Sabina Yasmin Slide Presentation

The Chapter is Presented By:

Sabina Yasmin

Outline of this ChapterDimensions of National Culture

National Values and the Teaching of Confucius

Two poles of Confucius values

Definition of Long- and Short-Term-Oriented

National Cultures

Key Differences between Short- and Long-Term

Orientation Societies: General Norm


Orientation Societies: Family


Orientation Societies: School


Orientation Societies: Work, and Business

Long- and Short-Term Orientation and Economic

Growth

Long- and Short-Term Orientation and Rates of

Impoverishment


Orientation Societies: Religion, and Ways of

Thinking

Fundamentalisms as Short-Term Orientation

The Future of Long- and Short-Term Orientation

Own View

Concluding Remarks

In this world different people, groups, nations who think, feel and

act differently. So, different countries have different cultures

which have been found in their family structures, school systems,

work and business system, religious communities, and ways of

thinking, institutions, governments, laws and legal system etc.

The book ‘Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind’

is about all these issues.

Power Distance

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Masculinity vs. Femininity

Uncertainty Avoidance

Confucian Dynamism (Long-term orientation vs.

Short-term orientation)

Hofstede’s Fifth Dimension

In Chapter-6 the author has given depth analysis of CVS

(Chinese Value Survey) fifth dimension. Hofstede added

this fifth dimension in the 1990s after finding that Asian

countries with a strong link to Confucian philosophy

acted differently from western cultures.

The stability of society is based on unequal relationships

between people.

The family is the prototype of all social organizations.

Virtuous behavior toward others consists of not treating

others as one would not like to be treated oneself.

virtue with regard to one’s tasks in life consists of trying to

acquire skills and education, working hard, not spending more

than necessary, being patient and persevering.

Two Poles of Confucius Values

Positive Poles Negative Poles

Positive pole

(persistence/perseverance, thrift,

ordering relationships by status and

having a sense of shame) that

expresses a dynamic orientation

toward the future.

Negative pole (reciprocation of

greetings, favors and gifts, respect

for tradition, protecting one’s

“face”, personal steadiness and

stability) that stands for a static

orientation toward the past and

present.

Long- and Short-Term-Oriented National

Cultures

A definition of the Hofstede’s fifth dimension is as follows :-

Long-Term Orientation (LTO) stands for the fostering of

virtues orientation toward future rewards-in particular,

perseverance, thrift.

On the other hand, its opposite pole, Short-Term Orientation

(STO) stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and

present-in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of

“face”, and fulfilling social obligations.

Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation

This dimension was first identified in a survey among students

in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire

designed by Chinese scholars. As all countries with a history

of Confucianism scored near one pole which could be associated

with hard work, the study’s first author Michael Harris Bond

labeled the dimension Confucian Work Dynamism. The

dimension turned out to be strongly correlated with recent

economic growth. But none of the four IBM dimensions was

linked to economic growth. The dimension is ‘Long- Term

versus Short-Term Orientation’ and the long-term pole

corresponds to Bond’s Confucian Work Dynamism.

Long-Term Orientation Index (LTO) Values for 39 Countries and Regions

Country/Region Score RankChina 118 1

Hong Kong 96 2

Taiwan 87 3

Japan 80 4-5

Vietnam 80 4-5

Korea (South) 75 6

Brazil 65 7

India 61 8

Thailand 56 9

Hungary 50 11

Singapore 48 12

Netherlands 44 13-14

Norway 44 13-14

Ireland 43 15

Finland 41 16

Bangladesh 40 17-18

Switzerland 40 17-18

France 39 19

Belgium total 38 20-21

Slovakia 38 20-21

Italy 34 22

Sweden 33 23

Poland 32 24

Australia 31 25-27

Germany 31 25-27

Canada Quebec 23 25-27

New Zealand 30 28-30

Portugal 30 28-30

United States 29 28-30

Great Britain 25 31

Zimbabwe 25 32-33

Canada 23 34

Philippines 1 35-36

Spain 19 37

Nigeria 16 37

Czech Republic 13 38

Pakistan 0 39

The countries which have the longest term orientation tend to be

the countries of East Asia: China, Japan, Korea, but interestingly,

also Brazil and India. The five Eastern economic dragons (Hong

Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore) are in the top

10.

Also, the index across all 23 countries strongly correlated with the

economic growth. While China is on the top of the chart, but is not

the top economic nation, is because it started close to the bottom

economically, but its growth rate of 5 percent was leading at the

time.

CONTINUE……………………..

On the other hand, Bangladesh scoring medium (40) and

Pakistan extremely short. Besides, in short-term side, USA

and Britain is found, who start a war without thinking what

will happen the day afterwards. We also find the African

countries and the Muslim countries, which tend to be geared

towards the past rather than the future. They try to derive

from yesterday what they should do tomorrow.

The dimension of “LTO verses STO” can be

explained through (family, school, work, business,

economic growth, politics, rates of imprisonment,

religion and ways of thinking) where some

inconsistency have been found between LTO and

STO in various countries.

