Russian Colonialism

8/9/2019 Russian Colonialism

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Russian Colonialism

Approximate ethno-linguistic map of Kievan Rus in the 9th cen-

tury: The five Volga Finnic groups of the Merya, Mari , Muromi-

ans, Meshchera and Mordvins are shown as surrounded by the

Slavs to the west, the three Finnic groups of the Veps , Ests and

Chuds , and Indo-European Balts to the northwest, the Permians to the northeast the (Turkic ) Bulghars and Khazars to the south-

east and south.

Expansion of Kievan Rus , (IX-X)

Russian Colonialism describes a process that has

evolved in the course of over five centuries - in the wake

of military conquest and ideological and political unions

in four eras. Its starting point is believed to be 1477.

Ivan III and IV expanded Muscovy's (1283–1547) bor-

ders considerably by annexing Novgorod and settled the

annexed territories with Muscovite/Russian servitors and

peasants from the Kliazma-Suzdal region. After a period

of political instability the Romanovs came to power and

this expansion-colonization of the Tsardom continued.While western Europe colonized the new world, Tsardom

of Russia expanded overland to the east, north and south.

Principalities of Kievan Rus’, 1054-1132: Permic Udmurts

to the east, the (Lithuanian) Samogitians , ancient Latvians

or Latgalians , Finnic Karelians to the northwest, the Turkic

Pechenegs to the south.

This continued unceasingly; by the end of the 19th cen-

tury, the Russian Empire reached from the Black Sea

to the Pacific Ocean, and for some time even included

colonies in the Americas and a short-lived colony in

Africa.

The region was governed from Moscow, settled byRussians, and continued to grow under Soviet rule. Ar-

eas that were formerly part of the Russian Empire, and

others still that had been captured from the Nazis during

World War II were proclaimed as autonomous republics,

within the USSR.

1 Tsarist era

Main articles: Expansion of Russia 1500–1800, Russian

conquest of Siberia and Caucasian War

Before the year 1500 most of the land that is now part of

1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_1500%E2%80%931800https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagallohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagallohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgalianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzdalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klyazma_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgharshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peopleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepsianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Finnshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus


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2 2 IMPETUS FOR COLONIALISM

From 1500 to 1800 Russia expanded from the Oka River to theBlack Sea

Russia was occupied by non-Russian indigenous people

and many of them absorbed by Russians. Russia holds a

view that peoples of Siberia, Eastern Europe, Caucasus

and Central Asia except some peoples (Volga, Astrakhan

and Siberian Tatars, and some Caucasian peoples etc.),

peacefully joined Russia, and Russia’s policy saved in-

digenous peoples from local and foreign despotic regimes.

But these peoples deny this view.[1][2] From the 17th cen-

tury, after the start of the Russian conquest of Siberia,

Russians built many ostrogs to suppress harsh resistanceof indigenous peoples of Siberia.[3] Russian conquest of

the Chukchi people ended after 150 years of fierce fight-

ing. The 1857 Legal Code of the Russian Empire classi-

fied the Chukchi as “aliens not fully conquered”.[4]

1.1 Economic integration

In the late 19th century industrialization became a driv-

ing force behind Russian imperial policy, which rapidlydeveloped coal and iron-ore extraction in non-Russian ar-

eas like the Donets Basin, eventually eclipsing produc-

tion in the Urals. The planting of cotton began in Central

Asia. Cloth manufacturing from cotton was quite a new

concept for non-Russians. While industrial growth oc-

curred, it was one-sided, because finishing and manufac-

turing remained underdeveloped in non-Russian territo-

ries, except for Russian Poland and the Baltic provinces.

During the 1920s Soviet historians considered these poli-cies and actions colonialism.

In the 19th century, Russian settlers on traditional Kirghiz

landdrove a lot of the Kirghiz over the border to China.[5]

In Ukraine under Tsarist rule mercantile legislation (en-

acted in the 1720s in order to foster trade and commerce

in central and north-western Russia) effectively destroyed

Ukrainian urban manufacturing and merchants by the

19th century. Throughout the next century tariff pol-

icy benefited central-Russian producers at the expense of

non-Russian borderland producers. State-sponsored pro-

grams under the Tsarist and Soviet regimes developed ex-

tractive and heavy machine-building industries and pro-

moted agricultural exports. On the other hand, they ne-

glected the consumer manufacturing, finishing, and ser-

vice sectors. In 1900 Ukraine produced 52 percent of the

empire’s pig-iron and 20 percent of its iron and steel. Be-

tween 1900 and 1914 Tsarist Ukraine produced on aver-

age 75 percent of the empire’s grain exports. Meanwhile,

peasants still used earthenware utensils, wooden axles

and hinges, and straw-thatched roofs. Finished goods

were imported at excessively high prices set by Russia,

while the prices for Donets’ industrial products was low.[6]

