Year 10 REVISIONYear 10 REVISION

Exam: June 19th 2009Exam: June 19th 2009 You have TWO exams, ONE CHEMISTRY, You have TWO exams, ONE CHEMISTRY,

ONE PHYSICS.ONE PHYSICS. Topics to revise are the following:Topics to revise are the following:Chemistry – C1aChemistry – C1a Patterns in PropertiesPatterns in Properties Making ChangesMaking ChangesPhysics – P1bPhysics – P1b Now you see it, now you don’tNow you see it, now you don’t Space and its mysteriesSpace and its mysteries

Patterns in PropertiesPatterns in PropertiesCHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

Year 10 RevisionYear 10 Revision

Patterns in PropertiesPatterns in PropertiesElements and Atomic Structure:Elements and Atomic Structure: symbol, relative atomic mass, atomic number symbol, relative atomic mass, atomic number

(p106), atomic structure (p112)(p106), atomic structure (p112)Group 1: The Alkali Metals:Group 1: The Alkali Metals: Trends: which is most/least reactive? (p114/115)Trends: which is most/least reactive? (p114/115)Group 7: The Halogens:Group 7: The Halogens: Trends: which is most/least reactive? (p118/119)Trends: which is most/least reactive? (p118/119)Group 0: The Noble Gases:Group 0: The Noble Gases: Uses of Helium, Neon, Argon (p116/117)Uses of Helium, Neon, Argon (p116/117)Colourful Chemistry:Colourful Chemistry: Colour of precipitates (p111)Colour of precipitates (p111)Forensic Science:Forensic Science: Flame test colours, how to do a flame test (p125)Flame test colours, how to do a flame test (p125)

Patterns in Properties

ELEMENTS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE

GROUP 1: THE ALKALI METALS

GROUP 7: THE HALOGENS

GROUP 0: THE NOBLE GASES

COLOURFUL CHEMISTRY

FORENSIC SCIENCE

Example:Example:SodiumSodium

Relative Atomic Mass

Atomic Number

Symbol

Relative Atomic = number of protons and number of neutrons

Atomic Number = number of protons

Number of protons = Number of electrons

The Atom: Check It Out!The Atom: Check It Out!

Draw a labelled diagram Draw a labelled diagram of the atom showing the:of the atom showing the:

NucleusNucleus ProtonsProtons NeutronsNeutrons ElectronsElectrons

ParticleParticle ChargeCharge Relative MassRelative Mass

ProtonsProtons Positive (+)Positive (+) 11

ElectronsElectrons Negative (-)Negative (-) NegligibleNegligible

NeutronsNeutrons No chargeNo charge 11

Comparing TrendsComparing TrendsGroup 1: The Alkali MetalsGroup 1: The Alkali Metals As you go down group 1, the alkali metals As you go down group 1, the alkali metals

become MORE reactive.become MORE reactive.Group 7: The HalogensGroup 7: The Halogens As you go down group 7, the halogens (non-As you go down group 7, the halogens (non-

metals) become LESS reactive.metals) become LESS reactive. Fluorine is the MOST reactive.Fluorine is the MOST reactive.Group 0: The Noble GasesGroup 0: The Noble Gases The noble gases do not react with anything.The noble gases do not react with anything.

Transition MetalsTransition MetalsSummary Table of Transition Metal Colours:Summary Table of Transition Metal Colours:Colours of transition metals when reacted with sodium hydroxide:Colours of transition metals when reacted with sodium hydroxide:

Transition MetalTransition Metal Colour of PrecipitateColour of PrecipitateCobaltCobalt Blue (turns grey)Blue (turns grey)CopperCopper Pale BluePale BlueIron (II)Iron (II) Dark Green (turns brown)Dark Green (turns brown)Iron (III)Iron (III) Orange-BrownOrange-Brown

ManganeseManganese Pale BrownPale BrownNickelNickel GreenGreenZincZinc WhiteWhite

What is a precipitate?

