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RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS throughRUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS through RUSSIAN CIVIL WARRUSSIAN CIVIL WAR Anthony Wood Anthony Wood

RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS: (see Sheila Fitzpatrick and Margaret MacMillanʼs “Russia” chapter as well) I. PRE REVOLUTIONS (short term causes to keep in mind): **Julian Calendar til Feb 1918 and then dates merge Gregorian -1905 Revolution/Insurrection & how it caused the February Rev -Russo-Japanese War & how it caused the February Revolution -October Manifesto -Fundamental Laws -Stolypin & Witte Reforms -4 Dumas: impact & diff -WWI-- econ, soc, pol impact on Rus

FEBRUARY/OCTOBER REVOLUTIONS KEY CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW: -FEBRUARY 1917: -Abdication process Nicholas II (feb 23-general, unorg strikes on Intl Womenʼs Day Women march for bread & Putilov Workers strike, feb 26=pavlovsky reg not fire, feb 27 volynsky not, feb 28 Gen Khabolov says milt mutiny, Mar 2 15:00 Tsar abdicates in favor of son then bro michael -Amnesty of prisoners=who comes back? -MARCH 1917: -Dual Authority & Order Number 1 (March 1/14) (Trotsky writes on Dual Authority or “dvoevlastie” w/links Fr Rev & 1848 http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/hrr/ch11.htm

-Mar 2 15:00 Tsar abdicates in favor of son then bro Michael; first Provisional Govt under Lvov--what did it do? -Leninʼs LETTERS FROM AFAR critical reaction to the Provisional Govt/Bolsh not ally w/PG! But Bolsheviks donʼt agree

and do support PG -Milyukov Note (Foreign minister) late March=Russia will stay in the war. -APRIL 1917: -ARCS meeting--Bolshevik minority -Sealed Train carrying Lenin/Zinoviev “Zimmerwald Left” (let through by Germans—is Lenin a German spy?); April Theses at Finland Station, Petrograd and reaction=Lenin seen as an extremist! -Milyukov & Guchkov resign due to not wanting the Petrograd Soviet to have more influence over the Provisional Govt -MAY 1917: -Victor Chernov, leader of SRs, becomes Min of Agri in Coalition Govt=peasants anticipate land will be distributed to them soon!..Chernov in conflict with Kerensky in favor of peasants uprisings=causes chaos in countryside (678 May, 988 june, 957 july, 760 aug, 803 sept, 1169 october--McColgan) http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSchernov.htm -Trotsky back from New York; is won over by Lenin=no longer a Menshevik p 34 Wood (he left New York because he was a failed actor AJP Taylor) -JUNE 1917: -June Offensive or 2nd Brusilov Offensive or Russian Galician Offensive (1st in 1916: they won, but they “lost” because they lost so many men and couldnʼt hold their gains). Kerensky, “Persuader in Chief,” now Minister of War, Brusilov leads, Kornilov Commander South-Eastern Front=DISASTER=result for Prov Govt=Lvov resigns, Kerensky leads Provisional Govt/resigns from the Petrograd Soviet, Kornilov Commander in Chief -JULY 1917: -July Days- spontaneous demo led by the Kronstadt Sailors holding signs that say, “All Power to the Soviets!” Was it organized by Lenin & the Bolsheviks? Hook/Wood/McColgan=no! Pipes= yes! Read Katiʼs essay outline on “Why did the July Days fail while the October Revolution succeeded?” July 3-6 Lenin flees to Fin dressed as a woman; Trot & others imprisoned; Tsar to Tobolsk as he was not granted exile in London -AUGUST 1917: -Kornilov Revolt (aug 20-Germans capture Riga): Kornilov raises troops and moves on Petrograd. The Petrograd Soviet forms the MRC (Milt Revolutionary Committee that later becomes the Red Army) led by Trotsky to defend the city from a possible military coup? They lead a General Strike shutting down all transportation/communication etc. Kornilov is stopped and forced to flee abroad where he later joins the Whites in the Civil War. Why did he do it? Historio: actually, Kerensky asked him to come to Petrograd (Taylor, Wood); OR Kornilov was coming to defend the city from the Germans and Kerensky misunderstood his intent ie. Coup? (Martin McColgan). “`Heart of Lion, brain of a pea”?? -SEPTEMBER 1917: -Municipal elections in major cities of west incl Petrograd/Moscow=first time Bolsheviks take a majority of the cities electoral seats. They are the ONLY party not associated with the Provisional Govt that had MASSIVE catastrophes of June Offensive & Kornilov Revolt.

