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His tor ica l , Indo-European ,

and Lexicographical Studies

WDEG

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Trends in Linguistics

Studies and Monographs 90

Editor

Werner Winter

Mouton de GruyterBerlin · New York

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Historical, Indo-European,

and Lexicographical StudiesA Festschrift for Ladislav Zgustaon the Occasion of his 70th Birthday

edited by

Hans Henrich Hock

Mouton de GruyterBerlin · New York 1997

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M o u t o n d e G r u y t e r ( f o r m er l y M o u t o n , T h e H ag u e )

is a Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Ber l in .

© Pr in ted on ac id - f r ee paper which f a l l s w i th in the gu idel ines

of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durab i l i ty .

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data

His to r ica l , Ind o-E urop ean , and lex icograph ica l s tud ies : a f es t-

schr if t for Ladislav Zgusta on the occasion of his 70th bir th-

day / ed i ted by Ha ns Henr ich Ho ck .

p. cm . - (Trends in l inguist ics . Stud ies and m on o-

graphs ; 90) .

Inc ludes b ib l iograph ica l r ef erences and index .

ISBN 3-11-012884-5

1. Ind o-E uro pea n languages . 2 . Lex icography . 3 . H is -

tor ical l inguist ics . I . Ho ck , Ha ns He nr ich , 1938—

II . Zg ust a, Ladislav . I I I . Ser ies .

P512 .Z47H57 1996

4 1 0 - d c2 0 9 6 - 1 0 5 8 1

C I P

Die Deutsche Bibliothek — Cataloging-in-Publication-Data

Historical, Indo-European, and lexicographical studies: a Fest-

schr if t for Ladislav Zgusta on the occasion of his 70th

b i r thday / ed . by Ha ns Hen r ich H ock . - Ber l in ; New York :

M outo n de Gruy ter , 1997

(Trends in l ingu is tics : S tud ies and m on ogr ap hs ; 90)

ISBN 3-11-012884-5

NE : Hock , Han s Henr ich [Hrsg .] ; Zgus ta , Lad is lav : Fes t schr i f t ;

Trends in l ingu is t ics / S tud ies and monographs

© Co pyr igh t 1996 by Wal ter de Gruy ter & Co. , D -10785 Ber l in

Al l r igh ts r eserved , inc lud ing those o f t r ans la t ion in to fo re ign languages . No par t o f th i s

book may be r eproduced or t r ansmi t ted in any fo rm or by any means , e lec t ron ic o r mechan-

ica l , inc lud ing pho tocopy , r ecord ing o r any in format ion s to rage and r e t r ieval sys tem, wi th -

ou t permiss ion in wr i t ing f rom the pub l i sher .

Diskconver s ion : Lewis & Leins GmbH, Ber l in .

Pr in t ing : Ger ike GmbH, Ber l in .

Bind ing : Lüder i tz & Bauer , Ber l in .

P r i n t ed i n G e r m an y .

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Contents

Introduction 1

Publications of Ladislav Zgusta 5

I. Indo-European and general historical l inguistic studies . . . 47

Nexus and 'extraclausality' in Vedic, or ' s a - f i g e ' all over aga in: A his-

torical (re)examinationHans Henrich Hock 49

Some archaisms in the Iliad

Henry M. Hoenigswald 79

The origin and evolu tion of prima ry deriva tive suffi xes in Drav idian

Bh. Krishnamurti 87

E x Oriente n o x

W. P. Lehmann 117

Indo-European religion

Edgar C. Polome 129

Archaism and innovation in Proto-Celtic?

Karl Horst Schmidt 147

On Old Persian hypocoristics in -iya-

Riidiger Schmitt 163

Some problems of Latin adverbs

Oswald Szemerenyi 171

Hittite telipuri- 'd istr ict , precinct '

