RomeRome

GeographyGeography

The Alps: mountains The Alps: mountains natural protectionnatural protection

Mediterranean Sea: Mediterranean Sea: protection & tradeprotection & trade

ROME

Egypt

Persia

Carthage

Macedon

Rome Macedon

Persia

Carthage

Egypt

Ancient ItalyAncient Italy (c. 6(c. 6thth century B.C.) century B.C.)

Etruscans Etruscans (900-500 BC)(900-500 BC)

Northern ItalyNorthern ItalyExtravagant artExtravagant artDrained marshes, built Drained marshes, built

sewers, paved roadssewers, paved roadsLatins in central Italy (Rome) Latins in central Italy (Rome)

revolt against Etruscan kingrevolt against Etruscan king

Etruscan pottery depicting Odysseus & his Etruscan pottery depicting Odysseus & his men fighting Cyclopsmen fighting Cyclops

Etruscan architectural plans (ca. 510 BC)Etruscan architectural plans (ca. 510 BC)

Legend:Legend:Bros. Romulus & RemusBros. Romulus & RemusRomulus won fight to Romulus won fight to rule, so city was named rule, so city was named RomeRome

Real beginning:Real beginning:700 BC, Latins “the 1st 700 BC, Latins “the 1st Romans” created villages Romans” created villages on Tiber Riveron Tiber River

Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC)BC)

509 BC: 509 BC: Latins/Romans set up Latins/Romans set up republicrepublic (citizens (citizens vote for leaders)vote for leaders)CitizensCitizens free-born free-born males in Romemales in Rome

CLASS CONFLICTCLASS CONFLICTPatricians-Patricians- wealthy wealthy landowners with powerlandowners with power

Plebeians-Plebeians- farmers & farmers & workers workers can vote, but can vote, but can’t rulecan’t rule

Plebs vs. PatsPlebs vs. PatsLaws not written Laws not written downdown

Patrician judges Patrician judges stated stated

& applied the law& applied the lawPlebeians went on Plebeians went on strikesstrikes

THE TWELVE TABLESTHE TWELVE TABLES450 BC: Roman laws 450 BC: Roman laws carved on 12 bronze carved on 12 bronze tablets “innocent until tablets “innocent until proven guilty” - hung in proven guilty” - hung in Forum (public square)Forum (public square)

Senate (controlled $ & Senate (controlled $ & foreign policy)foreign policy)

Dictator in emergencies Dictator in emergencies 2 Consuls-1 yr. terms2 Consuls-1 yr. termsAssemblies voted on lawsAssemblies voted on laws

Elected tribunes who Elected tribunes who could veto senatecould veto senate

Roman ReligionRoman Religion Romans adopted Greek godsRomans adopted Greek gods

Jupiter: same as Greek god ZeusJupiter: same as Greek god Zeus Juno: (Greek Hera) queen of the gods Juno: (Greek Hera) queen of the gods Diana: (Greek Artemis) goddess of the Diana: (Greek Artemis) goddess of the

earth & huntersearth & hunters Minerva: (Greek Athena) goddess of Minerva: (Greek Athena) goddess of

wisdom & warwisdom & war Venus: (Greek Aphrodite) goddess of loveVenus: (Greek Aphrodite) goddess of love

ExpansionExpansion264 BC the city had 264 BC the city had taken over the Italian taken over the Italian PeninsulaPeninsula

Roman Legion=6,000 Roman Legion=6,000 troops troops

Disciplined- Disciplined- (decimation “removal of (decimation “removal of the tenth”)the tenth”)

Roman roads- well Roman roads- well constructed to move constructed to move legionslegions

Rome vs. CarthageRome vs. Carthage

Carthage: wealthy trading Carthage: wealthy trading city in north Africa that city in north Africa that took Sicilytook Sicily

Punic Wars (264-146 Punic Wars (264-146 BC)BC)

11stst Punic War (264 BC- Punic War (264 BC-241 BC)241 BC)

Carthage Carthage tried to tried to take take Strait of Strait of MessinaMessina

Carthage=strong navy; Carthage=strong navy; Rome=strong armyRome=strong armyGrappling hooks onto Grappling hooks onto

