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3Video games and propaganda

Th ere I was brushing aside the leaves of the African jungle with the bayonet of my rifl e which I carried with my muscu-lar, tattooed arms the width of anacondas.

Th ere I was hiding in the shadows of my bunker shooting down Nazi Germans as skillfully as a silent assassin with my long and slick sniper rifl e.

Th ere I was raising the Amer-ican fl ag on a pacifi c island af-ter a long and victorious battle celebrating a day of heroic and honorable acts.

Th ere I was lying behind a protective metal screen-an xBox controller on my lap -munch-ing on a handful of popcorn and slurping on a can of Pepsi.

When I was a middle-school-er, I was a large video game en-thusiast and owned a library of various games, mostly fi rst-person shooters like the Call of Duty series, the Halos, and the Modern Warfares. As technolo-gy constantly advances, new and improved video games come out every year to assume quite an ubiquitous presence in the diet of an average pre-teen boy.

Once we look past the en-tertainment value of the games, however, there are various un-derlying consequences that come with an extended attach-ment to these games. Beyond providing a fun pass-time, fi rst person shooter video-games communicate a strong miscon-ception about war. Th ese games brush off war as nothing more than what they depict it as, a game. Th e dehumanized reality

of the game allows these games to undermine the severity of war, and is reminiscent of early U.S. propaganda techniques.

War video games portray a light-hearted perspective of war through a glowing sheet of ar-mor, the television screen. Th e ghostly and sharp arms which produce the glow of the screen, swirl around the player and con-sume him into the game. With an ever-increasing advancement of technology, such is the eff ect of many of these games. Th ough the games swallow the player into their world in the same way alien ships abduct empty-mind-ed victims the player exists in this virtual world of destruction impervious to both the physical and emotional trauma of its imi-tated reality.

Th e screen shields the player from the fl ying bullets of the game, but it also shields the player from a humanly under-standing of his actions. It can be said that an average gamer

slaughters hundreds of enemies per day yet he feels no remorse but rather enjoyment from his murderous behavior, which from an elevated standpoint is a little disturbing. Th e player feels no humanly connection to his

victims, as he perceives them as nothing more than com-puterized characters or pixels. Th is dehumanized perception of war generated by the game, no doubt, translates into ones perception of real life war and

breeds our societys glorifi ca-tion of it. Th e absence of emo-tion in these virtual unrealities roots the growth of a susceptible users misconception of war. It is the absence of the stinging sen-sation of a bullet lodged deep inside the chambers of your stomach. A bullet that feels like a lighted match burning inside your rib cage. It is the absence of the sinking feeling that be-falls you as the fi re of the bul-let pounds against the jail-bars that are your ribs, mercilessly screaming for his next victim. It is the absence of the drowning and sickening feeling when you imagine the face of your mother as she receives the news of her sons death. It is the absence of the dread-fi lled moment as you watch your friend and his all fu-ture aspirations fall at your side.

It is the absence of this humanly emotion that infl ates the mis-conception that war is nothing more than a game.

But why is the dehumanizing aspect of these games so centralto misconception? Th e answer to that question lies in humannature. Diff erent interpretations of human nature exist in litera-ture, from the Shakespeareanview that empathy and connec-tion defi ne humanity, which hemost evidently conveys in theplay Macbeth, to William Gold-ings more cynical belief in an inherent savagery lodged in hu-mans.

History tends to favor theShakespearean interpretation.Many nations including theUnited States use dehuman-izing propaganda to mobilizethe public for war. For example in the Spanish American War,U.S. newspapers published thepropaganda poster Th e Bruteand released numerous ac-counts of exaggerated atrocities committed by the Spaniards to infl uence the American mind-set toward war. Th e poster de-picted the Spanish as savagesand beasts rather than humansto soft en the publics unwilling-ness for the country to engage inmurderous battles. Similarly, the press released a poster in WorldWar I, Th e Hun, depicting the Germans in a far from humanly way. Th ese posters portray theenemy in such a brutish way,that it makes it easier for thepublic to swallow the idea of war. Th roughout history, coun-tries used propaganda to break the publics empathy and pity for the enemy. Th e need for such dehumanizing promotion sup-ports that emotion defi nes hu-man nature.

Th e disconnection of human-ly feeling empowers humans tocommit hateful crimes againsteach other. Dehumanization causes disconnection and dis-connection breeds hate. Video games mitigate the true mean-ing of war and their dehuman-ization aspect reeks of old pro-war propaganda.

Benjamin Levit, Denver

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11 Odd Facts About Magic Mushroomsby Stephanie Pappas

At fi rst glance, Psilocybe cubensis doesnt look particularly magical. In fact, the scientifi c name of this little brown-and-white mushroom roughly trans-lates to bald head, befi tting the funguss rather mild-mannered appearance. But those who have ingested a dose of P. cubensis say it changes the users world.

Th e mushroom is one of more than 100 species that contain compounds called psilocybin and psilocin, which are psycho-active and cause hallucinations, euphoria and other trippy symp-toms. Th ese magic mushrooms have long been used in Central American religious ceremonies, and are now part of the black market in drugs in the United States and many other countries, where they are considered a con-trolled substance.

How does a modest little mushroom upend the brain so thoroughly? Read on for the strange secrets of shrooms.

1. Mushrooms hyperconnect the brain

Th e compounds in psilocy-bin mushrooms may give us-ers a mind-melting feeling, but in fact, the drug does just the opposite psilocybin actu-ally boosts the brains connec-tivity, according to an October 2014 study. Researchers at Kings College London asked 15 volun-teers undergo brain scanning by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine. Th ey did so once aft er ingesting a dose of magic mushrooms, and once aft er taking a placebo. Th e re-sulting brain connectivity maps showed that, while under the infl uence of the drug, the brain synchronizes activity among ar-eas that would not normally be connected. Th is alteration in ac-tivity could explain the dreamy state that shroom users report experiencing aft er taking the drug, the researchers said.

2. Slow it downShrooms act in other strange

ways upon the brain. Psilocybin works by binding to receptors for the neurotransmitter sero-

tonin. Although its not clear ex-actly how this binding aff ects the brain, studies have found that the drug has other brain-communi-cation-related eff ects in addition to increased synchronicity.

In one study, brain imaging of volunteers who took psilocybin revealed decreased activity in information-transfer areas such as the thalamus, a structure deep in the middle of the brain. Slow-ing down the activity in areas such as the thalamus may allow information to travel more freely throughout the brain, because that region is a gatekeeper that usually limits connections, ac-cording to the researchers from Imperial College London.

3. Magic mushrooms go way back

Central Americans were using psilocybin mushrooms before Europeans landed on the New Worlds shores; the fantastical fungi grow well in subtropical and tropical environments. But how far back were humans trip-ping on magic mushrooms?

Its not an easy question to answer, but a 1992 paper in the short-lived journal, Integration: Journal of Mind-Moving Plants and Culture, argued that rock art in the Sahara dating back 9,000 years depicts hallucinogen-ic mushrooms. Th e art in ques-tion shows masked fi gures hold-ing mushroomlike objects. Other drawings show mushrooms posi-tioned behind anthropomorphic fi gures possibly a nod to the fact that mushrooms grow in dung. (Th e mushroom fi gures have also been interpreted as fl ow-ers, arrows or other plant matter, however, so it remains an open question whether the people who lived in the ancient Sahara used shrooms.)

4. Magic mushrooms explain Santa maybe

On the subject of myth, settle in for a less-than-innocent tale of Christmas cheer. According to Sierra College anthropologist John Rush, magic mushrooms explain why kids wait for a fl y-ing elf to bring them presents on Dec. 25.

