San Jose - AM2 - Bluetooth Technology Overview - Part1

Bluetooth SIG Proprietary and Confidential 1

Introduction to Bluetooth Technology

Low Energy / Basic Rate / Enhanced Data Rate / High Speed

Muhammad Ulislam, CSR


Agenda

Introduction to Bluetooth Technology

– Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR)

• High Speed (HS)

– Low Energy (LE)

– Attribute Protocol / Generic Attribute Profile


Bluetooth Technology Evolution

2007

• V2.1 + EDR - Secure Simple Pairing allows secure device pairing with a button press, numeric entry, numeric compare, and Out of Band

2009

• V3.0 + HS - High Speed Enables applications to use 802.11 MAC/PHY through addition of Generic Alternate MAC/PHY

2010

• V4.0 - Low Energy Enables new applications in different markets including healthcare, sports/fitness, security, home entertainment


Bluetooth Technology Factsheet Technology Bluetooth BR/EDR/HS Technology Bluetooth Low Energy Technology

Radio Frequency 2.4 GHz ISM 2.4 GHz ISM

Range 10 to 100 meters 10 to 100+ meters

Data Rate 1-3 Mbps (Classic)

>400 Mbps (AMP, 802.11n)

1 Mbps

Nodes/Active Slaves 7 / 16777184 Unlimited

Security 56b E0 (classic)/128b AES (AMP) and

applications layer user defined

128b AES and application layer user

defined

Robustness Adaptive frequency hopping, FEC Adaptive frequency hopping

Latency (from non

connected state)

100ms

<3ms

Regulatory

Acceptance

Worldwide Worldwide

Voice Capable Yes No

Network Topology Scatternet Star-bus

Power Consumption 1 as the reference, x10 for AMP 0.01 to 0.5 (use case dependent)

Service Discovery Yes Yes


Bluetooth Architecture


Bluetooth Technology Block Diagram

LE Physical Layer

LE Link Layer

Host Controller Interface

L2CAP

Attribute Protocol

Generic Attribute Profile

Batte

ry

Phon

e A

lert

Fin

d M

e

Pro

xim

ity …

Heart R

ate

BR/EDR Physical Layer

BR/EDR Baseband

BR/EDR Link Controller & Manager

Se

cu

rity

Ma

nag

er

GA

P

Tim

e

Existing BR Protocols (OBEX, RFCOMM, AVDP, etc.)

Existing BR Profiles (A2DP, AVRCP, HFP, etc.)

SD

P

AMP PAL

AMP MAC

AMP PHY

AMP

MGR

AMP BR/EDR Low Energy


BR Only and LE Only Architecture

Basic Rate RF

Link Manager

L2CAP

RFCOMM Protocols

Serial Port Profile

low energy RF

Link Layer

L2CAP

Attribute Protocol

Generic Attribute

Profile

Bluetooth

Basic Rate

only

Bluetooth

Low Energy

only


BR/EDR/LE Architecture

Basic Rate RF + low energy

Link Manager

L2CAP

RFCOMM Protocols

Serial Port Profile

Link Layer

Attribute Protocol

Generic Attribute

Profile

Basic Rate RF

Link Manager

L2CAP

RFCOMM Protocols

Serial Port Profile

low energy RF

Link Layer

L2CAP

Attribute Protocol

Generic Attribute

Profile


Bluetooth Technology Basics

Basic Rate / Enhanced Data Rate / High Speed


Bluetooth BR/EDR Radio (Time)

Time is divided into 625 uS “slots”

Data is exchanged via “Packets” lasting one or

more slot

– Packets consists of Access Code, Header and Payload

– EDR introduced Guard, Sync and Trailer

Two types of data exchange “mode”

– Asynchronous Connection-oriented logical transport (ACL)

– Synchronous Connection-oriented link (SCO), Enhanced

SCO (eSCO)


Bluetooth BR/EDR Discovery

One device “looks” for others (Sends ID

Packets)

One or more other devices listens

(Discoverable)