-Trotsky chair of Petrograd Soviet Sept 23 -OCTOBER 1917: -October 10 meeting of Central Committee; MRC officially created Oct 16 -October 24/25 Storming of Winter Palace=25th afternoon fully taken + Aurora -October 25/26 ARCS meeting-SRs walk out- “Go to the dust bin of history!” Trotsky! -NOVEMBER 1917: -Constituent Assembly CA elections Nov 12: SRs majority 410/808 seats, B=175 =last democratic elections until 1990s -DECEMBER 1917: -Finlandʼs independence: http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/finland1917.htm -JAN 5, 1918: Lenin declares CA dissolved when lost 1st debate, Red Guard led; ARCS takes its place as govt with new constitution July 3 1918 all power to ARCS which becomes SOVNARKOM -Feb 1918- Bolsheviks adopt the “Western” or Gregorian calender -11.17-3.18: Brest-Litovsk: “Peace w/out Victory.”+Bolsh=”Communists!”+Red Army!

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MAIN PEOPLE/PARTIES TO KNOW: -Father Gapon -Nicholas II -Stolypin -Witte -Alexandra -Boris Sturmer -Rasputin -Brusilov -Grand Duke Nikolai Nicholaievich -Peopleʼs Will -Russian Social Democratic Party (Mensheviks & Bolsheviks) -Kadets -Social Revolutionaries -Soviets -Dual Authority -Order #1 -Lvov -Kerensky -Milyukov -Chernov (led SRs) -ARCS -Lenin -Trotsky -Stalin -Martov (led Mensheviks in PG) -Kronstadt Sailors -MRC (Military Revolutionary Committee)--Red Guard--Red Army -Constituent Assembly -Zinoviev -Kamenev PLACES/THINGS: -Tauride Palace -Smolny Institute -Winter Palace -Pravda -Izvestia -Battleship Aurora -April Theses -What is to be Done? -Treaty of Brest Litovsk: negotiations & losses I . FEBRUARY REVOLUTIONI. FEBRUARY REVOLUTION : • CAUSES: 1. POLITICAL: 1905 REVOLUTION ISSUES UNRESOLVED -October Manifesto negated by Fundamental Laws 2. POLITICAL: DUMAS abrogated -1st Apr 27, 1906 (Kadets largest=constitutional monarchists)- July dissolved, Stolypin=premier -2nd Feb 20, 1907 (extreme left/right over Kadets)-June 3 -3rd Nov 1907 (landowner dominate franchise)-1912 -4th 1912 (similar composition)-end of tsarist regime=main members became the core of the Provisional Govt 3. ECONOMICAL: Stolypin reforms: went far with land reforms (migration to Siberia, half peas households held their land by 1915, mass migration to Siberia), but assasinated 1912 so stopped 4. POLITICAL: Ban on opposition=revolutionaries such as Lenin/Zinoviev/Plekhanov go abroad to forment dissent=internal discontent! 5. WWI!!! a. HISTORIO Strategic: Russia enters to secure straits to the Black Sea/stability in the Balkans=key to shortages! VS. Shortages due to ADMIN CONFUSION/bureaucracy couldnʼt get the railway system to efficiently transport food rather than too little production b. HISTORIO War Weariness: War weariness in city due to lack of food due to poor harvests VS. govt inflation sent prices up 4x what had been 1914=peas faced with “higher cost of purchases, but made no corresponding gain in the sale of their produce, since this was taken by the middlemen on whom they dependedʼ-revert to subsistence farming=cities short of food. RISING PRICES led to URBAN STRIKES for HIGHER WAGES 6. POLITICAL: Poor govt rule in Petrograd: Alexandra and Rasputin 7. MILITARY: 1916 planned senior army officer coup led by Guchkov=when revolution came, MILITARY NOT PREPARED TO SUPPORT THE TSAR! 8. POLITICAL/SOCIAL: Power of Zimmerwald Left (incl Lenin, Julius Martov=leader Mensheviks, Zinoviev, Plekhanov [translated Comm Manif]) prepare plans for new order in Switzerland--dissent propaganda back to Russia

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Lenin Martov Zinoviev Plekhanov

KEY FEATURES OF FEBRUARY REVOLUTION: Feb 23-March 2, 1917 1. A surprise! 2. Spontaneous meeting of Feb 23 Intl Womenʼs Day protest and Putilov Strike at same time 3. Little personal leadership 4. Military on Feb 26 join revolutionaries after initially the Volynsky regiment opened fire on them: mutiny of Pavlovsky Guards Feb 26, Feb 27 Volynsky Regiment mutinied so Khabalov had to withdraw to Winter Palace 5. Were 2 rival Provisional Governments initially 6. Nicholas ignored calls for a constitutional monarchy change=led to his downfall (Rodzianko telegram anecdote from Nussbaum film) 7. Order Number One issued by Petrograd Soviet March 1=”Dual Authority” 8. March 2=Nich said that if could not rule as an autocrat, not rule at all=final act abdicated for himself and son in favor of brother Grand Duke Michael, also appointing Prince Lvov Prime Minister of the PG. March 3=Michael declared he would not accept the crown unless it was offered to him by a constitutent assembly=RUSSIA BECAME A REPUBLIC led by the Liberals (Kadets) but it could have gone back to being a constitutional monarchy if the CA had wantedit

PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT CHARACTERISTICS: 1. 1st PG from March 2-May 5 under Prince Lvov (above right) with Kadets majority 2. REFORMS:

1.amnest all pol/relig offences 2. full democ liberties 3. end death penalty 4. confiscate Crown lands 5. transter authority of former Tsarist governors to the local zemstvos--working next to new SOVIETS

3. WAR MUST GO ON! Why?

1. Need recog/support from western allies; 2. Generals agreed with this; 3. No popular outcry for separate peace 4. No land reform because RUIN MILITARY

=PG few positive measures! 4. DUAL AUTHORITY--PG canʼt take action without Petrograd Soviet approval as per ORDER #1. The ALL-RUSSIAN SOVIET CONFERENCE or ALL RUSSIAN CONGRESS OF SOVIETS (ARCS)=the workers main representative! 5. How did the PG survive at all?