Vladimir Lenin, in exile in 1914, stated in a speech that

"it [Ukraine] has become for Russia what Ireland was for England : exploited in the extreme and receiving nothing in

return."[7]

1.2 National assimilation

Russians, Ukrainians and other nationalities migrated to

the Siberian lands from the conquest onwards.

Under Emperor Alexander III (reigned 1881-1894) the

Russian administration increased efforts to assimilate

non-Russian peoples.[8]

2 Impetus for colonialism

Standard explanations for colonialism such as economic

exploitation and religious causes can also account for

much of Russian expansionism into colonisable areas.

Since the Russian Empire grew overland (with the excep-

tion of the Russian possession on the west coast of North

America: Alaska and Fort Ross), protection of border-

lands and settled areas from nomadic raiders and slavers

(especially in the south) also played a role.

Ethnic minority freedom movements:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave-tradershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ross,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Alaskahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaristhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_provinceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donets_Basinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Khanate_of_Sibirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kazanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_River


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3

• First Cheremis War or Kazan Rebellion of 1552–

1556, Mari people, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Chuvash

people and Volga Tatars, 1552 — 1556

• Second Cheremis War, Mari people, 1571 — 1574

• Third Cheremis War, Mari people, Udmurts,

Bashkirs and Volga Tatars, 1581—1585

• Bashkir Uprising (1704–11), Bashkirs

• Itelmen Uprising, 1706, 1731, 1741

• Russo-Circassian War, Circassians, 1763 — 1864

• 1767 Buryat Revolt, Buryats

• Pugachev’s Rebellion, headed by Yemelyan Pu-

gachev, participated Bashkirs, Udmurts, Kalmyks

and Tatars, 1773 — 1775

• Syrym Datov’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1783 — 1797

• Caucasian War, Caucasian peoples, 1817–1864

• Kaiyp-Gali Yesimov’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1826 —

1838

• Kenesary’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1837 — 1847

• Isatay Taimanov’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1837 — 1847

• 1841 rebellion in Guria, Georgians, 1841

• Yeset Kotibarov’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1853 — 1857

• Jankoji Nurmukhammedov’s Revolt, Kazakhs,1856 — 58

• Mahtra War, Estonians, May — July 1858

• Mangyshlak Revolt, Kazakhs, 1870

• Andijan Revolt, Uzbeks, Kyrgyzs, 1898

• Sveaborg Rebellion, Finns, 30 July 1906

• Urkun, Kyrgyzs, 1916

• Middle Asian Revolt of 1916

• Zhetysu Revolt, Kazakhs, 1916

3 Soviet era

Main articles: Population transfer in the Soviet Union,

Political repression in the Soviet Union, Ideological

repression in the Soviet Union, Economic repression in

the Soviet Union and Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union

The USSR annexed Karelia from Finland, Kaliningrad

from Germany, the Kuril Islands and southern Sakhalinfrom Japan, Tuva (previously governed by Mongolia

and Manchu Empire) etc. In addition the ground was

Soviet Union Young pioneers in the Tajik SSR in 1983.

prepared for post-Soviet semi-colonial adventures in

Transnestria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Even the con-tinuing basis provided by Nagorno-Karabakh for inter-

ference by Russia in the internal affairs of Armenia and

Azerbaijan hark back to the USSR’s policies and activi-

ties.

On the eve of Ukrainian independence in 1991, eight of

Ukraine's thirteen political parties referred to the coun-

try as an exploited “colony” in their programs. After

1991 most Ukrainian historians described Ukrainians as

victims of colonialism while literary scholars drew atten-

tion to the nation’s “post-colonial” condition. Most Rus-

sian historians stressed that Ukrainians had also served

as agents of empire (compare the role of the Scots inthe British Empire) and characterized Ukraine’s histor-

ical status as “semi-colonial”. Whereas academics dis-

agree as to whether to label the central policies as “Rus-

sian”, tsarist, Soviet or intentionally “anti-Ukrainian”,

and whether the development that did occur was worth

the cost, most Russians and a minority of the popula-

tion in Ukraine regard that country’s historical associa-

tion with Russia favorably and do not see Ukraine as a

colonial victim of Russian imperial power.