– When acceptable packet is received, replies

“Searching” device may continue with this device

or continue looking

When desired device is found, connection

process begins


Bluetooth BR/EDR Connection Establishment

One device initiates connection

Other device has to be willing to accept a

connection

Initiator “pages” the desired device using an ID

packet derived from the LAP of the desired

device

Once listening device hears the ID packet with

it’s address, it replies


Piconet

One Master and up to 7 active slaves

Master controls communication

No slave-to-slave communication

Master has to ensure not to “starve” slaves

M

S1

M

S S2 S3


Scatternet

Two (or more) “joined”

piconets

Master of one piconet

is slave in another

No direct

communication

between slaves in one

piconet with those in

the other S1

S

M1

S2 S3

M2

S4

S5

S6


Interference Management

Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH)

– Designed to reduce interference between wireless

technologies sharing the 2.4 GHz spectrum

– Works within the spectrum to take advantage of the

available frequency

– Detects other devices in the spectrum and avoids

frequencies in use

Provides users with optimal transmission

performance even if utilizing other technologies

within the same spectrum


Bluetooth Channels – SCO & eSCO

Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)

– Used for voice data

– Utilized reserved timeslots with no retransmission but may

use forward error correction

– Four packet types (all single slot): HV1, HV2, HV3, and DV

• Enhanced SCO (eSCO) adds retransmissions

– BR packet types: EV3 (1 slot), EV4 and EV5 (3 slot)

– EDR packet types: 2-EV3 (1 slot), 2-EV5 (3 slot), 3-EV3 (1

slot), 3-EV5 (3 slot)


Bluetooth BR/EDR Channels - ACL

Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL)

– Used for data connections

– Throughput is best-effort and is impacted by other factors

like the number of devices in the piconet

– Packets

• DM1: 1 slot, 18 bytes with FEC and CRC

• DH1: 1 slot, 28 bytes no FEC with CRC

• AUX1:1 slot, 30 bytes no CRC

• DM3: 3 slots, 123 bytes with FEC and CRC

• DH3: 3 slots, 185 bytes no FEC with CRC

• DM5: 5 slots, 341 bytes with FEC with CRC

• DH5: 5 slots, 226 bytes no FEC with CRC


Bluetooth BR/EDR Power Classes

Three Power Classes:

– Class 1: 0dBm to +20dBm (1mW to 100mW)

– Class 2: -6dBm to +4dBm (250µW to 2.5mW)

– Class 3: <0dBm (<1mW)

Power classes can be used to estimate

approximate range:

– Class 1: 100 Meters

– Class 2: 10 Meters

– Class 3: <10 Meters


Bluetooth High Speed Technology

Leverages existing radio technology

– 802.11 a,b,g,n

– Backward compatible with legacy Bluetooth devices

It’s Bluetooth wireless technology, only faster

– Consumers benefit from enhanced data rates without

changing the way they utilize Bluetooth technology today

Leverages existing 802.11 device capabilities



Low Energy


Physical Channels

ISM band split into 40 channels of two types

– Advertising Channels

– Data channels

Advertising Channels

– Frequencies: 2402 (37), 2426 (38), 2480 (39)

– Usage

• Discovering devices

• Initiating a connection

• Broadcasting data

Data Channels

– Frequencies: 2404-2424 (0-10), 2428-2478 (11-36)

– Usage: Communicating between connected devices


Bluetooth Low Energy Frequency Plan

Lower guard band of 2MHz, upper guard band of 3.5MHz


L2CAP Channel Types

Higher Level Protocol Multiplexing

Packet Segmentation and reassembly

L2CAP in Bluetooth low energy operates in

Basic Mode

– Offers only fixed channel types

Channel Type Local CID (sending) Remote CID (receiving)

Attribute Protocol 0x0004 (fixed) 0x0004 (fixed)

Signaling 0x0005 (fixed) 0x0005 (fixed)

Security Manager

Protocol

0x0006 (fixed) 0x0006 (fixed)


Generic Access Profile (GAP)

Defines procedures for:

– Discovering identities, names, and basic capabilities

– Creating bonds

– Exchange of security information

– Establishing connections

Defines Advertising and Scan Response Data formats

All profiles are built upon GAP

Defines profile roles

– Broadcaster – sends non-connectable advertisement and never connect

– Observer – listens to advertisement packets but never connect

– Peripheral – Always take the role of slave

– Central – Always take the role of master



Attribute Protocol & Generic Attribute Profile


Attribute Protocol (ATT)

Client Server Architecture

– servers have data

– clients request data to/from servers

Servers expose data using Attributes

Server Client

Data Requests

Responses Data

Data


Generic Attribute Profile (GATT)

• Built on top of ATT

• Provides a framework for developing profiles

• A profile is composed of one or more services

• A service is composed of characteristics or references to other services

• Each characteristic contains a value and may contain optional information about the value


GATT-Based Profile Specifications

Profile specifications

– Use case

– Behaviors

– Discovery Procedures

– Connection Parameters (slave latency, conn Interval) etc

– Profile Roles

Service specifications

– Characteristics (Mandatory, Optional)

– Characteristics Properties (Broadcast, Control Point etc)

Characteristics specifications

– Specify structure of value – Eg: Alert Level – 1 byte

– Permissible values – Eg: 0 – No Alert, 1 – Medium Alert, 2 – High Alert

– Permissions – Read/Write


Profiles Overview


What are Traditional Profiles?

HOST GOEP (OBEX)

L2CAP

RFCOMM

CONTROLLER

Link Manager

Baseband

Radio (PHY)

AVDTP AVCTP

PBAP

HFP A2DP

HID

AVRCP

OPP


What are GATT-Based Profiles?

HOST


Attribute Protocol (ATT)

L2CAP

CONTROLLER

Link Manager

Baseband

Radio (PHY)

HID over

GATT

Sports and

Fitness Consumer

Healthcare

Proximity,

Find Me,

Alert

Notification

Battery,

Time, Device

Information


GATT-Basics

Generic Attribute Profile

First available in v4.0

Designed to enable new

market of low power

devices

– Optimized for low duty

cycle use and small

packets

– Key to power reduction

Mandatory for low energy,

but Optional for BR/EDR

Generic Access Profile (GAP)


Attribute Protocol

(ATT) Security Manager

Logical Link Control and Adaptation

Protocol (L2CAP)

Host Controller Interface (HCI)

Physical Layer

Link Layer (LL) Direct Test Mode

Applications


GATT Client-Server Architecture

Servers contain data

Clients request data from Servers, write data to

Servers, or initiate actions

Server Client

Data Requests

Responses Data

Data


GATT Service Structure

Services generally embedded in low power sensors

– Example: Heart Rate Service + Battery Service

Downloadable apps can incorporate profiles to control and get data from sensors

– Key to rapid deployment to the masses


Recent Traditional Profile Updates


Telephony

Hands Free Profile (HFP)

– HFP v1.6 adds

• Individual Indicator Activation

– Select indicators that you want (Battery level, network reception,…)

– Preserves battery life

• Wide Band Speech Support

– 16KHz sampled audio instead of 8KHz

– Useful over networks which enable it as well.

– Better voice recognition success rate


Audio Streaming

Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)

– v1.3 adds Delay Reporting

Audio Video Remote Control

– AVRCP v1.4/v1.5 adds the Media Browsing Channel

• Browse your MP3 player’s music and playlists directly from your car

user interface.

Audio

Delay (200ms)

Delay 60ms Delay 200ms (Buffer) +140ms


Generic Object Exchange Profile v2.0

Better Quality of Service (QoS)

– Service multiplexing is now entirely done by L2CAP

Better throughput

– Flow Control, Segmentation & Reassembly are done by L2CAP Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM)

Improved support for AMP (High Speed)

– Channels can move over a different MAC/PHY without moving the whole RFCOMM stack

L2CAP

RFCOMM

GOEP 1.1

MAP PBAP FTP BIP OPP

L2CAP

RFCOMM

GOEP 1.1

MAP 1.2 PBAP 1.1

GOEP 2.0

FTP 1.2 BIP 1.1 OPP 1.2


Generic Navigation Satellite System Profile

Generic Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

– Create a wireless serial link so a device can share its GPS position data using the NMEA-0183 protocol.