Rush said that Siberian sha-mans used to bring gift s of hallu-cinogenic mushrooms to house-holds each winter. Reindeer were the spirit animals of these sha-man, and ingesting mushrooms might just convince a hallucinat-ing tribe member that those ani-mals could fl y. Plus, Santas red-

and-white suit looks suspiciously like the colors of the mushroom species Amanita muscaria, which grows wait for it under ever-green trees. However, this species is toxic to people.

Feeling like youve just taken a bad trip? Not to worry. Not all anthropologists are sold on the hallucinogen-Christmas con-nection. But still, as Carl Ruck, a classicist at Boston University, told Live Science in 2012: At fi rst glance, one thinks its ridicu-lous, but its not.

5. Shrooms may change people for good

Psychologists say that few things can truly alter someones personality in adulthood, but magic mushrooms may be one of those things.

A 2011 study found that aft er one dose of psilocybin, people became more open to new expe-riences for at least 14 months, a shockingly stable change. People with open personalities are more creative and more appreciative of art, and they value novelty and emotion.

Th e reason for the change seems to be psilocybins eff ects on emotions. People describe mushroom trips as extremely profound experiences, and re-port feelings of joy and con-nectedness to others and to the world around them. Th ese tran-scendent experiences appear to linger. (In the experiments, the researchers took great pains to assure their participants did not experience bad trips, as some people respond to psilocybin with panic, nausea and vomit-ing. Volunteers were kept safe in a room with peaceful music and calming surroundings.)

6. Mushrooms kill fearAnother strange side eff ect of

magic mushrooms: Th ey destroy fear. A 2013 study in mice found that when dosed with psilocybin, the animals became less likely to freeze up when they heard a noise they had learned to associ-ate with a painful electric shock. Mice that were not given the drug also gradually relaxed around the noise, but it took longer.

Th e mice were given a low dose of psilocybin, and the re-searchers said they hope this animal study will inspire more work on how mushrooms might be used to treat mental health problems in people. For example, small doses of psilocybin could be explored as a way to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, the re-searchers said.

7. Th ey make their own windMushrooms dont just exist to

get people high, of course; they have their own lives. And part of that life is reproduction. Like other fungi, mushrooms repro-duce via spores, which travel

the breeze to fi nd a new place to grow.

But mushrooms oft en live in sheltered areas on forested fl oors, where the wind doesnt blow. To solve the problem of spreading their spores, some shrooms (in-cluding the hallucinogenic Ama-nita muscaria) create their own wind. To do this, the fungi in-crease the rate that water evapo-rates off of their surfaces, placing water vapor in the air immediate-ly around them. Th is water vapor, along with the cool air created by evaporation, works to lift spores. Together, these two forces can lift the spores up to 4 inches (10 cen-timeters) above the mushroom, according to a presentation at the 2013 meeting of the Ameri-can Physical Societys Division of Fluid Dynamics.

8. Many mushrooms

At least 144 species of mush-room contain the psychoactive ingredient psilocybin, accord-ing to a 2005 review in the In-ternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. Latin America and the Caribbean are home to more than 50 species, and Mexico alone has 53. Th ere are 22 species of magic mushroom in North America, 16 in Europe, 19 in Australia and the Pacifi c island region, 15 in Asia, and a mere four in Africa.

9. Experimenting with shrooms

Recently, researchers have begun to experiment with psi-locybin as a potential treatment for depression, anxiety and other mental disorders. Th is line of re-search was frozen for decades and is still diffi cult to pursue, given psilocybins status as a Schedule I substance. Th is means the drug is classifi ed by the Drug Enforce-ment Administration (DEA) as having no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.

In the past, though, psilocybin and other hallucinogenic drugs were at the center of a thriving research program. During the 1960s, for example, Harvard psy-chologist Timothy Leary and his colleagues ran a series of experi-ments with magic mushrooms called the Harvard Psilocybin

Project. Among the most famouswas the Marsh Chapel Experi-ment, in which volunteers were given either psilocybin or a pla-cebo before a church service inthe chapel. Th ose who got psilo-cybin were more likely to reporta mystical spiritual experience. A 25-year follow-up in 1991 foundthat participants who got thepsilocybin remembered feeling even more unity and sacred-ness than they said theyd feltsix months aft er the fact. Many described the experience as life altering.

It left me with a completely unquestioned certainty that there is an environment biggerthan the one Im conscious of,one told the researchers in 1991.I have my own interpretation of what that is, but it went from a theoretical proposition to an experiential one. Somehow,my life has been diff erent know-ing that there is something outthere.

10. Th e counterculture cultiva-tor

Learys psychedelic experi-ments are part of hippie lore,but the man who did the mostto bring magic mushrooms tomainstream U.S. drug culture was a writer and ethnobotanistnamed Terence McKenna. He had been experimenting withpsychedelics since his teen years,but it wasnt until a trip to the Amazon in 1971 that he discov-ered psilocybin mushrooms fi elds of them, according to a2000 profi le in Wired magazine.

In 1976, McKenna and hisbrother published Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Growers Guide, a manual for cultivat-ing psilocybin mushrooms athome. What is described is only slightly more complicated than canning or making jelly, McK-enna wrote in the foreword to thebook.

11. Animals feel the eff ectsPsilocybin shrooms grow in

the wild, so its perhaps inevitablethat nonhuman animals havesampled these trippy fungi. In 2010, the British tabloids wereabuzz with reports that threepygmy goats at an animal sanctu-ary run by 1960s TV actress Al-exandra Bastedo had gotten into some wild magic mushrooms.Th e goats reportedly acted le-thargic, vomited and staggered around, taking two days to fully recover.

Siberian reindeer also have a taste for magic mushrooms, ac-cording to a 2009 BBC nature documentary. Its unclear wheth-er the reindeer feel the eff ects, butSiberian mystics would some-times drink the urine from deer that had ingested mushrooms in order to get a hallucinogenic ex-perience for religious rituals.

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Men Take More Idiotic Risks, Study FindsBahar Gholipour

Men tend to take more risks than women do, and they also seem to be ahead of women in engaging in risky behavior that is extremely idiotic, according to researchers who revealed in a new study that the majority of the receivers of a Darwin Award are men.

To win a Darwin Award, a darkly humorous honor that has existed for more than 20 years, a person must die in an extraor-dinarily idiotic manner, and thereby protect the human gene pool and improve the species chances of long-term survival. For example, one person in the new study was a terrorist who posted a letter bomb with in-suffi cient postage stamps and who, on its return, unthinkingly opened his own letter, the re-searchers wrote.

In a special Christmas issue of the BMJ (a lighthearted edi-tion of the medical journal that normally publishes serious re-

search), researchers in the Unit-ed Kingdom used the Darwin Award database to examine an

idea they call male idiot theo-ry, to see whether mens gener-ally higher inclination for risk-

taking extends to taking idiotic risksTh e researchers reviewed the stories of all nominees for the Darwin Award from 1995 to 2014, noting the gender of the winner. To win a Darwin Award, the story of how the death hap-pened must be verifi able, and the person must have been capable of sound judgment, while show-ing an astonishing misapplica-tion of common sense.

Th e researchers looked at 332 cases confi rmed by the Dar-win Awards Committee to be true incidents. For their analysis, they excluded 14 cases of deaths of adventurous couples, leaving them with 318 cases.

Of those, just 36 were wom-en. Th e other 282 winners, or 88.7 percent, were men, the re-searchers found.

Th e fi ndings support the re-searchers theory that men are idiots, and idiots do stupid things, they said.

Th e theory could also explain

some of the gender gap previ-ous studies have found in risk-seeking behaviors, emergency department visits and mortal-ity, the researchers said. Menare more likely than women to be admitted to an emergency department aft er accidental in-juries or with a sport injury, and they are more likely to die in traf-fi c accidents.

Men may be more likely to play riskier sports or have dan-gerous occupations, but they might also do more stupid things, according to the study.