1. Petrograd Soviet suffered from a lack of confidence; 2. many divisions in Socialist movement with the SRS the strongest, but not organized & split Left and Right (Kerensky &

Chernov not strong enough leaders) 6. Bolshevik attitude to PG pre-Leninʼs return. Molotov pro-overthrow now vs. Stalin/Kamenev pro cooperation PG

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HOW DID THE BOLSHEVIKS TAKE POWER? 1. Lenin returns with Zinoviev and non-Bolsheviks on “sealed train” with German support (milt and FINANCIAL!). APRIL 3= Petrograd Station. 2. “The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution” aka the APRIL THESES: April 4 at Tauride Palace, later published in Pravda: **”peace, bread, land” http://www.marx.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm 1. No coop with PG! 2. incessant anti-war propaganda 3. all power to the Soviets 4. Soviets not take over until the B had a majority in them -he wins the Bolsheviks over, but SEEN AS TOO EXTREME by the rest-isolation 3. COALITION GOVT MAY 5: Lvov sitll premier, but 10 minister from Duma joined by 6 Socialists incl Kerensky as Minister of War -THIS COALITION OF SOCIALISTS WITH THE PG WAS FATAL TO SOCIALISTS EVER TAKING OVER THE GOVT!! All faults of the PG blamed on them too! 4. Lenin forms rival organizations ie worker militias, peas groups. Bolsheviks #s up! 900 Soviets by October, 200 000 party members by August. The militias eventually form the MRC—Red Guard 5. GERMANS FUND BOLSHEVIKS? Would they have succeeded without their support? NY Times Sept 1918: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05E5D91439E13ABC4153DFBF668383609EDE 6. PROPAGANDA: 41 Bolshevik newspapers in circulation 7. MILITARY: Red Guard formed out of the MRC on premise that it was preparing to defend Petrograd from the Germans. led by Trotsky 8. Anti-Bolshevik socialists SPLIT! Left and Right Social Revolutionaries split over war position. 9. 1st ARCS (All-Russian Congress of Soviets)--met June 3 with Bolsheviks a minority to SRs and Mensheviks, but gaining! 10. June/July/Kerensky Offensive: Although Kerensky Minister of War AND it was considered a failure, Lvov is pressured to take responsibility for it AND pressure for Kerensky to take control of the PG as he is popular with the troops (or else would they all mutiny?) AND he has his feet in “both camps”=PG and PS 11. July Days: July 3 Led by Kronstadt sailors protesting “All Power to the Soviets!” Bolshevik organized or dispersed? Regardless, leadership arrested (Kamenev, Trotsky--only been back since May! Still a Menshevik! Shifts to Bolsheviks with this event) or fled into hiding (Lenin/Zinoviev)=tyranny of PG! 12. Prince Lvov resigns July 24 and Kerensky head of PG=says B leaders on GERMAN PAYROLL! SPY!!

Kerensky Kamenev Trotsky Kornilov 13. KORNILOV REVOLT: After putting down demonstration from left, now hit from the right. Did Kornilov think Kerensky WANTED HIM to march on Petrograd to save him from a Bolshevik coup that had hurt him (which had NOT occurred) or was he wanting to overthrow the regime? (McColgan historio). Regardless, Kerensky has to release Bolsheviks/use Soviets to help defend Petrograd from him=General Strike=stops them! -Sept 2 over but a disaster for PG and all those associated! Only party not= B!!! 14. WWI: CHAOS AT THE FRONT- 1. Order #1 destroyed discipline at the front 2. wholesale desertions as peas back to villages 3. take over estates vs. Kerensky sends Cossacks as punitive=antagonism PG! 4. continuing inflation in cities 5. demands for shorter hours/better wages=strikes! 15. MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS SEPT (was the vote before or after Kornilov? HISTORIO -BOLSHEVIKS A MAJORITY for 1st time in Petrograd & Moscow (whole country=SRs!)! 16. Trotsky chair of Petrograd Soviet Sept 23 vs. Kerensky attempts to forge a Democratic Conference against with other socialists. Sets up PRE-PARLIAMENT for elections for a CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY in November. Bolsheviks withdraw=Kerensky no support! II. ACTUAL OCTOBER REVOLUTION: -Wait for ARCS or insurrection now? Lenin=now, Trotsky=ARCS eve -Key problem for Russia: It wasnʼt economically developed enough for a proletarian revolution vs. Lenin said RUSSIA NOT ALONE! Europe will join us! John Reed statement to workers pre-General Strike, “We will stand with you!” (REDS)