Carthaginian ships, boarded Carthaginian ships, boarded ships, & fought to the deathships, & fought to the death

Carthage gives up SicilyCarthage gives up Sicily

22ndnd Punic War (218 BC- Punic War (218 BC-202 BC)202 BC)

Carthage wants Carthage wants revengerevenge

New general 25 years New general 25 years old--- Hannibalold--- Hannibal

218 BC- Hannibal takes 218 BC- Hannibal takes Roman land in SpainRoman land in Spain

Hannibal, 40,000 men, & 37 Hannibal, 40,000 men, & 37 elephants invade through Alpselephants invade through Alps1/3 men die1/3 men die

General Publius Scipio’s legions General Publius Scipio’s legions attack Zama (near Carthage)attack Zama (near Carthage)

202 BC: Scipio defeated Hannibal 202 BC: Scipio defeated Hannibal & Carthage gives up land in & Carthage gives up land in SpainSpain

33rdrd Punic War (149 BC-146 Punic War (149 BC-146 BC)BC)

ROME DESTROYS ROME DESTROYS CARTHAGECARTHAGE

Burned CarthageBurned CarthagePut salt in soilPut salt in soil

130 BC—Rome ruled everything 130 BC—Rome ruled everything from Spain to Asia Minorfrom Spain to Asia Minor

Large area=hard to Large area=hard to rulerule

Divided into Divided into provinces who pay provinces who pay taxes (tribute)taxes (tribute)Tax collectors Tax collectors steal=rebellionssteal=rebellions

Farmers move to city Farmers move to city (farmland stolen while (farmland stolen while they were at Punic Wars)they were at Punic Wars)

Slaves now doing workSlaves now doing workPoor farmers - Poor farmers - unemployedunemployed

Tiberius & Gaius Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus (133 – 121 Gracchus (133 – 121 BC)BC)

Tribunes who made Tribunes who made laws to help the poorlaws to help the poor

Both killed in riotsBoth killed in riots

Gracchi Brothers

Gaius MariusGaius Marius107 BC—Elected consul107 BC—Elected consulPaid soldiers $ & landPaid soldiers $ & land

Soldiers loyal to commanderSoldiers loyal to commander88 BC—Gaius overthrown by 88 BC—Gaius overthrown by

Lucas Cornelius Sulla (makes Lucas Cornelius Sulla (makes himself dictator)himself dictator)

11stst Triumvirate TriumvirateConsuls—Gnaeus Consuls—Gnaeus Pompey, Licinius Pompey, Licinius Crassus, & popular Crassus, & popular general—Julius general—Julius CaesarCaesar

60 BC—3 men = 160 BC—3 men = 1stst Triumvirate (shared Triumvirate (shared power)power)

Jealous over powerJealous over powerPompey ordered Caesar Pompey ordered Caesar

to Rometo RomeCaesar crosses Rubicon Caesar crosses Rubicon

River (with his army) & River (with his army) & wins civil warwins civil war

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar45 BC—Dictator of Rome 45 BC—Dictator of Rome Gave grain to poorGave grain to poor44 BC—Dictator for life44 BC—Dictator for lifeMarch 15, 44 BC (Ides of March 15, 44 BC (Ides of

March)—Stabbed to death March)—Stabbed to death by Roman Senatorsby Roman Senators

22ndnd Triumvirate TriumvirateCaesar’s 19 yr old grandnephew—Caesar’s 19 yr old grandnephew—

OctavianOctavian—with——with—Marc AntonyMarc Antony & & Marcus LepidusMarcus Lepidus

Antony moved to Egypt & married Antony moved to Egypt & married CleopatraCleopatra

Oct. convinced Senate to declare Oct. convinced Senate to declare warwar on Antony & Cleo.on Antony & Cleo.

