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Romantic Architecture • John Nash (1752-1835) • Sir Charles Barry (1795-1860) • Charles Garnier (1825-98)

Romantic Architecture2

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Page 1: Romantic Architecture2

Romantic Architecture

• John Nash (1752-1835)

• Sir Charles Barry (1795-1860)

• Charles Garnier (1825-98)

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Revival Architecture

Nash, Royal Pavilion, Brighton

• Seaside resort for prince regent, later King George IV

• Islamic domes, minarets and screens

• Onion domes and finials

• Underlying the exotic façade is a cast iron skeleton

• Interior: palm-tree columns in cast iron

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Royal Pavilion at Brighton, John Nash, 1815

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Revival ArchitectureBarry and Pugin, Houses of Parliament,

London• Old Houses of Parliament burned to the

ground in 1834• Competition held in 1835 to rebuild the

Houses• Only styles allowed in the competition were

Elizabethan Tudor and Gothic• 97 entries, this was the winning entry• Ground plan is cruciform• Two main axes meet in an octagonal central

lobby: House of Commons meets the House of Lords

• Barry was a classicist, a regularity of the rhythms of the façade

• Pugin was a medievalist: towers and decorative elements

Vast office complex: 1,100 rooms, 100 staircases, 2 miles of corridors, 8 acres

Harmonized with other medieval buildings nearby, like Westminster Abbey

Big Ben, the clock tower, is like a medieval village clock

Placement of a detached tower is Italian in inspiration

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Revival Architecture

Garnier, The Opera, ParisExterior:• Rich polychrome façade of

colored marbles• Domed auditorium• Huge fly space for stage behind

that• Elaborate side entrance for the

Emperor• Subscribers had a pendant

entrance• General ticket holders entered

front

Interior:• Iron used, but not in exposed places• Mirrors on columns flicker with gas

light, allowing ladies to check their hair before entering the great staircase

• Auditorium made for the staircase, rather than the staircase for the auditorium

• Auditorium as anti-climax• Garnier said the staircase IS the

opera• Lower steps swell gently outward• Porch of the caryatids frames the

finest seats

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Beginnings of Modern ArchitectureLabrouste, Sainte-Genevieve Library,

Paris• Combination of load bearing

masonry and iron construction• Arches and columns support roof

independent of masonry walls• Iron construction balanced by itself• Substitute a cast-iron shaft for a

column of granite• Narrow, rectangular ground plan

wedged onto a long constricted site• 1838, first library in Paris to be

opened at night, illuminated with gas lamps

• Had to be constructed of fire-proof materials

Exterior:• Continuous range of arches on tall,

narrow piers• Exterior can be thought of as a cover

for a book• First consistently exposed iron

skeleton in a monumental public building

• Arches on interior reflect arches on exterior

• Repetitive and mechanical decoration on surface

• Façade composed of 810 names of authors in chronological order from Moses to Berzelous, 1848, a Swedish chemist

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Beginnings of Modern Architecture

Labrouste, Sainte-Genevieve Library, Paris (continued)• Central name is Byzantine writer Psellus symbolizing the meeting of

East and West• Façade as a monumental card catalogue, or Table of Contents• Main portal: two flat Tuscan columns, surmounted by lamps that

symbolize opening at night for the convenience of students and workers

• Lamps around door look like bookmarksInterior:• Single spine of cast iron down center• Spatially open, evenly lit in daytime and well-ventilated• Interior and exterior compliment each other

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Beginnings of Modern Architecture

Paxton, Crystal Palace, London• Competition to build a World’s Fair in

London to be held in 1851• Buildings to be temporary, economical,

simple, and capable of rapid construction• 245 designs submitted, none suitable• Paxton formulated this design in eight

days, fulfilling all requirements• Built in 39 weeks of prefabricated

materials• 1851 feet long, 18 acres• Free of internal walls• 7,200 cast iron and wrought iron

columns• 900,000 square feet of sheet glass

Hollow cast iron columns act as drain pipes

Glass curtain walls

Portal bracing to counteract lateral forces of the wind

Paxton’s experience in greenhouses inspired the design

Burned in 1936

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