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CHRONOLOGY: -OCT. 10: Lenin back and meets with 12 members of Politburo at Smolny, Zinoviev/Kamenev against (10-2 VOTE) b/c 1. Revolt would be crushed 2. Europeans not ready to join 3. Russia is only at the beginning of the bourgeois stage! Resolution carried 10-2 but with Trotskyʼs proposal of eve of ARCS Minutes of meeting: http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/MCCa17.html#s2

Smolny Peter Paul Fortress Tauride Palace -OCT 12: MRC (Military Revolutionary Committee) formed under Trotsky from Petrograd Soviet on premise of defending Petrograd from Germany=Kerensky doesnʼt ban RED GUARD emerges -OCT 16: Date confirmed. Lenin was in hiding, so Trotskyʼs idea of eve of ARCS carried -Oct 21: MRC seen as number 1 authority=rifles to Red Guard -OCT 23: Troops in the Peter-Paul fortress won over by Trotsky=100 000 rifles to B -OCT 24: Kerensky finally reacts! 1. Closes 2 B newspapers 2. Aurora put to sea VS. Trotsky ready! (See Martina Ecksteinʼs IA on Lenin/Trotsky “Dual Architects” of October Revolution)

1. Newspapers reopened 2. Aurora countermanded 3. Smolny fortified PG lost Mensheviks/SRs to Martov peace proposal 4. IMMEDIATE settlement of land to STOP BOLSHEVIKS!=TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE!

-Trotsky orders coup -Lenin back from hiding -Red Guards take key positions: stations, telephone exchanges, post offices, ntl bank, Tauride Palace (where Provisional Government meeting and eventually Constituent Assembly would meet 1.18) -LIKE KHABALOV IN FEBRUARY, Kerensky had NO TROOPS to support him save some officer cadets and a WOMENʼS DEATH BATTALION!

OCT. 25: -Kerensky escapes to get troops from front. -Aurora bombards Winter Palace with blank shot=storming of the Winter Palace! (see above pic) -afternoon: Pre-parliament abrogated=Petrograd Soviet is the new govt -ARCS begins gathering at Smolny--now has a majority of Bolsheviks with Kamenev as chair. Menshevik and Right SRs object to Bolshevik taking govt on its own, but no strength/HAD WALKED OUT! -SR split and Left SR go with Bolsheviks -Trotsky to the Mensheviks and Martov as they left the ARCS, “You are bankrupt. You have played out your role. Go where your belong: to the dust heap of history.” -OCT 26: Early am news to ARCS that Winter Palace taken=Soviets assumed power! -Lenin appears at ARCS for first time--quote by John Reed, “Now Lenin, gripping the edge of the reading stand, letting his little winking eyes travel over the crowd as he stood there waiting, apparently oblivious to the long rolling ovation which lasted several minutes. When it finished he said simply, ʻWe shall now proceed to construct the Socialist order! ʼAgain that overwhelming human roar.” -ARCS end 5am Oct 27 LENIN DECREES: (**LENIN takes main points of SR econ program!!!!) 1. Peace without annexation/indemnities (Trotsky “Peace without Victory” then problem! TBL 3.18) 2. Land/Bread=confiscation of all estates owned by landlords/Church. CA decide redistribution 3. Govt =with council of heads of departments=COUNCIL OF PEOPLEʼS COMMISSARS=only Bolshevik WHY NO SUPPORT FOR KERENSKY? -Post Kornilov Revolt, he had no support from Socialist groups and due to staying in the war/continuing food/inflation problems, did not garner general support

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-A few military attempts: Krasnov and the cossacks attack at Tsarskoe Selo Oct 28 -Officer cadets uprising/crushed Oct 29 -Oct 30: large but highly unorganized Red force repulsed Cossack attack on Pulkovo heights outside Petrograd -Forces disintegrated/Kerensky flees from Russia -MOSCOW FALLS Nov 2 after B shells the Kremlin, and larger industrial cities follow -With no Kerensky, only resist=Socialist groups (SRs, Mensheviks) but not want counter coup as agreed with some aspects of it being a Socialist state III. BOLSHEVIK RETENTION OF POWER: -Other Socialist groups object to Bolsheviks over:

1. want B to share power! 2. Land/industry program (too radical for Right SR/not communist enough to Left Communists) 3. Harsh G terms in Brest-Litovsk=restart war!