Dimensions of “LTO verses STO”

Key Differences Between Short- and Long-Term

Orientation Societies: General Norm

Short-term orientation Long-term orientation

Efforts should produce quick

result

Social pressure toward

spending

Respect for tradition

Concern with personal stability

Concern with social and status

obligations

Concern with ‘face’

Perseverance, sustained efforts

toward slow results

Thrift, being sparing with

resources

Respect for circumstances

Concern with personal

adaptiveness

Willingness to subordinate

oneself for a purpose

Having a sense of shame

Key Differences Between Short- and Long-Term Orientation

Societies: Family

Short-Term Orientation Long-Term Orientation

Marriage is a moral arrangement

Living within-laws is a source of

trouble

Young women associate affection

with a boyfriend

Humility is for women only

Old age is an unhappy period but it

Starts late

Marriage is a pragmatic

arrangement

Living within-laws is normal

Young women associate affection

with a husband

Humility is for men and women

Old age is an happy period but it

Starts early


Societies: School


Preschool children can be cared for by

others

Children get gift for fun and love

Children should learn tolerance and

respect for others

Birth order is not a matter of status

Students attribute success and failure to

luck

Talent for theoretical, abstract science

Less good at mathematics and at solving

formal problems

Mother should have time for their preschool

children

Children get gift for education and

development

Children should learn how to be thrifty

Older children in the family have authority

over younger children

Students attribute success to effort and

failure to lack of it

Talent for applied, concrete sciences

Good at mathematics and at solving formal

problems


Societies: Business and Economics


Main work values include freedom

rights, achievement, and thinking for

oneself

Leisure time is important

Focus is on bottom line

Importance of this year’s profits

Managers and workers are

psychologically in two camps

Main work values include learning,

honesty, adaptiveness, accountability and

Self discipline

Leisure time is not important

Focus is on market position

Importance of profits 10 year’s from now

Owner managers and workers share the

same aspirations

CONTINUE……………..


Meritocracy, reward by abilities

Personal loyalties vary with business

need

There was slow or no economic growth

between 1970 and 2000

Small savings quote, little money for

investment

Investment in mutual fund

Wide social and economic differences are

undesirable

Investment in life-long personal networks

There was fast economic growth between

1970 and 2000

Large savings quote, funds are available

for investment

Investment in real estate

In the last three decades of the twentieth century economic growth is strongly

correlated with LTO. LTO is the first external variable found that relates to

economic growth. The correlation between economic growth and LTO indicates

that the various Confucian values were associated with economic growth: thrift

and persistence. The Japanese and overseas Chinese were known to value thrift

and perseverance long before their boom started. On the other hand, East Asian

countries have shown a remarkable ability to break with traditions in the interest

of modernization. People in high-LTO countries invested more in real estate,

which is a long-term commitment. While people in low-LTO countries invested

more in mutual fund.

One striking difference among modern nations is their rate of imprisonment.

The rate of imprisonment is large in the United States with an imprisonment

rate of 690 per100, 000 inhabitants in 2002. And among thirty-one nations the

lowest was Japan, with an imprisonment rate of 4s per 100,000 inhabitants. The

rate of imprisonment were strongly influenced by three factors: ‘Wealth’ and

‘the Purpose of punishment’ and ‘Individualism’. The short-term solution

practiced in the United States and to a lesser extent in Britain, is to protect

society by locking criminals away. This leads to long prison sentences. The

long-term solution is to reform criminals and recycle them into productive

citizens, leading to shorter sentences and lower rates of imprisonment.


Societies: Religion and Ways of Thinking


Concern with possessing the truth

There are universal guidelines about what is

good and evil

Dissatisfaction with own contributions to daily

human relations and to correcting injustice

Matter and sprit are separated

If A is true, its opposite B must be false

Priority given to abstract rationality

There is a need for cognitive consistency

Analytical thinking

Concern with respecting the demands of virtue

what is good and evil depends upon

circumstances

Satisfaction with own contributions to daily

human relations and to correcting injustice

Matter and sprit are integrated

If A is true, its opposite B can also be true

Priority given to common sense

Disagreement does not hurt

Synthetic thinking

Fundamentalisms are unable to cope with the problems of the modern world.

Because-----------:

Religious fundamentalism : It represent the extreme short-term pole of the

long-term verses short-term dimension. It indicates that decisions are not based

on what works today but on an interpretation of what has been written in the

old holy books.

Political fundamentalism : Politically influential fundamentalisms that

represent a threat to world peace and prosperity exit within all three western

religions.

So, it can be said that fundamentalism is aggressive enemies of long term

thinking.

Responsible thinking about the long term is must in now a days. Religious,

political, economical fundamentalisms are aggressive enemies of long-term

thinking. They are based on the past but tend to escape their share of

responsibility for the future, putting it in the hands of God or the market.

For example, in many parts of the world an immediate threat for peace, health

and justice is human overpopulation. Adequate methods of family planning

exists, but religious and economic fundamentalists in a remarkable consensus

try to resist making it widely accessible.

On the other hand, the economic importance of East Asia in this twenty-first

century is likely to increase. One precious gift the wise men and women from

the East can bring the others would be a shift toward global long-term thinking.

Own View Confucius values

In this chapter it is referred that two poles of the dimension contain Confucius values but a

number of very confusion values are not related to the dimension, for example-filial, piety etc.

LTO score

Some non-Confucian countries like Brazil and India also scored quite high on LTO. According

to the ranking of LTO score United States is included in STO because thrift and persistence

values are absent.

Sustain economic success

From this chapter review it is found that although five Dragon countries attain economic

success although their labor unions are weak but I think it can’t bring sustain economic

success.

Threat for original religion

Adopting of different elements from different religions may be a threat for one country’s

original religion.

Religious fundamentalism

Religious fundamentalism argue that decisions are not based on what works today but on an

interpretation of what has been written in the old holy books.

Guidelines of good and evil

On the other hand, in case of ways of thinking short term oriented culture believe that there are

some universal guidelines about what is good and evil but is not acceptable in all cases

because what is good and evil sometimes depends upon circumstances.

Finally, it can be included that this fifth dimension

itself has an importance in understanding the culture

of various nations. Each country may adopt adequate

methods and technique for its overall development

whether it is long-term or short-term oriented. The

most important thing of East Asia including

Bangladesh is that here the economic growth is likely

to be increasing.

END OF THE SLIDEPRESENTATION

THANK YOU ALL

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Sabina Yasmin Slide Presentation