One of the most important tasks imposed on Soviet his-

torians is to rehabilitate the old Russian colonial policy:[9]

"...Georgia was at that time faced with the alternativeeither of being conquered by the Persian Shah and the

Turkish Sultan or coming under the protectorate of Rus-

sia . . . . They do not perceive that the latter prospect

was the lesser evil”.[9]

The theory of “the lesser evil” was at once universally

adopted in Soviet literature. [9]

The chief one prescribed for them in recent years has

been to expound a positive view of the process of Rus-

sian colonial expansion under the Tsars, the period when

what is today the “Soviet East” was integrated into the

great Russian Empire. The history of the peoples of the

present-day Soviet East must henceforth be depicted as“the history of their friendship with the great Russian

people.[10]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaziahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnestriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_SSRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_All-Union_Pioneer_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningradhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhetysuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andijanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangyshlakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahtra_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1841_rebellion_in_Guriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugachev%2527s_Rebellionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryatshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Circassian_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itelmenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_Uprising_(1704%E2%80%9311)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_Rebellion_of_1552%E2%80%931556https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_Rebellion_of_1552%E2%80%931556


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4 3 SOVIET ERA

For example, Professor M. V. Nechkina wrote that “The

Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaidjan, after their an-

nexation to Russia, were incorporated into the economic

life of Russia, which was on a higher level than their

own”.[10]

Kazakh khan Kenesary’s revolt (1837—1847) was thesubject of a major historical work, “Kazakhstan in the

Period from the 1820’s to the 1840’s,” published in Alma-

Ata in 1947 by E. Bekmakhanov, a Kazakh. He portrayed

Kenesary as a fighter for national liberation and national

unity. On December 26, 1950, Pravda published an anni-

hilating article on the errors committed by the historians

who had dealt with the history of Kazakhstan. Nothing

was left of Bekmakhanov’s entire conception: “Instead

of revealing the profoundly progressive significance of

Kazakhstan’s annexation to Russia, Bekmakhanov sees in

it nothing but colonial oppression . . . The emergence of

the Kasymovs (Kenesary and his brother), which stood in

the way of annexation, was contrary to the aspirations ofthe progressive section of the Kazakh people. . . This

was a reactionary movement, which dragged the Kazakh

people backward . . . Khan Kenesary was a typical feudal

bandit. . . Kenesary’s revolt, which was not supported by

the Kazakh people, was a reactionary, feudal-nationalist

movement, aided by forces abroad which were hostile to

Russia”.[9]

And A. Daniyalov in "Voprosy Istorii ", (Problem of his-

tory) September 1950, asserted that “objectively, Rus-

sia filled the role of liberator of the Caucasian peoples

from the cruel and arbitrary oppression of the Iranian and

Turkish bandits”[11]

The Soviet Union, which replaced the empire, proclaimed

that the goal of its national policy was to forge a new na-

tional entity, the "Soviet people".

Soviet scholarship declared that Leninist national policy

had been successfully implemented as the final solution of

the nationality problem, resulting in the friendship, equal-

ity and unity of all the nations of the USSR.[12] Though it

was still claimed that all nationalities were treated equally,

, by the late 1930s, reference to the “leading role” of

the Russian people in the Soviet society had become

common.[13][14] From World War II on, the Russianswere

called the “elder brother” in the Soviet family of na-

tionalities. Before Stalin’s rule ended, Soviet historians

were to depict the conquest of Non-Russian nationalities

by the Russians as historically progressive and to claim

that a great friendship between the peoples of the So-

viet Union existed since the establishment of the earliest

contacts among them.[14][15] Mixed marriage is regarded

as an indicator of friendship between ethnic groups and

emphasizing ethnic diversity was prohibited in the Soviet

Union.[16]

Campaigns against the tsar society continued well into the

Soviet Union’s history. One of these criticisms was accu-

sation of hindering development in minority areas.[12][16]

Vladimir Lenin noted that: “national minorities in Tsarist

Russia suffered extra oppression, social and ethnic”.[16]

The Tsarist Russian Empire was dubbed the “prison of

the nations” by Lenin.