-SOVNARKOM (Council of Peopleʼs Commissars): PROBLEMS IT FACED!: 1. None had govt experience 2. State of anarchy=strikes, banks not release funds. Lootings of stores/Winter Palace= “Petrograd a drunken orgy.” 3. Bolsheviks only control Petrograd, Moscow, large industrial centers. Most places still favor the SRs, esp the peasants 4. Petrograd food shortage 5. No one want to take orders! Esp workers! -SOCIALISTS SPLIT BECAUSE BOLSHEVIKS RULE ALONE: 1. Mensheviks split under Don and Martov split until 5.18=only moral pleas protest 2. SR: Chernov had support from peasants, but split still hurt them. Left SRs in govt after Nov 11 3. Railway union objected to Bolsheviks=withhold use of rail unless in coalition BOLSHEVIKS THEMSELVES SPLIT! -Kamenev: Bolsheviks canʼt run the country on their own! Starts negotiations with other groups, but they demand Bolsheviks disarmed, Lenin/Trotsky banned from govt -Lenin relishes the split and states he would go the sailors! PRESS CONTROL BEGUN=CENSORSHIP NOV. 4=Kamenev/Zinoviev resign WHY LENIN GETS SUPPORT/ABLE TO MAINTAIN POWER:

1. Compromise with Left SRS gives him enough support 2. Rail happy with compromise 3. Revolt within the party ends with no alternative leadership

-Zinoviev immediately recants/reinstated (heads Comintern), Kamenev back later 4. Soviets Bolshevik dominated into cities=take authority! 5. Mens/SR withdraw in protest=no opposition!

CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS NOV 12: -B 175, Lsr 40, Kadets/mens less, RSR 370!! with 21 million votes! -CA meets Jan 5--Lenin dissolves and no one has the power to oppose the Bolsheviks -1 protest, but no arms=disbanded=3rd ARCS approves Lenin as leader. No more free elections until 1990 REGIME DECREES UP TO CIVIL WAR IN SUMMER 1918:

1. Separate Church and State 2. Marriage civil/ Divorce on demand 3. Municipal govt responsible for food=takes shops/restaurants 4. Dec 14: Banks nationalized=state monopoly 5. Jan 21: ALL FOREIGN DEBTS ANNULLED **Key cause of foreign invasion 6. Ownership of large houses illegal. 7. Dec 29: No more dividends paid on shares ie stocks 8. Local soviets demand wealthy hand over lard #rubles or imprisonment! 9. End of private capital due to high inflation 10. Oct 26: Land decree (SR plan originally). Feb 18 decide on Socialization of land, with collectivization PUT OFF “until

later” (against Marxist doctrine) 11. Dec 2: Vesenkha (General state control of econ via local orgs=Glavki) set up 12. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Dec 22 negotiations begun; signed 3.18 13. Jan 1918: Calendars to western style 14. Dec 1917: CHEKA founded to enforce regime ideals 15. Oct: Death penalty out; back in 6.18 16. Red Army officially formed 3.18 17. STATE CAPITALISM@!

LENIN PROPONENT OF STATE CAPITALISM--not Marxist! -Once in power, Lenin declares that WORKER CONTROL must be subordinated to STATE CAPITALISM for Bolsheviks to survive.

1. Single directors in factories instead of committees 2. Former managers/technical directors reinstated with expertise

****BUT LEFT COMM. LSR say STATE CANʼT WITHER AWAY UNDER STATE CAPITALISM=BUREAUCRACY WILL GAIN CONTROL=NOT COMMUNISM@!!!@!

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RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCESRUSSIAN CIVIL WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

-FRONT 1: UKRAINE -initial resist to the Bolshe coup begun early 1918 after # tsarist generals, incl Korn, Deniken, and Krasnov, made their way south hope to organ in area of Rostov and the KUBAN with the help of Don cossacks **MAP PG. 58!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! -forces tiny and hardpressed by Bolsh troops who were vs. Ukr nationalists -EVACUATION OF UKRAINE by Bolsh after Brest =relief and by mid June amid confusion of local Soviets and Germ occupation, Whites had army of 9000 under DENIKIN, who assumed command after KORNILOVʼS DEATH in APRIL -FRONT 2: CZECHS! -30 000 Czechs released as POws via prof Masaryk negotiations, the Czech ntl leader, on understanding JOIN WESTERN ALLIES IN FRANCE -May 1918 in journey across Siberia fell out with Bolsh groups and TOOK OVER WHOLE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY west of Urals to Vlad -June 8 seize Samara, and the Right SRs (strong infl in region) CREATED A NEW GOVT under a comm consisting of local members of the Constituent Assembly -FRONT 3 -In MANCHURIA got approval of General HORVATH, manage Chinese eastern rail and est own loca committee) -JULY Czechs tooks Simbirsk and advanced on Ekaterinburg where Bolsheviks MURDERED TSAR NICHOLAS II AND FAMILY -Aug- all-party conf at Ufa set up coalition Directory of 5 and FINANCES of new anti-Bolsh govt strengthened by CAPTURE OF IMPERIAL GOLD RESERVE IN KAZAN -FRONT 4: BALTICS: -April-Finnish Whites led by General MANNERHEIM had defeated local Bolsh and Karel very close to Petrograd -South of Gulf ESTONIAN nationalists resist local Soviets -FRONT 5: ARCTIC OCEAN- -Allied exped force land at Murmansk in April to prevent milt stores from falling into hands of Germans -ARchangel in August--whites had taken over town **BY LATE SUMMER 1918 BOLSH GOVT IN MOSCOW RINGED**BY LATE SUMMER 1918 BOLSH GOVT IN MOSCOW RINGED BOLSHEVIKS FIGHT BACK! -Mar 1918 Supreme Military Council formed under Trotsky as Commissar for War -with only few thous Red Guards, a Latvian rifle reg and 1 or 2 other units--NEED A NEW ARMY!=abandon several earlier assumptions: -b4 vague idea of WHOLE PEOPLE in arms in defense of the rev--but few volunteers came! SO! May 1918 recruiting based on CONSCRIPTION, initially from FACTORIES=more reliable than peas -April 1919 RED ARMY=500 000; Jun 1920 5 million -election officers abolished and TROTSKY CENTRALIZED THE COMMAND via WAR SOVIETS with each rev army -Trotsky moved from front to front via train mobile hq -local commissars and CHEKA were resp for strict supervision

