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SPANISH & PORTUGUESE
COLONIES
SPANISH CONQUEST Conquistadors toppled
Aztec and Incan Empires in the early-mid 1500s
Established social hierarchy with Spanish-born Europeans at the top and natives at the bottomRelations between
Spaniards & natives common Mestizos
Plantations & mines needed labor African slaves introduced
SPANISH COLONIAL SOCIETY
Blended Spanish, African, and Native cultures
Native styles of building, food, & canoesChristianity &
horses from EuropeAfrican cooking,
farming, dance, and song
Valued educationChurch
ECONOMYWealth mainly from silver
Source at Potosí in modern Bolivia 1545Other sources in Mexico over next few yearsGold also tapped, but in less
quantityConvoys of caravels carried
precious metals back go Spain20% went to the Spanish crownTreasures attracted privateers
from northern EuropePiracy against Spanish fleet
Raised inflation in Spain & Europe
NEED FOR LABOR Initial reward for conquistadors: land
Grants known as encomiendas Natives are “commended” to the conquistador Entire villages often commended to conquistador, giving him a status
similar to that of feudal lord Treated natives as slaves
Worked plantations & mines Natives placed at bottom of social
hierarchy New Laws of the Indies declared 1542
to protect natives on encomiendas Peru – viceroy beheaded trying to
introduce laws Mexico – laws not even proclaimed
System finally ended in 18th century, replaced by wage labour Also utilized African slave labor
Relatively easy to transport to the Caribbean Already familiar with highly organized tropical agriculture First brought as early as 1502
MEANWHILE, IN SPAINExploration in the Pacific as well
Philippines Ferdinand II died in 1516
Spanish Crown + Castile, Aragon, Navarra, & Naples grandson Charles
Descendent of Austrian House of HabsburgCharles I
Assumed rule of Austria & the Low CountriesPeak of glory of the Spanish Empire
Followed by period of endless wars that drained Spain of wealth
SPANISH & PORTUGUESE EMPIRES
PORTUGUESE IN BRAZILCabral claimed land in 1500Conquered Tupian Indians
Aided by diseaseLand grants began in 1530s
King would grant land if they shared profits
EconomyNot instant wealth from gold & silver like SpanishPlantation agriculture + cattleHighest number of slaves in the AmericasSome saw instant $$ from sale of brazilwood
Blended culture similar to that of Spanish EmpireAlso original enslaved native peoples & Africans
REVIEW QUESTIONS1. What groups of people were enslaved in
Portuguese and Spanish colonies?2. Where did natives work in the encomienda
system?3. What laws attempted to protect natives
from harsh bosses?4. What was different between the colonial
economies of the Spanish and Portuguese?5. In what order did these groups fall in the
Spanish social hierarchy: Mulattos, Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Natives, and Africans?