Scientific Names

SternJanskyBidlack: Introductory Plant Biology, Ninth Edition

Appendices

1. Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text

The McGrawHill Companies, 2003

Appendix 1Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the TextThis is an alphabetical list of the organisms whose scientic names may not be mentioned in the text. The common names are listed alphabetically along with the scientic names. Common and scientic names of organisms mentioned in Appendices 2 through 4 are provided within the respective appendices.

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEAardvark Abrasives, horsetail source of Absinthe liqueur, source of ingredients Acacia Aconite, source of Actinomycetes Adders tongue fern, reticulate Adders tongue ferns Afghanistan pine Aatotoxin, source of African sausage tree Agar, source of

SCIENTIFIC NAMEOrycteropus spp. Equisetum spp. Pimpinella anisum, Artemisia absinthium, and others Acacia spp. Aconitum spp. Actinomyces spp. and others Ophioglossum reticulatum (has highest known diploid chromosome number1,260) Ophioglossum spp. Pinus eldarica Aspergillus avus Kigelia pinnata Chondrus crispus, Eucheuma spp., Gelidium spp., Gracilaria spp., and other red algae Agave angustifolia, A. palmeri, A. tequilana, and other Agave spp. Kalancho spp. Alnus spp.

COMMON NAMEAlfalfa Alfalfa caterpillar Algae

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Agave Air plantsee also Bromeliad Alder

Medicago sativa Colias philodice members of Kingdom Protista all phyla Algae, agar-producing Acanthopeltis spp., Ahnfeltia spp., Gelidium spp. (principal source), Gracilaria spp., Pterocladia spp., and others Algae, Ascophyllum spp., Durvillea alginate-producing spp., Ecklonia spp., Laminaria spp., Macrocystis spp., and others Algae, bark Pleurococcus spp. and others (see footnote under Bark, green algae that inhabit) Algae, brown members of Phylum Chromophyta, Kingdom Protista Algae, Chondrus crispus, Eucheuma carrageenan-producing spp., and others Algae, coralline Bossiella spp., Corallina spp., Lithothamnion spp., and others Algae/cyanobacteria, Chlorella, Irish moss (Chondrus crispus), kelp (Laminaria spp.), edible1 laver or nori (Porphyra spp.), spirulina (Spirulina spp.), wakame (Undaria spp.), and others

1. More than 150 species of algae and cyanobacteria are known to be edible, but most of the approximately half million tons of dried algae consumed annually consists of species of Laminaria, Porphyra, and Undaria. Most commercially grown nori consists of the fronds of Porphyra tenera, but other species of Porphyra are edible. During their life cycles, Porphyra spp. alternate between the familiar frond (bladed) form and a relatively inconspicuous lamentous form that was discovered after a British phycologist germinated spores of Porphyra umbilicaulis in a culture dish in her laboratory. The lamentous form previously had been considered a distinct species that had been named Conchocelis rosea. Species of Ascophyllum, Fucus, Laminaria, and Macrocystis are harvested for animal and poultry feeds. Dunaliella bardawil is cultured commercially as a source of beta-carotene and glycerol. Spirulina spp. (cyanobacteria) have a protein content of up to 70%; they are commercially cultivated for human consumption, particularly in Mexico and Israel, and have a been a staple food of natives of the Lake Chad region in Africa for centuries.


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520

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEAlgae/cyanobacteria, toxic

SCIENTIFIC NAMEAnabaena sp., Caulerpa sp., Chlorella sp., Chondria armata, Gambierdiscus toxicus, Hizikia sp., Lyngbya majusculis, Oscillatoria nigroviridis, Protogonyaulax (Gonyaulax) sp., Prototheca sp., Prymnesium parvum, Ptychodiscus (Gymnodinium brevis), Schizothrix calcicola, and others Anabaena azollae, Chlamydomonas mexicana, kelps, and others Platymonas spp. members of Phylum Chromophyta, Kingdom Protista members of Phylum Chlorophyta, Kingdom Protista Chaetopeltis spp., Eudorina spp., Pandorina spp., Pediastrum spp., Scenedesmus spp., Volvox spp., and others Oedogonium spp., Spirogyra spp., Ulothrix spp., Zygnema spp., and others Laminaria spp., Digenia spp., and many others Chlamydomonas reinhardtii members of Phylum Rhodophyta, Kingdom Protista Chlamydomonas nivale and others Chlorella spp., Zoochlorella spp. members of Phylum Chromophyta, Kingdom Protista Prunus amygdalus Aloe barbadensis, A. ferox, A. vera, and others Amaranthus spp. Amaryllis spp. Sadleria cyatheoides Castanea dentata Ulmus americana Amoeba proteus and others Cochlonema verrucosum and others

COMMON NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Algae/cyanobacteria used as fertilizers or soil conditioners Algae, atworm Algae, golden brown Algae, green Algae, green colonial

Algae, green lamentous

Algae, medicinal Algae, metal-removing Algae, red Algae, snowbank Algae, sponge Algae, yellow-green Almond Aloe juice, source of Amaranth Amaryllis Amaumau American chestnut American elm Amoeba Amoeba, fungal internal parasites of

Amoeba, fungal trappers of Dactylella spp. and others Anabaena Anabaena spp. (including nitrogen-xing spp. such as A. azollae) Anemone Anemone spp. Angelica Angelica archangelica Anise Pimpinella anisum Anise swallowtail buttery Papilio zelicaon Annatto Bixa orellana Ant Formica spp. and many others Anteater Myrmecophaga jubata Ants, bullhorn Acacia Pseudomyrmex ferruginea Aphid Anuraphis spp., Aphis spp., and others Aphid, root (pest of grape vines) Phylloxera spp. Malus domestica (= Malus Apple2 pumila)2 Apple brown rot, causal agent Monolinia fructigena Apple scab, causal agent Venturia inaequalis Apricot Prunus armeniaca Apricot brown rot Sclerotinia fructicola Arabidopsis (Mouse-ear cress) Arabidopsis thaliana Arborvitae (American/Northern) Thuja occidentalis Archaebacteria members of Phylum Archaebacteria, Kingdom Archaea Archaefructus, extinct plant believed to be the earliest owering plant Arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, Tacca leontopetaloides Arrowroot, Florida, source of Zamia oridana Artichoke, Chinese (Crosne) Stachys afnis Artichoke, globe Cynaria scolymus Artichoke, Jerusalem Helianthus tuberosus Arum Lily (Arum) Family Araceae Ascomycete member of Phylum Ascomycota, Kingdom Fungi Ash, blue Fraxinus quadrangulata Ash, Oregon Fraxinus latifolia Ash, white Fraxinus americana

2. There are more than 1,000 varieties of apples, mostly of hybrid origin. The principal ancestors of Malus pumila probably include M. sylvestris, M. dasyphylla, and M. praecox. Some authorities include Malus within the genus Pyrus and refer to most cultivated apples as Pyrus malus. Others distinguish between the two genera on the basis of leaf pubescence and stone cells within the fruit, referring those cultivars with leaf pubescence and sclereids to Malus and those without these features to Pyrus.