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-Trot most CONTROVERSIAL MEASURE: employ 48000 FORMER TSARIST OFFICERS! for their expertise, to Left Comm and Left SR objections--but NEED EXPERTISE! ie. Col.Vatzetis commanded entire eastern front-- so held families hostage and watched every step= this move strengthened his opponents ie. Stalin THEATRES OF WARTHEATRES OF WAR : -SUMMER 1918 key threat in south and east as DENIKIN ʼS forces around Tsaritsyn had CUT OFF MOSCOWʼS FOOD SUPPLY NORTHERN CAUCAUSES--may link with Czechs in Kazan -Trotsky to Upper Volga n hq with fighting spirit and end of Septwon back Kazan and Simbirisk and Samara and Ufa later that year -Stalin at Tsaritsyn driven off besiegers--but problem with TROTSKY over Trot choice Tsar off comman SOUTHERN army -to placate Trot, Stalin recalled to Moscow -purely PERSONAL FEUD -SIBERIA: political division between SR led by CHERNOV, who lost control of the anti-bolsh govt and in Nov more conserv elements ended the Dir of 5 and appointed the Russ naval officer, ADMIRAL KOLCHAK, supreme ruler -1919 WHITE OFFENSIVES: -3 separate ones, each seemed to bring victory: 1. EAST- KOLCHAK taken Perm Dec 1918 and spring 1919 recaptured Ufa--but fail to concentrate attack -April 1919 Red army push back to Urals and pursued Kolchak , capturing Ekaterinburg July and Omsky Nov=TURNING PT FOR RED ARMY! Led by Tukachevsky! 2. SOUTH- DENIKEN began advance north in May--Kharkov and Tsaritsyn fell June, Poltava July, Kiev Aug, and Oct got Chernigov and Orel=400 km from Moscow -but strength spent and counter attack Red Army near Orel =white retreat began 3. WEST- GENERAL YUDENICH adv from Estonia on Petrograd in May and after initial repulse renewed the attack Oct -so serious that Lenin that necess to abandon city, but TROTSKY resisted and took charge of defense--drove off in a week -1920= RED ARMY SUCCESS: 1. EAST- KOLCHAK moved back to Irkutsk near Lake Baikal, and was handed over to the Bolsh by his own troops and shot 2. SOUTH- WRANGEL, taken over from DENIKIN, unable to check Bolsh invasion of Crimea 3. WEST- POLES enter struggle in April by advance into Ukraine, soon repulsed and Aug REd Army to Warsaw -new Polish offensive drove back 480 km to line PEACE OF RIGA Mar 1921=new frontier/finish establishing Polandʼs eastern border started at PPC. RUSSIANS IN POSSESSION OF UKRAINE WHY DWHY D ID THE BOLSHEVIKS WIN THE CIVIL WAR?ID THE BOLSHEVIKS WIN THE CIVIL WAR? (See George Mirashavil l i IA on Stroodle)(See George Mirashavil l i IA on Stroodle) WHITES... 1. forces of Whites scattered perimter of Russia, sep by vast distances that precluded CONCERTED ACTIOn 2. POLITICALLY divided amongst themselves =little coop from LOCAL PEASANT POP, who, though treated badly by both, saw Whites as LANDLORD CLASS (**see McColgan notes on the terror from both sides!) 3. Western powers too exhausted/preoccupied with DEFEAT OF GERMANY during WW1, war weary after. 4. White refusal to RECOGNIZE THE INDEPENDENCE OF FINLAND, ESTONIA, & LATVIA=no support from them!=lost geog pos VERSUS REDS... 1. interior lines 2. use of rail 3. fanatical UNITY OF PURPOSE=discipline ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONSECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS: 1. WAR COMMUNISM- -IN WAR the occup of large terr by Whites, and DEVASTATION in fighting=bolsh PROBLEM OF SUPPLY -until 1920 cutoff from coal in Don, iron ore in Urals/Ukr, oil in Baku=Turks in -international blockade=imposs to remedy deficiencies from abroad -SOLUTION 1=PAPER MONEY: -for immediate expenses, govt print masses of PAPER MONEY=resulting INFLATION the value of the ruble fall by Oct 1920 1% been 1917 Nov -problems of FOOD PRODUCTION even worse than in 1917 and during WWI--the peasant, not able to purchase goods from towns and not save worthless notes, =SUBSISTENCE FARM=SHORTAGE OF FOOD IN CITIES=1/3 urban pop MOVED OUT!--by 1919 3/4 wages of industrial worker paid in meagre rations -SOLUTION 2=STATE CONTROL EVERY ASPECT OF ECONOMY: -all forms of trade and dist =state monopoly -INDUSTRY: large and med sized serving ntl marked unter GLAVKI, a subsdi of VESENKHA (the Supreme Council of the National Economy set up on Dec 2 1917 to creat gene state control via local organs, Glavki) -Lenin replaced the local comm with SINGLE MANAGERS **both were deplored by comm b/c infl trade unions/fact comm down as Glavki members were from OLD BOURG MANAGERIAL CLASS