Johann Tischler 179

Lexical archaisms in the Tocharian languages

Werner Winter 183

II. Papers on lexicography and history of linguistics 195

Corrections and additions to the Ossetic etymological dictionary

V. I. Abaev 197

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v i

More on the Diccionario Griego-Espanol

Francisco R. Adrados 221

Uphill with Dasypodius: On the lexicographic treatment of weak

nouns in German

Elmer H. Antonsen 233

The gnosiological and dianoetic aspects of language and the

limitedness of G. B. Vico's theory

Walter Belardi 253

Re-constructing ideology, Part one: Animadversions of John Home

Tooke on the origins of affixes and non-designative words

Fredric Dolezal 261

Greek maulisterion and its group: A lexicographical essay

Olivier Masson 283The vocabulary of culture: A potential method of contrastive

description

Oskar Reichmann 28 7

The lexical Semitisms of Septuagint Greek as a reflex of the history

of the Hebrew vocabulary: Implications concerning lexical diachrony

and historical lexicography

Haiim B. Rosen 30 1

Printed language dictionaries and their standardization: Notes on the

progress toward a general theory of lexicographyHerbert Ernst Wiegand 319

Indices 381

Author index 383

Langu age index 389

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Introduction1

As I was search ing fo r an ep igraph fo r the in t roduct ion to th is vo lume in

h o n o r o f L ad i s l av Z g u s ta I r ememb ered a f r ag men t f ro m H o mer s o f amo u s

that I knew i t even wh en Gree k was s t i ll 'Sp an ish ' to me - the beg inn ing o f

th e O d y s s ey :

" Α ν δ ρ α μ ο ι ε ν ν ε π ε , Μ ο ϋ σ α , π ο λ ύ τ ρ ο π ο ν . . .

The n ineteen th-cen tury ed i t ion o f L iddel l and Sco t t ' s Greek-Engl ish Lex i-

con which I ca l l my own refers to a con troversy as to the correct mean ing

of polutropos, t h e ad jec t iv e mo d i fy in g th e man ab o u t w h o m th e Mu s e i s

asked to repor t : Accord ing to some scho lars the meaning is 'mul tum iac-

ta tus ' , accord ing to o thers 'uersatus , uersat i l i s ' . In Lad is lav Zgus ta ' s case ,

the con troversy can end , because he i s bo th , multum iactatus ' m u c h t o s s e d

about ' and uersatus, uersatilis 'w e l l -v e r s ed , v e r s a t i l e ' .

Born in 1924 in what i s now the Czech Republ ic , he surv ived two d ic ta-

to rsh ips : F i rs t that o f Nazi Germany , under which he worked as a temporary

laborer in a cons t ru ct ion bus ine ss and in the ra i lway sys tem of the 'P ro te k-

to rat Bö h men u n d Mäh ren ' ; t h en th a t o f Co mmu n is m, f ro m w h ich , a f t e r t h e

'Prague Spr ing ' had been fo rcib ly crushed , he escaped wi th h is family in a

ver i tab le c loak-and-dagger ep isode worthy o f a movie - f i rs t to Ind ia , a t that

t ime a re luctan t hos t , and a lmos t imme diate ly on to the Un i ted S ta tes , wh ere

in a s ing le year he wa s in qu ick succe ss ion aff i l ia ted wi th th ree un ivers i -

t ies - Cornel l , Texas , and I l l ino is . At the Univers i ty o f I l l ino is we cons ider

ourselves fo r tunate that h is being tossed about the g lobe ended here .

E v en b e fo re h e es cap ed f ro m Czech o s lo v ak ia , h e h ad tr av e led ex ten s iv e ly ,

bu t les s d ramat ical ly , to Russ ia , Georg ia , and o ther repub l ics o f the then

USSR, to Germany (Eas t and Wes t) , Aus t r ia , and the Uni ted S ta tes (whereI caught a cu t t ing-edge lectu re o f h is on laryngeals a t Yale Univers i ty in

1965) . S ince jo in ing the Unive rs i ty o f I ll ino is , h is t ravels have ra nged even

1 I want to thank A m y Rep p, Sarah M ichae l , and Yasuk o Suzu ki for help in putting

the papers in this volu m e on compu ter disk. I ow e sp ecial gratitude to Yasuko

Suzuki for addi t ional ly proof ing a near-f ina l vers ion of the vo lume, for coding

the contributions for printing, and for help with the indices .

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2 Introduction

far ther , to Canada and Mexico on the North-American continent; to Austr ia,

Germany, Italy, and many other countries of Europe; and to India and the

Philippines in Asia.