Still, it is also possible that the makeup of Darwin Award winners is biased toward men because cases involving womenmay not get reported as oft en.

In addition, alcohol useand its eff ects may be diff erentamong men and women andcould potentially impact how many of each group will end up in an event leading to a DarwinAward, the researchers added.

Eating Whole Grains May Help You Live Longer, Study Findsby Laura Geggel

Eating whole grains such as popcorn, oats and quinoa is linked to increased longev-ity, and may decrease risk for deaths from cardiovascular disease over a 25-year period, but not cancer deaths, a new study finds.

The new research is one of many large studies that tie a diet high in whole grains to increased longevity, including deaths due to cardiovascular disease.

I think its quite conclusive that if you eat whole grains, you almost always benefit, said the new studys senior re-searcher, Dr. Qi Sun, an assis-tant professor of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. [12 Tips for Eating Healthy on a Budget]

In the study, the researchers looked at two large studies, in-cluding about 74,000 women who were taking part in the Nurses Health Study, and nearly 44,000 men participat-ing in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. The partici-pants recorded their whole-grain intake on food surveys given every two to four years.

After 24 to 26 years, 26,920 people in the studies had died.

The new study has three main findings, Sun said. First, the researchers found that people who ate at least 28 grams of whole grains a day had a 5 percent lower risk of dying over the study period, and a 9 percent lower risk of dying from cardiovas-cular-disease-related death,

than people who ate little or no whole grains during the course of the study.

The researchers also found that eating the part of the whole grain called the bran had the largest effect on re-ducing mortality and deaths from cardiovascular disease. The bran is the tough skin that covers the kernel of a whole grain, and holds antioxidants, B vitamins and fiber. Process-ing whole grains into refined grains typically removes much of the grains bran, according to the Harvard School of Pub-lic Health.

People in the study who re-placed one serving a day of re-fined grains with whole grains

reduced their risk of dying over the study period by 8 per-cent, and people who replaced one daily serving of red meat with whole grains reduced their risk of dying over the study period by 20 percent, the researchers also found.

The researchers accounted for other factors that could have affected the study par-ticipants risk of dying over the study period, such as age, smoking, body mass index, exercise and general diet. This was especially important be-cause the men and women who ate more whole grains also tended to get more exer-cise, eat other healthy foods, smoke less and drink less al-

cohol than people who ate fewer whole grains.

If you are really looking into whole-grain consumption with other diseases, stroke, heart disease and colorectal cancer, whole grains are con-sistently associated with [a] lower risk of those diseases, Sun said.

However, a higher intake of whole grains did not appear to reduce the risk of dying from cancer, the researchers found. Its possible that the two stud-ies didnt have enough cases of specific kinds of cancer to show whether eating whole grains is helpful for cancer-related longevity, Sun said.

Experts said the results of

these studies add to previous evidence of the healthful ef-fects of whole grains

Its showed, as quite a few other studies have shown in several other settings, thatthe consumption of whole-grain foods is associated withreduced total mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease, but not particularly strongly with mortality from cancer, said David Jacobs, aprofessor of epidemiology atthe University of MinnesotaSchool who was not involvedin the study.

However, its difficult toparse apart the health effectsof the bran from the effects of the other parts of a wholegrain, such as the germ, Jacobssaid.

Its a very difficult thing innutritional epidemiology toseparate things like that outand to make particular state-ments about foods or parts of foods, he added.

But Jacobs and Sun agreedthat whole grains are part of a healthy diet. Its likely that whole grains are nutritious because they have a lower gly-cemic index, meaning they lead to a smaller rise and fall in blood-sugar levels after ameal than refined grains do.Whole grains are also rich in healthy compounds, mineralsand vitamins, Sun said.

Along with eating a healthy diet and exercising regular-ly, Half of the grains that a person eats every day should come from whole grains, Sunsaid.


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Winter superfoods for optimal health Illnesses seem to peak during the winter months.

A tapped-out immune system as well as dry, cold air may encourage the spread of common viruses and bacterial infections more easily. As a result, its important that men, women and children take every step possible to ward off sickness when the temperatures drop. Dietary changes can make a world of diff erence, and more and more people are including these proven superfoods in their winter diets.

Avocado: Avocado has high levels of essential fatty acids and vitamin B6, which is important in the biosynthesis of important neurotransmitters. Foods high in B vitamins may be able to counteract some of the symptoms of winter-related depres-sion.

Pomegranate: Th is quirky fruit has vitamins C and K, folate and potassium and is a good source of fi ber. Pomegranate has anti-infl ammatory prop-erties, which can help in reducing joint pain and preventing strokes. Pomegranate may also help the body fi ght viruses.

Cinnamon: Cinnamon has high levels of anti-

oxidants, and some studies point to cinnamon as a natural antibacterial agent. Cinnamon also can help regulate blood-glucose levels, which is benefi -cial for those with diabetes.

Prunes: Now widely referred to as dried plums, prunes are an important source of boron, which could prevent osteoporosis. High in anti-oxidants, prunes help the body fi ght a variety of illnesses.

Cabbage: Cabbage may be a key element in the fi ght against cancer. Cabbage has phytochemicals that can protect the body against cancer-causing free radicals. Its also a good source of dietary fi ber, which can stimulate a sluggish digestive system.

Butternut squash: Th is food is packed with carotenoids, which are stellar antioxidants. Th e starches in this squash also have been found to have anti-infl ammatory properties.

Chestnuts: Chestnuts are worthy of inclusion in anyones diet. Unlike many nuts, chestnuts are relatively low in fat but have high levels of protein. Th eyre also packed with vitamin C and B vita-mins.

Are Ocean Asteroid Impacts Really a Serious Threat?

by Tia Ghose

If a space rock were to hit the Earth at just the right location in the oceans, it could cause massive waves that could inundate U.S. coastlines, a new computer simu-lation suggests.

For instance, if an asteroid were to hit the continental shelf off the Maryland coast, it could produce 23-foot-high (7 meters) waves, causing fl ooding from New York to Georgia that would take hours to recede. A similar impact off the coast of California could fl ood major power plants along the coast, the research also suggests.

But not everyone is worried. Many simulations use unrealistic models for how waves break in the ocean, and major ocean im-pacts in the past havent caused tsunamis, said H. Jay Melosh, a planetary scientist at Purdue Uni-versity in Indiana who studies impacts but was not involved in the new study.

Its an overrated hazard, Me-losh, who has developed a calcu-lator to predict the eff ects of aster-oids, told Live Science.

Crash!Asteroid impacts like the one

that struck in whats now Chicxu-lub, Mexico, 65 million years ago which is believed to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs occur very rarely. But smaller space rocks, such as the meteor explosion that blasted through the atmosphere in Chelyabinsk, Russia, in 2013, can cause major property damage and batter the Earth every few decades.

To evaluate the threat of such smaller impacts to U.S. coast-lines, Souheil Ezzedine, an ap-plied mathematician at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, and his colleagues used a computer simulation to mimic how asteroids of about 165 feet (50 meters) in diameter crashing into the ocean would af-fect waves.

In a separate simulation, Ez-zedine also modeled the eff ects of similar impacts on the West Coast. He found that impacts at certain points in the ocean could lead to waves up to 10 feet (3 me-ters) high.

Th ats not good news. A lot of power plants of PG&E are pretty much on the shore, Ezzedine told Live Science.

In fact, a 2012 report by the California Energy Commission suggests that a 5-foot (1.4-me-

ter) rise in sea levels which is predicted to occur by 2100, due to climate change could fl ood many power plants. Th erefore, the even-higher waves that could come from an asteroid impact would likely fl ood the power plants as well, Ezzedine said.

Th reat overblown?But many experts think the

risk of an asteroid-caused tsuna-mi has been overhyped.