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-COMMISSARIAT OF SUPPLIES (Narkomprod) resp for feed cities and army -immed method 1918 to org committees of poor peasants in villages and detach of ared workers from towns , both were to EXTRACT GRAIN FROM THE KULAKS -FUROR OVER REQUISITION seemed likely to UPSET PARTNERSHIP PROLS AND PEASANTRY started to create under Lenin--so 1919 onus of collection to smallest rural units on basis of QUOTAS=more acceptable, but peas still had to HAND OVER ALL SURPLUS BEYOND PERSONAL REQUIRE -Lenin knew need to move toward larger units of agir like COLLECTIVE FARMS, but sensitive issue 3100 since 1918 cautious increase to 4400 by 1920 **FOOD SUPPPLY did come in, at 1/3 pre-war levels in towns…FED ARMY! -fall 1920 when Wrangel driven from Crimea and armis with Poles=bolsh survived! MAJOR ECONOMIC PROBLEMS: 1.COUNTRY IN RUINS!--indust output min, rail in ruins, primitive system of barter--to avoid requisition, peasant sowed wheat secretly ie 50 miilion hect ! by 1920!! 2.NO DISTRIBUTION= FAMINE in the south! (HOWARTH PIC!!) 1-2 million die in Ukraine from starvation 3. REVIVAL OF INTERNAL HOSTILITY- A. sporadic peas revolt and B. party unrest -criticism of bureaucr CENTRALISM by central comm and dislikeTro plan to extend disp of Red Army to CIVILIAN WORK FORCE to bring IMMEDIATE REHAB TO RUSSIA -BY 1920 Mensh rep in local soviets increasing and Workers Oppos under SHLIAPNIKOV decrying subord of trade unions , who object to comm nominated from above KRONSTADT REVOLT! Mar 1921 when sailors, mostly conscipt Ukr peas, rose in revolt, demand end to special position of Bolsh party, relax econ controls and restore freedom of speech and asso for all Socialists -revolt suppressed, and TROT, one who described Kronstadt as “the pride and glory of the revolution,” took charge of the oper where defenders isl fort massacred -Lenin called this rising the “flash that lit up reality better than anything.”--incident let him overcome opposition to proposas as 10th party congress --NEW ECONOMIC POLICYNEW ECONOMIC POLICY: Key: restore LIMITED SYSTEM OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE -center on peasantry initially: amount farm prod requis reduced/allowed freedom to TRADE WITH SURPLUS=RETURN TO A MONEY ECONOMY!! =REESTABLISHMENT OF THE KULAKS! -freedom for factories where markets for peasants=mono control of Vesenkha relaxed -fall 1921 all those prod consumer goods allowed to make own arrangements for obtain their materials adn org markets -in a year 3800 nationalized enterprises LEASED OUT and 1923 the PRIVATE TRADER, NEPMAN, had half the market between fact, shop, peas

HOW FREE MARKET WORK IN COMMUNISM?HOW FREE MARKET WORK IN COMMUNISM? -Lenin said could, with govt still hold heavy industry/bank/for trade -But pol consequences: post 1921 traders, shopkeepers, and famers using hired labor oper a bourg econ out of which A NEW RICH CLASS MIGHT EMERGE!!!

”...since Marxism declared that forms of govt were a SUPERSTRUCTURE erected in the interest of the class that held economic power, it should follow from this that they would eventually oust the Bolshevik party with governmental institutions of their own. Lenin, naturally, had no intention of allowing that to happen, and as a consequence, the Bolshevik regime had to be buttressed

against the very tendencies that Marxism regarded as inescapable...Marxism on its head, since the BASIS OF POWER was not the POLITICAL STRUCTURE rather than the ECONOMIC ORDER.”

-TO ACHIEVE THIS, Bolsh close ranks-Party Congress Mar 21=”Ban on Factions” /End of Democratic Centralism -no more factional debate--central comm could expel anyone -no dissent outside=Martov gone to Germany fall 1920 already, and 1921 Mensheviks encouraged to leave the country -Social Revolutionaries less fortunate--1922 34 leaders on trial and 12 condemned -Would NEP have continued, or would Lenin have encouraged the onset of 5 year plans and concerted collectivization? -hard to know--May 1922 first of a series of strokes and died Jan 1924 with contradictions of capitalism and socialism unresolved.

