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Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

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Page 1: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Scientific Inquiry &

Problem Solving

Kimberly Davis

Forensics

Page 2: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Bell-ringer Activity• Pick up one of each of the handouts from the

table quietly. • Have a seat in the desk that has your name on it.• Complete the Student Information Handout.

Page 3: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Agenda• Introduction• Classroom Policies and

Procedures• Safety Handout• Tiger Tip Review• Code of Conduct Review• Begin Notes

Page 4: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

AHSGE Biology Bellringer #1 Date:

_____1. Dogs given Vitamin E_____2. Dogs not given Vitamin E_____3. Skin condition of dogs_____4. Vitamin E_____5. Breed of dogA. ConstantB. Control groupC. Dependent variableD. Experimental groupE. Independent variable

Page 5: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

A common problem among Miniature Schnauzer dogs is dry, itchy skin. Discuss how scientific methods could be used to do an experimental test of this hypothesis:

• If Miniature Schnauzers with dry, itchy skin are given a daily dose of Vitamin E with their food, then their skin condition will improve.

• Set up 2 groups of the dogs that have dry skin. Give one group Vitamin E in their food, but put no Vitamin E in the food of the

other group.

Page 6: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

AHSGE Biology Bellringer #1 Date:

__D__1. Dogs given Vitamin E__B__2. Dogs not given Vitamin E__C__3. Skin condition of dogs__E__4. Vitamin E__A__5. Breed of dogA. ConstantB. Control groupC. Dependent variableD. Experimental groupE. Independent variable

Page 7: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Mystery Bag Lab

• Follow the instructions on the Mystery Bag Worksheet.

Page 8: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Essential Question

• Why do crime scene investigators use a specific order of steps when investigating a murder?

Page 9: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Discuss

• How does a CSI approach a crime scene?• How do they solve the crime?

Page 10: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Experiments/Problem Solving• Something as simple as changing from one

type of shampoo to another in hopes of an improved effect is a type of simple experiment.

• Can you think of another example?

Page 11: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Cultural DiversityShamans • Healers• Rainforest of Central & S. America• Observe & test local plants until they find

which ones work• Today scientists work with these shamans in

manufacturing prescription drugs.

Page 12: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Vocabulary Mixer• In your groups, try to match the

vocabulary words with the appropriate definition.

• Do not bend the slips of paper!• After I have checked your

matches, please put the papers back in the bags and give them to me.

Page 13: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

State the Problem• Observations: the information gathered

using any of your senses • made throughout the scientific experiment,

not only at the beginning• lead you to ask a question or identify (state)

a problem

Page 14: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Gather Information• use reference materials such as:

– Encyclopedias– Dictionaries– Scientific magazines and journals– World wide web

• not all information is relevant or useful to a particular science topic

Page 15: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

How do you know if it is relevant?–Is the information outdated?–Is it accurate or just someone’s opinion?

Can the information be verified elsewhere?–Is it from a reputable source?–Who is the intended audience?–Why is this the best source to use?–How can the information be used?

Page 16: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Form a Hypothesis• Hypothesis: a possible answer to the

question– can be tested by an experiment

Page 17: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Test the Hypothesis

• Experiment: tests the affect of one thing on another using controlled conditions– Contain many variables

• Variables: the factors that affect the experiment

Page 18: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Variables– Independent variable: the variable that is being

tested & is intentionally changed or manipulated– Dependent variable: the variable that might be

affected as a result of that intentional change– Constant: factor that does not change when

other variables change; • may have numerous constants in an experiment

– Control : the standard by which the test results can be compared

- Experimental Group: a set of items or people under study to determine the effect of an event, a substance, or a technique

Page 19: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Odds tell the Evens:

What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?

Page 20: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Evens tell the Odds:

What is the difference between a control and a constant?

Page 21: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

How might NASA scientists set up an experiment to solve the problem of the damaged tiles that caused the Columbia space shuttle accident?

They might make tiles of many different materials and subject them all to the heat and other stresses encountered by the shuttle.