Appendices



Scientic Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text

521

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEAsparagus Aspen, quaking Aspergillosis, causal agent(s) of Aster Astringent, horsetail source of Athletes foot, fungal causal agent of Autograph tree (Fig. 8.18C) Avocado Azalea Baby blue eyes Baby powder, ground pine source of Bacteria, acetone-producing

SCIENTIFIC NAMEAsparagus ofcinalis Populus tremuloides Aspergillus fumigatus and other Aspergillus spp. Aster spp. Equisetum arvense, E. debile, and others Trichophyton spp. Clusia rosea Persea americana and others Rhododendron spp. Nemophila menziesii

COMMON NAMEBacteria, giant Bacteria, glutamic acid-producing Bacteria, gonorrhea Bacteria, grease- and oil-dissolving Bacteria, green sulfur

SCIENTIFIC NAMEEpulopiscium shelsonii Arthrobacter spp., Brevibacterium spp., Micrococcus spp. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chlorobium spp., Chloropseudomonas spp., Prosthecochloris spp., and others Pyrodictium spp. Heliobacter pylori Hydrogenomonas spp. Pseudomonas syringiae Gallionella spp., Sphaerotilus spp. Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus lactis Lactobacillus delbrueckii and others

Lycopodium clavatum Clostridium acetobutylicum and others Bacteria, acidophilus Lactobacillus acidophilus Bacteria, ammonifying Clostridium spp., Micrococcus spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and others Bacteria, anthrax Bacillus anthracis Bacteria, blue-greensee Cyanobacteria Bacteria, botulism Clostridium botulinum Bacteria, brucellosis Brucella abortus, B. suis, B. melitensis Bacteria, Bt Bacillus thuringiensis Bacteria, bubonic plague Yersinia pestis Bacteria, buttermilk Streptococcus lactis, S. cremoris, Leuconostoc citrovorum, and others Bacteria, butyl alcohol Clostridium acetobutylicum and others Bacteria, cholera Vibrio cholerae Bacteria, decay/decomposer Clostridium spp., Micrococcus spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and others Bacteria, denitrifying Micrococcus denitricans, Thiobacillus denitricans, and others Bacteria, dextran Leuconostoc mesenteroides Bacteria, diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bacteria, ensilage Lactobacillus delbrueckii, L. plantarum, and others Bacteria, ethanol-producing Bacillus stearothermophilus (mutant form) Bacteria, frost-damage preventing Pseudomonas syringiae Bacteria, gas gangrene Clostridium novyi, C. perfringens, C. septicum

Bacteria, hot water (Sulfolobus) Bacteria, human ulcer-causing Bacteria, hydrogen Bacteria, ice-minus Bacteria, iron Bacteria, ker Bacteria, lactic acid Bacteria, Legionnaires disease Bacteria, luminescent

Legionella pneumophilia Achromobacter spp., Flavobacterium spp., Photobacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp., and others Bacteria, meningitis Neisseria meningitidis and others Bacteria, methane Methanobacterium spp., Methanococcus spp., Methanosarcina spp., and others Bacteria, milky spore disease Bacillus popilliae Bacteria, mosquito-killing Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Bacteria, nitrate (nitrifying) Nitrobacter spp. Bacteria, nitrite (nitrosifying) Nitrosomonas spp. Bacteria, nitrogen-xing Azorhizobium spp., Azotobacter spp., Brachyrhizobium spp., Clostridium pasteurinum, Rhizobium spp., Sinorhizobium spp., and others. Bacteria, paratyphoid fever Salmonella paratyphi Bacteria, pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae and (some forms of pneumonia others are viral) Bacteria, PPLO (mycoplasmas) Mycoplasma pneumoniae Bacteria, pseudomonad Pseudomonas spp.


Appendices



522

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEBacteria, purple nonsulfur

SCIENTIFIC NAMERhodomicrobium spp., Rhodopseudomonas spp., Rhodospirillum spp. Amoebobacter spp., Lamprocystis spp., Rhodothece spp., and others Salmonella spp. Halococcus spp., Halobacterium spp. Leuconostoc spp. and others Acetobacter suboxydans Rickettsia rickettsii Streptococcus spp. Sulfolobus spp., Thermoplasma spp., Thermoproteus spp. Desulfovibrio spp., Thiobacillus spp., and others Treponema pallidum Clostridium tetani Francisella tularensis Salmonella typhi Rickettsia prowazeki and others Acetobacter spp. Bordetella pertussis Streptococcus thermophilus Taxodium distichum Ochroma lagopus Abies balsamea Bambusa spp., Phyllosytachys spp. Musa paradisiaca and others3 Musaceae Ficus spp. Adansonia digitata Adansonia gregorii Lonchocarpus nicou var. utilis, Derris elliptica, and others Berberis verruculosa and other Berberis spp. Berberis vulgaris

COMMON NAMEBark, green algae that inhabit Barley Barn swallow Barrel cactus Barrel cactus, Covilles Basil Basswood Basswood, American Bat Bat (Fig. 23.15) Bay, California (also known as Oregon myrtle) Bay laurel Bay, sweet Beach strawberry Bean, broad Bean, castor Bean Family

SCIENTIFIC NAMEProtococcus spp.4 Hordeum vulgare Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Ferocactus spp., Mammillaria spp., and others Ferrocactus covillei Ocimum basilicum Tilia spp. Tilia americana Eidolon spp., Epomophorus spp., and others Leptonycteris sanbornii

Bacteria, purple sulfur

Bacteria, salmonella (food-poisoning bacteria) Bacteria, salt Bacteria, sauerkraut Bacteria, sorbose Bacteria, spotted fever Bacteria, strep throat Bacteria, sulfolobus Bacteria, sulfur Bacteria, syphilis Bacteria, tetanus Bacteria, tularemia Bacteria, typhoid fever Bacteria, typhus fever Bacteria, vinegar Bacteria, whooping cough Bacteria, yogurt Bald cypress Balsa Balsam r Bamboo Banana Banana Family Banyan tree Baobab, African Baobab, Australian Barbasco Barberry Barberry, Common/European

Umbellularia californica Lauris nobilis Laurus nobilis Fragaria chinensis Vicia faba Ricinus communis Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae) Bean, garbanzo Cicer arietinum Bean, garden Phaseolus vulgaris Bean, green Phaseolus vulgaris Bean, jequirity Abrus precatorius Bean, kidney Phaseolus vulgaris Bean, lima Phaseolus lunatus Bean, mescalsee Mescal button Bean, Mexican jumping Sebastiana spp. and others Bean, mung Phaseolus aureus (= Vigna radiata) Bean, navy Phaseolus vulgaris Bean, pinto Phaseolus vulgaris Bean, scarlet runner Phaseolus coccineus Bean, tepary Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius Bean, winged Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Bear Ursus spp. and others Bear, polar Thalarctos maritimus Bearberry (Kinnikinick) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Beaver, mountain Aplodontia rufa

3. The domestic banana was developed from hybrids between Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana, and its genetic history is complex. N. W. Simmonds, a recognized authority on the genus Musa, believes that only cultivars and not species of domestic banana should be recognized; others prefer to retain Linnaeuss species name of Musa paradisiaca. 4. These algae are known under several names (Desmococcus, Phytoconis, Pleurococcus, Protococcus), and uncertainty exists as to which name has priority. The green algal component of certain lichens, Trebouxia, also occurs independently on bark.