Russia is a prison of peoples, not only

because of the military-feudal character of

tsarism and not only because the Great-Russian

bourgeoisie support tsarism, but also because

the Polish, etc., bourgeoisie have sacrificed the

freedom of nations and democracy in general

for the interests of capitalist expansion...We

demand freedom of self-determination, i.e., in-

dependence, i.e., freedom of secession for the

oppressed nations, not because we have dreamt

of splitting up the country economically, or

of the ideal of small states, but, on the con-

trary, because we want large states and the

closer unity and even fusion of nations, only

on a truly democratic, truly internationalist ba-sis, which is inconceivable without the free-

dom to secede. Just as Marx, in 1869, de-

manded the separation of Ireland, not for a split

between Ireland and Britain, but for a subse-

quent free union between them, not so as to

secure “justice for Ireland”, but in the inter-

ests of the revolutionary struggle of the British

proletariat, we in the same way consider the re-

fusal of Russian socialists to demand freedom

of self-determination for nations, in the sense

we have indicated above, to be a direct betrayal

of democracy, internationalism and socialism.[17]

The expression “prison of the peoples” was first applied

to pre-revolutionary Tsarist Russia in the 1840s by De

Custine's critical book La Russie en 1839. It was later

taken up by Alexander Herzen, and the goal of demolish-

ing this “prison of the peoples” became one of the ide-

als of the Russian Revolution. The same expression was

adopted decades later by the dissident movement against

the Soviet Union.

Ethnic minority separatist states:

• Crimean People’s Republic, 1917–1918

• Republic of Aras, 1918–1919

• Alash Autonomy, 1917–1920

• Kingdom of Lithuania (1918), 1918

• Ukrainian State, 1918

• Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918), 1918

• First Republic of Armenia, 1918–1920

• Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, 1918–1920

• Kingdom of Finland (1918), 1918–1919

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armeniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alash_Autonomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Arashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_People%2527s_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Post%E2%80%93Russian_Empire_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissidenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Custinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Custinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Leninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity_of_peopleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity_of_peopleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravdahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine


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5

• Balagad state, 1919–1926

• North Caucasian Emirate, 1919–1920

• Republic of Latvia (1919–1940), 1919–1940

• Republic of Central Lithuania, 1920–1922

• Centrocaspian Dictatorship, 1918

• Democratic Republic of Georgia, 1918–1921

• Idel-Ural State, 1917–1918

• Kingdom of Lithuania (1918), 1918

• Moldavian Democratic Republic, 1917–1918

• Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus,

1917–1920

• North Ingria, 1919–1920

• Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk, 1930

• Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic,

1918

Ethnic minority freedom movements:

• Basmachi movement, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Kazakhs,