The breadth of Ladislav Zgusta 's travels, travails , and peregrinations

through the world is more than matched by his versatility as a scholar. Un-

like most of us in academia, he was not satisfied with one Doctor's degree;

he earned two: one in 1949 from Prague University (in Classical Philology

and Indology, with a dissertation on the 'Lexicology of the Cypriot dialect ' ) ;

the second from the Prague Academy in 1964 ( in Philology of Asia Minor,

with a dissertation on 'Personal Names of Asia Minor'). In addition, in 1964

he earned his 'Dr. Habil. ' in Indo-European linguistics at the University of

Brno .

His two doctoral dissertations on onomastics and lexicography set the

tone for most of his nine authored monographs and seven edited volumes.

His publications in this area, especially his Manu al of lexicography, which

he is now preparing for a thoroughly revised edition, are well known and

would, by themselves, have been suff icient to establish his äphthiton kleos

' imperisha ble fa m e' . But his total range of publications is much broad er -

both in terms of volume (141 papers and articles and 574 reviews so far)

and in terms of the range of topics, interests, languages examined, languages

used, and languages read.

In addition to onomastics and lexicography, his papers and reviews cover

just about every aspect of the linguistic sciences. They range from the history

of linguistics (including the work of the Sanskrit grammarians) to language

contact and bilingualism; from linguistic theory ( including reviews of Chom-

sky ' s Aspects and Cartesian linguistics), to psycholinguistics, semantics, and

typology; from epigraphy ( including, I believe, epitaphs on tombstones in

Champaign and Urbana), to general historical linguistics; and they cover vir-

tually the entire range of the broad field of Indo-European studies (including

a bold attempt with Winfred P. Lehmann to bring Schleicher 's nineteenth-

century reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European fable up to the level of

late- twentieth-century Indo-European scholarship) .

Within the Indo-European language family he has paid special attention tothe Anatolian languages (not only Hittite, but also the lesser-known Luwian,

Lycian, and Lydian), the classical European languages Greek and Latin, and

the Iranian languages (especially the Scythian-Ossetic traditions). His inter-

ests have also included Sanskrit, the entire range of the Slavic languages, Ar-

menian, Tocharian, and a large number of the less well attested, 'minor' early

Indo-European languages, including I llyrian, Messapian, Phrygian, Thracian,

and Venetic.

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Introduction 3

As if this impressive breadth were not enough, he has also worked on

a vast variety of non-Indo-European languages, from nearly every conti-

nent - Etruscan and Lapp from Europe; Caucasic, Dravidian, Turkish, Semitic

languages (Ugaritic, Arabic, Hebrew), Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Tibetan,and Malay from Asia; Iban and Ngizim from Africa; Navajo, Nahuatl , and

Athabaskan from the Americas.

At least equally impressive is the wide range of languages in which he

has published and in which he converses and exchanges letters with his

numerous fr iends around the globe: The languages most commonly used in

his publications are Czech, his native language, German, English and one of

his great and abiding loves, Latin, in which - as if to single-handedly prove its

continued usability as a scholarly language - he has written on such diverse

topics as the linguistics and epigraphy of the Caucasus, onomastics, and even

modern grammatical theory.

Other languages include French, Hungarian, I talian, Russian, and Spanish.

A remarkable publication attests to his abiding love for the Greek language

as well as to his proficiency in using it - an exchange of letters between

Ladislav Zgusta and I. N. Kazazis. His strong interest in Sanskrit, the third

great classical Indo-European language, is reflected in the 'subtitles' of a

series of recent lexicographical articles.2

In addition he has reviewed publications written in Modern Armenian,

Afrikaans and Dutch, Georgian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Swedish, and Os-

setic.

