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boofThe quality of water used for olives washing and the improper cleanof machines are few of the critical control points which may resultto the contamination of organic oil with pesticides.

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.501

Abstracts / Toxicology L

etabolites to edible tissues including milk, meat and eggs wasstimated. In most cases, no risks to animal health were iden-ified at the level of normal feed intake of farm animals underuropean standards of good animal feeding practice at the cur-ent statutory levels (EU/32/2002). However, worst-case scenariossing the maximum or even elevated levels of feed contaminationhowed potential for adverse effects, e.g. in pigs (deoxynivalenol),ats (methyl-mercury), gossypol (sheep) and theobromine in dogsnd horses. Data gaps were identified with regard to toxicity, tox-cokinetics, rate of carry over and amounts of residues of thesendesirable substances in animal products. Despite these gaps,he CONTAM Panel concluded that the risk of adverse healthffects in humans consuming animal products (meat, eggs andilk) containing residual amounts of these compounds would be

ow.

oi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.499

19isk assessment of cadmium in food: Implications for humanealth

laudia Heppner 1,∗, Agneta Åkesson 2, Billy Amzal 3, Alessandroi Domenico 4, Jean Lou C.M. Dorne 1, Eugen H. Cristoph 3,orrado L. Galli 5, Philippe Grandjean 6, Lars Järup 7, Jadwigazyl 8, Oliver Lindtner 9, Antonio Mutti 10, Gunnar Nordberg 11,ija Riitta Venäläinen 12, Eugenia Dogliotti 4

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), CONTAM Unit, Parma, Italy,Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 3 European Food Safetyuthority (EFSA), AMU Unit, Parma, Italy, 4 Istituto Superiore dianità, Rome, Italy, 5 University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 6 University ofouthern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7 Imperial College,ondon, United Kingdom, 8 Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas,atowice, Poland, 9 Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin,ermany, 10 University of Parma, Parma, Italy, 11 Umeå Universitet,meå, Sweden, 12 Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Helsinki,inland

admium (Cd) is a ubiquitous contaminant, and the primary tar-et organ is the kidney. Food is the main source of Cd exposureor the non-smoking general population. The European Food Safetyuthority’s Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM)ssessed the human health risks related to dietary exposure tod.

Based on 140,000 analytical results of Cd in food from 20 Euro-ean countries and EU-wide consumption data and national dietaryurveys, calculated mean and high-level dietary exposures were.3 �g/kg body weight (b.w.) and 3.0 �g/kg b.w. per week, respec-ively.

A meta-analysis was performed of published studies to evaluatehe relationship between urinary cadmium and urinary beta-2-

icroglobulin (B2M). The benchmark dose lower confidence limitor a 5% increase of the prevalence of elevated B2M was 4 �g Cd/greatinine. A chemical-specific adjustment factor of 3.9 was appliedo adjust for the use of group data, thus resulting in 1 �g Cd/g creati-ine. Toxicokinetic analysis of Swedish data suggested that, to keepd excretion below this value, the daily exposure to Cd should notxceed 0.36 �g/kg b.w. Therefore, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI)f 2.5 �g/kg b.w. was established.

Mean dietary exposures in Europe approach or slightly exceed-ng the TWI, and subgroups, such as vegetarians, may exceed theWI by about 2-fold. Although the risk for adverse effects on theidney function at the individual level at dietary exposures across

189S (2009) S57–S273 S233

urope is very low, the CONTAM Panel concluded that the currentd exposure at the population level should be reduced.

oi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.500

20stimation of the frequency and severity of plant protectionroducts residues in Greek olive oil originates from organic cul-ivation of olives during 2008

oannis Tsakiris 1,∗, Aristidis Tsatsakis 2, Simeon Marnasidis 1,aralampos Favas 3, Athanasios Alegakis 2

Tei of Western Macedonia, Florina Branch, Agricultural Productsarketing and Quality Control, Edessa, Greece, 2 Medical School,niversity of Crete, Forensic Sciences & Toxicology, Heraklion, Greece,BIOHELLAS S.A., Inspection Department, Athens, Greece

rganic cultivation is one of the most widespread cultivation sys-ems in Greece, especially in cultivation of olives. The main reasonsor this are the public concern over pesticides residues and theecessity to minimize the negative effects of conventional cultiva-ion to the environment. The monitoring for pesticide residues inrganic olive oil is a crucial part of the inspection system. Presenttudy based on results from Greek Control Certification Body Bio-ellas and from research Monitoring Program of University of Crete.total of 254 olive oil samples from organic cultivations of olives

n Greece were analyzed.Monitoring was performed for the following most fre-

uently used, in conventional cultivation, pesticides: Chlorpy-iphos, Cyfluthrin, a-Cypermethrin, �-Cyhalothrin, Deltamethrin,iazinon, Dimethoate, Endosulfan (Endosulfan-a, Endosulfan-b,ndosulfan sulfate), Fenthion (Fenthion oxon, Fenthion sulfone,enthion sulfoxide, Fenthion o sulfone, Fenthion o sulfoxide),alathion/Malaoxon, Methidathion, Methomyl, Parathion.Cyfluthrin, �-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, dimethoate, fenthion

xon, fenthion sulphone, fenthion O sulphone, malathion/alaoxon, methomyl and parathion are not detected. Endosulfan

eems to be the most frequently detected plant protection productollowed by fenthion and a-cypermethrin.

The detected contamination in organic olive oil samples cane attributed to bad industrial practice. The proper applicationf council regulation 834/2007 EC for biological cultivations andrganic processed products will eliminate the impact of specificactor on organic olive oil contamination with pesticide residues.