Kyrgyzs and Turkmens, 1916–1942

• Yakut Revolt (1918), Yakuts, 1918

• Latvian War of Independence, Latvians, 5 Decem-ber 1918 – 11 August 1920

• Lithuanian Wars of Independence, Lithuanians,

1918–20

• Lithuanian–Soviet War, December 1918 – August

1919

• Estonian War of Independence, Estonians, 28

November 1918 – 2 February 1920

• 1920 Ganja revolt, Azerbaijani people, 1920

• Pitchfork Uprising, Tatars and Bashkirs, February 4- mid-March, 1920

• 1921 Svanetian Uprising, Georgians, 1921

• Yakut Revolt, Yakuts, September 1921-16 June

1923

• East Karelian Uprising and Soviet–Finnish conflict

1921–22, Karelians, November 6, 1921 - March 21,

1922

• Tungus Revolt, Evenks and other indigenous small-

numbered peoples of tundra, 1924—1925

• Arsk Uprising, Tatars,October 25 - November 10,

1918

• Kakhet–Khevsureti Rebellion, Georgians, 1921

• August Uprising, Georgians, 28 August – 5 Septem-

ber 1924

• 1927 Buryat Revolt, Buryats, 1927

• Tahtakupyr Revolt, Kazakhs, 1929

• Alakat Revolt, Crimean Tatars, 1929–30

• 1930 Kalmyk Revolt, Kalmyks, 1930

• Khnov Revolt, Dagestans, 1930

• Batpakkarinsk Revolt, Kazakhs, 1929

• Sozak Syrdarinsk Revolt, Kazakhs,1930

• Irgizsk raion Revolt, Kazakhs,1930

• Sarysuisk raion Revolt, Kazakhs, 1930

• Abralinsk Revolt, Kazakhs, 1931

• Aday Revolt, Kazakhs, 1929–32

• Kazym rebellion, Khanty people and Nenets people,

1931–34

• Baltic Entente, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, 1934

• Mandalada (Yamal Revolt), Nenets people, 1934,

1943

• 1940–44 insurgency in Chechnya, Chechens and

Ingush people, 1940–44

• June Uprising in Lithuania, Lithuanians, 1941

• Guerrilla war in the Baltic states, Estonians,

Latvians and Lithuanians, 1944–1956

• Latvian independence movement, Latvians, 1940-

1991

• 1956 Georgian demonstrations

• 1958 Grozny riots, Chechens

• Shymkent Unrest, Kazakhs, 1967. In June 1967

workers in Shymkent demonstrated after police beata taxi-driver to death. The demonstrators attacked

and burned down the police headquarters and a lo-

cal police station. Tanks were sent in to suppress the

uprising and dozens of workers were killed.

• Self-immolation protest by the Lithuanian man,

1967

• Tselinograd demonstrations, Kazakhs, 1979

• Jeltoqsan, Kazakhs, December 16–19, 1986

• Singing Revolution, Estonians, Latvians,

Lithuanians, 1987-1991

• Zvartnots Airport clash, Armenians, July 5, 1988

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvartnots_Airport_clashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeltoqsanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_Kalantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-immolationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shymkenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Grozny_riotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_independence_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9344_insurgency_in_Chechnyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamal_Peninsulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Ententehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazym_rebellionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_j%C3%BCzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryatshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryatiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakhet%E2%80%93Khevsureti_Rebellionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsk_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Karelian_Uprising_and_Soviet%E2%80%93Finnish_conflict_1921%E2%80%9322https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Karelian_Uprising_and_Soviet%E2%80%93Finnish_conflict_1921%E2%80%9322https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_Revolthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Svanetian_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Ganja_revolthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_Revolt_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmachi_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ingriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idel-Ural_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrocaspian_Dictatorshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Lithuaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Latvia_(1919%E2%80%931940)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasian_Emiratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizhinginsky_District


6/12

6 4 POST SOVIET ERA

• Revolutions of 1989

• 1989 Sukhumi riots, Georgians and Abkhaz people

• Baltic Way, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Au-

gust 23, 1989

• 1989 Moldova civil unrest, Moldovans

• 1990 Tuva Revolt, Tuvans, 1990

• 1990 Dushanbe riots, Tajiks

• The Barricades, Latvians, 13–27 January 1991

• January Events (Lithuania), Lithuanians, January

11–13, 1991

4 Post Soviet Era

Main articles: Ethnic groups in Russia, Human rights in

Russia, Demographics of Russia, List of ethnic groups

in Russia, Secession in Russia, Languages of Russia, List

of languages of Russia and List of endangered languages

in Russia

Russian Federation is a multi-national state with over

185 ethnic groups designated as nationalities. Among 85

subjects which constitute the Russian Federation, there

are 21 national republics (meant to be home to a spe-

cific ethnic minority), 4 autonomous okrugs (usually with

substantial or predominant ethnic minority) and an au-tonomous oblast. There are 148 endangered languages in

the Russian Federation.

Although Russian colonialism partially ended in 1991

with the political independence of the former Soviet Re-

publics, in practice Russian capital still dominates those

territories and can be said to maintain a neo-colonial re-

lationship to them. Russian settlers who arrived in Soviet

times still tend to identify culturally and intellectually

with Moscow and Russia, rather than the nations they

live in. Many ethnic Russian people, including Presi-

dent Vladimir Putin,[18][19] consider that Soviet President

Mikhail Gorbachev's action to dismantle Soviet Unionwas a wrong decision.[20][21] Russians think that dissolu-

tion of the Soviet Union, social, economic and political

changes since 1991 resolved ethnic problem.

The country has an abundance of natural resources, in-

cluding oil, natural gas and precious metals, which make

up a major share of Russia’s income. Most of its nat-

ural resources exist in the ethnic minority areas such

as North Caucasus, Komi Republic, Volga-Ural region

and Siberia but living conditions of national minorities

poor.[22][23][24] From Russian point of view, Russians,

which consist majority of population and founded Rus-

sian state, have more rights.

In this country small nationalities and ethnic minorities

are integrated into the common social, cultural, economic

and political life of the whole state, which is dominated

by one nation - the Russians.[12] Under conditions of a

comprehensive unification of the way of living, inflation

of ethnic-cultural values and the so-called “international-

ization” of many peoples, there is a real threat to small

nations of losing their native language, their culture, and

finally - of complete assimilation.[12]

The non-Russians of Russia are mostly national minori-

ties in their national-state units, finding themselves in the

position of minority on their own land.