An upcoming study which will be published in the journal Earth and Planetary Sciences found that the Eltanin impact, which left a huge crater in the ocean fl oor off the coast of Chile 2.1 million years ago, didnt cause a tsunami. Th e asteroid that caused this im-pact was likely 0.9 to 1.2 miles (1.5 to 2 kilometers) in diameter far larger than the relatively small rocks Ezzedines team has mod-eled. If such a massive rock didnt cause problems, it seems even less likely that a relatively meager one could, Melosh said.

In addition, past models that found monster wave heights were based on fl awed assumptions about how waves break in the ocean. Th ese models predict wave heights that exceed the depth of the ocean at that point a physi-cal impossibility, Melosh said.

Instead, what would actually happen would be that a big wave gets made by the impact and its a very turbulent wave, and it breaks immediately, right next to the im-pact, Melosh told Live Science. Very little energy is actually ra-diated away.

Th ere are other risks, besides tsunamis, that could come from relatively small space rocks like the Chelyabinsk meteor impact. In theChelyabinsk impact, the space rock burned up in the at-mosphere, but air blasts caused signifi cant property damage, Me-losh said.

Fracking Led to Ohio Earthquakes

by Becky Oskin

A hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, well in Ohio trig-gered scores of small earth-quakes in March 2014, includ-ing one large enough to be felt in nearby towns, a new study confi rms. Th e biggest quake, a magnitude 3, was one of the largest ever caused by fracking. State offi cials shut down the well two days aft er the earth-quake hit.

Fracking involves the high-pressure injection of water, sand and chemicals into rock to break it up and release trapped oil and gas. In Ohio, fracking triggered earthquakes on a hid-den fault in ancient crystalline rock beneath a natural gas well in the Utica Shale, according to the study, published today (Jan. 5) in the Bulletin of the Seis-mological Society of America.

No earthquakes were ever recorded in this region of Ohio before fracking started, and the shaking stopped aft er the well was shut down, said lead study author Robert Skoumal, a graduate student in seismology at Miami University in Ohio. Skoumal and other Miami Uni-versity researchers identifi ed 77 earthquakes with magni-tudes ranging from 1 to 3 that occurred from March 4 to 12.

Th e company happened to be unlucky because they were hydraulic fracturing near an unknown fault, Skoumal said.

Th e largest earthquake rat-tled nerves in eastern Ohio but did not cause any damage. It could be felt, but this is a very small event, Skoumal said. It did not pose any risk.

Its rare for fracking to cause earthquakes that people can feel. Th is is the fi ft h report-ed case tying fracking to felt earthquakes, and the second instance in Ohio. Fracking typ-ically causes tiny tremors that are too small to be felt by peo-ple, usually smaller than about magnitude 1.

Th e majority of fracking-linked earthquakes in recent years including those rocking Oklahoma, Arkansas and Col-orado are blamed on waste-water disposal wells, in which left over drilling fl uids are in-jected deep underground. Th e fl uids unclamp faults, allowing rocks to slip.

Fracking quakesSkoumal connect-

ed fracking to Ohios March 2014 earth-quakes by compar-ing seismic recordsto publicly available drilling reports from the Ohio Depart-ment of Natural Re-sources (ODNR). It turned out the culprit

was the two northeasternmostlegs of a horizontal natural gaswell drilled by Hilcorp Energy Co. in Poland Township, at theabandoned Carbon Limestone Landfi ll, according to the study results.

Earthquakes that started aft erdrilling began outlined a small fault about a half-mile (about1 kilometer) beneath two legs at well CCL2. (Multiple legswere drilled from the same wellsite.) Fracking at other well legs caused no earthquakes, Skoum-al said. It was a really isolated case, he said.

Skoumal distinguished be-tween natural and manmade earthquakes with a technique he is developing that will help gov-ernment and industry quickly pinpoint drilling-induced earth-quakes. Th e technique, called earthquake fi ngerprinting, helps fi nd tiny quakes that are typi-cally hidden in the toddlerlikescribbles of seismometer record-ings. A computer pulls out small tremors by treating the wiggleslike fi ngerprints. Th e search pat-tern, or fi ngerprint, comes fromthe wigglelike seismograms of larger earthquakes that have al-ready struck.

It can identify signals that, to our eyes, would be just noise, Skoumal said. With more earth-quake records, researchers get aclearer picture of whether shak-ing seems caused by industry, he said.

Looking at both the Po-land Township case and an earlier earthquake swarm in Youngstown, Ohio, Skoumalsaid he saw a clear correlationin time and space with drilling activities.

Intensive shale gas drilling in Ohio has unleashed earthquakes from both fracking and injec-tion wells. On Dec. 31, 2011, Youngstown experienced a mag-nitude-4.0 earthquake, the larg-est of 12 quakes clustered nearan injection well in that area.Fracking-caused quakes in Sep-tember and October of 2013 rat-tled Harrison County, according to a separate study.

Th e ODNR now requires that companies install seismometers when drilling within 3 miles (5 km) of known faults or near an area that has recently experi-enced earthquakes. Th e ODNR will stop drilling and evaluate a site if quakes occur.

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E-cigarettes and quitting smoking Quitting smoking and losing weight consistently

top New Years resolutions lists. In an eff ort to stop smoking, a growing number of smokers are turning to electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, to help them quit once and for all. Although e-cigarettes are not currently regulated, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is weighing regulations in a market that estimates suggest could be as big $5 billion in 2015. But are these devices safe? Or even eff ective?

Th ere is mixed information regarding the effi cacy of e-cigarettes to help a person quit smoking. Some studies point to e-cigarettes as a good method of smoking cessation, while others say theres limited evidence to support those claims.

E-cigarettes typically contain liquid nicotine, which is inhaled as vapor. Th e vapor resembles smoke and can mimic the look and feel of smoking traditional cigarettes. But e-cigarettes typically do not contain any of the additional chemicals, such as tar and other potentially toxic ingredients, found in traditional cigarettes. Nicotine cartridges for e-cigarettes also come in various concentrations and fl avors, and smokers can even purchase nicotine-free replacement cartridges. Much like users of nicotine patches or chewers of nicotine gum, e-cigarette smokers can gradually lower their nicotine doses over time.

Th e American Lung Association currently has not approved any e-cigarette as a safe or eff ective method to help smokers quit. Th ey cite a study that estimates there are nearly 500 diff erent e-cigarette brands today with varying levels of nicotine and the possible presence of other chemicals. Th ese e-cigarettes are unregulated. Th e ALA says there is a great deal more to learn about these products before they can be recommended as a safe and eff ective way for smokers to wean themselves off of smoking.

E-cigarettes may contain additional chemicals

besides nicotine. Studies have found detectable levels of chemicals used in antifreeze in two leading brands of e-cigarettes. Formaldehyde and benzene have been detected in some e-cigaretteemissions. Other studies have found secondhandemissions from e-cigarettes can prove harmful tononsmokers.

While some organizations do not endorse e-cigarettes, others state that they shouldnt be ruled out just yet. A 2014 study by British researchers andpublished in the journal Addiction found peoplewere 60 percent more likely to succeed in quitting smoking using e-cigarettes compared to would-be quitters who tried a nicotine patch or gum.Background information in the report suggeststhat, since the e-cigarette vapor only containsnicotine and not tobacco smoke, e-cigarettes may help reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

Although some e-cigarettes may containharmful byproducts, toxicity tests indicate they aresafer than regular cigarettes. Some health expertsbelieve the benefi ts of quitting traditional cigarettes outweigh the risks posed by e-cigarettes.

Th e American Heart Association agrees. Ina policy statement released in August 2014, the American Heart Association said physicians shouldnt discourage e-cigarette use as a last resort to stop smoking.

If people cannot quit at all and have tried everything in the fi eld, we would not discourage them, said Aruni Bhatnager, the statements lead writer. Its not something we would suggest.