Appendices




523

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEBedstraw Bee, honey Beech, American Beefsteak morel Beet, garden Beet, sugar Beetle

SCIENTIFIC NAMEGalium spp. Apis mellifera Fagus grandifolia Helvella sp. Beta vulgaris Beta vulgaris (horticulturally selected strains) member of Order Coleoptera, Class Insecta, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia member of Family Scarabaeidaesee Beetle Begonia spp. Atropa belladonna Cynodon dactylon Areca catechu Pedicularis canadensis Acer macrophyllum Sequoiadendron giganteum Betula papyrifera and others Crucibulum levis Rhizopus nigricans, R. arrhizus Bison bison Celastrus scandens Rubus argutus, R. laciniatus, R. procerus, R. ursinus, and others Euphagus spp. and others Rhizopus stolonifer and others Robinia pseudo-acacia Puccinia graminis Utricularia minor and other Utricularia spp. Liatris ligulistylis Lycopodium clavatum Dicentra spp. Dicentra eximia Dicentra formosa Sanguinaria canadensis, S. isabellinus

COMMON NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Beetle, scarab Begonia Belladonna, source of Bermuda grass Betel nut Betony, wood Bigleaf maple (Fig. 8.20) Big tree Birch Birds-nest fungus (Fig. 19.23) Birth control pills, fungi used in manufacture of Bison Bittersweet Blackberry

Blackbird Black bread mold Black locust Black stem rust of wheat Bladderwort Blazing star Bleeding, ground pine used to arrest Bleeding heart Bleeding heart, eastern Bleeding heart, Pacic Bloodroot

Blueberry Vaccinium spp. Blue curls Trichostema spp. Blue-green algaesee Cyanobacteria Blue-green bacteriasee Cyanobacteria Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata Bobcat Felis rufus Bolete Boletus spp. and others Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella Bowstring bers, source of Sansevieria metalaea Bowstring hemp, source of Sansevieria spp. Box elder Acer negundo Boysenberry Rubus hybrids, with R. ursinus as one parent Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum Brazil nut Bertholettia excelsa Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis Bridalwreath Spiraea vanhouttei hybrids and others Broccoli Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Bromeliad (Air plant) Member of the Bromeliad Family (Bromeliaceae)5 Broomrape Orobanche spp. Brown algae Member of Phylum Chromophyta, Kingdom Protista. Representative genera include Ascophyllum, Durvillea, Ecklonia, Ectocarpus, Hizikia, Laminaria, Undaria, and others Brussels sprouts Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera Bryophyte (see also member of Phyla individual listings) Anthocerophyta, Hepaticophyta, or Bryophyta, Kingdom Plantae Bryopsid member of Phylum Chlorophyta, Kingdom Protista Bt Bacillus thuringiensis Buckeye Aesculus spp. Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Buffalo Bison bison Bullhorn acacia Acacia cornigera Bunchberry Cornus canadensis Burn treatment, horsetail source of ashes for Equisetum hyemale and others

5. There are more than 2,000 species of bromeliads, which include pineapple (Ananus comosus), Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), and many popular house plants in genera such as Aechmea, Bilbergia, Cryptanthus (not to be confused with Cryptantha, which is in the Boraginaceae), Neoregelia, Nidularium, Quesnelia, and Vriesia.


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524

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEButchers broom Buttercup Buttercup, European bulbous Buttercup Family Buttery

SCIENTIFIC NAMERuscus aculeata Ranunculus spp. Ranunculus bulbosa Ranunculaceae member of Superfamily Papilionoidea, Order Lepidoptera, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia Pinguicula grandiora, P. vulgaris, and other Pinguicula spp. Eryngium spp. Brassica oleracea var. capitata Brassica chinensis Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae) Trichoplusia ni Pieris rapae Theobroma cacao Hamatocactus setispinus Mamillaria spp., Ferocactus spp., and others Opuntia spp. (cylindrical forms) Cactaceae Carnegia gigantea Echinocereus spp. and others Ariocarpus ssuratus and others Lemaireocereus spp. Opuntia spp. Melaleuca cajuputi Lagenaria siceraria Cucurbita foetidissima Umbellularia californica Eschscholzia californica6 Camelus spp. Camelina sativa Camellia spp.7 Cinnamomum camphora Euphorbia antisyphilitica

COMMON NAMECandlenut Cankerworm Canna

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Butterwort Button snakeroot Cabbage (green or red) Cabbage, Chinese Cabbage Family Cabbage looper Cabbage worm Cacao Cactus (Fig. 24.14A) Cactus, barrel Cactus, cholla Cactus family Cactus, giant saguaro Cactus, hedgehog Cactus, living rock Cactus, organ-pipe Cactus, prickly pear Cajuput, source of Calabash Calabazilla California bay (also known as Oregon myrtle) California poppy Camel Camelina Camellia7 Camphor, source of Candelilla

Aleurites moluccana Alsophila pometaria and others Canna edulis and other Canna spp. and hybrids Cantaloupe Cucumis melo Caraway Carum carvi Cardamon/Cardamom Elettaria cardamomum Caribou Rangifer tarandus Carnation Dianthus caryophyllus Carnaubalike wax, source of Stipa tenacissima Carnauba wax, source of Copernicia cerifera Carob Ceratonia siliqua Carpetweed Family Molluginaceae Carrot Daucus carota Carrot Family Apiaceae (formerly Umbelliferae) Cashew Anacardium occidentale Cassava Manihot esculenta Cassia8 Cinnamomum cassia8 Catalpa Catalpa spp. Caterpillar larval stage of member of Order Lepidoptera, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia Catnip Nepeta cataria Cattail Typha spp. Cattlesee Cow Cauliower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (= B. oleracea var. cauliora)9 Caussu wax, source of Calathea lutea Cedar, Atlantic white Chamaecyparis thyoides Cedar, eastern red Juniperus virginiana Cedar, northern white Thuja occidentalis Cedar, incense Calocedrus decurrens Cedar, southern white Chamaecyparis thyoides Cedar, western red Thuja plicata Celery, Celeriac Apium graveolens Cell-from-hell (dinoagellate) Pestera piscicida Cellular slime mold member of Phylum Acrasiomycota, Kingdom Protista

6. Although the generic name was given in honor of Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, an early 19th century German naturalist and surgeon, the name was rst published as Eschscholzia, making the spelling Eschscholtzia an orthographic variant. 7. More than 80 species of Camellia and 2,000 horticultural varieties are recognized, with most of the ornamental varieties having been derived from C. japonica and C. sasanqua. The late George Petersen of Chico, California, produced 700 of the horticultural varieties. Other important members of the genus include C. sinensis (tea), and C. oleifera, whose seeds yield tea tree oil. 8. This should not be confused with the genus Cassia, the source of senna in the Legume Family, or cassie, a perfume oil whose source is Acacia farnesiana, another member of the Legume Family. 9. Broccoli and cauliower are two different forms of the same variety.


Appendices




525

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMECitrus Citrus Family Cladophora Clematis Clover Clover, bur Cloves Club fungus Club moss Club moss (Fig. 21.3A) Club moss (Fig. 21.3B) Coastal redwood Cobra plant Coca/Cocaine, source of

SCIENTIFIC NAMECitrus spp. Rutaceae Cladophora spp. Clematis spp. Trifolium spp. Medicago polymorpha Syzygium aromaticum (formerly Eugenia caryophyllus) member of Phylum Basidiomycota, Kingdom Fungi member of Phylum Lycophyta, Kingdom Plantae Lycopodium cernuum Lycopodium obscurum Sequoia sempervirens Darlingtonia californica Erythroxylum (often misspelled Erythroxylon) coca. E. novogravatense is a lesser source. Dactylopius coccus Xanthium strumarium Blatta orientalis, Blatella germanica, and others Haplophyton cimicidum Celosia spp. Coffea arabica Coffea liberica Coffea canephora Rubiaceae Coleus blumei, C. x hybrida, and others Aquilegia spp. Aquilegia formosa Lactuca serriola; (Silphium laciniatum is also known as Compass plant) Rudbeckia sp. Strobilanthes spp. Agathis alba, Copaifera demeussei, Hymenea coubaril, Trachylobium verrucosum, and others Ancistrodon contortrix Erythrina crista-galli Agave sisalina, A. heterocantha, A. lophantha, Phormium tenax, and others