The possibilities of free development of the language and

national culture in the independent states (for example

Finland, Poland separated from Russia) differ a lot from

the same possibilities in the autonomous republics of

Komis, Yakuts, Karelians, Maris etc., within Russia.[12]

Russian policy always and everywhere had the purpose to

assimilate native population and to provide the superior-

ity in number of settlers who belonged to the predomi-

nating nation in the State.[12]

Moreover more than half of Chuvashes and Maris, 3/4

Mordvins and Tatars,1/3of Udmurts live outside the bor-

ders of their republics. The Karelians in Tver province,

Komis in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, Mordvins

in Orenburg province etc. are also separated from their

main ethnic mass and homeland.[12] Such a scatter of sep-

arate ethnic parts practically deprives them of opportu-

nities for national development and regular contact with

their national culture and mother tongue, and dooms them

to assimilation with the surrounding population (Russian

first of all).[12]

Many linguists deny the necessity of creating new special-

ized terminology in the native languages.[12]

In 2012 President Vladimir Putin has signed a contro-

versial new law on education. The law text officially

recognizes the right to education in languages of Rus-

sia’s ethnic minorities, but does not make it mandatory

of completely guarantee such education. [25][26] New

law would allow parents in ethnic republics to decide

if their children should study indigenous languages at

school.[27] When the draft of the law was under con-

sideration in the State Duma, it sparked protest rallies

in several regions, including Tatarstan, Bashkortostan,and Chuvashia.[28] Critics said it would accelerate the de-

cline of indigenous languages.[29] The issue gained na-

tionwide attention when some ethnic Russian residents

in Tatarstan protested against the mandatory teaching of

Tatar in the republic’s Russian schools. Drafting com-

mission head Vyacheslav Mikhailov says the new policy

aims to strengthen a single identity for the entire country,

to develop its ethnic diversity, and to strength civic unity

and interethnic harmony.[29] Tatarstan historian Rafael

Mukhametdinov says you can see the real aim of the pol-

icy by looking closely at the language.[29] “It says there

is a Russian nation and that it is compulsory to know the

Russian language in Russia. As soon as it comes to non-

Russians, the text becomes very complicated. It becomes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvashiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Dumahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg_Oblasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk_Oblasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver_Oblasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Elhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Kareliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(sociology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_(region)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Russians_in_post-Soviet_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-colonialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barricadeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Dushanbe_riotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Moldova_civil_unresthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Wayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Sukhumi_riotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989


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7

hard to understand what they mean. I think this is done

on purpose.”[29] Russia offers no higher-education oppor-

tunities in languages other than Russian and the state en-

trance exams for universities are given only in Russian.

On January 2015 Estonian President Toomas Hendrik

Ilves has accused Russia of suppressing the culture of itsFinno-Ugric minorities by decreasing education in their

traditional languages. On January 7, 2015, Ilves said that

“Russia has stopped or limited the provision of educa-

tion in the national languages of the Finno-Ugric peoples,

which accelerates assimilation and the disappearance of

their culture.”[30]

According to Russian position, the minority nationali-

ties unable to create own independent state due to small

population, low culture and absence of statehood tradi-

tion. But many ethnic minorities founded own state be-

fore Kievan Rus, for example, Sarir state of the Caucasian

Avars (5th – 12th centuries), Tsahur Khanate (7th – 16th

centuries), Zirikhgeran state of the Dargin and Kubachi

peoples (6th – 15th centuries), Gazikumukh Shamkha-

late of the Lak people (734–1642), Kaitag state of the

Dargin people (6th century – 1813) etc. Hundred years

of colonial policy, assimilation, deportations, massacres,

repressions and other actions against ethnic minorities se-

riously decreased their population and destroyed ethnic

development.