Positioning Data (NMEA-0183)


3D Synchronization Profile

3D Synchronization Profile v1.0

– The user’s stereoscopic 3D experience is delivered by

showing different images to the left and right eyes.

– The 3D glasses use shutter synchronization information

transmitted from the 3D display to control the shutters

such that the left image is shown only to the left eye and

the right image is shown only to the right eye, when 3D

content is being displayed


Recent GATT-based Profiles and Services


Initial GATT-Based Profiles/Services (1/2)

Common Profiles and Services

– Device Information Service (DIS)

– Time Profile (uses Current Time Service, Next DST

Change Service, Reference Time Update Service)

– Battery Service

– Scan Parameters Profile/Service


Initial GATT-Based Profiles/Services (2/2)

Device-specific Profiles and Services

– Proximity Profile (uses Immediate Alert Service, TX Power

Service, Link Loss Service)

– Find Me Profile (uses Immediate Alert Service)

– Alert Notification Profile (uses Alert Notification Service)

– Phone Alert Status Profile (uses Phone Alert Status Service)

– Health Thermometer Profile (uses Health Thermometer Service

and DIS)

– Heart Rate Profile (uses Heart Rate Service and DIS)

– Blood Pressure Profile (uses Blood Pressure Service and DIS)

– HID over GATT Profile (uses HID Service, Scan Parameters

Service, Battery Service and DIS)


Recent GATT-based Profiles/Services

Recently Published Profiles and Services

– Glucose Profile (uses Glucose Service and Device

Information Service (DIS))

– Cycling Speed and Cadence Profile (uses Cycling Speed

and Cadence Service)

– Running Speed and Cadence Profile (uses Running

Speed and Cadence Service)

– Cycling Power Profile (uses Cycling Power Service, DIS,

Battery Service)

– Location and Navigation Profile (uses Location and

Navigation Service, DIS, Battery Service)


Glucose

Sends blood glucose measurement to Collector after each measurement if available

– Users typically take 1-8 measurements per day

– Once connected, Collector requests only the data that it needs

Data is required to be compatible with internationally recognized data standards

– Measurement history needs to be uploaded to PHR or shared with healthcare provider as part of EHR

Addresses market of 300M+ with diabetes worldwide

Published April 2012

Personal

or

Caregiver

Collector

Blood

Glucose

Sensor

Blood Glucose data

+ data Context (O)


Cycling Speed and Cadence

Sends raw Wheel Event data and Crank Event data to Collector ~every second while user is cycling

– Collector is pre-configured to know wheel circumference and calculates Speed, Cadence and Distance

Can be used with separate sensors or combination sensors

Addresses huge market of cyclists

Published August 2012

Collector

Cadence Sensor

Speed Sensor

Collector Wheel Event data and/or

Crank Event data

Speed and

Cadence

Sensor


Running Speed and Cadence

Sends Speed, Cadence, Stride Length and Total

Distance data to Collector ~every second when

user is walking or running

Can be used with Heart Rate and other sports

sensors

Addresses huge market of runners/walkers

Published August 2012

Collector Speed + Cadence +

Stride Length (O) + Distance (O)

RSC

Sensor


Cycling Power

Cycling Power sensor sends data to user’s

Collector to help optimize pedaling efficiency

Collector Cycling Power data Cycling Power

Sensor


Location and Navigation

1) Positioning Sensor sends location information to

Collector which logs hiking data (‘tracks’)

2) Collector sends user-defined waypoint (i.e. the next

destination) to positioning sensor which sends

location, bearing and heading to Collector to guide

user

Sports

Watch Positioning/Activity Data

Waypoint Coordinates

Sports

Watch Positioning/Activity Data


Documents

San Jose - AM2 - Bluetooth Technology Overview - Part1