CONCLCONCLUSION ON THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND SOVIET STATEUSION ON THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND SOVIET STATE: -although the party retained control over heavy industry and foreign trade, return to FREE MARKET in sale of agri and ight industry=LARGELY BOURGEOIS ECONOMY reintroduced as essential prelim to development of STATE CAPITALISM and thence SOCIALISM ***ACKNOWLEDGE THAT BOLSHEVIK REV HAD BEEN PREMATURE--econ and pol systems at variance -This retreat into PRIVATE ENTERPRISE buttressed by FIRM CONTROLS =final consolidation of PARTY COMMITTEE AS THE SUPREME AUTHORITY IN RUSSIA--further emph with abandon NEP and forcible agri COLLECTIVIZATION and INDUSTRIAL 5 YEAR PLANS -”The penultimate stage of Trotskyʼs prediction in 1904 had now been reached--ʼthe central committee substitutes itself for the organizationʼ--and the eventual emergence of the dictatorship of Stalin and the political terror, in which so many of the original Bolsheviks were to perish, can be seen NOT as the PERVERSION of Leninʼs work, but as the NATURAL CONSEQUENCE of it.” **Finally, the Communist Party was not prepared to deal with Leninʼs strokes—how should a new leader be chosen? Leninʼs Last Testament Dec 1922/Codicil 1923: http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/l/e.htm#last-testament

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Modern History Sourcebook: Vladimir Illyich Lenin: Testament, 1922 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/lenin-testament.html ------------------------------------------------------------------------

By the stability of the Central Committee, of which I spoke above, I mean measures against a split, as far as such measures can at all be taken. For, of course, the whiteguard in Russkaya Mys (it seems to have been S. S. Oldenburg) was right when, first, in the whiteguards' game against Soviet Russia he banked on a split in our Party, and when, secondly, he banked on grave differences in our Party to cause that split.

Our Party relies on two classes and therefore its instability would be possible and its downfall inevitable if there were no agreement between those two classes. In that event, this or that measure, and generally all talk about the stability of our C.C., would be futile. No measures of any kind could prevent a split in such a case. But I hope that this is too remote a future and too improbable an event to talk about.

I have in mind stability as a guarantee against a split in the immediate future, and I intend to deal here with a few ideas concerning personal qualities.

I think that from this standpoint, the prime factors in the question of stability are such members of the C.C. as Stalin and Trotsky. I think relations between them make up the greater part of the danger of a split, which could be avoided, and this purpose, in my opinion, would be served, among other things, by increasing the number of C.C. members to 50 or 100.

Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary-General, has unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution. Comrade Trotsky*, on the other hand, as his struggles against the C.C. on the question of the People.s Commissariat for Communications has already proved, is distinguished not only by outstanding ability. He is personally perhaps the most capable man in the present C.C., but he has displayed excessive self-assurance and shown excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work.

These two qualities of the two outstanding leaders of the present C.C. can inadvertently lead to a split, and if our Party does not take steps to avert this, the split may come unexpectedly.

I shall not give any further appraisals of the personal qualities of other members of the C.C. I shall just recall that the October episode with Zinoviev and Kamenov was, of course, no accident, but neither can the blame for it be laid upon them personally, any more than non-Bolshevism can upon Trotsky.

Speaking of the young C.C. members, I wish to say a few words about Bukharin and Pyatakov. They are, in my opinion, the most outstanding figures (among the younger ones), and the following must be borne in mind about them: Bukharin is not only a most valuable and major theorist of the Party; he is also rightly considered the favorite of the whole Party, but his theoretical views can be classified as fully Marxist only with the great reserve, for there is something scholastic about him (he has never made a study of dialectics, and, I think, never fully appreciated it).

As for Pyatakov, he is unquestionably a man of outstanding will and outstanding ability, but shows far too much zeal for administrating and the administrative side of the work to be relied upon in a serious political matter.

Both of these remarks, of course, are made only for the present, on the assumption that both these outstanding and devoted Party workers fail to find an occasion to enhance their knowledge and amend their one-sidedness. Lenin, 24 December 1922 Stalin is too rude and this defect, although quite tolerable in our midst and in dealing among us Communists, becomes intolerable in a Secretary-General. That is why I suggest the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post and appointing another man in his stead who in all other respects differs from Comrade Stalin in having only one advantage, namely, that of being more tolerant, more loyal, more polite, and more considerate to the comrades, less capricious, etc. This circumstance may appear to be a negligible detail. But I think that from the standpoint of safeguards against a split, and from the standpoint of what I wrote above about the relationship between Stalin and Trotsky, it is not a detail, or it is a detail which can assume decisive importance. Lenin, 25 December 1922 (May 1922 first of a series of strokes and died Jan 1924)