Century plant Agave americana and others Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum Chara Chara spp. Chard Beta vulgaris var. cicla Cheese bacteriasee Bacteria, buttermilk Cheese fungi Penicillium camembertii (for Camembert cheese), P. roquefortii (for blue, Gorgonzola, Roquefort, and Stilton cheeses) Cherry, sour Prunus cerasus Cherry, sweet Prunus avium Chestnut, American Castanea dentata Chia Salvia columbariae Chickadee, mountain Parus gambeli Chickpea Cicer arietinum Chickweed (Himalayan) Stellaria decumbens Chicle, source of Manilkara zapota Chicory Cichorium intybus Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes and others China grass Boehmeria nivea Chinese vegetable tallow Sapium sebiferum Chipmunk Eutamias spp., Tamias spp., and others Chlamydomonas Chlamydomonas spp. Chloroxybacteria member of Chloroxybacteriae, Phylum Eubacteria, Kingdom Bacteria Chocolate, source of Theobroma cacao Chokecherry Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa Cholla (cactus) Opuntia spp. (cylindrical forms) Christmas ower Euphorbia pulcherrima Chrysanthemum About 160 spp.; many garden cultivars are hybrids of Chrysanthemum frutescens and C. morifolium Chuckwalla Sauromalus obesus Chufa Cyperus esculentus Chytrid Allomyces arbusculus and many other members of Phylum Chytridiomycota, Kingdom Fungi Cilantro Coriandrum sp. Cinnamon, cassia Cinnamomum cassia, C. burmannii, C. loureii Cinnamon, true Cinnamomum zeylanicum Citric acid, fungal producers of Aspergillus niger and others Citronella oil, source of Cymbopogon nardus

Cochineal insect Cocklebur Cockroach Cockroach plant Cockscomb Coffee, Arabian Coffee, Liberian Coffee, robusta Coffee Family (= Madder Family) Coleus Columbine Columbine (Fig. 24.3A) Compass plant (Fig. 7.13)

Coneower Coneower, Asian Copal, sources of

Copperhead Coral tree Cordage bers, source of


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Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMECoriander Corn (Maize) Corn borer, European Cotton

SCIENTIFIC NAMECoriandrum sativum Zea mays Pyrausta nubialis Gossypium arboreum, G. barbadense, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, G. raimondii Populus deltoides, P. fremontii, and others Bos sp. Heracleum lanatum Caltha palustris Crataegus spp., Malus cortonaria (= Malus sylvestris?) Digitaria sanguinalis Vaccinium macrocarpon Lepidium sativum, Barbarea verna, and others Arabis spp. Colchicum autumnale and other Crocus spp. Euphorbia milii var. splendens and others Sadleria cyatheoides member of Class Crustacea, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia member of Phylum Cryptophyta, Kingdom Protista Cucumis sativus Ecballium elaterium member of Kingdom Bacteria; common genera include Anabaena, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Schizothrix, and Spirulina Spirulina sp. Trichodesmium erythraeum Bacillosiphon induratus, Synechococcus spp., and others Cycas sp. Dioon edule Encephalartos altensteinii

COMMON NAMECypress, bald Daffodil Dahlia Daisy Daisy eabane Dandelion

SCIENTIFIC NAMETaxodium distichum Narcissus spp. (see note under Narcissus) Dahlia spp. Dimorphotheca spp., Layia spp., and others Erigeron spp. Taraxacum ofcinale (Scandinavia only), elsewhere, Taraxacum sp. aff. Adiantum capillus-veneris, Polystichum munitum Phoenix dactylifera Laurencia spp. and others Amanita phalloides Odocoileus spp. and others Odocoileus hemionus Dendrobium spp. and hybrids Closterium spp., Cosmarium spp., and others Amanita virosa Rubus hybrids with R. ursinus as one parent Biddulphia spp., Cymbella spp., Navicula spp., Cymatopleura solea (Fig. 18.14); Thalassiosira elsayedii, Delphineis karstenii, Pseudonitzchia australis, and many others member of Class Magnoliopsida, Phylum Magnoliophyta, Kingdom Plantae Digitalis purpurea, D. lanata Anethum graveolens member of Phylum Dinophyta, Kingdom Protista. Representative genera include Gambierdiscus, Gonyaulax, and Gymnodinium Gonyaulax polyedra Dischidia rafesiana Caesalpinia coriaria Cuscuta spp. Apocynum spp. Cornus spp. Pseudotsuga menziesii member of Family Columbidae, Class Aves, Phylum Vertebrata, Kingdom Animalia

Cottonwood Cow Cow parsnip Cowslip Crabapple

Crab grass Cranberry, American Cress, garden Cress, rock Crocus, autumn/fall Crown of thorns Crozier, tropical tree fern (Chapter 11 opener) Crustacean

Dandruff, fern(s) used in treatment of Date DDT-like compound, algal producers of Death angel (Death cap) Deer Deer, mule Dendrobium (orchid) Desmids Destroying angel Dewberry Diatom

Cryptomonad Cucumber Cucumber, squirting Cyanobacteria

Dicot

Digitalis, source of Dill Dinoagellate

Cyanobacteria, Lake Chad edible Cyanobacteria, Red Sea Cyanobacteria, thermal Cycad (Chapter 22 opener) Cycad (Fig. 22.12A) Cycad (Fig. 22.12B) Cycadeoid (extinct gymnosperm with palmlike leaves) Cyclamen Cypress

Cycadeoidea and other genera Cyclamen spp. Cupressus spp.

Dinoagellate, midnight-bioluminescent Dischidia Divi-divi Dodder Dogbane Dogwood Douglas r Dove


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527

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEDove, mourning Downy mildew of grape Dragons blood Drimys Duckweed

SCIENTIFIC NAMEZenaidura macroura Plasmopora viticola Dracaena spp., Daemonorops spp. Drimys winteri and other Drimys spp. Lemna spp., Wolfa spp., and others Rhodymenia spp.

COMMON NAMEFennel Fenugreek Fern(s), adders tongue Fern(s), amphibious Fern(s), aquatic (oating) Fern(s), source of astringent

SCIENTIFIC NAMEFoeniculum vulgare Trigonella foenum-graecum Ophioglossum spp. Marsilea spp. and others Azolla spp., Salvinia spp. Actiniopteris radiata, Drynaria quercifolia, Pteridium aquilinum, and others Pellaea mucronata Asplenium nidus Nephrolepis exaltata Pteridium aquilinum Cyathea sp. Polystichum munitum Woodwardia mbriata Osmunda cinnamomea Lygodium salicifolium Adiantum aethiopicum, A. lunulatum, Polypodium glycyrrhiza Adiantum capillus-veneris, Polystichum munitum Adiantum caudatum Botrychium lunaria, B. ternatum, Pteridium aquilinum, and others Adiantum venustum, Lygodium japonicum Sadleria cyatheoides (trunk), Sphenomeris chusana (fronds) Botrychium lunaria, B. ternatum, Pteridium aquilinum, and others Lygodium exuosum Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Marsilea quadrifolia Adiantum pedatum Athyrium lix-femina, Dryopteris austriaca, D. lix-mas, Polystichum munitum, and others Psaronius spp., Thamnopteris spp., and others Pentagramma triangularis Polystichum lonchitis Cyathea arborea, Lophosoria quadripinnata, Nephelea mexicana

