn2

Fb``bwand tlas masjussabn tlg pirtajapints

wa`` eg slbwn tlg jug jirms bf tlg

ahhunazitabn tie`g. (]g jug jirms tb eg

prbvamgm irg jirms tlit livg prgvabus`y

eggn ``gm ey INHs)

]gsg irg virabus ahhunazitabn tie`gs

an frbnt bf ybu. [`gisg ticg vg hanutgs

an brmgr tb db tlrbudl i`` tlg gntrags. Tg

wint ybu tb sg`gjt bng jug jirm anmavamui``ytlit ybu tlanc as tlg egst jirm, bn tlg eisas

i. [rbvamand anfbrhitabn tlit ybu nggm fbr

ybur jla`m

e. Anfbrhitabn tlit as gisy tb unmgrstinm

Bng ey bng, p`gisg prgsgnt tlg jirm tlit

lis eggn jlbsgn ey ybu (pipgr eisgm

vbtand) inm tg`` us wly ybu tl anc tlg

jirm as egttgr tlin tlg btlgr jirms.

(Fb``bwand tlas ijtavaty, tlg hbmgritbr

lis tb anataitg i masjussabn tb

unmgrstinm wlajl tlg cgy ispgjts bf in

ahhunazitabn tie`g irg.)

(j). Ngw Anfbrhitabn Fag`ms (7 Jug

Jirms) (9; hanutgs)

[rbeg? [rgfgrgnjg inm tlgar

unmgrstinmand bf mitig`ms, besgrvitabn

bf ngw mitig`ms, anfbrhitabn

jbhprglgnsabn

]g hbmgritbr davgs 7 magrgnt jug

jirms, watl magrgnt miti g`ms prgsgnt

an tlgh.

Y. Frbh tlg ngw miti g`ms, wlajl

twb mb ybu tlanc irg hbst ahpbrtint

inm slbu`m eg immgm tb tlg jurrgnt

jirm inm wly2 Zahaìr`y wlajl irg nbt

ahpbrtint2

(m). Vasui` hgtiplbr (7 Jug Jirms)

(9; hanutgs)

Vasui` hgtiplbr Jug jirms (anjùmgs

drbwtl jlirts inm lgi`tljirg

jbunsgànd anfbrhitabn)

7 Drbwtl jlirts inm

Jbunsgànd Anfbrhitabn

[rbeg? Wnmgrstinm prahiry sburjg bf

rgjgavand lgi`tljirg rgìtgm anfbrhitabn

Y. Af ybu livg iny mbuets rgdirmand

vijjanitabn ticgn br ahpbrtinjg bf

Jbntm...Ippgnmax



tlg vijjanitabn davgn br iebut amgntafyand

tlg syhptbhs bf iny masgisg wlb wa``

ybu isc fbr lg`p (prbeg antb tlg pgrjgavgm

ahpbrtinjg bf tlg INH/IZLI an tlas

rgìtabnslap)

(Bnjg tlg pirtajapints davg tlgar rgspbnsgs,

margjt tlg jbnvgrsitabn antb i masjussabn bn

wlgtlgr tlgrg as i nggm tb livg lgi`tljirg

rgìtgm anfbrhitabn bn tlg jirm atsg`f. Eisgm

upbn rgspbnsgs rgjgavgm, tlg fb``bwand

qugstabns jin eg iscgm)

Zlbw jug jirms bf drbwtl jlirts inm lgi`tljirg jbunsgànd anfbrhitabn

Y. Tlit canm bf anfbrhitabn mb ybu tlanc

nggms tb eg prgsgnt bn tlg

jirm atsg`f2

Y. Frbh tlg magrgnt canms bf jug jirms tlit

ybu sgg, wlajl jug jirm mb ybu tlanc as gisy

tb unmgrstinm2

(Iftgr tlg egngjairags livg dbng tlrbudl

tlg jug jirms isc)

Y. Tlgrg mb ybu tlanc tlas anfbrhitabn

slbu`m eg pìjgm an tlg jirm2

[lisg AA - Jb``gjtavg vbtand bf tlggntarg jirm?

Jb`br (7 Jug Jirms)

(: hanutgs tb sgg i`` jirms)

(An tlas sgjtabn, viragm jirms wa`` eg slbwn

tb rgspbnmgnts. ]g jirms slbwn wa`` eg i

haxturg bf jirms watl eijcdrbunm jb`br inm

jb`br fbr anfbrhitabn)

[rbeg? ]gsg irg sbhg jirms tlit

livg eggn prgsgntgm inm wg wasl tb

unmgrstinm frbh ybu wlajl bf tlgsg

jb`brs irg egttgr fbr jbnvgyand tlg

ahpbrtinjg bf tlg jirm.

]as wa`` eg fb``bwgm ey i dgngriàzgm

masjussabn bn unmgrstinmand tlg

rgisbns eglanm tlg jlbajgs himg

ey tlgh.

Y.As tlgrg i spgjaj jb`br tlit ybu

issbjaitg watl lgi`tl2

Y. Tlit slbu`m eg tlg jb`br bf i

lgi`tl jirm inm wly2

Hitgrai` & fbrh (7 hanutgs)

[rbeg? Wnmgrstinm bpgnngss tb tlg

usg bf magrgnt hitgrai`s fbr tlg jirm

atsg`f, stbridg, pbrtieaàty, murieaàty,

Tg irg `bbcand it hbmafyand magrgnt

sgjtabns bf tlg gxastand lgi`tl jirm3

wg i`sb wasl tb unmgrstinm wlgtlgr

tlg usg bf magrgnt hitgrai`s jin lg`p

hicg tlg jirm egttgr. ]g hbmgritbr

wa`` suddgst hitgrai`s àcg wbbm,

hgti`, pìstaj gtj.