Page 22: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

NASA experiment variables:Independent

variable:

Dependent variable:

Constants:

Controls:

•The materials used

•the amount of heat the tile can withstand without being damaged

•the conditions to which the tiles were subjected

•tiles from the first shuttles

Page 23: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Bird Feeder Experiment• My neighbor has a clear bird feeder

that 3 birds frequent each day. • I bought one clear, one red, and one

blue feeder to see if color will affect which feeder a bird chooses.

• I put the feeders in my yard, each with the same amount and type of food hanging in the same area for the same amount of time.

Page 24: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

What are the variables?• Independent variable:

• Dependent variable:

• Constant:

• Control:

•the color of the feeder

•which bird feeder is frequented the most

•amount and type of food, amount of time

•the clear feeder

Page 25: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Odds tell the Evens• What is the difference between

a constant and a control?

Page 26: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Evens tell the Odds

• What is the difference between a dependent and an independent variable?

Page 27: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Bikini Bottom Experiments

• Complete the Bikini Bottom Experiments Worksheet.

Page 28: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

A hypothesis is a statement that is a possible answer to a questions about things in nature or science. In order for a hypothesis to be valid, you must be able to test it and make observations about it.

Page 29: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

AHSGE Biology Bellringer #2 Date ________Which one or ones of the following statements

could be used as a hypothesis?1. Cockroaches are repelled by cucumber

slices.2. Tauruses are luckier than Capricorns.3. Ajax brand beige wall paint fades more

quickly than Supreme brand beige wall paint.

4. Newton was the greatest 18th century scientist.

Page 30: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

AHSGE Biology Bellringer #2 Date ________Which one or ones of the following statements

could be used as a hypothesis?1. Cockroaches are repelled by cucumber

slices.2. Tauruses are luckier than Capricorns.3. Ajax brand beige wall paint fades more

quickly than Supreme brand beige wall paint.

4. Newton was the greatest 18th century scientist.• ( 2 can’t be tested, 4 is opinion)

Page 31: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

ARW 1: Scientific Methods

• Complete the Scientific Methods Active Reading Worksheet.

Page 32: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Collect Data• Gather and record the data in a lab report

or chart during the experiment.–Quantitative: involve measurements or

numbers–Qualitative: does not involve numbers or

measurements

Page 33: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Quantitative Measurement

• SI (metric) system: universally accepted standard of measurement

• Standard: an exact quantity people agree to use for comparison (ex. meter, gram, liter)

Page 34: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Essential Question: Why have standards of measurement?• to reproduce someone else’s results• Ex. If I say the door is three arm lengths

across, what happens when you measure a table to fit through the door with your arm?

Page 35: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

ActivityHave someone very tall and someone very short walk fifteen steps heel to toe.–Why is there a difference in the

distance that they walked?–Are human feet a good method

(standard) of measurement? Why or why not?

Page 36: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Common Measurement UnitsLength/distance: meter (m)Mass: *gram (g)

*SI unit mass: kilogram (kg)Volume: liter (l)Time: second (s)Temperature: *degree Celsius(˚C)

*SI unit temp.: Kelvin (K)

(most common base units used)

Page 37: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Measuring Temperature• Freezing point of water = 0˚C• Boiling point of water = 100 ˚C• Human body temp = ≈ 37 ˚C• Room temp = ≈ 20 - 25 ˚C• Coldest possible temp or

Absolute zero = 0 K (-273 ˚C)– Kelvin = °Celsius + 273– °Celsius = Kelvin - 273

Page 38: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Common Base Unit Prefixeskilo- k 1,000hecto- h 100deka- da 10deci- d 0.1centi- c 0.01milli- m 0.001micro- μ 0.000 001

Page 39: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Metric ConversionsRemember: King Henry died drinking

chocolate milk.

For each move right = multiply by 10 ----------------------->

k h da (base unit) d c m <-----------------------

For each move left = divide by 10

Page 40: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Why is it important to know how to convert measurements?

• Data can be collected using a variety of tools. (Meter sticks, balances, stopwatches, etc.)

• You need to be able to compare your results to a standard.