Th e AHA recommends e-cigarettes only if smokers refuse or are intolerant of other options.

People who desire to quit smoking may look to e-cigarettes to help their fi ght. Although thesafety and effi cacy of e-cigarettes remains open to debate, cannot be proven, many former smokersfeel e-cigarettes played a signifi cant role in helping them to quit smoking once and for all.

Can beer boost brain power? Th ere is newfound

reason to indulge in a pint or two of your favorite beer, and its not just to catch up and share a few laughs with friends. New re-search has shown that a chemical compound in beer may be able to improve cognitive function. Th e bever-age once thought to obliterate brain cells when consumed in abundance may actu-ally have the opposite eff ect and boost brain power.

No one should run out an start imbibing just yet, however. Th e study that ran in Behavioral Brain Research in October 2014 was preliminary and only conducted on lab mice. During the study, scientists dis-covered that xanthohumol, a type of fl avonoid found in beer, seemed to improve brain func-tion in the young mice given xanthohumol doses. Th e cogni-tive fl exibility of the mice was tested with a specially designed maze, and younger mice showed signs of intellectual improve-ment. Older mice showed no im-provements. Researchers believe xanthohumol and other fl avo-

noids, such as those found in red wine, blueberries and dark choc-olate, may play a role in helping a person form memories.

Th e mice were given very high doses of the fl avonoid. A person would have to drink roughly 2,000 liters of beer a day to equal what the mice con-sumed to show improvement. However, should a supplement hit the market down the road, it may just be possible for men and women to consume a potentially benefi cial amount of xanthohu-mol without bellying up at the bar.

One of the goals of the xanthohumol study was to examine its potential effi cacy at treating age-related defi cits in memory.Xanthohumol alsomay benefi t thosewith metabolic syn-drome, a conditionassociated with obe-sity and high blood pressure, as it canspeed metabolism and reduce fatty acidsin the liver.

Flavonoids are plant compounds thatoft en provide plantswith their color. Sci-entists have attributed

many health benefi ts to fl avo-noids in foods and plants andhave even suggested fl avonoids can help in the fi ght against can-cer and heart disease. Xantho-humol is rare and is most oft en found in the hops commonly used to make beer.

While doctors and research-ers do not suggest running outand consuming a few six packs right now in the goal of improv-ing brain function and cram-ming for that next test, xantho-humol may one day be harvestedfrom beer hops to slow downage-related memory defi cits.

What you need to know about Ebola

Ebola has been ravaging resi-dents of West Africa for quite some time, but the virus hit closer to home when the dis-ease touched down in North America in September of 2014. Th e presence of the Ebola virus in the United States sparked immediate panic, but many concerns surrounding this po-tentially deadly virus are un-founded.

What is Ebola?Ebola is a rare and deadly

disease caused by infection with a strain of an Ebola virus, ac-cording to the Centers for Dis-ease Control and Prevention. Th ough Ebola primarily aff ects humans and other primates, it also can be passed by bats and other wild animals. Ebola virus-es are contained in fi ve diff erent varieties: Ebola virus (formerly Zaire virus), Sudan virus, Ta Forest virus, Bundibugyo virus, and Reston virus.

Little is known of how the virus fi rst passes to humans, but it could be through interaction or consumption of infected wild animals. Human-to-human transmission is to blame for the epidemic in Africa.

How is Ebola contracted?In humans, Ebola spreads

only via direct contact with the bodily fl uids of a person who has developed symptoms of the virus. Fluids that may con-tain the Ebola virus include sa-liva, blood, mucus, vomit, feces, tears, breast milk, urine, and semen. Th e World Health Or-ganization says only people who are quite sick are able to spread Ebola through saliva, and more studies are necessary to deter-mine if the virus can be trans-mitted through sweat. Many people are infected when they come in contact with blood, vomit and feces from infected individuals. Vomiting and diar-rhea are main symptoms of the disease and prolifi c transmitters of the virus.

Its important to note that deceased bodies remain infec-tious, and people handling hu-man remains have contracted the virus from burial rituals and embalming.

Even if a person has recov-ered from Ebola, the virus may still be able to persist in semen or breast milk of survivors for up to seven weeks. Caution is always suggested to prevent ad-ditional transmission.

What are Ebola symptoms?Th e incubation period for

Ebola is between two and 21 days. Many infected persons ex-hibit no symptoms during this time. Typically, the fi rst symp-toms of the virus to appear are the sudden onset of fever, fa-tigue, muscle pain, headache, and sore throat, according to

the WHO. Vomiting, rash, di-arrhea, and symptoms of im-paired kidney and liver function may eventually appear. In some cases, internal and external bleeding may occur.

It can be very diffi cult to dis-tinguish Ebola from other infec-tious diseases. Several tests are required to confi rm Ebola is the culprit behind symptoms.

How is Ebola treated?Many nations do not have the

necessary medical care facilities and equipment to treat Ebola or contain the disease. Th ere are currently no proven treatments available for Ebola, nor a vac-cine. However, supportive care in the way of rehydration and treatment of specifi c symptoms can improve a patients chance of survival. Experimental treat-ments with blood products and immune therapies also are be-ing evaluated. At press time, two Texas nurses, who contract-ed Ebola while treating the late Th omas Eric Duncan, the fi rst person to be diagnosed with Ebola in the United States, were recovering quite well.

Process for avoiding Ebola and containing the virus

Successful outbreak control relies heavily on case manage-ment, monitoring symptoms, good laboratory services, and safe burials. Th e CDC recom-mends practices of careful hy-giene, including washing hands with soap and water. Avoidance of blood and body fl uids is key.

Anyone who has had contact with someone suff ering from Ebola is at risk. Th e virus can enter the body through bro-ken skin or unprotected mucus membranes in the eyes, nose or mouth, and the CDC released updated guidelines for people who might have been exposed to the Ebola virus.

Th e new guidelines increase the level of protection by outlin-ing diff erent levels of exposure and outlining diff erent public health actions that can be taken for each of those levels of expo-sure, said CDC Director Dr. Tom Frieden.

Direct contact with infected body fl uids, for instance, would be classifi ed as high risk. Some-one would be considered low risk if he or she traveled on an airplane with a person showing symptoms of Ebola.

At press time, no travel re-strictions to North America from West Africa had been implemented. However, travel-ers should expect screenings for symptoms at airports.

While Ebola has a high fatal-ity rate elsewhere in the world, health advisors want to reiterate that pneumonia and the fl u are responsible for more deaths in the United States than Ebola.


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During the fi rst months of the winter, the temperatures drop tremendously as the days become colder and colder. Es-pecially in Colorado, a state known for its skiing resorts, its extremely diffi cult to stay warm during the holiday season. No-

body wants to start a new year with catching the fl u and having to spend days in bed with red eyes and a runny nose.

Th e fi rst and most important part of staying warm is, of course, dressing well for the weather. When youre at home, the perfect outfi t would be cozy pants, a snug sweater and either socks or slip-pers. Its not uncommon that peo-ple forget to put on socks when they are at home, when in fact its one of the most important ar-ticles of your clothing and you are bound to get a cold if you walk on the cold ground without anything keeping your feet warm. When you are outside, winter boots and a large coat are essential, but it

doesnt hurt to bring along a hat to cover your ears, a pair of gloves or a scarf to completely cover your body from the cool air. Th e more layers of clothing, the warmer youll be because warm air will be trapped inside the fabric.

Tea should always be on hand, not only is it healthy in general but it will help the body stay warm and hydrated. Of course there are many alternatives to those who dont enjoy tea, like coff ee and hot chocolate, but consuming too much caff eine or sugar can be very unhealthy for your body so be sure to regulate how much you drink to prevent any undesirable health eff ects. Avoid drinking any alcohol

because it causes dehydration which will prevent your body from producing the heat needed to keep you warm.