Images of Russia as the main liberator, natural leader,

civilizer, protector of oppressed people is central to Rus-

sian ideology.[31][32] In 2012 Vladimir Putin said joining

civilizations is a great mission of Russians. [33]

In December 2010, German Sterligov, a Russian sheep-

herder, sent open letter Vladimir Putin and Dimitry

Medvedev, and proposed a suggestion to sell Siberia

and Russian Far East to other countries after transfer-

ring ethnic Russians to European Russia.[34] According

to poll carried by "Levada Center" in 2013, about 1/4

of respondents supported separation of North Caucasus

republics.[35]

Russia is divided between ethnic Russian territory or

Central Russia (European Russia) and Siberia, North

Caucasus, Arctic and Volga-Ural region (Idel-Ural,

land east of the Volga River) of indigenous people.Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Tatarstan,

Bashkortostan, Perm Krai, Komi Republic and Caucasian

republics separate ethnic Russian and minority territories.

When indigenous people travel to Moscow and Saint Pe-

tersburg, they get beat or killed by Russian racists and

nationalists (fascists), because they entered ethnic Rus-

sian territory. By 500 AD most of Central Russia includ-

ing Moscow and Saint Petersburg, was populated by the

Finno-Ugric peoples. The Slavs lived west of the Volga

and Don Rivers. Before being conquered by the Grand

Duchy of Moscow, in the16th century, Volga-Ural region

was dominated by native Uralic and Turkic tribes. Rus-

sians consider that after hundred years of settlement in

Siberia and other minority areas they became indigenous

East Slavic tribes and peoples , 8th and 9th centuries

Territorial development of the Muscovy between 1390 and 1530

to these lands and Russia is not colonial power.[36][37]

Media dominated by the Russians considerably restricts

information about ethnic problem, provides false

information and falsifies their history.[38] Andrei

Sakharov, director of the Institute of Russian History of

the Russian Academy of Sciences said “Differing views

should not be confused with falsification of history”.[39]

Russian media and government call Causasian separatist

groups “bandits”. There is steady rise in xenophobic so-

cietal violence and discrimination against minorities.[38]Some of Russians, for example Vladimir Zhirinovsky,

Dimitry Medvedev demand to rename autonomous areas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitry_Medvedevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_censorship_of_Chechnya_coveragehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_Slavic_tribes#East_Slavshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peopleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_fascismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_Kraihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvashiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordoviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Elhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idel-Uralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levada_Centerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitry_Medvedevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitry_Medvedevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargin_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak_people_(Dagestan)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazikumukh_Shamkhalatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazikumukh_Shamkhalatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubachi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubachi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargin_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakhur_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Avarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Avarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia


8/12


9/12

9

native traditions to occupy a subsidiary niche, as ethno-

graphic remnants rather than active social forces. It was

accompanied by an economic policy which emphasized

the development of transport and heavy industry, and

the assimilation of outlying regions into a single imperial

economy.

[9] Solomon M. Schwarz “Revising the History of Russian

Colonialism”

[10] Voprosy Istorii, April 1951.

[11] A. Daniyalov, “Distortions in the Examination of

Muridism and the Shamil Movement,” Voprosy Istorii,

September 1950.

[12] Xenophont Sanukov, Human rights problems in Russia:

The situation of non-Russian peoples

[13] Frederick C.Barghoorn “Soviet Russian nationalism”,

New York, Oxford University Press, 1956

[14] Alfred B. Evans “Soviet Marxism-Leninism: The Decline

of an Ideology”, 1993

[15] Lowell Tillett, The Great friendship: Soviet historians on

Non-Russian nationalities” University of North Carolina

Press, 1969

[16] А.Ненароков, А.Проскурин, "Решение

национального вопроса в СССР", 1983; A.Nenarokov,

A.Proskurin “Ethnic problem in the Soviet Union”, 1983

[17] V.Lenin “The Revolutionary Proletariat and the Right of

Nations to Self-Determination”

[18] Владимир Путин: Нельзя было допускать развала

СССР, 2011

[19] Во всём виноват распад СССР

[20] Russian MPs call for Mikhail Gorbachev to be prosecuted

for 'allowing' the collapse of the Soviet Union, 10 April

2014

[21] The Moscow Times: Lawmakers want Gorbachev inves-

tigated over collapse of Soviet Union

[22] Коренные жители Югры отказываются предоставить

нефтяникам свою землю

[23] Чем больше добываем – тем больше разливаем?

