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General Characteristics
• Revolutions-Political, Industrial, Social• Scientific Advances• Nationalism• Nature
Characteristics of Romantic Art and Literature
• Emphasis on Nature and Love• Aesthetic experience
-pleasing to the senses• Intellectual• Reaction against the age ofThe enlightenment
Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, by Casper David Friedrich, 1818
Differences?
Classical Art (Bottom)
Romantic Art (Top)Eldena Ruin by Casper David
Friedrich 1825
Painting by: David Jacques-LoisThe Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons
Authors of the Romantic Period• Charles Dickens-England– famous work “A Christmas carol”
• Edger Allan Poe-America– Famous poem “the raven”
• William Wordsworth-England– Poem “Tintern Abbey”
Musical Characteristics• Longer phrases• Chromaticism• Longer Symphonies• Extended chord tones (adding notes)
Differences with Classical and Romantic Music
Classical Romantic
Melody Disjunct and conjunct Often lyrical, long irregular phrases
Harmony Modulation to closely related keys
Increased use of modulation
Rhythm Mixture, not always driving Frequent change in meters with different movements
Form Sonata Allegro, Opera Same as classical but expanded
Texture Homophonic Homophonic
Ideals of Classical Music vs. Romantic Music
Classical Romantic
Music stayed in the lines Music explored outside the lines
Modulation to very close keys Modulated to unrelated keys
Beethoven led the way to the Romantic time period. You can hear major differences between his 5th symphony and his 9th symphony
Art Song
• Solo voice and Piano• Often short• High artistic and literary quality• Ends with a postlude (played by the piano)
Piano Music of Liszt and ChopinLiszt Chopin
Pulsating chordal background to melodies Very Lyrical
Limited range Used a wide range of notes
Johannes Brahms• May 7, 1833- April 3, 1897• Born in Hamburg, Germany• Moved to Vienna, Austria• composer and pianist• Was considered the successor
of Beethoven• Composed over 215 works
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky• May 7, 1840- November 6, 1893• Born in Russia• Studied music against parents will• Mentally unstable• Composed hundreds of pieces• Died from E coli• Famous compositions include– The Nutcracker– 1812 Overture– Swan Lake– Sleeping Beauty
Richard Wagner• May 22 1813-February 13, 1883• Born in Germany• Known for complex texture, rich
harmonies and large orchestration• Adolf Hitler admired his music• Famous compositions include– Ride of the Valkyries– Wedding March
Franz Peter Schubert• January 31 1797- November 19, 1828• Austrian composer• Over 600 compositions• Wrote piano music for 4 hands• Famous compositions include– Marche Militaire D 733 No. 1
Program Music
• A type of art music• Often times included a narration in the
concert program that painted a picture or a scene.
• Counteracted absolute music.
How did Romantic operas differ from Classical Operas
Classical Romantic
Short melodic lines Longer melodic lines with chromaticism
Backed up by small ensemble or organ Backed up by larger ensembles or orchestra
German Operas-Romantic Italian Operas-Romantic
Instrumental part just as important as vocal Vocal line predominant
Rubato
• Stolen Time• Slowing down to add tension• Didn’t keep a steady beat• Chopin mastered this technique
Nationalism
• Patriotic Music• Composers have pride in their country and put
folk songs into their compositions• Ex: Mussorgsky-Pictures at an exhibition
The “Mighty 5” Russian nationalist composers
• Mily Balakirev• Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov• Modest Mussorgsky• Alecksandr Borodin• Cesar Cui
Listening example 1• Composer: Richard Wagner• Title: “Ride Of The Valkyries”• Date: 1854• Texture: Homophonic• Form: Opera• Additional Information: Instrumental version as
well.
Listening example 2• Composer: Tchaikovsky• Title: Nutcracker Suite “Trepak”• Date: 1892• Texture: Homophonic• Form: Ballet• Additional information: Set of dances
Listening Example 3• Composer: Mussorgsky• Title:” Night on bald mountain”• Date: 1867• Texture: Homophonic• Form: Tone Poem• Additional Information: The
actual real title is “A Night On Bare Mountain” Meaning a mountain without trees.