In practically every house or apartment there is a heating system to keep the area warm, but make sure not to leave any windows open, otherwise turn-ing on the heating system would be pointless. Same goes for a car, and if its snowing its important to take the extra few minutes and make sure that youve cleared all the snow off of your car and all the mirrors are clearly visible to ensure your safety because the roads will be icy and dangerous. Especially for families who live in the mountains, driving will

be extremely diffi cult if the roadsare narrow and slippery.

Other useful ways to heat up the room is letting some of thelaundry air dry because itll gener-ate humidity and make the house appear hotter. Taking a hot bath or shower will both increase thetemperature in the room and the temperature of your body and cankeep the room hot for hours due to the humidity of the air as well.

So with all these great ways to keep yourself and your house warm during the winter, you can keep yourself and your family safe from the common winterillnesses and stay comfortable no matter what the weather outsideis.

Preschool Math Knowledge as a Predictor of Later Academic Achievement

Ksenia Kuskova-Burns, Denver

Did you know that just 58 sec-onds out of a fi ve-hour preschool day is devoted to math learning? It seems that we can do better in terms of providing more math education in early preschool. One may not necessarily think of math learning at the early preschool level as signifi cant and correlated with later success in math and language skills. However, inter-estingly, previous research has shown that math knowledge at the beginning of elementary school is the single strongest predictor of determining whether a student graduates from high school and attends college. Does this mean that the area of early mathematics education is a worthwhile avenue for pursuing research? Th e Robin

Hood Foundation, an antipov-erty organization, with assistance from two family foundations, the Heising-Simons Foundation and the Overdeck Family Founda-tion, see this goal worthy of pur-suit through funding a $25 mil-lion study focusing on improving outcomes for low-income chil-dren in New York. Th e study will track about 4,000 children in 69 schools and community-based organizations and follow their progress through at least the third grade. Th e study chose Building Blocks as the curriculum to study its eff ects on later student success.

University of Denvers Mor-gridge College of Education professors Doug Clements and Julie Sarama are the creators of Building Blocks, a mathematics-focused curriculum for children in PreK to grade 2. Th is cur-riculum consists of math games,

computer soft ware, and engaging activities for children. Th rough their research, Dr. Clements and Dr. Sarama have found that at the preschool level, what children learn is a surprise to educators. Th us, they determined that more challenging curriculum was war-ranted at this level and found evi-dence that competency in math signifi cantly contributed to later academic achievement. Build-ings Blocks evolved from theory and empirically based learning trajectories on early childhood learning and teaching. Dr. Cle-ments and Dr. Sarama believe in an interconnected education model that combines subject matter knowledge into the cur-riculum, assesses children along their developmental progression in mathematics learning, and improves teaching of the curricu-lum through a link to teachers

instructional tasks. Mathematics is a discipline that is cognitively fundamental and refl ects chil-drens set of thinking and reason-ing processes. Th e researchers state that metacognition, a pro-cess by which a teacher directs children to think about their own thinking, plays an important role in childrens development. In-structing children to think out loud and explain their strategy of arriving at an answer also aid in verbal ability.

Th e study will follow up with the students and a control group through the third grade. Th e re-searchers will assess students progress in mathematics and reading, grades, and test score outcomes. It will be interesting to see if this math curriculum will signifi cantly improve childrens executive function, an umbrella term that captures childrens abil-

ity to self-regulate, retain infor-mation, control impulses, and pay attention.

Further information on the study and current projects can be found at: http://www.du.edu/marsicoinstitute/

About the AuthorKsenia Kuskova-Burns is a

Ph.D. Candidate at the University of Denvers Morgridge College of Education program in Research Methods and Statistics. She is currently a data manager at theUniversity of Denvers Marsico Institute of Early Learning and Literacy working on Dr. Clements and Dr. Saramas TRIAD (Tech-nologically-enhanced, Research based, Instruction, Assessmentand Professional Development)educational model related proj-ects in preschool mathematicslearning.

Svetlana Mikhaylova, Denver.


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Pok?mon Trading Card Game City ChampionshipsPresented By: Pokemon98 Wadsworth Blvd, Denver, CO 80226Mile High ComicsTime: Starting: 10:30 AM

Jan 2 2015 Jan 31 2015

Playtes: Ceramic SquaresArtists On Santa Fe747 Santa Fe Dr., Denver, CO 80204Starting: 10:00 AM

Jan 16 2015

Backyard Astronomy: Night Sky NavigationLookout Mountain Nature Center9880 West Deer Creek Canyon Road,

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Jan 16 2015One Year Anniversary Party Featuring Artist Laura GueseMike Wright Gallery

1412 Wazee St., Denver, CO 80202From: 5:00 PM to 9:00 PM

Dec 12 2014 Jan 24 2015East and EastGallery 1261, LLC1261 Delaware, Denver, CO 80204From: 11:00 AM to 6:00 PM

Jan 16 2015 Feb 20 2015Not Fragile The Art of Alonzo ClemensVSA Colorado/Access Gallery909 Santa Fe Drive, Denver, COFrom: 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM

Jan 17 2015CU Wizards2000 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309CU Boulder Duane Physics Room

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MusicJan 10 2015

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ARIES Mar 21/Apr 20Unexpected news excites you, Aries.

Even though youre not yet sure if the news is good or bad, you have high hopes that positive information is on the way.TAURUS Apr 21/May 21

Taurus, you have an abundance of energy and you have to fi nd a way to harness it for the greater good. Find a new hobby or volunteer for a local project.GEMINI May 22/Jun 21

Now is not a good time to make signifi cant fi nancial decisions, Gemini. You have to make changes when the time is right, and you will know when that day arrives.CANCER Jun 22/Jul 22

Cancer, your mood is uplift ing to those around you. Maintain this optimistic outlook in the weeks ahead, and good fortune is bound to come your way.LEO Jul 23/Aug 23

Leo, dont be afraid to accept a helping hand at work. Seek help from others if no off ers are immediately forthcoming. Explore all of your networking possibilities.VIRGO Aug 24/Sept 22

Keep an extra-sharp mind this week, Virgo, as there isnt anything you cannot accomplish if you put your mind to it. Try tackling those big projects that you have been avoiding.LIBRA Sept 23/Oct 23

Libra, a problem with no obvious solution has you seeing both sides of the argument. Dwell on things for a little while longer, and the solution will eventually come to you.SCORPIO Oct 24/Nov 22

Scorpio, you are planning some big moves and you are bound to have a number

of supporters behind you. Others want you to succeed so take an opportunity and run with it.SAGITTARIUS Nov 23/Dec 21

Take extra care with projects at work, Sagittarius. A diffi cult problem may arise, and a careful approach to the tasks at hand can help you nip that problem in the bud.CAPRICORN Dec 22/Jan 20

Capricorn, you will forge a new relationship this week, and it may lead to a solid friendship that lasts a number of years. Feelings are bound to get more intense.AQUARIUS Jan 21/Feb 18

Th is is a great week for brainstorming, Aquarius. Once you have a few solid ideas, put your plans into motion. At least one should pan out quite well.PISCES Feb 19/Mar 20

Someone is trying to steer you in one direction, Pisces. Politely decline if that direction is the opposite of what you want to do.

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ARARRIEIEIES S MaMM r 2121/A/A/ pr 22200Unexpected news excites you, Aries.

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Auld Lang Syne is a New Years tradition

New Years Eve festivities peak when the offi -cial countdown of the clock begins. Aft er the ball drops and midnight has arrived, revelers cheer to the new year and exchange kisses and well wishes.

Once such wishes have been exchanged, many people begin to sing Auld Lang Syne. But few know what Auld Lang Syne means or why it is sung on New Years Eve. Confusion regarding this song is almost as notable as the tradition of sing-ing it. Many people mumble through the lyrics because they never bothered to learn them.