Ladislav Zgusta 's impressively broad range of interests and publications

has received an equally impressive and broad range of recognition. He has

twice been invited to teach at Linguistic Institutes of the Linguistic Society of

America. He has presented invited talks at more than thirty different institu-

tions and academic meetings and has conducted seminars in Czechoslovakia,

the United States, Mexico, India, and the Philippines. He has been awarded

at least twenty major research awards, prizes, and consultantships, including

grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Guggenheim, the

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Czech Academy of Sciences. He

has been honored with membership in numerous learned societies, includ-

ing the Indogermanische Gesellschaft, the Austr ian Academy of Sciences,

the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Societä linguistica italiana, and most

recently the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has held off ices in

the Dictionary Society of North America, the Linguistic Society of America,

2 He a l so honored my wi fe , Zarina, and me at our wed ding by reci t ing a me dley

of Rig-Vedic verses that he had se lected for the occas ion.

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4 Introduction

the Indogermanische Gesel lschaf t , and the Lexicographica l Commiss ion of

t h e U N E S C O - C I P S H .

Last, but not least , his scholarship has been recognized by the University

of Il l inois on several occasions: Immediately upon his arrival he was named amember of the Univers i ty ' s pres t ig ious Center for Advanced Study, of which

he became Director in 1987; he presented the 1985 Humanities Lecture; and

in 1991 he was honored by his colleagues for his ' scholarship, humanity,

friendship, and for his impact on South Asian l inguistics by teaching and

research' at a special inauguration ceremony of the Thirteenth South Asian

Languages Analysis Roundtable, held at the University of Il l inois .

When several years back I realized that Ladislav Zgusta had turned sixty-

five I asked him whether he would mind my editing a festschrift in his honor

and whether he could suggest the names of possible contributors . Some of

those whom he mentioned were not able to participate in this volume. The

range of scholars who were able to do so; the range of their topics and

linguistic frameworks; the range of languages they cover, of native languages,

and of languages in which they communicate with Ladislav Zgusta - all

of these provide a splendid reflection of his breadth of interests . But more

than that, al l of the scholars whom I contacted, whether they were able

to participate or not, shared a deep and abiding respect and friendship for

Ladislav Zgusta. The papers in this volume are presented to him with that

feeling of respect and friendship.

I began this introduction with a reference to a passage in one of Ladislav

Zgusta 's favorite languages, Greek. Let me end with a verse composed in an-

other classical language that is dear to him, Sanskrit , containing a translation

of his given name and a 's lesa ' al lusion to his family name, both inspired by

his own Lat in ized Greek name, 'Archic les Apolochmius qui e t Ecgeumas ' : 3

« ^ l l f c H M r W U * ^ π : ISf t vO

3 For those not famil iar with Sanskrit , I add a (rough) translation: Ό Agry asravas

(= Archic les , Ladis lav) , po lymath, whose tas tes are not to be di sputed; Protected

by the Asv ins , indefat igable , l ive a com plete l i fe . '

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On O ld Persian hypocoristics in -iya-

Rüdiger Schmitt

1 The Indo-Iranian hypocoristic suffix *-iya-

In thei r mass ive t reatment o f the s tem-format ion o f Old Indo-Aryan nouns ,

W ackerna gel and De brun ner (1 954: 358 , § 228a ) rem ark on the suff ix - iya- :

-iya- kommt als selbständiges lebendiges Suffix nur in hypokoristischen Na-menformen vor, wo es anscheinend nach beliebigen Lauten stehen kann und

im übrigen den allgemeinen Gesetzen der Kurznamenbildung folgt [-iya- oc-

curs as independent, live suffix only in hypocoristic forms of names where it

apparently can appear after any sound and, for the rest, adheres to the general

laws of hypocoristic formation].

They refer in th is connect ion to the re levan t ru les in Pän in i ' s g rammar and

to several examples i l lus t ra t ing the p rocess o f der ivat ion : dev-iya- deva-

datta-, ydjn-iya- yajna-datta-, seval-iya- sevala-datta-, etc . Fur ther

examples are to be found in Hi lka 1910: 70 , includ ing Bhadr-iya-, Sen-iya-,

and Citr-iya-.

A suff ix -io- i s used in the same w ay in Greek . T he su ff ix i s p la in ly

reco g n izab le in H o mer ic p ro p er n ames l ik e Klut-ios Kluto-medes, Ekh-

ios <— Ekhe-klees/Ekhe-pölos, o r Menesth-ios *Mene-sthenes.1

T h e f o r m a l

an d s eman t i c co r res p o n d en ce s in th e fo rma n t s O IA r . -iya- = G k . -io- are fu l ly

suff ic ien t fo r es tab l ish ing thei r o r ig in in a Pro to -Indo -Eur opea n hypo cor is t ic

suff ix *-iyo-.