[24] Коренные народы Севера против нефтяного освоения

Арктики

[25] New law discriminates indigenous languages

[26] Window on Eurasia: Putin Law Likely to Kill Off 70 Per-

cent of Russia’s Indigenous Languages

[27] Tatar Congress Adopts Resolution To Protect Language,

Culture

[28] Putin Signs Controversial Education Law

[29] Rumblings In The Republics:New Russian Nationalities

Policy Sparks Outcry

[30] President Says Russia Accelerating Finno-Ugric Assimi-

lation

[31] Eric Shiraev, Eero Carroll, Vladimir Shlapentokh “The

Soviet Union: Internal and External Perspectives on Soviet

Society” 2008

[32] Astrid S. Tuminez, Russian Nationalism Since 1856: Ide-ology and the Making of Foreign Policy, 2000

[33] В.Путин: Русский народ является

государствообразующим, а великая миссия русских -

объединять цивилизацию, 23.01.2012

[34] Открытое письмо Президенту Медведеву и Премьер-

министру Путину от овцевода Стерлигова

[35] Большинство россиян согласились отделить Чечню от

России

[36] Освоение новых земель сибири, переселенцы

[37] Proof that Russians are Natives of Siberia and North Asia

[38] RUSSIA 2013 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT - US De-

partment of State

[39] Andrei Sakharov, “Differing views should not be confused

with falsification of history”

[40] Жириновский предлагает отказаться от названий

национальных республик

[41] В блоге Медведева предлагают отменить

национальные автономии, 2011

[42] Прохоров предлагает упразднить национальные

республики в составе России, 5.11.2012

[43] Русский национализм (программный документ)

7.12.2013

[44] Убивать чеченцев это не преступление

[45] Wary Of Russian Aggression, Vilnius Creates How-To

Manual For Dealing With Foreign Invasion

[46] Homogenisation and the 'New Russian Citizen'- A road to

stability or ethnic tension?

[47] Различают ли националисты нерусских?

[48] Пресс-конференция Президента России ВладимираПутина (полная версия)

[49] Путин ответил на вопросы

• Iavorsky, M. Ukraina v epokhu kapitalizmu Kiev:

Derzhavne Vydavnytstvo Ukrainy, 1924.

• Koropeckyi, I. Development in the Shadow (New

York, 1990)

• idem, ed. Ukrainian Economic His-

tory(Cambridge MA, 1991)

• Krawchenko,B. Social Change and National Con-sciousness in Twentieth Century Ukraine (NewYork,

1985)

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10 7 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Martin, Virginia. Law and custom in the steppe: the

Kazakhs of the Middle Horde and Russian colonial-

ism in the nineteenth century. Richmond: Curzon,

2001

• Serbyn, Roman. Lenine etla question ukrainienne en

1914. Pluriel no. 25, 1981.

• Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History.

Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-

0-8020-5808-9.

• Velychenko, Stephen, The Issue of Russian Colonial-

ism in Ukrainian Thought.Dependency Identity and

Development , AB IMPERIO 1 (2002) 323-66

• Forsyth, James. “A History of the Peoples of

Siberia: Russia’s North Asian Colony 1581-1990”

(1994)

7 External links

• Russian Federation Overview - Minority Rights

Group International

• The Edge of Extinction. Ethnic Survival Among

the Yukaghirs of Northern Yakutia, Biomapping In-

digenous Peoples

• Galina Diatchkova Indigenous Peoples of Russia and

Political History

• Generations? Andrey Petrov, Indigenous Population

of the Russian North in in the Post-Soviet Era

• Who are the indigenous peoples of Russia

• Free Siberia

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• Russian Colonialism Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20Colonialism?oldid=653950934 Contributors: Lysy, Irpen, Ben-

der235, Zscout370, Ghirlandajo, Bobrayner, Rjwilmsi, Atrix20, Russavia, Alex Bakharev, Tony1, Rwalker, Petri Krohn, SmackBot,

Hmains, Bluebot, Hibernian, Yakym, RomanSpa, CmdrObot, Yalens, Johnpacklambert, TomLis, Goustien, EoGuy, Niceguyedc, Arjayay,

SchreiberBike, Pirags, Dthomsen8, Addbot, Jarble, Greyhood, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT,DITWIN GRIM, FrescoBot, I42, Trust Is All You Need, Winterst, Deguef, Ladislaw, Dinamik-bot, FelixtheMagnificent, EmausBot, Lab-

noor, ClueBot NG, Piast93, Cj005257, Marcocapelle, Shokioto22, Khazar2, Spirit of Eagle, Mogism, Pugachov, Hillbillyholiday, Rosspw,

Westieboy212, Ujjuk, Barbievader, Crossswords, Martionex, Dunderstrar, Auvon, Haikhaer and Anonymous: 31

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Russian Colonialism