Auld Lang Syne is a Scottish composition that is well over 200 years old. Written by Robert Burns in the 1700s, the author never intended for the song to become a staple of the holiday season. It was originally a poem that was later put to the tune of a traditional folk song. Th e title translates roughly in English as old long since, or long, long ago. Th e song pays homage to times gone by and past experiences.

Th e song has been performed at group jambo-rees, funerals and other special occasions all over the world, but it is best known for its affi liation with New Years festivities. Th e man behind that affi liation may be Canadian musician Guy Lom-bardo, whose band used Auld Lang Syne as a bridge between two radio programs during a live New Years Eve performance in 1929. Coinciden-tally, the song was played directly aft er the clock struck midnight, laying the groundwork for a New Years Eve tradition. Now Auld Lang Syne has forever been tied to well-intentioned resolu-tions and sappy slaps on the back. Despite selling millions of records, Lombardo became more fa-mous for his New Years Eve song than anything else.

Confusion over Auld Lang Syne remains to this day. It has been the butt of jokes in popular

culture, even earning a nod in the movie When Harry Met Sally. Harry laments to Sally that henever quite understood what the song meant and ponders whether it is about forgetting aboutfriends or remembering them. Sally sums it up by saying the song is simply about old friends.

Th at is the interpretation many New Years Eve celebrants embrace as they toast to the new yearand sing their hearts out. For those who never bothered to learn or have forgotten the words to this staple of New Years celebrations, here is thepopularized English translation sung most oft en.

Auld Lang SyneShould old acquaintances be forgotten, and nev-

er brought to mind?Should old acquaintances be forgotten, and days

of old lang syne.Chorus:For auld lang syne, my dearFor auld lang syne,We will take a cup of kindness yetFor auld lang syne.We two have run about the hillsides and pulled

the daisies fi ne,But we have wandered many a weary foot for

times gone by.We two have paddled (waded) in the stream

from noon until dinner time,But seas between us broad have roared since

auld lang syne.And there is a hand, my trusty friend,And give us a hand of yours,And we will take a goodwill drinkFor auld lang syne.And surely you will pay for your pint, and surely

I will pay for mine!And we will take a cup of kindness yet for auld

lang syne.

Foods that pack a nutritious punch A healthy diet is essential

to long-term health. When coupled with routine exer-cise, healthy diets can be an eff ective way for men and women to reduce their risk of contracting a variety of diseases, not to mention the positive impact that such a healthy lifestyle can have on an individuals quality of life. Th e following are a handful of easily found foods that pack a nutritious punch.

Whole wheat and multi-grain pasta: Once diffi cult to fi nd, these low-calorie alter-natives to traditional pastas are now available in many large chain grocery stores as well as organic marketplac-es. Th ats good news, as a typical two-ounce serving of whole wheat or multigrain pasta typically includes about seven grams of protein and six grams of fi ber.

Nonfat Greek yogurt: Nonfat Greek yogurt is a great low-calo-rie source of protein, making it a great snack option for men and women who want a snack that can boost their aft ernoon energy levels without compromising their waistlines. Single serving containers of Greek yogurt tend to be right around six ounces, and that six ounces can include

120 grams of protein or more. Russet potatoes: If baked

potatoes are a side dish you typi-cally only enjoy in restaurants, you might want to consider eat-ing more of them at home. One medium-sized Russet potato is roughly 170 calories and in-cludes three grams of fi ber, fi ve grams of protein and 25 percent of your daily recommended dos-age of potassium. Russet pota-toes also are high in vitamin C and iron.

Fresh spinach: Popeyewas on to something, as afour cup serving of fresh bagged spinach is just 20 calories and loaded with vi-tamins and nutrients. Justone serving of fresh baggedspinach can provide 160percent of the recommend-ed daily value of vitamin Aand 40 percent of the daily value of vitamin C. Spinachis also a great source of folicacid, which can help preventheart disease, stroke andcertain types of cancer.

Dried lentils: Dried len-tils make great additions to salads, soups and stews and pack a nutritious punch de-spite their relatively smallserving size. A single serv-ing of dried lentils is 1/4 cup, and that serving includes 10

grams of protein and 11 grams of fi ber.

Brown rice: A single 1/4 cupserving of brown rice has rough-ly 20 less calories than a similar serving of traditional white rice, and brown rice is also a muchgreater source of dietary fi ber (1.8 grams) than white rice (0.4 grams). Brown rice also is rich in selenium, which can reduce a persons risk of developing ar-thritis, certain cancers and heart disease.

Unique New Years traditions from across

the world Some people may fi nd it

strange to withstand freezing temperatures and gusty winds for hours on end just to stand in the center of Times Square in New York City to catch a glimpse of a bejeweled ball drop at the stroke of midnight on New Years Eve. Yet this tradition may seem tame when compared to other unique rituals that take place around the world come New Years Eve.

North Americans may be singing Auld Lang Syne and toasting to good fortune with a glass of bubbly, but elsewhere traditions can be somewhat more eccentric. In some spots of South America, for example, revelers put on brightly colored underwear to ring in the New Year. Red underpants signal a person looking for love, while yellow means theyre seeking money. Th e following are some other unique New Years tradi-tions.

Tossing the dishes: In Den-mark, individuals toss dishes at other peoples front doors. Th ose who end up with the greatest number of broken dishes at their homes threshold are considered lucky, as they have an abundance of loyal friends.

Right foot: Start off the new year on the right foot by literally stepping forward with your right foot at exactly 12:00 a.m. in Ar-gentina.

Burning in effi gy: People in Ecuador burn photographs and paper-fi lled scarecrows at mid-night. Th is is to look away from the past and bring good fortune for the future.

Good grapes: Spain residents attempt to stuff 12 grapes in their mouths at midnight. If they are successful, they are expected to achieve good luck for the next year.

Dressing in white: Residents of Brazil dress all in white on New Years Eve to ward away bad spirits. Many also gather at the beach to toss fl oral off erings into the water to appease the goddess Yemaja, in the hopes she will grant them requests for the up-coming year.

Good travels: In Columbia, people walk around their blocks with empty suitcases to encour-age traveling in the new year.

Ringing bells: Japa-nese ring all of their bells 108 times in ac-cordance with the Bud-dhist belief that this will bring cleanliness. Peo-ple in Japan also believe it is good luck to begin the new year smiling.

Putting up your dukes: Every year at the end of December, people in a small Pe-ruvian village engage in fi st fi ghts to settle all of their diff erences. Af-terward, they begin the new year with a clean slate.

First foot: Imme-diately aft er the clock strikes 12, the people of Scotland start fi rst-footing. Th is means be-

ing the fi rst person across a friend or neighbors threshold bearing gift s of food, whiskey and fi nan-cial prosperity. People in Greece celebrate in much the same way via the tradition of Pothariko.

Molten tin: In Finland, resi-dents fi nd the nearest piece of tin to melt. Th e molten tin is poured into a horseshoe-shaped ladle and then dropped into cold water. Th e random shapes that form are interpreted in various ways to in-dicate whats to come in the year ahead.

Feats of skill: Single women in Belarus spend New Years Eve hoping to increase their odds of getting married. Ladies compete in games to see who will be the next to get hitched. Th ese games may include seeing who will be the fi rst to be approached by a rooster. Th e winner is the next person to become betrothed.

Appliance toss: In downtown Johannesburg, South African lo-cals throw old appliances out of their windows to ring in the new year.

All things round: Round-shaped foods are served and consumed in the Philippines. Filipinos believe round shapes that represent coins symbolize prosperity.

From suitcase to fi stfi ghts to eating round fruits, the traditions of welcoming the new year are varied around the world.


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3Easy ways to start living healthier every day

Contrary to popular belief, adopting a healthy lifestyle is not a diffi cult undertaking. In certain instances, convenience may need to be sacrifi ced in favor of nutri-tion, but many people fi nd that liv-ing healthy is not nearly as diffi cult as they assumed it would be when they initially decided to make a change.