Page 41: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Practice ProblemsConvert the following measurements:

1. 100 cm to __ m2. 85 km to __ m3. 365 kl to __ ml4. 4,050 g to __ kg5. 50 cg to __ mg

Page 42: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Answers to Problems

1. 100 cm = 1 m2. 85 km = 85,000 m3. 365 kl = 365,000,000 ml4. 4,050 g = 4.050 kg5. 50 cg = 500 mg

Page 43: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

More Practice Problems

Convert the following measurements:1) 1 l to ____ dl2) 400 cm to ____ km3) 35,007 km to ____ mm4) 1992 kg to ____ cg5) 4,875,016 mm to ____ dam

Page 44: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Answers to More Practice Problems

1) 1 l = 10 dl2) 400 cm = 0.004 km3) 35,007 km = 35,007,000,000 mm4) 1992 kg = 199,200,000 cg5) 4,875,016 mm = 487.5016 dam

Page 45: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Measurement Practice

• Complete the Measurement Practice Worksheet.

Page 46: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

AHSGE Biology Bellringer #3 Date__________The Scientific Method is a process that scientists

use to solve problems. The steps are as follows:1. State the problem or ask a question2. Research or make observations3. Develop a hypothesis4. Test the hypothesis5. Record experimental data6. Make a conclusion7. Report the findings

Page 47: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Write the number of each of the following beside the correct part of the Scientific Method:

1. Add ammonia to some cabbage juice.

2. Ammonia turns cabbage juice blue.3. Looking up cabbage on the

internet.4. Ammonia will change the color.5. Telling what you learned.6. Will ammonia change the color?7. Writing down what happens in the

experiment.

Page 48: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Write the number of each of the following beside the correct part of the Scientific Method:

6. Will ammonia change the color?3. Looking up cabbage on the

internet.2. Ammonia turns cabbage juice blue.1. Add ammonia to some cabbage

juice.7. Writing down what happens in the

experiment.5. Telling what you learned.4. Ammonia will change the color.

Page 49: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Measurement Conversion Quiz

1) 56,000 ml to _____ kl2) 0.39 hg to _____ cg3) 100 dam to _____ m4) 41 mm to _____ m5) 1,560 dg to _____ kg

Page 50: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Quiz Answers

1) 56,000 ml to 0.056 kl2) 0.39 hg to 3,900 cg3) 100 dam to 1,000 m4) 41 mm to 0.041 m5) 1,560 dg to 0.156 kg

Page 51: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Is one measurement enough?• No, scientists make repeated

measurements to increase the validity and reliability of the results.

• This data is then organized into a data table so that others can understand it.

Page 52: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

• Accuracy: exact, how close you are to the mark (ex. in darts when you hit the bulls eye)

• Precision: how often you can hit the same spot (ex. in darts when you hit the 10 point circle three times in a row)

Page 53: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Practice Problem• A student obtained these data after

measuring the mass of an object three different times. – 1st measurement: 6.293 g– 2nd measurement: 6.294 g– 3rd measurement: 6.295 g

• If object’s mass is actually 5.550 g, these data are best described as —– precise but not accurate

Page 54: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Analyze the Data• Graph: an effective method of organization

which helps to understand and communicate data

• Bar Graph: measures things that are counted

• Line Graph: compares the independent and dependent variables

• Circle Graph: measures parts of a whole or percentages

Page 55: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Graph Reading Tips• Carefully read the title and the label on each axis. • Check for any other information that might be

included on the graph. • When you think you have the answer, double

check the information given in the graph. • Remember:

independent variable = on the x-axisdependent variable = on the y-axis

Page 56: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Bar Graph

Classro

om 1

Classro

om 2

Classro

om 3

Classro

om 419.5

2020.5

2121.5

2222.5

2323.5

2424.5

24 Students23 Students22 Students21 Students

Page 57: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Line Graph

0 5 10 15 20 2515

17

19

21

23

25

Classroom Temperature

ABC

Time (min)

T

empe

ratu

re (

C)

Page 58: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Circle Graph

Gas 50%

Steam 25%

Electric 10%

Coal 10% Other 5%

Gas Steam Electric Coal Other

Page 59: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

• Model: a representation of an actual object or idea that explains the results or how something works or looks

• Technology: the application of science to help people – It aids scientists in developing

theories and laws.