Dulse Dung mosses (on dung of carnivores) Tayloria spp. Dung mosses (on dung of herbivores) Splachnum spp. Dutch elm disease, causal agent of Ophiostoma ulmi/O. nova-ulmi Dutchmans breeches Dicentra cucullaria Dyers woad Isatis tinctoria Dyes, sources ofsee listing in Appendix 3 Eagle, golden Aguila chrysautos Earth star Geaster spp. and others Earthworm Lumbricus spp. and others Ebony Diospyros ebenum Eelworm (nematode) member of Class Nematoda, Phylum Aschelminthes, Kingdom Animalia Eelworm (nematode) Dactylaria spp., Arthrobotrys fungi, those that trap actyloides with constricting rings Eelworm (nematode) fungi, those that trap with passive rings Dactylella spp. Eggplant Solanum melongena Elephant Elephas spp., Loxodonta spp. Elephant ears Colocasia spp. Elk Cervus canadensis Elm, American Ulmus americana Elm bark beetle Hylurgopinus rupes, Scolytus multistriatus Endive Cichorium endivia ssp. divaricatum Endive, Belgian Cichorium intybus Ergot Claviceps purpurea Ermine Mustela erminea Eucalyptus, source of bark/wood for tannins Eucalyptus wandoo Eucalyptus, Tasmanian giant Eucalyptus regnans Eucalyptus oil, source of Eucalyptus spp.; there are more than 250 spp. of Eucalyptus Euglenoid member of Phylum Euglenophyta, Kingdom Protista

Fern, birds foot Fern, birds nest Fern, Boston Fern, bracken Fern, Brazilian tree (Fig. 21.25) Fern used in treating burns Fern, chain Fern, cinnamon Fern, climbing (Asian) Fern(s) used in treating coughs Fern(s) used in treating dandruff Fern used in treating diabetes Fern(s) used in treating diarrhea Fern(s) used as diuretic Fern(s) source of dyes Fern(s) used in treating dysentery Fern used in treating eczema Fern used in treating eye diseases Fern used to reduce fevers Fern, ve-nger Fern(s) used as food

Fern(s), fossil Fern, goldback Fern, holly Fern(s) used by hummingbirds


Appendices



528

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEFern used for treating insect stings and bites Fern used for easing labor pains Fern, lady Fern(s) used as laxative

SCIENTIFIC NAMEAdiantum capillus-veneris

COMMON NAMEFir, Douglas Fir, white Fireweed Fish

SCIENTIFIC NAMEPseudotsuga menziesii Abies concolor Epilobium angustifolium member of Class Pisces, Phylum Vertebrata, Kingdom Animalia Anomalops katoptron, Photoblepharon palpebratus Saprolegnia spp. and others Adiantum pedatum Lycopodium spp. Convoluta roscoffensis Linum spp. Phormium tenax member of Order Siphonaptera, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia Colaptes spp. Zamia integrifolia Equisetum laevigatum Dischidia rafesiana member of Order Diptera, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia Amanita muscaria Empidonax spp., Myiarchus spp., and others Gossinia morsitans, G. palpalis Aleurocanthus woglumi and others Physcia sp. Annularia radiata Lepidodendron Nyctaginaceae Alopex lagopus Urocyon cinereoargentus Vulpes fulva Digitalis purpurea Plumeria rubra and other Plumeria spp. Rana spp., and others Drosophila melanogaster (there are many other species of fruit y) Epilobium canum

Athyrium lix-femina Athyrium lix-femina Asplenium trichomanes, Polypodium vulgare Fern used in treating leprosy Marsilea quadrifolia Fern, licorice Polypodium glycyrrhiza Fern(s) poisonous Onoclea sensibilis, Pteridium to livestock aquilinum Fern, edible Malaysian Athyrium esculentum (relative of Lady fern) Fern, male Dryopteris lix-mas Fern, mosquito Azolla caroliniana Fern, nest Asplenium nidus Fern used to arrest nosebleeds Pellaea mucronata Fern(s) used for orchid bark Cibotium spp., Osmunda spp. Fern, Oriental water Ceratopteris thalictroides Fern used as poison antidote Polystichum squarrosum Fern(s) used in Asplenium ruta-muraria, treating rickets Osmunda regalis Fern(s) used for stufng mattresses, pillows, upholstery Cibotium spp., Sadleria spp. Fern, sword Polystichum munitum Fern used in treating toothache Pentagramma triangularis Fern(s), Hawaiian tree Cibotium spp., Sadleria spp. Fern, tree Cyathea spp., Ctenitis spp., Dicksonia spp., Marattia spp., Sphaeropteris spp., and others Fern, tropical (Fig. 21.18) Dicranopteris linearis Fern, tropical tree (Fig. 21.25) Cibotium sp. Fern used for expelling worms Dryopteris lix-mas Fern(s) used for treating Lygodium circinatum, wounds Ophioglossum vulgatum Fevers, fern used to reduce Marsilea quadrifolia Fevers, ground pine used to reduce Lycopodium clavatum Fig, common Ficus carica Fig, tropical Ficus spp. Fig, tropical (Fig. 5.14) Ficus macrophyllus Figwort Family Scrophulariaceae Filaree Erodium spp. Fir, balsam Abies balsamea

Fish, ashlight Fish molds Five-nger fern Flashlight powder, ground pine source of Flatworm Flax Flax, New Zealand Flea

Flicker Florida arrowroot Flour, Hopi Indian horsetail source of Flowerpot leaf plant Fly

Fly agaric Flycatcher Fly, tsetse Fly, white Foliose lichen (Fig. 19.34) Fossil, compression (Fig. 21.26) Fossil, ground pine (Lycopodium) (Fig. 21.9) Four-oclock Family Fox, arctic Fox, gray Fox, red Foxglove Frangipanni Frog Fruit y, common

Fuchsia, California


Appendices




529

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEFumitory, Himalayan Fungi that produce antibiotics Fungi that cause aspergilloses Fungi that cause athletes foot Fungi used by beetles for food Fungi, birds-nest Fungi used in manufacturing birth control pills Fungi, cap-thrower Fungi, cheese

SCIENTIFIC NAMECorydalis gerdae Penicillium spp., Cephalosporium spp., and others Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Coccidiodes immitis, and others Trichophyton spp. Ambrosiella spp., Monilia spp. Nidularia spp., Crucibulum levis

COMMON NAMEFungus, bracket (Fig. 19.21) Fungus, bracket/shelf Fungus, downy mildew of grape Fungus, foolish seedling (of rice) Fungus used in Beadle & Tatum genetic experiments Fungus, jelly Fungus, kidney bean leaf (production of fungal inhibitors stimulator) Fungus, miso Fungus, causal agent of Panama disease (of bananas) Fungus used in producing plastics Fungus, sac (Fig. 19.7) Fungus, tempeh Fungus used in r manufacturing toothpaste Fungus, white piedra Fungus used in manufacturing yellow food-coloring agent Funori, source of Fur, green algae that inhabit animal Gentian, source of Geranium Geranium Family Gila monster Ginger Ginseng, source of Giraffe Gladiolia/Gladiolus Gloeocapsa Goat Goldback fern Golden brown algae

SCIENTIFIC NAMEFomes sp. Grifola sulphurea Plasmopora viticola Gibberella fujikuroi

Neurosopora crassa Auricularia spp., Exidia spp., Tremella spp., and others

Fungi, avor-producing Fungi, hallucinogenic

Fungi, horse dung Fungi, industrial alcohol-producing Fungi, insect-parasitizing

Rhizopus nigricans, R. arrhizus Pilobolus spp. Penicillium camembertii (for Camembert cheese), P. roquefortii (for blue, Gorgonzola, Roquefort, and Stilton cheeses) Aspergillus spp. Amanita muscaria, Conocybe spp., Panaeolus spp., Psilocybe spp., and others Pilobolus spp.