Flame TestsFlame TestsMETALMETAL FLAME TEST COLOURFLAME TEST COLOUR

LITHIUMLITHIUM REDRED

SODIUMSODIUM ORANGEORANGE

POTASSIUMPOTASSIUM LILACLILAC

CALCIUMCALCIUM YELLOW-REDYELLOW-RED

BARIUMBARIUM PALE GREENPALE GREEN

COPPERCOPPER GREEN-BLUEGREEN-BLUE

How do you do a flame test?

Making ChangesMaking ChangesCHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

Year 10 RevisionYear 10 Revision

Revision: Testing for GasesRevision: Testing for Gases Make a leaflet or poster to show how you Make a leaflet or poster to show how you

would test for the following gases:would test for the following gases:1.1. Test for OxygenTest for Oxygen2.2. Test for HydrogenTest for Hydrogen3.3. Test for Carbon DioxideTest for Carbon Dioxide4.4. Test for AmmoniaTest for AmmoniaInclude:Include: A diagram of how you would set up the A diagram of how you would set up the

equipment.equipment. A description of what you would see or A description of what you would see or

hear if the specific gas is present.hear if the specific gas is present.

Oxygen Hydrogen

Carbon Dioxide

Ammonia

Making Changes

TESTING FOR OXYGEN TESTING FOR HYDROGEN

TESTING FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

TESTING FOR AMMONIA

Upward Delivery

If gas is less dense than air, e.g. hydrogen, ammonia

Downward Delivery

If gas is denser than air, e.g. carbon dioxide

Collecting Gases over WaterGas is bubbled through a trough of water into an

upturned gas jar filled with water

Used for insoluble gases, e.g. oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide

Hazard SymbolsHazard Symbols

Toxic Highly Flammable Corrosive Harmful Oxidising Irritant

TOXIC CORROSIVE

OXIDISING HIGHLY FLAMMABLE

HARMFUL IRRITANT

Now you see it, Now you see it, now you don’tnow you don’t

PHYSICSPHYSICS

Year 10 RevisionYear 10 Revision

Now you see it, now you don’tNow you see it, now you don’tTransverse and Longitudinal Waves:Transverse and Longitudinal Waves: draw a labelled diagram of a transverse wave showing amplitude, wavelength, crest, draw a labelled diagram of a transverse wave showing amplitude, wavelength, crest,

trough, oscillation (p250)trough, oscillation (p250) draw a labelled diagram of a longitudinal wave sowing wavelength (p251)draw a labelled diagram of a longitudinal wave sowing wavelength (p251) give the definition of amplitude, speed of a wave, wavelength and frequency (p250)give the definition of amplitude, speed of a wave, wavelength and frequency (p250)Reflecting Waves:Reflecting Waves: A sound wave generated by a jet aeroplane travels 2000m from the aeroplane to a A sound wave generated by a jet aeroplane travels 2000m from the aeroplane to a

person on the ground. It takes 10s. Calculate the speed of the sound wave (p252)person on the ground. It takes 10s. Calculate the speed of the sound wave (p252) what is ultrasound? (p253)what is ultrasound? (p253) advantages and disadvantages of scanning by reflection (p253)advantages and disadvantages of scanning by reflection (p253)The Wave Equation:The Wave Equation: draw the electromagnetic spectrum of waves (p257)draw the electromagnetic spectrum of waves (p257) The frequency of an ultrasound wave is 500Hz. The wavelength is 0.5m. Calculate The frequency of an ultrasound wave is 500Hz. The wavelength is 0.5m. Calculate

the speed of the wave. (p256)the speed of the wave. (p256)Uses of waves:Uses of waves: what are the uses of waves? (p258-263)what are the uses of waves? (p258-263) what are the harmful electromagnetic waves? (p264)what are the harmful electromagnetic waves? (p264)Digital Information:Digital Information: advantages and disadvantages of analogue and digital (p266-267)advantages and disadvantages of analogue and digital (p266-267) Draw a labelled diagram to show how light is totally internally reflected off the inside Draw a labelled diagram to show how light is totally internally reflected off the inside

of a glass fibre (p267)of a glass fibre (p267)

Now you see it, now you don’t

TRANSVERSE AND

LONGITUDINAL WAVES

REFLECTING WAVES

THE WAVE EQUATION

DIGITAL INFORMATION

USES OF WAVES

What are Waves?What are Waves? Waves are Waves are vibrations that transfer vibrations that transfer

energyenergy from place to place without matter from place to place without matter - solid, liquid or gas - being transferred.- solid, liquid or gas - being transferred.

