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RomanticismRomanticism and Realism
Overview - Romanticism
• “Feeling is all!”
Overview• dates
– music (1820 – 1900)– art (late 1700s/1800-1850)
• mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain, France, and Germany
• values: intuition, emotion, and imagination
• inspiration: Medieval and Baroque periods; Middle and Far East
• subjects: legends, nature, violence, exotica
The Romantic MovementThe Romantic Movement
a reaction against classicism
the “Romantic Hero:”
greatest example was Lord Byron
tremendously popular among the European reading public
youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness
a reaction against classicism
the “Romantic Hero:”
greatest example was Lord Byron
tremendously popular among the European reading public
youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness
MusicMusic
• transition between Classical and Romantic
• Beethoven• other key composers
– Schubert– Chopin– Paganini– Wagner
Characteristics of Romanticism1.1. the Engaged and Enraged Artistthe Engaged and Enraged Artist
2.2. Individualism - the Rugged IndividualIndividualism - the Rugged Individual3.3. the Power and the Fury of Naturethe Power and the Fury of Nature4.4. the Danger of Science and Technologythe Danger of Science and Technology5.5. Glorifying Country LifeGlorifying Country Life6.6. Gothic – romanticizing the Middle AgesGothic – romanticizing the Middle Ages7.7. Exotica and the MacabreExotica and the Macabre8.8. NationalismNationalism
Art and LiteratureArt and Literature
The Engaged & Enraged Artist:
the artist apart from society
the artist as social critic/revolutionary
the artist as genius
The Engaged & Enraged Artist:
the artist apart from society
the artist as social critic/revolutionary
the artist as genius
Wandering Above the Sea of Fog
Caspar David Friedrich,
1818
Wandering Above the Sea of Fog
Caspar David Friedrich,
1818
IndividualismIndividualism individuals have unique, endless
potential
self-realization comes through art… artists are the true philosophers
individuals have unique, endless potential
self-realization comes through art… artists are the true philosophers
The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835
The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835
Glorification and Fury of Nature
Glorification and Fury of Nature
peaceful, restorative qualities: an escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates
awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature
indifferent to the fate of humans
overwhelming power of nature
peaceful, restorative qualities: an escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates
awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature
indifferent to the fate of humans
overwhelming power of nature
The Raft of the MedusaThéodore Géricault, 1819The Raft of the MedusaThéodore Géricault, 1819
The Eruption of Vesuvius - John Martin
The Eruption of Vesuvius - John Martin
The Slave ShipJoseph Mallord William Turner,
1842
The Slave ShipJoseph Mallord William Turner,
1842
Danger of Science and Technology
Danger of Science and Technology
The Hay Wain - John Constable, 1821
The Hay Wain - John Constable, 1821
Glorifying Country LifeGlorifying Country Life
The Corn Field
John Constable,
1826
The Corn Field
John Constable,
1826
Gothic/Romanticizing the Middle Ages
Gothic/Romanticizing the Middle Ages
“Neo-Gothic” architectural style
Medieval ruins were a favorite theme for art and poetry
“Neo-Gothic” architectural style
Medieval ruins were a favorite theme for art and poetry
Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows
John Constable, 1831
Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows
John Constable, 1831
British Houses of Parliament1840-1865
British Houses of Parliament1840-1865
Exotica and MacabreExotica and Macabre
Exotica: the sexy “other”
a sense of escape from reality
something to keep in mind:a psychological/moral justification of imperialism?
Exotica: the sexy “other”
a sense of escape from reality
something to keep in mind:a psychological/moral justification of imperialism?
Massacre of Chios - Eugène Delacroix, 1824
Massacre of Chios - Eugène Delacroix, 1824
The Fanatics of TangiersEugène Delacroix, 1837-1838The Fanatics of Tangiers
Eugène Delacroix, 1837-1838
The Royal Pavilion at BrightonJohn Nash, 1815-1823
The Royal Pavilion at BrightonJohn Nash, 1815-1823
Exotica and the MacabreExotica and the Macabre
Macabre ghosts, fairies, witches, demons
the shadows of the mind—dreams & madness
the romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self-awareness
they yearned for the unknown and the unknowable
Macabre ghosts, fairies, witches, demons
the shadows of the mind—dreams & madness
the romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self-awareness
they yearned for the unknown and the unknowable
Mad Woman With a Mania of Envy
TheodoreGericault, 1822-1823
Mad Woman With a Mania of Envy
TheodoreGericault, 1822-1823
Witches Sabbath
Francisco Goya,1798
Witches Sabbath
Francisco Goya,1798
Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix, 1830
Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix, 1830
NationalismNationalism
Detail of theMusket Bearer
Delacoix, himself
Detail of theMusket Bearer
Delacoix, himself
His Majesty’s Ship, “Victory”(Trafalgar) - John Constable, 1806His Majesty’s Ship, “Victory”
(Trafalgar) - John Constable, 1806
The Shooting of May 3, 1808Francisco Goya, 1815
The Shooting of May 3, 1808Francisco Goya, 1815
The Great Age of the Novel
The Great Age of the Novel
Gothic Novels:
Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847)
Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847)
Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817)
Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897)
Historical Novels:
Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819)
Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862)
The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)
Gothic Novels:
Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847)
Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847)
Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817)
Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897)
Historical Novels:
Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819)
Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862)
The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)
Other Romantic Writers
Other Romantic Writers
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm - Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1814-1816)
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm - Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1814-1816)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Faust (1806-1832)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Faust (1806-1832)
The Romantic PoetsThe Romantic Poets Percy Bysshe Shelley
Lord Byron (George Gordon)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
William Wordsworth
John Keats
William Blake
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Lord Byron (George Gordon)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
William Wordsworth
John Keats
William Blake
The Political ImplicationsThe Political Implicationsa key question: how can Romanticism justify liberalism? how could it support conservatism?
contributed to growing nationalist movements
the concepts of the Volk and the Volkgeist
the uniqueness of cultures was emphasized
a key question: how can Romanticism justify liberalism? how could it support conservatism?
contributed to growing nationalist movements
the concepts of the Volk and the Volkgeist
the uniqueness of cultures was emphasized
Overview - Realism
how was this a reaction to both romanticism and neoclassicism?
• rejected romanticism as escapist, fantastical, and inward looking
• rejected neoclassicism as anachronistic
Characteristics of Realism
1. capture visual perceptions without alteration
2. take on serious themes
3. a look at the poorer classes
The Burial at OrnansGustave Courbet, 1849-1850
The Third Class WagonHonore Daumier, 1862