Octavian

Marc Antony

Marcus Lepidus

Antony and Cleo. Antony and Cleo. commit suicidecommit suicide

Octavian=1Octavian=1stst Roman Roman EmperorEmperor

11stst Emperor Emperor1. Augustus (Octavian): (27 1. Augustus (Octavian): (27 BC-14 AD)BC-14 AD)Pax RomanaPax Romana begins beginsChief priest---head of Chief priest---head of state religionstate religion

Had no sonsHad no sons

Bad EmperorsBad Emperors

2. Tiberius 2. Tiberius (14 AD-37 (14 AD-37 AD)AD)Adopted Adopted son of son of AugustusAugustus

Bad EmperorsBad Emperors

3. Caligula (37 AD-41 AD)3. Caligula (37 AD-41 AD)Tiberius’ grandnephewTiberius’ grandnephewUnstable/CRAZY after Unstable/CRAZY after illnessillness

41 AD: assassinated by 41 AD: assassinated by one of his guardsone of his guards

Bad EmperorsBad Emperors4. Claudius (41 AD-54 4. Claudius (41 AD-54

AD)AD)Uncle of CaligulaUncle of CaligulaMurdered by his Murdered by his wife- wanted her wife- wanted her son to be emperorson to be emperor

Bad EmperorsBad Emperors5. Nero (54 AD-68 AD)5. Nero (54 AD-68 AD)

Claudius’ stepsonClaudius’ stepsonCruel & vainCruel & vainMurdered mom & Murdered mom &

wife--feared they’d wife--feared they’d kill himkill him

Sentenced to death Sentenced to death by Senate; but, he by Senate; but, he committed suicidecommitted suicide

Good EmperorsGood EmperorsSenate chose 1Senate chose 1stst of the good of the good

emperors—Nerva (96-98 AD)emperors—Nerva (96-98 AD)HadrianHadrian

Hadrian’s Wall across Hadrian’s Wall across BritainBritain

Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius180 AD—last good emperor 180 AD—last good emperor

((Pax RomanaPax Romana ENDED) ENDED)Army busy with civil Army busy with civil

wars=NOT defending borderswars=NOT defending borders

Hadrian’s WallHadrian’s Wall

Roman CivilizationRoman CivilizationPax RomanaPax Romana (27 BC-180 AD) (27 BC-180 AD)““Roman Peace” allowed trade to Roman Peace” allowed trade to

growgrowGrain, wine, oil, cloth, pottery, Grain, wine, oil, cloth, pottery,

glasswareglasswareAfrican ivory, Chinese silk, African ivory, Chinese silk,

Indian pepperIndian pepper

Roman ArchitectureRoman ArchitectureColosseum: Gladiator Colosseum: Gladiator eventsevents

Circus Maximus: Chariot Circus Maximus: Chariot racesraces

Pantheon: Temple to all Pantheon: Temple to all godsgods

Aqueducts: Artificial Aqueducts: Artificial channels for carrying waterchannels for carrying water

LanguageLanguageLatin=Latin=language of language of Europe until 1500s Europe until 1500s

Basis for Romance Basis for Romance languages (French, languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian)Portuguese, Romanian)

Jewish RebellionsJewish Rebellions6 AD: Kingdom of Judah added to 6 AD: Kingdom of Judah added to

Empire- renamed JudeaEmpire- renamed JudeaJews rebelled twice 66 & 135 ADJews rebelled twice 66 & 135 AD

Romans destroyed all but Romans destroyed all but Western Wall of 2Western Wall of 2ndnd temple & temple & forced Jews out of Jerusalemforced Jews out of Jerusalem

Jesus of NazarethJesus of Nazareth Jesus received Jewish educationJesus received Jewish education Jesus said God was loving & forgiving Jesus said God was loving & forgiving

not harsh as Jews thoughtnot harsh as Jews thought Disciples—believed Jesus was messiah Disciples—believed Jesus was messiah

(savior)(savior) Many Jews Many Jews didn’tdidn’t believe Jesus was believe Jesus was

messiah—this is difference between messiah—this is difference between Christianity & JudaismChristianity & Judaism

Age 33 Jesus crucifiedAge 33 Jesus crucified

Resurrection=way to prove Resurrection=way to prove Jesus was “Son of God”Jesus was “Son of God”

Leading Apostle—PaulLeading Apostle—PaulSpread Christianity Spread Christianity throughout Roman Empirethroughout Roman Empire