Think of a Mexican wave in a football Think of a Mexican wave in a football crowd. The wave moves around the crowd. The wave moves around the stadium, while each spectator stays in stadium, while each spectator stays in their seat only moving up then down when their seat only moving up then down when it's their turn.it's their turn.

What are Waves?http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/anintroductiontowavesact.shtml

Amplitude, Wavelength, FrequencyAmplitude, Wavelength, Frequency

FrequencyWhat are Waves?http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/anintroductiontowavesact.shtml

Amplitude and Frequency:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/anintroductiontowavesrev3.shtml

TRANSVERSE WAVES:TRANSVERSE WAVES: Light and other types of Light and other types of

electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic radiation are transverse waves.are transverse waves.

Water waves and S waves Water waves and S waves (a type of seismic wave) (a type of seismic wave) are also transverse waves.are also transverse waves.

In transverse waves, the In transverse waves, the vibrations are at right vibrations are at right angles to the direction of angles to the direction of travel.travel.

LONGITUDINAL WAVES:LONGITUDINAL WAVES: Sound waves and waves in Sound waves and waves in

a stretched spring are a stretched spring are longitudinal waves.longitudinal waves.

P waves (relatively fast P waves (relatively fast moving longitudinal moving longitudinal seismic waves that travel seismic waves that travel through liquids and solids) through liquids and solids) are also longitudinal are also longitudinal waves.waves.

In longitudinal waves, the In longitudinal waves, the vibrations are along the vibrations are along the same direction as the same direction as the direction of travel.direction of travel.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/anintroductiontowavesrev2.shtml

Ultrasound and Reflective WavesUltrasound and Reflective Waves When ultrasound waves reach a When ultrasound waves reach a

boundary between two substances with boundary between two substances with different densities, they are partly different densities, they are partly reflected back. The remainder of the reflected back. The remainder of the ultrasound waves continue to pass ultrasound waves continue to pass through. through.

Ultrasound and Reflective Waves:Ultrasound and Reflective Waves:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/soundultrasoundandseismicwavesact.shtml

What is the shape of a transverse wave?What is the shape of a transverse wave?

What is the shape of a longitudinal wave?What is the shape of a longitudinal wave?

All types of electromagnetic radiation:are transverse waves

travel at the same speed in a vacuum - empty space

EM SpectrumEM Spectrum

RadioRadioWavesWaves

MicroMicroWavesWaves

Infra Infra RedRed

VisibleVisibleLightLight

UVUVLightLight

X RaysX Rays GammaGammaRaysRays

Longer Wavelength

Shorter Wavelength

Low Frequency

High Frequency

The Electromagnetic Spectrum:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/theelectromagneticspectrumact.shtml

Radio WavesRadio Waves carry information across the Earth by reflecting carry information across the Earth by reflecting

the waves.the waves.

MicrowavesMicrowaves Carry information to mobile phones and Carry information to mobile phones and

satellites. Heat food by being absorbed by water.satellites. Heat food by being absorbed by water.

Infra–red (Heat radiation)Infra–red (Heat radiation) Carry information from remote controls, heat Carry information from remote controls, heat

detecting cameras, and cook fooddetecting cameras, and cook food

Visible LightVisible Light carry information down optic fibres and carry information down optic fibres and

endoscopes.endoscopes.

Ultra-violetUltra-violet sun tanning and security coding.sun tanning and security coding.

X raysX rays taking shadow pictures of bones.taking shadow pictures of bones.

Gamma raysGamma rays Sterilising surgical equipment and treating Sterilising surgical equipment and treating

cancer.cancer.