This very suff ix , P IE *-iyo- > H r. *-iya-, has con t inuan ts in Old I ra-

n ian fo rmat ions o f the same type. Th is i s the case wi th abso lu te cer ta in ty

in O P <b - r -d ' - i -y > /B rd iy a / , a h y p o co r i s t ic fo rm b e lo n g in g to co m p o u n d

names whose f i rs t e lement i s OP *brdi- (= A v. bdrgzi-) ' h i g h ' .2

Similar fo r-

mat io n s p ro b ab ly a re p res en t in O P <m-r -du-u -n - i -y > /Mrd u n iy a / , w h ich i s

based on I ran . *mrdu- ' so f t , mi ld ' (Mayrhofer 1979: I I : 24 , no . 40 ; Schmit t

1989a: 359), as well as in Av. Axtiia- (based on Av. axti- ' g r ie f , s o r r o w '3) and

Fräciia- (M ayrh ofer 1979:1 : 42 , no . 132) . As in Gre ek , the suff ix in ques t ion

seem s to be used fo r bo th the so-cal led one-s tem and tw o-s te m hypo cor is t ic

n a m e s .

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1 6 4 Rüdiger Schmitt

In the collateral tradit ion of Old Iranian dialects , too, formations of this

type have been detected repeatedly, even though in this f ield , of course, co-

g en cy an d p lau s ib i l i t y d ep en d o n d i f f e ren t s ch o la r s ' j u d g men t s . S o me fo rms

of I ran ian names , rendered in E lamite , fo r which the hypocor is t ic su ff ix *-iya-

has been made p laus ib le , are l i s ted in Mayrhofer 1973: 286 , § 11 .1 .7 .3 .13 .

Two names which in my op in ion c lear ly belong to th is g roup of fo rmat ions

a re ex am in ed mo re c lo s e ly in th e fo l lo w in g . T h es e a re O P <m -r - t - i -y > /Mar -

t iya/ (see §2) and OIran . *Dätiya, which is mirro red by Elam. hh . da - t i - ya

and Gk. Dätis (§ 3 ) .

2 Old Persian Martiya

In Dar ius I ' s g reat t r i l ingual rock inscr ip t ion a t Mt . Bisu tün there i s a t tes ted

several t imes (D B II 8 , 12-13 , IV 15, DB f 1 ) the na me of a rebel <m -r- t - i -y>

/Mart iya/ , who is sa id to have been a Pers ian (DB IV4

16), the son of

<c- i -c-x-r - i -> /Cincaxr i - / (DB II 9 ) , and who pretended to be ' Imani , k ing

i n E l a m ' .5

F o rmal ly th i s n ame , w h o s e S o g d ian eq u iv a len t mrty is at tes ted

as a personal name in the rock inscr ip t ions o f Shat ia l I ,6

is identical with

th e co m mo n n o u n < m -r - t - i - y -> /mar t iy a - / 'm an ' . Bu t th a t t h e p ro p er n ame

/Mart iya- / real ly shou ld be iden t ical to the word fo r 'man ' seems h igh ly

improbab le - even i f Humbach (1981: 90) th inks o f 'Adam' , the f i rs t man -

s ince such a fo rmal iden t i ty o f p roper name and gener ic noun would ra ther

s t rong ly det ract f rom the p roper funct ion o f a name, v iz . to iden t i fy a s ing le

ind iv idual . Th is ob ject ion is suppor ted by the non-ex is tence o r , a t any ra te ,

the u tmos t rar i ty o f such fo rmat ions in the o lder cognate Indo-European

lan g u ag es .7

I t i s th is fact that has s t imulated the a l ternat ive in terpreta t ion , favored e .g .

by Mayrhofer 1979: I I : 25 , no . 418

and Schmit t 1989b , accord ing to which

Martiya i s s h o r t en ed f ro m a co mp o u n d n ame co n ta in in g martiya- 'man ' a s

one o f i ts e lemen ts . But th is in terpreta t ion , too , su ffe rs f ro m a g reat p rob lem ,s ince, as far as I know, compound names wi th the e lement I l r . *martiya-

'man ' are a t tes ted nei ther in the Aves tan corpus nor in Old Indo-Aryan (Vedic

and later) texts , let alone in the Old Pers ian inscriptions .