Wrote epistles to churches Wrote epistles to churches (New Testament)(New Testament)

PersecutionPersecutionChristians DID NOT honor Christians DID NOT honor

emperor as a godemperor as a godThrown into gladiator Thrown into gladiator events to dieevents to die

300s AD, many turn to 300s AD, many turn to Christianity Christianity Empire was about to Empire was about to collapsecollapse

Early Church hierarchy (levels of Early Church hierarchy (levels of authority)authority)Lowest- parish priests & their parishesLowest- parish priests & their parishesMany parishes together form a diocese Many parishes together form a diocese

which was overseen by a bishopwhich was overseen by a bishopBishops interpreted beliefs, managed Bishops interpreted beliefs, managed

church property, & gave aid to the poorchurch property, & gave aid to the poorThe most powerful bishops were The most powerful bishops were

archbishops who governed Christian in archbishops who governed Christian in the large citiesthe large cities

5 archbishops of Rome, Constantinople, 5 archbishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, & Jerusalem were Alexandria, Antioch, & Jerusalem were called patriarchscalled patriarchs

Patriarch of Rome proclaimed Patriarch of Rome proclaimed authority over allauthority over all

Pope (head over all the Pope (head over all the churches)churches)East didn’t accept the popeEast didn’t accept the pope

Western Church=Roman Western Church=Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Eastern Church=Eastern Eastern Church=Eastern Orthodox ChurchOrthodox Church

Hierarchy of the Roman Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

1. Pope1. Pope

2. Archbishop2. Archbishop

3. Bishop3. Bishop

4. Parish Priest4. Parish Priest

Fall of the Western Fall of the Western EmpireEmpire

1.) 1.) Diocletian (284-307)Diocletian (284-307)Divided empire into 2 Divided empire into 2 parts—East & Westparts—East & West

Issued Edict of Prices Issued Edict of Prices to slow inflationto slow inflation

Diocletian

Fall of the Western Fall of the Western EmpireEmpire

2.) 2.) Constantine (312-337)Constantine (312-337)

Won civil warWon civil warMoved capital to Byzantium Moved capital to Byzantium

& renamed it Constantinople& renamed it Constantinople11stst Christian emperor – Edict Christian emperor – Edict

of Milanof Milan

Constantine

Fall of the Western Fall of the Western EmpireEmpire

3.) 3.) Theodosius (337-395)Theodosius (337-395) Won civil warWon civil war Will created separate empires with Will created separate empires with

separate rulersseparate rulersEast—Byzantine EmpireEast—Byzantine EmpireWest—Roman EmpireWest—Roman Empire

Made Christianity official religion Made Christianity official religion of empireof empire

Theodosius

Fall of the Western Fall of the Western EmpireEmpire

Civil wars caused :Civil wars caused :Difficult travel & tradeDifficult travel & tradeDestroyed farmland—food Destroyed farmland—food

prices increasedprices increasedInflation (prices go up, value of Inflation (prices go up, value of

$ goes down)$ goes down)

Germanic InvasionsGermanic Invasions300s AD: Germanic tribes300s AD: Germanic tribes

Looking for better Looking for better climates & grazing landsclimates & grazing lands

Wanted to share Rome’s Wanted to share Rome’s wealthwealth

Running from the HunsRunning from the Huns

Fall of the Western Fall of the Western EmpireEmpire

Visigoths & Vandals invaded & sacked RomeVisigoths & Vandals invaded & sacked Rome Franks & Goths divided GaulFranks & Goths divided Gaul Attila the Hun attacked ItalyAttila the Hun attacked Italy 453—Attila died & the Huns retreated into 453—Attila died & the Huns retreated into

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe 476—Roman emperor killed by Germanic 476—Roman emperor killed by Germanic

soldier—Odoacer who made himself king of soldier—Odoacer who made himself king of ItalyItaly

476—Date of the end of the Western (Roman) 476—Date of the end of the Western (Roman) EmpireEmpire

Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) continued Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) continued on for 1000 more yrs. on for 1000 more yrs.

Fall of the Western Fall of the Western EmpireEmpire