When men and women decide they want to start living healthier, many mistakenly assume they must abandon their existing habits entirely and start from scratch. But the following are some easy ways to start living healthier every day.

Eat more fruits and vegetables. One of the best and easiest ways to live healthier is to begin eat-ing more fruits and vegetables. Instead of unhealthy snacks like potato chips and cookies, snack on a piece of fruit, and never sit down to a meal unless you include some vegetables to go along with the main course. Studies have shown that men and women whose diets are high in fruits and vegetables are less likely to develop certain types of cancers, including cancers of the digestive tract. In addition, the United States Department of Agriculture notes that people whose diets are rich in fruits and vegetables have a lower risk for heart disease, including heart at-tack and stroke.

Slow down your eating rou-tine. Some people may already be eating the right foods, but they may just be eating too much of them. It takes time for your body to let you know its had too much to eat, so eating too fast can in-crease your risk of overeating. While eating, try to limit distrac-tions that can take your attention away from how much youre eat-ing. If youre always watching tele-vision or checking emails on your phone while eating, try a few days of distraction-free, careful eating, and you may fi nd yourself eating less and feeling more energized af-ter a meal.

Skip the second glass of wine. Th e much publicized medical benefi ts of wine are somewhat misleading. According to the Mayo Clinic, when consumed in moderation, red wine can help prevent heart disease. Th ats be-cause alcohol and antioxidants found in red wine have been shown to increase levels of high-density lipoprotein, oft en referred to as good cholesterol, and pro-tect against artery damage. But wine also contains sugars that can fatten the liver, and a fatty liver can contribute to a host of serious health problems. If you already drink wine, limit yourself to one glass per day. If you are not a wine drinker, then its important to note

that many doctors believe the po-tential benefi ts of drinking wine do not outweigh the potentially negative consequences associated with alcohol consumption, which include neurological problems and an increased risk for heart disease.

Get more sleep. Inadequate sleep aff ects the body in a variety of ways. Many people are aware that one poor nights sleep is cer-tain to aff ect their energy levels the following day, but fewer may know of the link between sleep duration and chronic disease. For example, the Harvard Medi-cal School notes that studies have linked insuffi cient sleep to type 2 diabetes, as the bodys ability to process glucose can be compro-mised by poor sleeping habits. Other medical conditions that have been linked to insuffi cient sleep include obesity, heart dis-ease and mood disorders. While you might be proud of your ability to function on minimal sleep, the long-term eff ects of insuffi cient sleep can be dire, so be sure to get at least seven hours of sleep each night.

Choosing to live healthier does not mean you need to completely overhaul your existing lifestyle. In fact, you can make several easy everyday changes to dramatically improve your overall health

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals pose a threat at home

Many people go to great lengths to make their homes as healthy as possible for themselves and their families. But even those men and women who have long since aban-doned chemical-laden house-hold cleaners might not be out of the woods thanks to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which can put men, women and children at greater risk for a host of ailments.

Research into endocrine-dis-rupting chemicals, or EDCs, is ongoing, but studies have already begun to indicate that exposure to EDCs can threaten hormonal systems in the brain and thyroid, while a recent study published in Th e Journal of Clinical Endocri-nology & Metabolism linked such exposure to a 13 percent lower tes-tosterone level in men between the ages of 40 and 60. To better under-stand EDCs and what you can do to reduce your exposure to these potentially harmful chemicals, it fi rst helps to understand the endo-crine system.

What is the endocrine system?Also referred to as hormone sys-

tems, endocrine systems are made up of glands located throughout the body. Th ese glands produce hormones that are released into the bloodstream or the fl uid sur-rounding cells, serving as chemical

messengers. Th e endocrine system is vital to human health, as it regu-lates all biological processes in the body, including the development of the brain and nervous system and the growth and function of the reproductive system.

How is the endocrine system disrupted?

Th e endocrine system can be disrupted in various ways. Certain chemicals may mimic a natural hormone, which can trick the body into over-responding to the stimulus, or the body may be fooled into responding to a stimu-lus at the wrong time. In the latter instance, the body may be tricked into producing excessive insulin. Other chemicals may directly in-hibit or stimulate the endocrine system, resulting in the under-production or overproduction of hormones.

How can EDC exposure be limited?

Researchers note that EDC exposure is not necessarily some-thing to fret about, as many chem-icals men and women encounter every day have yet to be studied to determine if they disrupt the endocrine system. But men and women who want to limit their exposure to EDCs can do so in various ways.

Go back to using traditional bar soap. Body washes and anti-bacterial hand soaps have grown in popularity over the last decade, but such products may contain triclosan or triclocarban. Triclosan can mimic a thyroid hormone and adversely aff ect metabolism, while triclocarban can interfere with tes-tosterone. Traditional bar soaps do not typically contain either chemi-cal.

Refurnish with fi re-retardant-free foam. Th e furniture with foam in your living room was likely treated with brominated fi re retardants, some of which can impair thyroid function and brain development. Fire-retardant-free foams pose no such risk, and fur-niture that contains these foams is still comfortable.

Abandon plastic food contain-ers. Plastic food containers might be convenient, but researchers note that EDCs are more likely to mi-grate to foods the longer that plastic is in contact with food, and micro-waving foods in plastic contain-ers speeds up that migration even further. Glass or ceramic storage containers provide no such avenue for EDCs, while off ering similar convenience as plastic containers.

More information about EDCs is available at www.epa.gov.

Grab the best buys this January

Shopping may be the last thing on the average per-sons mind once the holiday season has ended. But Janu-ary may be a great time to go bargain hunting.

Though sinking Janu-ary temperatures can make winter seem endless, retail-ers already have spring on their minds when the cal-ender turns, and many use the first month of the year to clear out inventory and make room for spring mer-chandise. If youre ready to shop, the following items might be available at heavy discounts.

Winter clothing: January can be a great time to get discounts on winter appar-el. Sweaters and coats have been on display since Sep-tember, and stores are ready to start displaying their spring collections. Use that accumulated Christmas cash to stock up on coats, sweat-shirts and even snow boots.

Exercise equipment: Many people resolve to get in shape come the new year, so it comes as no surprise that fitness gear and equip-ment is on sale in January. Look for deals on home gym equipment, workout wear and items for winter sports. If you are in the market for a gym membership, health clubs typically offer dis-counted fees and incentives to join in the first month of the year.

Home furnishings: Sev-eral manufacturers release new furniture collections in February, and retailers must clean out their old inven-tory beforehand. If you are in the market for big-ticket home furnishings, hold off until after the holidays and your patience may just be rewarded with considerable savings.

Holiday items: Now is the time to stock up on holi-

day dcor as retailers reor-ganize for Valentines Day and spring holidays. Take inventory of any decorations that broke during the season as well as anything you are thinking of replacing. Pur-chase cards, wrapping paperand other holiday items now and pack them away until next year.

Vehicles: January andFebruary can be ideal timesto find discounts on bothnew and preowned vehicles. Drivers may not to want to drive new vehicles through messy winter conditions, sothey will usually wait to buy until spring. Dealerships recognize this and will drop prices on vehicles during thewinter to try to entice shop-pers to buy. You might find it easier to negotiate a bet-ter deal in January and Feb-ruary than you would later in the year when demand ishigher.

Big-ticket electronics:January is traditionally one of the best months to buy electronics because this timeof year is when the Consum-er Electronics Show unveilsthe newest technology. As people upgrade to new mod-els and systems, last yearsmerchandise is put on sale.Sports fans also may want to upgrade the size of their televisions now so come February they can watch the Super Bowl in style.

Jewelry: January is slow for jewelry retailers, and that lull can be advanta-geous to buye

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