A d mi t t ed ly , s o me n ames co n ta in in g martiya- have been sought in (and re-

cons t ructed f rom) fo rms of the co l la tera l E lamite t rad i t ion o r in la ter , Midd le

Iran ian con t inuan ts ;9

but no t a s ing le compound name recons t ructed in th is

way seems fu l ly incon tes tab le and accep tab le . For ins tance, E lam. hh . ύ -ma r-

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On Old Persian hypocoristics in - i y a - 1 6 5

ti-ya10 may just as well (I believe, even better) render Olran. *U-vardiya-

'doing good' ;1 1

the case is similar for all the other forms listed in Justi 1895:

195b-196b, which Mayrhofer (1979: II: 25, no. 41) refers to. And since

the Middle Iranian names that Back (1978: 231, 275) derives from Olran.*martiya- may likewise be better explained differently (see below), the as-

sumption that Martiya is a shortened form of a name containing *martiya-

is highly improbable.

Under these circumstances we must seriously entertain the idea that /Mar-

tiya/ is morphologically composite and contains the hypocoristic suff ix I lr .

*-iya-. Such an interpretation of /Martiya/ as Mart-iya- opens up the pos-

sibility of closely connecting the name to an ancient word inherited from

Proto-Indo-European, viz. Olran. *marta- (= OAv . marota-) — Ved. mdrta-

= Gk. morto-, all descended from PIE *morto- 'mor ta l ; man ' . OIAr . mdrta-

is found very often in the Rigveda. Its Avestan counterpart margta- obvi-

ously differs as to the accent 12 and is attested only three times in the Gathas.

Nevertheless, the equation is beyond any shadow of a doubt.

The third form, Gk. mortos, whose accent seems to be in agreement with

that required for Avestan, occurs only once in the extant Greek literature, viz.

in a Callimachean fragment, which cannot be attr ibuted to a particular poem

(fr. 467 Pf. edeimam en dstea mortoi 'we mortals built cities ' ) . Apart from

that we find a second attestation in the lexicon of Hesychius (no. M-1688

L.), where it is glossed by änthröpos, thnetos 'man, mortal ' . But even if

the appellative is attested exceptionally rarely ( the Hesychian gloss perhaps

stemming from the Callimachean passage), i t seems to have been a quite

common word in earlier t imes, since one encounters in Greek dialect inscrip-

tions a quantity of personal names which either contain morto- as the first

or second element (M ort -on äso s; Age-mortos, Kleo-mortos, Mnäsi-mortos,

Khari-mortos), or are derived fro m that stem by a suffix (Mort-ulos like

Aisch-ülos or Krat-ülos)}3

It is this rich onomastic use of the stem morto- in Greek which is a strong

argument in support of the analysis of OP /Mart- iya/ proposed here,1 4

in

spite of the lack of such names in our Old Iranian sources. But as a kind of

compensation for that shortage we f ind several personal names in YOUNGER

Iranian languages which are based on the stem Olran. *marta-. Even if we

disregard MP <mlt(y)> /Mard/ and co l locat ions l ike <mlt 'n ( ' )ws> /Mard-

anös/ or <m ltb w t> /M ard-büd/ ,1 5 an unquestionable example is encountered

in <mrtky> /Mardag/, which without doubt is a hypocoristic formation based

on *marta-.

Two names which occur in King Shabuhr 's great tr i l ingual inscription at

the Ka'ba-i Zardusht are likewise to be interpreted as containing the stem

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1 6 6 Rüdiger Schmitt

OIran. *marta-, and not the OIran. *märtiya- postulated by Back (1978: 231,

275) and Mayrhofer (1979: II: 25, no. 41). 1 6

The f irst of these two names is the patronymic form Parth. <mrtynkn>

/MardTn(a)gän/ (line 22), based on which we can restore the Middle Persian

form <mlt(ynk 'n)> /Mardln(a)gän/ ( l ine 28) , the Greek vers ion Merdigan

(line 54) obviously being shortened in some way or other. The name of

Puhrag 's father thus was /Mardln/. That form does not, however, originate

in OIran. "*martiyana(ka)-", as Bac k (1978: 231) has needless ly propo sed,

but simply is to be traced back to OIran. *Martina-, i.e. *Mart-ina-, which

is nothing else but a hypocoristic formation with the common ancient suff ix

-ina- being added to the stem *marta- 'mor ta l ; man ' .