Page 60: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Draw Conclusions• Conclusions: explanations based on

scientific data and observations.– answer the question as to whether or not the

data and observations support the hypothesis – may indicate that more information is needed

which creates more questions to investigate

Page 61: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

• Inference: an explanation of the data based on facts but not on direct observation. An inference is like an assumption.– Ex. Your friend has a busted lip, so you infer

(assume) that he must have been in a fight. – An observation would be if you actually saw

the fight.

Page 62: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Odds tell the Evens:

What is the difference between an inference and a observation?

Page 63: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Why are results that do not support the hypothesis important?

• help scientists adjust and restate hypotheses

• help you to understand the world• sometimes explanations must be

modified as new information is learned– Ex. People used to think the world

was flat.

Page 64: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

• Peer review: when scientists share their findings with others through publication or presentation– used to help others gain knowledge– Used to see if any errors were made in the

calculations, design, or interpretation of the data

– Prevents bias• Bias: occurs when what the scientist

expects changes how the results are viewed

Page 65: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

• Scientific theory: explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations

• Scientific law: statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all the time

Page 66: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Review of scientific processesState the problem

Test the hypothesis

Hypothesis not supported Hypothesis supported

Form a hypothesis

Gather information

Analyze data

Draw conclusions

Page 67: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Vocabulary Mixer• In your groups, try to match the

vocabulary words with the appropriate definition.

• Do not bend the slips of paper!• After I have checked your

matches, please put the papers back in the bags and give them to me.

Page 68: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Classwork• Construct an experiment in your group.

(Give a brief explanation of the experiment you created.)

• Identify the variables. – (independent variable, dependent variable,

constants, and controls) • Draw a graph that shows the data

collected in this experiment. – Be sure to label each part.

Page 69: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

AHSGE Biology Bellringer #4 Date________Steps of the Scientific Method1. Ask a question2. Research3. Hypothesis4. Experiment5. Record data6. Conclusion7. Report findings

Page 70: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Soybeans should be harvested when their moisture content reaches 16%. Juan wants to determine how rainfall affects the harvest date of soybeans. Match each statement below with a procedure in the scientific method.A. If the number of inches of rain that falls between May and

September is above average, then the harvest date for soybeans will be later than usual.

B. Find out the summer rainfall in Mobile County over the past 10 years. Ask a sample of 20 soybean farmers in Mobile County the dates when they started harvesting their crops for the past 10 years.

C. Measure rainfall in Mobile County from May 1 to September 30. Ask the sample of soybean farmers to record the date when they each start harvesting this year.

Page 71: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

Soybeans should be harvested when their moisture content reaches 16%. Juan wants to determine how rainfall affects the harvest date of soybeans. Match each statement below with a procedure in the scientific method.A. If the number of inches of rain that falls between May and

September is above average, then the harvest date for soybeans will be later than usual. 3

B. Find out the summer rainfall in Mobile County over the past 10 years. Ask a sample of 20 soybean farmers in Mobile County the dates when they started harvesting their crops for the past 10 years. 2

C. Measure rainfall in Mobile County from May 1 to September 30. Ask the sample of soybean farmers to record the date when they each start harvesting this year.

4

Page 72: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

AHSGE Biology Bellringer #5 Date________Lab Safety Rules• Always follow the teacher’s instructions• Do not play around or make your own

experiments• Know where safety equipment is located• Never sniff chemicals directly• No eating or drinking in the lab• Wear safety goggles

Page 73: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

A. D.

B. E.

C. F.

The most important safety rule…

Page 74: Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics

A. D.

Wear safety goggles. Read safety labels.

B. E.

Know how to Tell the teacher if there’s a spill.

use fire equipment. No eating or drinking in the lab.

C. F.

Never taste or sniff Listen to your instructor.chemicals directly.

The most important safety rule is …?