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Aspergillus oryzae Fusarium oxysporum Aspergillus terreus Caloscypha fulgens Rhizopus oligosporus Aspergillus nige Trichosporon beigeli

Aspergillus spp. members of Order Laboulbeniales, Phylum Ascomycota, Kingdom Fungi, and others Fungi, meat-tenderizing Thamnidium spp. Fungi, ringworm Epidermophyton spp., Microsporium spp., Trichophyton spp. Fungi, shelfsee Fungi, bracket Fungi, shoyu Aspergillus oryzae, A. soyae Fungi used in silvering of mirrors Aspergillus spp. Fungi used in manufacturing soap Penicillium spp. Fungi, soil Fusarium spp., and others Fungi, soy sauce Aspergillus oryzae, A. soyae Fungi, sufu Actinomucor elegans, Mucor spp. Fungi, teonanacatl (sacred) Conocybe spp., Panaeolus spp., Psilocybe spp., and others Fungus, bolete (Fig. 19.20) Serillus pungens Fungus, bracket (Fig. 19.13C) Phacolus sp.

Blakeslea trispora Gloiopeltis spp. Trentepohlia spp. Gentiana spp. Geranium spp., Pelargonium spp. Geraniaceae Heloderma suspectum Zingiber ofcinale and others Panax quinquefolium and others Giraffa camelopardalis Gladiolus spp. Gloeocapsa spp. Capra spp. Pentagramma triangularis members of Phylum Chromophyta, Kingdom Protista Laburnum anagyroides Solidago spp. Hydrastis canadensis

Golden chain tree Goldenrod Goldenseal


Appendices



530

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEGoldenweed Goose Gooseberry Goosefoot Family Gopher plant Gopher, pocket Gourd Grape Grapefruit Grape, wine/table Grass (including lawn grasses) Grass, Bermuda Grass, crested wheat Grass Family Grass, Indian Grass, pampas (Fig. 7.5) Grass tree (Australian) Gray pine12 Green algae

SCIENTIFIC NAMEHaplopappus gracilis10 Branta spp. and others Ribes spp. Chenopodiaceae Euphorbia lathyrus (E. lathyris = E. lathyrus) Geomys bursarius, Thomomys spp., and others Lagenaria siceraria and others Vitis spp. Citrus paradisi Vitis vinifera Bromus spp. and others11 Cynodon dactylon Agropyron cristatum Poaceae (formerly Gramineae) Sorghastrum nutans Cortaderia selloana Xanthorrhea spp. Pinus sabiniana member of Phylum Chlorophyta, Kingdom Protista; representative genera include Caulerpa, Chlorella, Codium, Dunaliella, Enteromorpha, Hydrodictyon, Microcystis, Pandorina, Pithophora, Scenedesmus, Spirogyra, Tetraselmis; there are more than 200 genera and about 7,500 species Smilax spp. Lycopodium spp. Baragwanathia spp., Drephanophycus spp., Protolepidodendron spp., and others Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodium selago Lycopodium clavatum, L. complanatum, L. obscurum, and other Lycopodium spp.

COMMON NAMEGround pine used to reduce fevers Guava Gum arabic, source of Gum tragacanth, source of

SCIENTIFIC NAMELycopodium clavatum Psidium guajava Acacia senegal Astragalus echidenaeformis, A. gossypinus, A. gummifer, and others Lebistes reticulatus Polytrichum commune member of Phylum Prymnesiophyta, Kingdom Protista Buteo spp., Falco spp., and others Corylus spp. Corylus avellana Erica spp. and others Ericaceae Tsuga canadensis Tsuga mertensiana Conium maculatum Cicuta spp. Tsuga heterophylla Cannabis sativa Musa textilis Furcraea gigantea Lamium amplexicaule Lawsonia inermis Hepatica spp. Hepatica americana Carya spp. Sus scrofa, and others Lomatium spp. llex opaca Apis mellifera Ostrya virginiana Humulus lupulus Marrubium vulgare Anthoceros spp. Equus caballus Aesculus hippocastanum Equisetum spp. Equisetum hyemale

Guppy Hairy cap moss (p. 392) Haptophyte

Greenbrier Ground pine Ground pine, fossil relatives of Ground pine used for baby powder Ground pine used to arrest bleeding Ground pine used as intoxicant Ground pine used for ornaments

Hawk Hazelnut Hazelnut, European Heath Heath Family Hemlock, eastern Hemlock, mountain Hemlock, poison Hemlock, water Hemlock, western Hemp Hemp, Manila Hemp, Mauritius Henbit Henna Hepatica Hepatica (Fig. 24.3C) Hickory Hog Hog fennel Holly, American Honey bee Hop hornbeam Hops Horehound Hornwort Horse Horse chestnut Horsetail Horsetail (Fig. 21.10A)

10. This species has a diploid number of 2n = 4; i.e., each body cell has four chromosomes. 11. The Grass Family (Poaceae) comprises about 4,500 species of grasses. Some plants with grass in their name are in other families and are not true grasses, e.g., Grass of parnassus (Parnassia californica); Grass pink (Petrorhagia dubia). 12. Gray pines were formerly known as Digger pines. The common name was changed in deference to Native Americans who consider digger a derogatory term.


Appendices




531

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMEIris Iris, buttery Iris Family Ironwood, South American Isopyrum Ivy, Algerian Ivy, Boston Ivy, English Ivy, poison

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Horsetail (Fig. 21.10B) Equisetum telmateia Horsetail used as abrasive Equisetum (all spp.) Horsetail used as astringent Equisetum arvense, E. debile, and other Equisetum spp. Horsetail used for treating burns Equisetum hyemale and others Horsetail used for treating diarrhea Equisetum hyemale Horsetail used as diuretic Equisetum arvense, E. debile, and others Horsetail used for treating dysentery Equisetum hyemale Horsetail, eld Equisetum arvense Horsetail, fossil Equisetites spp., Hyenia spp., Sphenophyllum spp., and others Horsetail, giant Equisetum telmateia Horsetail, Hopi Indian our source Equisetum laevigatum Horsetail, treelike fossil Calamites spp. Horsetail used as hair wash Equisetum hyemale Horsetail used as water source Equisetum telmateia Hot springs, blue-green Bacillosiphon induratus, bacteria (cyanobacteria) of Synechococcus spp., and others Human hair slime mold Stemonitis spp. Hummingbird Archilocus spp. and others Hummingbird, Oasis (Fig. 23.15) Rhodopis vesper Hummingbirds, ferns used Cyathea arborea, Lophosoria by (for nest material) quadripinnata, Nephelea mexicana Hummingbirds, tropical Chlorostilbon maugaeus and others Hyacinth Hyacinthus orientalis and other Hyacinthus spp. Hyacinth, grape Muscari spp. Hyacinth, water Eichhornia crassipes Hyssop Hyssopus ofcinalis Ice plant Carpobrotus spp. (esp. C. edulis), Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, and others India, toxic blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) of Lyngbya majuscula Indian pipe Monotropa uniora Indian warrior Pedicularis densiora Indigo Indigofera tinctoria Insectssee individual entries Insects, fern used for treating stings and bites of Adiantum capillus-veneris Ipecac, source of Cephaelis ipecacuanha