The other alleged continuation of Iran, martiya-, which has been postulated

by Back (1978: 275), occurs in the very same inscription, viz. the name

MP < yw dm lty > /Jöymard/ (l ine 33) = Par th . <y w dm rt> /Jöymard/ (l ine

27) = Gk. Diömerd-ou (line 65; formally a genitive in -ou). In my opinion,

the fact that, contrary to Back, the form /Jöymard/ is not to be derived from

OIran. *yauda-martiya- is shown convincingly by the Parthian writing of

the name without f inal <-y>. For this reason alone an original form OIran.

*Yauda-marta- has to be preferred by necessity;17

and that name may be

interpreted as a variation of OIran. *Yauda-vira-, mirrored in Elam. hh.ya-u-

da-mi-ra, with substitution of the synonym *marta- for vlra- ' m a n ' .

3 Old Iranian *Dätiya

A quantity of ancient Greek (and Roman) sources, from Herodotus onward,

mention 'Dät is , the Mede' (thus e.g. Herodotus 6: 94: 2), principally in his

capacity as the Persian commander of the large expeditionary forces sent

against Greece by Darius I in 490 B.C. The historical questions concern-

ing Datis need not detain us in the present context, nor does the proverbial

expression to Ddtidos melos 'Datis 's song' (Aristophanes, Pax 289), whichis commonly interpreted as an allusion to his use of the Greek language.18

What is relevant, however, is that the Greek proverbial expression furnishes

decisive proof for long quantity of the name's first vowel.

Usually, the name has been simply regarded as ref lecting a form shortened

from names whose f irst element is OIran. *Däta-, such as *Däta-farnah-

(= Gk . Dataphernes in Arrianus 3: 29: 6; 3: 30: 1; 3: 30: 5). 1 9 Undoubtedly

it would be more satisfactory, however, to trace the form back to an original

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On Old Persian hypocoristics in - i y a - 16 7

OIran. *Däti-20 (with which Gk. Dätis would be in full agreement) and to

interpret it as a shortened form derived from a name with the first element

OIran. *Däti-, as in all probability it is attested in *Däti-farnah- (= E lam.

hh . da- tub-bar -na) 'bestowing splendor ' . According to that proposal (Schmitt1984: 468), OIran. *däti- would be a verbal noun, and the entire compound

OIran. *däti-farnah- an example of the so-called terpsimbrotos ' g laddening-

men' type. For such a shortened form based on a terpsimbrotos compound ,

the Greek name Zeuxis would be a typological parallel, s ince we know from

Plato {Prot. 318 B-C) that the full name of the famous painter Zeuxis was

Zeux-ippos 'harnessing horses ' .

But that view has to be given up, too, since Lewis 1980 has recognized the

same person in an Elamite tablet from Persepolis. He realized that the man

named hh .da-ti-ya in Fort. Q-1809: 2-3 (a tablet first quoted only briefly 21 by

Hallock (1978: 115) and then published in full in Lewis 1980: 194b) must

have been a high-ranking personage, since he received a rather high ration

of beer (70 quarts). He is said to be on the way 'from Sardis to the king at

Persepolis ' ( l ines 5-9) in the eleventh month of Darius 's twenty-seventh year

(i.e. January-February 494 B.C.). From the fact that 'he carried a sealed doc-

ument of the king' (lines 4-5), Lewis (1980: 195a) correctly concludes that

he was on his return journey. I am fully convinced by Lewis 's identif ication

of Datiya with the Greeks' Dätis and his view that we see him here on a

kind of inspection tour to Asia Minor during the Ionian Revolt, obviously a

mission of coordinating the final campaigns against the rebels early that year.