Hazards of Electromagnetic RadiationHazards of Electromagnetic Radiation

Over-exposure to certain types of electromagnetic Over-exposure to certain types of electromagnetic radiation can be harmful. The higher the frequency radiation can be harmful. The higher the frequency of the radiation, the more damage it is likely to cause of the radiation, the more damage it is likely to cause to the body:to the body:

microwaves cause internal heating of body tissues microwaves cause internal heating of body tissues infrared radiation is felt as heat and causes skin infrared radiation is felt as heat and causes skin

burns burns X-rays damage cells, causing mutations (which may X-rays damage cells, causing mutations (which may

lead to cancer) and cell death lead to cancer) and cell death gamma rays also damage cells, causing mutations gamma rays also damage cells, causing mutations

(which may lead to cancer) and cell death(which may lead to cancer) and cell deathElectromagnetic Spectrum:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/theelectromagneticspectrumact.shtml

Hazards of Electromagnetic RadiationHazards of Electromagnetic Radiation

microwaves cause internal heating of microwaves cause internal heating of body tissues body tissues

infrared radiation is felt as heat and infrared radiation is felt as heat and causes skin burns causes skin burns

X-rays damage cells, causing mutations X-rays damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell death (which may lead to cancer) and cell death

gamma rays also damage cells, causing gamma rays also damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell deathcell death

Total Internal ReflectionTotal Internal Reflection

Analogue vs Digital SignalsAnalogue vs Digital SignalsANALOGUE:ANALOGUE: Music and speech create Music and speech create

sound waves that vary sound waves that vary continuously in frequency continuously in frequency and amplitude.and amplitude.

Analogue signals can vary Analogue signals can vary in frequency, amplitude or in frequency, amplitude or both.both.

FM: frequency modulatedFM: frequency modulated AM: amplitude modulatedAM: amplitude modulated

DIGITAL:DIGITAL: Digital signals are a series Digital signals are a series

of pulses consisting of just of pulses consisting of just two states, on (1) or off (0).two states, on (1) or off (0).

There are no values in There are no values in between.between.

DAB: Digital Audio DAB: Digital Audio Broadcast radio – it is Broadcast radio – it is transmitted as digital transmitted as digital signals. signals.

EM Radiation:EM Radiation:

Uses:Uses:

Dangers:Dangers:

Kills harmful bacteria in food, sterilising surgical equipment, killing cancer cells.

High doses can kill cells. Lower doses can cause cells to become cancerous.

Gamma

EM Radiation:EM Radiation:

Uses:Uses:

Dangers:Dangers:

Shadow pictures of luggage and inside the human body.

High doses can kill cells. Lower doses can cause cells to become cancerous.

X rays

EM Radiation:EM Radiation:

Uses:Uses:

Dangers:Dangers:

Sun beds, fluorescent lamps and security marking.

High doses can kill cells. Lower doses can cause cells to become cancerous.

Ultraviolet

EM Radiation:EM Radiation:

Uses:Uses:

Dangers:Dangers:

Seeing and endoscopes

Blindness

Light

EM Radiation:EM Radiation:

Uses:Uses:

Dangers:Dangers:

Remote controls (TV/VCR), radiant heaters, grills, optical fibre communication, night vision.

Skin burns

Infrared

EM Radiation:EM Radiation:

Uses:Uses:

Dangers:Dangers:

Satellite communication, mobile phone networks, cooking, RADAR.

Internal tissue heating.

Microwaves

EM Radiation:EM Radiation:

Uses:Uses:

Dangers:Dangers:

Communication and astronomy.

Radio waves

Radio waves

Space and its mysteriesSpace and its mysteriesPHYSICSPHYSICS

Year 10 RevisionYear 10 Revision

What do all of the following have in common?What do all of the following have in common?

The Solar SystemThe Solar SystemThe solar system consists of:The solar system consists of: a star - the Sun a star - the Sun planets and dwarf planets in orbit around the Sun planets and dwarf planets in orbit around the Sun satellites - moons - in orbit around most of the satellites - moons - in orbit around most of the

planets planets comets and asteroids in orbit around the Suncomets and asteroids in orbit around the Sun

The Solar SystemThe Solar System The Sun's gravity keeps the planets, The Sun's gravity keeps the planets,

dwarf planets, comets and asteroids in dwarf planets, comets and asteroids in orbit. The gravity of a planet keeps its orbit. The gravity of a planet keeps its satellites in orbit.satellites in orbit.