Iris spp. Moraea spp. Iridaceae Krugiodendron ferreum Isopyrum occidentale Hedera canariensis Parthenocissus tricuspidata Hedera helix Toxicodendron radicans (formerly Rhus toxicodendron) Jacaranda Jacaranda spp. Jaeger Stercorarius spp. Japanese yew (Fig. 22.9) Taxus cuspidata Jicama Pachyrhizus erosus Jimson weed (Fig. 8.6) Datura stramonium Jojoba Simmondsia californica, S. chinensis Joshua tree Yucca brevifolia Jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius, Napaeozapus insignis Junco Junco spp. Junco, slate-colored Junco hyemalis Juneberry Amelanchier spp. Juniper Juniperus spp. Juniper, dwarf Juniperus communis and others Jute Corchorus capsularis and others Kauri pine/resin Agathis australis, A. robusta Kelp Alaria spp., Dictyoneurum spp., Ectocarpus spp., Egregia spp., Laminaria spp., Lessoniopsis spp., Nereocystis spp., and others Kelp, giant Macrocystis pyrifera Knotweed Polygonum aviculare, P. arenastrum Kohlrabi Brassica oleracea var. caulorapa (= B. oleracea var. gongyloides) Koonwarra angiosperm (extinct angiosperm whose fossil was discovered in Australia) (appears to be similar to members of the pepper familyPiperaceae) Kudzu Pueraria thunbergiana (= P. lobata) Kumquat Fortunella japonica Lambs ears Stachys byzantina Larch, eastern Larix laricina Larch, European Larix decidua Larch, western Larix occidentalis Larkspur, blue Delphinium spp.


Appendices



532

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMELarkspur, red Late blight of potato Laurel Laurel Family Lavender

SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAMELicorice, source of Lignum vitae Lilac, common Lily Lily Lily, kafr Lily, tiger Lily, wood Lily Family Lime Litchi Litmus indicator dye, source of Live oak Liverwort

SCIENTIFIC NAMEGlycyrrhiza glabra Guaiacum ofcinale Syringa vulgaris Lilium spp. and others Lilium regale, L. auratum, L. martagon Clivia sp. Lilium pardalinum Lilium superbum Liliaceae Citrus aurantifolia Litchi sinensis Rocella spp. Quercus chrysolepis, Q. virginiana, Q. wislizenii, and others member of Phylum Hepaticophyta, Kingdom Plantae Porella sp. Calopogeia sp., Bazzania trilobata, Frullania spp., Jungermannia spp., Porella spp., and others14 Conocephalum spp., Lunularia spp., Marchantia spp., and others Sceloporus spp. and others

Delphinium nudicaule Phytophthora infestans Laurus nobilis Lauraceae Lavandula ofcinalis, L. angustifolia Leaf hopper member of Order Homoptera, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia Leaf miner Agromyza spp. and others Leaf roller Archips argyrospila and others Leafy liverwortsee Liverwort, leafy Legume Family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae) Lemming Lemmus spp., Dicrostonyx groenlandicus Lemon Citrus limon Lemongrass oil, source of Cymbopogon citratus, C. exuosus Lentil Lens esculenta (= Lens culinaris) Lettuce Lactuca sativa Lichen (symbiotic association of an alga member of Phylum and a fungus) Ascomycota, Kingdom Fungi13 Lichen, foliose (Fig. 19.34) Physcia sp. Lichen, foliose (Fig. 19.35B) Parmelia sp. Lichen, fruticose (Fig. 19.39C) Usnea sp. Lichen, grazed by North African sheep Lecanora spp. Lichen, litmus Rocella spp. Lichen, natural dye Parmelia spp., Usnea spp., and others Lichen, perfume stabilizer Evernia spp. Lichen, reindeer Cladonia spp., Cetraria (reindeer moss) islandica Lichens, crustose (Fig. 19.35A) black Rinodina sp. chartreuse Acarospora citrina gray Psora sp. orange-red Caloplaca elegans yellow Candelariella vitellina Lichens used as miniature trees and shrubs Cladonia spp. and others

Liverwort, leafy (Fig. 20.8) Liverworts, leafy

Liverworts, thalloid

Lizard Lobeline sulfate, source of (used in formulas to assist in stopping smoking) Lobelia inata Locoweed Astragalus mollisimus and other Astragalus spp. Locust, black Robinia pseudo-acacia Loganberry Rubus hybrids, with R. ursinus as one parent; Rubus vitifolius Logwood Haematoxylon campechianum Loon Gavia spp. Louse Orders Mallophaga and Anaplura, Class Insecta, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia Love-lies-bleeding Amaranthus caudatus Lucernesee Alfalfa Luffa Luffa cylindrica, L. acutangula Lupine Lupinus spp.

13. The lichens are arbitrarily treated under Phylum Ascomycota within Kingdom Fungi because (1) the vast majority of fungal components of each species are ascomycetes, and (2) the fungal component of each species of lichen is unique to the species, while the algal component is often common to more than one species of lichen. 14. There are thousands of species of leafy liverworts assigned to about 200 genera.


Appendices




533

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMELupine, tree with seed valves Madder Family Magnolia Magnolia Family Mallow Mallow Family Mango Mangrove Mangrove, black Manila hemp Maniocsee Cassava Manroot Maple Maple, bigleaf (Fig. 8.20) Maple, hard Maple, red Maple, silver Maple, sugar Marigold Marijuana Marjoram

SCIENTIFIC NAMELupinus arboreus Rubiaceae Magnolia spp. Magnoliaceae Malva spp. Malvaceae Mangifera indica Rhizophora mangle, R. candelaria, and others Avicennia germinans, A. nitida (Fig. 5.10) Musa textilis Marah spp. Acer spp. Acer macrophyllum Acer saccharum Acer rubrum Acer saccharinum Acer saccharum Tagetes erecta and other Tagetes spp. Cannabis sativa Majorana hortensis (= Origanum majorana), pot marjorum = Origanum onites Ilex paraguariensis Limnanthes spp. Pseudococcus spp. Cucumis melo Cucumis melo (variety) Melothria pendula Acetabularia spp. Sophora secundiora Prosopis glandulosa Asclepias syriaca and other Asclepias spp. Asclepias incarnata

COMMON NAMEMistletoe Mistletoe, dwarf Mite

SCIENTIFIC NAMEPhoradendron spp. Arceuthobium spp. member of Order Acarina, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia Philadelphus x virginalis and other Philadelphus spp. and hybrids member of Phylum Mollusca, Kingdom Animalia Ateles dariensis and many others Mimulus spp. Aconitum columbianum member of Class Liliopsida, Phylum Magnoliophyta, Kingdom Plantae Alces americana, A. alces Morchella esculenta and other Morchella spp. Helvella sp. Ipomoea violacea and others Anopheles spp., Culex spp., and others member of Phylum Bryophyta, Kingdom Plantae Acaulon spp., Ephemerum spp., and others Tetraplodon spp. Bryum spp., Mnium spp. Mielichhoferia spp., Scopelophila spp. Tayloria sp. Andreaea sp., Rhacomitrium lanuginosum Didymodon spp., Desmatotodon spp., and others Tortura ruralis Dicranoweisia sp. Encalypta spp. Polytrichum spp. Splachnum spp.