Y. Mb ybu tlanc tlit it prgsgnt tlgrgas i nggm tb jlindg tlg hitgrai` tlit as

usgm tb hicg tlgsg jirms2

Af tlit as rgquargm, wlajl hitgrai`

wbu`m eg tlg egst inm wly2

Viùg pgrjgptabn? (95 hanutgs)

Hbmgritbr tb isc anmavamui``y

But bf i`` tlg jirms, af ybu lim i

jlinjg tb ticg bng lbhg, wlajl bng

wbu`m at eg inm wly2

[lisg AAA- Jb``gjtavg Vbtand

[ipgr eisgm vbtand?

Tg dgt tbp 95 jirms frbh INHs inm

wg slbw tlgsg tb tlg egngjairags, isc

tlgh tb sg`gjt tbp :.

Hbmgritbr tb anataitg bpgn gnmgm

masjussabn cggpand an hanm i`` tlg

pirihgtgrs bf tlg jirm

(Eisgm bn bpgn gnmgm masjussabn inm

jb``gjtavg vbtand wg sg`gjt tlg tbp :

frbh tlg egngjairags.)


Eg`bw? [ìnnand bf tlg Fbjus

Drbup Masjussabn (FDM) inm

g`m duamg sjrapt



Ugjruathgnt Uitabni`g fbr Lgi`tl Tbrcgrs

an Ealir, Anmbngsai inm Cgnyi?


Jbntm...Ippgnmax

Tg rgjruatgm lgi`tl wbrcgrs watl mavgrsg àtgrijy

`gvg`s, watl mavgrsg hbea`g usidg inm jbvgridg irgis.

Gxpgragnjg

@gvg`

LT 9 LT 5 LT : LT = LT 7 LT 6Lgi`tl

Tbrcgr

9-5 ygirs :-7 ygirs 6-< ygi rs <-9;

ygirs

7-4 ygirs :-7

ygirs

Idg 0:; ygirs

:9 - :7 ygirs

=9 - =7 ygirs

=7 ygirs& iebvg

=9 - =7 ygirs

:9 - :7 ygirs

* I`` tlg lgi`tl bjai`s wa`` eg dbvgrnhgnt

wbrcgrs livand gxpgragnjg an wbrcand watl

ahhunazitabn jirms.

Ugjruathgnt Uitabni`g fbr Egngjairags

an Ealir, Anmbngsai inm Cgnyi?

Tg rgjruatgm egngjairags watl mavgrsg àtgrijy

`gvg`s, fiha`y typg inm nb. bf jla`mrgn.

@atgrijy

Egngf. 9Egngjairags

:9 - =;

ygirs

=9 - =7

ygirs

:9 - =;

ygirs

:9 - :7

ygirsIdg

95tl[iss

95tl[iss

9;tl[iss

Drimuitg Drimuitg/[bstDrimuitg

95tl[iss/Drimuitg

Egngf. 5 Egngf. : Egngf. = Egngf. 7 Egngf. 6

0:;

ygirs

0:;

ygirs

Fiha`y

]ypg

Obant

Fiha`y

Nuj`gir

Fiha`y

Nuj`gir

Fiha`y

Nuj`gir

Fiha`y

Obant

Fiha`y

Obant/

Nuj`gir

Fiha`y

Nb. bf

Jla`mrgn

9-5 5-7 : inm

iebvg

: inm

iebvg 5-7 5 inm

iebvg

Idg bf

Jla`mrgn

;-9

ygirs

9-:

ygirs

9-:

ygirs

5-=

ygirs

5-=

ygirs

: inm

iebvg

* ]g FDM wa`` livg i rgprgsgntitavg hax bf

hbtlgrs inm fitlgrs wlb i rg rgspbnsae`g fbr

ticand tlgar jla`mrgn fbr ahhunazitabns.



]g Jgntgr fbr Cnbw`gmdg Zbjagtags (JCZ) as

nmai‑s `gimand annbvitabn jbnsu`tand rh. JCZ

irtngrs watl magrgnt canms bf jbhpinags tb

bnmujt rgsgirjl inm mgsadn ijtavatags iahgmt ahprbvand gxastand prbmujts inm sgrvajgs

nm jbnjgptuiàzand ngw bngs fbjusand bn tlg

nm usgr. ]g jbhpiny lis wamg gxpgragnjg an

nmai, eut lis i`sb wbrcgm an magrgnt ghgrdand

jbnbhags wbr`mwamg anjùmand Zbutl Ifraji,

lani, Nadgrai, [laàppangs, Eindìmgsl inm

nmbngsai. Bvgr tlg ìst tgn ygirs, JCZ lis

brcgm watl nuhgrbus hu`tanitabni` rhs

inm iutlbrgm i sgrags bf rgpbrts. Vijjang

Mgàvgry Annbvitabn Anaitatavg inm := Tiys

tb Zivg @avgs an Uuri` Anmai spbnsbrgm ey

EHDF, gxp`brgs jli``gndgs inm annbvitabnsfbr ahprbvand vijjang mgàvgry sgrvajg inm

hitgrni` inm jla`m lgi`tl an Ealir, Anmai.

Nbcai-spbnsbrgm Hbea`g Mgvg`bphgnt

Ugpbrt gxp`brgs tlg sbjab-gjbnbhaj ahpijt

bf hbea`g plbngs an ruri` irgis an ghgrdand

gjbnbhags.



Documents

RFL Final Report Combined