The planets take different amounts of The planets take different amounts of time to go around the Sun. A single orbit time to go around the Sun. A single orbit is called the planet's year, and the further is called the planet's year, and the further out a planet is the longer its year takesout a planet is the longer its year takes

Planets and The Solar SystemPlanets and The Solar System Why is pluto considered to not be a planet?Why is pluto considered to not be a planet?

Stars and GalaxiesStars and Galaxies Our Sun is a star. It seems much bigger than Our Sun is a star. It seems much bigger than

other stars in the sky because it is much closer other stars in the sky because it is much closer to Earth. Stars form immense groups called to Earth. Stars form immense groups called galaxies. A galaxy can contain many millions of galaxies. A galaxy can contain many millions of stars, held together by the force of gravity. stars, held together by the force of gravity.

Our Sun is in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Our Sun is in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. The Sun is about half-way from the centre Way. The Sun is about half-way from the centre of the galaxy, on one of the arms.of the galaxy, on one of the arms.

Life Cycle of a StarLife Cycle of a Star What is our star?What is our star? Our star is a typical star, some are Our star is a typical star, some are

much brighter, some are much older, much brighter, some are much older, some are much bigger.some are much bigger.

The coolest part of The Sun is around The coolest part of The Sun is around 60006000°C and about 5billion years old. °C and about 5billion years old. The Sun’s diameter is about 100 times The Sun’s diameter is about 100 times bigger than the Earth.bigger than the Earth.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/space/planetsstarsandgalaxiesact.shtml

Life Cycle of a StarLife Cycle of a StarTask:Task: Make up a story to remember the order of Make up a story to remember the order of

the life cycle of a star.the life cycle of a star.

A Trip into SpaceA Trip into SpaceOn my way into space I passed the life cycle of a small star.On my way into space I passed the life cycle of a small star.

First I passed…First I passed…A NebullaA Nebulla

Then…Then…A ProtostarA Protostar

Then…Then…A StarA StarThen…Then…

A Red GiantA Red GiantThen…Then…

A White DwarfA White DwarfThen…Then…

A Black DwarfA Black Dwarf

A Trip into SpaceA Trip into SpaceOn my way into space I passed the life cycle of a large star.On my way into space I passed the life cycle of a large star.

First I passed…First I passed…A NebullaA Nebulla

Then…Then…A ProtostarA Protostar

Then…Then…A Massive StarA Massive Star

Then…Then…A Super Red GiantA Super Red Giant

Then…Then…A SupernovaA Supernova

Then…Then…A Black Hole or a Neutron StarA Black Hole or a Neutron Star

SpaceSpace Put the following in order of size (from Put the following in order of size (from

smallest to biggest):smallest to biggest):

GalaxyGalaxy The SunThe Sun Mercury Mercury EnglandEngland South Shields South Shields EarthEarthSolar SystemSolar System UniverseUniverse

SpaceSpace Put the following in order of size (from smallest to Put the following in order of size (from smallest to

biggest):biggest):South ShieldsSouth Shields

EnglandEnglandEarthEarth

MercuryMercuryThe SunThe Sun

Solar SystemSolar SystemGalaxyGalaxy

UniverseUniversehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/space/planetsstarsandgalaxiesact.shtml

Space and its mysteriesSpace and its mysteries1.1. Define the following:Define the following:

Gravity, Mass, Weight, Acceleration, Gravity, Mass, Weight, Acceleration, Gravitational Field.Gravitational Field.

2.2. Where do planets reflect their light from?Where do planets reflect their light from?3.3. What makes up the solar system?What makes up the solar system?4.4. Put the following in order of size:Put the following in order of size:

Sun, Jupiter, Galaxy, Earth, Saturn, Universe, Sun, Jupiter, Galaxy, Earth, Saturn, Universe, NeptuneNeptune

5.5. Make fact cards on the planets, include the Make fact cards on the planets, include the following:following:A description of the planetA description of the planetDistance from the SunDistance from the SunTime it takes to orbit the SunTime it takes to orbit the Sun

6.6. Explain the life cycle of a star.Explain the life cycle of a star.