The onomastic consequences of this treatment have not been touched by

Lewis. But if there is prosopographical identity between Elam. bh.da-ti-ya

and Gk. Dätis, there must with absolute necessity be onomastic identity, too.

That means that both forms must be traced back to an original form OIran.

*Dätiya.22 Moreover, there is independent evidence that Old Iranian names

in *-iya- were rendered in Greek by forms in -is; cf. the close parallel in the

equation OP Brd-iya = Gk. Smerd-is.23

The form OIran. *Dätiya- no doubt is to be understood as being derived by

means of the hypocoristic suffix *-iya- from the well-attested, though quite

ambiguous stem *däta- in the same way as OP /Mart-iya1 above (§ 2) . Onemay even go fu rther and point to the parallelism of hypocoristic form ations in

Iran. *Mart-iya- (OP /Martiya/) beside *Mart-ina- (MP /MardTn/; see § 2) on

one hand, and Iran. *Dät-iya- (as discussed in this section) beside *Dät-ina-24

on the other.

To complete the discussion, let me mention that Justi (1895: 81b) also

subsumed under the heading 'Dät i s ' (sic) the Armenian name Dat (and its

various bearers) as well as others. I have excluded these forms, which are

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1 6 8 Rüdiger Schmitt

attested later, from the discussion, since I am of the opinion that they do not

belong to OIran. *Dätiya. The main evidence to support my conclusion is

that the stem Arm. Dat appears to be inflected as an α - s te m (g en . Dat-ay in

Moses Khorenats'i 2: 11), as if it resulted from an Old Iranian form *Däta-.

Notes

1. Cf. e.g. Risch 1974: 118-119, § 41d; Ka mp tz 1982: 116-117, § 39c2.

2. Cf. M ayr hof er 1979: II: 16-17, no. 20.

3. M ayr hof er 1979: I: 28, no. 63.

4 . ΊΙ 16' is a misprint in Schmitt 1989b: 433a.

5. For the mos t recen t general discuss ion see Schm itt 1989b.

6. Cf. Hu mb ach 1980: 207, no. 10; 220, nos. 109a-b; 226 b s.v. ; and Sim s-W ill iams1989: 26b, nos. 36: 96-97.

7. In such a richly docu me nted langu age as Gre ek, for instance, a m an 's na m e

Anthröpos (änthröpos being the ordinary word for 'man') is at tested only once

(Aris to te les , EN 1147 B35).

8. Includin g a refe renc e to the al l too imag inative view of W üst 1966: 274.

9. See M ayr ho fer 1979: II: 25, no. 41.

10 . The formal ident i ty wi th the adject ive OP <u-m-r- t - i -y-> /umart iya-/ 'possessed

by good men' is misleading, since this is used as epithet only of countries, not

of persons.

11. I regard this nam e as a close parallel to O P <a -r- t-v- r-d '-i-y > /Rta-v ardiya / (cf.

Mayrhofer 1979: II: 13, no. 10).12. OAv. marata- with i ts preserved /rt / seems to be the result of an original *martd-;

cf . Hoffmann 1986: 171.

13. A detai led analysis of Gk. mortos and the names belonging to i t is given in

Masson 1963: 218-222 (= 1990: 43-47).

14. This suggestion is adumbrated in Schmitt 1991a: 56 (ad l ine 8) and 1991b: 132-

133, note 4.

15. For these names (and others) see Gignoux 1986: 116-118, nos. 569, 573, 575;

cf. also his reverse index, p. 208b.

16. C f. mos t recently Huys e 1991.

17. Cf. Huyse 1991: 342, § 65.1.

18. This matter has been elucidated by Raubitschek (1957: 234-237).

19. This is the argument in Schmitt 1967: 134.

20. Thus Hinz 1975: 86 (but with an untenable etymological connection).

21. Based only on this brief quotation, the name was entered in Hinz & Koch

1987: 299.

22. Thu s, ul t imately , Keiper (1878: 256) was right at least in recon structing 'Da ti-y a' .

23. See Schmitt 1984: 468, note 38a.

24. See Schmitt 1973: 293, § 11.1.8.5.2.

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On Old Persian hypocoristics in - i ya - 169

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