Mock orange

Mollusc Monkey Monkey ower Monkshood Monocot

Moose Morel Morel, false Morning glory Mosquito Moss Moss, annual (bare soil) Moss, antler and bone Moss used by Indians to treat burns Moss, copper-rich substrate-inhabiting Moss, carnivore dung-inhabiting Moss, calcium absence indicator Moss, calcium presence indicator Moss, exceptionally desiccation-resistant Moss, European roof-waterproong Moss, extinguisher Moss, hair(y) cap Moss , herbivore dung-inhabiting

Mat Meadow foam Mealy bugs Melon Melon, honeydew Melonette Mermaids wineglass Mescal bean Mesquite Milkweed Milkweed, swamp Millet15 Millipede

member of Class Diplopoda, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia Mintsee Peppermint, Spearmint, etc. Mint Family Lamiaceae (formerly Labiatae)

15. Several species of grain are called millet, but the most extensively cultivated taxa are Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet) and Eleusine coracana (nger millet). Other millets, some of which are used as pasturage, include Panicum milliaceum (broomcorn millet); P. maximum; P. obtusum; P. purpurascens; P. ramosum; P. texanum; P. virgatum; Echinochloa colona; E. crus-galli; Paspalum sp.; Eragrostis sp.; Setaria italica; and others.


Appendices



534

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMEMushroom, common cultivated edible Mushroom, inky cap Mushroom, oyster Mushroom, pore (Fig. 19.20) Mushroom, portabella Mushroom, shaggy mane Mushroom, shiitake Muskrat Mustard Mustard, cultivated Mustard Family Myrrh, source of Myrtle17 Narcissus Nasturtium (garden) Nectarine Neem tree Nematode

SCIENTIFIC NAMEAgaricus bisporus Coprinus spp. Pleurotus ostreatus Serillus pungens Agaricus bisporus (variety) Coprinus comatus Lentinus edodes Ondatra zibesthicus Brassica campestris, B. nigra, and others Brassica alba, B. juncea, and others Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae) Commiphora abyssinica Umbellularia californica17 Narcissus spp. and hybrids18 Tropaeolum majus Prunus persica Azadirachta indica member of Class Nematoda, Phylum Aschelminthes, Kingdom Animalia Urtica spp. Duboisia hopwoodii, Nicotiana tabacum Atropa belladonna Solanaceae Nostoc spp. Myristica fragrans Torreya californica Myristicaceae Quercus spp. Quercus velutina Quercus douglasii Quercus suber Quercus lobata Quercus wislizenii (other live oaks include Quercus chrysolepis and Q. virginiana)

Moss, luminous Schisostega pennata, Mittenia sp. Moss, mammal dung-inhabiting Splachnum luteum Moss, peat Sphagnum spp. Moss, pollution-sensitive Hypnum spp. and others Moss, pygmysee Moss, annual Moss, rock Andreaea spp., Grimmia spp., and others Moss rose Portulaca grandiora Moss, saline (salty) soil indicator Pottia spp. Moss, seasonal running-water indicator Fontinalis spp. Moss, sphagnum Sphagnum spp. Moth member of Order Lepidoptera, Class Insecta, Phylum Arthropoda, Kingdom Animalia Moth, Argentine, used to control cactus in Australia Cactoblastus cactorum Moth, codling Carpocapsa pomonella Moth, gypsy Porthetria dispar Moth, Mexican jumping bean Carpocaps asaltitans Moth, Yucca Pronuba spp., Tegeticula spp. Moth mullein Verbascum blattaria Mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa Mouse Mus musculus, Peromyscus spp., and others Mouse, jumping Zapus hudsonius, Napaeozapus insignis Mulberry Morus spp. Mulberry, red Morus rubra Mulberry, white Morus alba Mule ears Wyethia spp. Mullein Verbascum thapsus Mullein, moth Verbascum blattaria Mushroom16 Agaricus spp. and others Mushroom, common red (Fig 19.13A) Russula sp. Mushroom, fairy ring (Fig. 19.19) Pholiota sp.

Nettle Nicotine relative (nornicotine), source of Nightshade, deadly Nightshade Family Norisee Purple laver Nostoc Nutmeg Nutmeg, California Nutmeg Family Oak Oak, black Oak, blue Oak, cork Oak, Hooker Oak, live (Fig. 9.7)

16. Mushroom is a term generally applied to the fruiting bodies with stalked, caplike structures produced by members of Phylum Basidiomycota, Kingdom Fungi. The term is also loosely applied to some of the fruiting bodies of members of other classes of true fungi. There are thousands of known species. 17. This plant, also known as the California bay, is in the Laurel Family (Lauraceae). True myrtles are in the Myrtle Family (Myrtaceae). 18. The 27 known species of Narcissus (native to Europe and the Mediterranean regions) have been extensively cultivated and hybridized. There is a botanical classication for wild forms and a horticultural classication based primarily on the extent of the corona, ower color, and fragrance. The horticultural forms are known by common names such as narcissi, daffodils, jonquils, pheasants eye, angels tears, etc.


Appendices




535

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEOak, poison Oak, red Oak, white Olibanum tree Olive Onion Oomycete Opuntiasee Prickly pear Orchid Orchid, bamboo Orchid, Bletilla (Fig. 8.18B) Orchid, bucket Orchid bark, fern sources of Orchid with cladophylls Orchid, showy Orchid, underground-owering Orchid, vanilla Orchid Family Oregano Oregon grape

SCIENTIFIC NAMEToxicodendron diversilobum Quercus borealis Quercus alba Boswellia spp. Olea europaea Allium cepa member of Phylum Oomycota, Kingdom Fungi Cattleya spp., and many others19 Arundina graminifolia Bletilla sp. Coryanthes spp. Cibotium spp., Osmunda spp. Epidendrum spp. Orchis spp. Rhizanthella gardneri Vanilla planifolia and others Orchidaceae Origanum vulgare and others Berberis aquifolium (= Mahonia aquifolium) and other Mahonia spp. Lemaireocereus spp. Maclura pomifera Oscillatoria spp. Yucca whipplei Nyctea scandiaca Echeveria derenbergii Cocos nucifera Phoenix dactylifera Elaeis guineensis Carludovica palmata Lodoicea maldivica Copernicia cerifera Arecaceae (formerly Palmae)

COMMON NAMEPansy Papaya Par rubber tree Parsley Parsley Family Parsnip Passion fruit Patchouli oil, source of Pea (garden) Pea, sweet Peach Peach leaf curl Peanut Pear Peat moss Pecan Peccary Penicillin mold20 Pennyroyal Peony Peperomia Pepper Pepper, black Pepper, red

SCIENTIFIC NAMEViola tricolor Carica papaya Hevea brasiliensis Petroselinum crispum Apiaceae (formerly Umbelliferae) Pastinaca sativa Passiora edulis, P. mollissima, and other Passiora spp. Pogostemon cablin and others Pisum sativum Lathyrus odoratus Prunus persica Taphrina deformans Arachis hypogaea Pyrus communis Sphagnum spp. Carya illinoensis Pecari angulatus, Tayassus pecari Penicillium spp.20 Hedeoma pulegioides Paeonia spp. Peperomia spp. Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens21 Piper nigrum Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens Lepidium spp. Mentha piperita Diospyros spp. Citrus aurantium var. amara Petunia spp. and hybrids Lophophora williamsii Sayornis phoebe

Organpipe cactus Osage orange Oscillatoria Our Lords Candle Owl, snowy Painted lady Palm, coconut Palm, date Palm, oil Palm, panama hat Palm, Seychelles Island Palm, carnauba wax Palm Family

Peppergrass Peppermint Persimmon Petitgrain oil, source of Petunia Peyote Phoebe

19. Depending on which authorities are followed, the number of known orchid species (all in the family Orchidaceae) may exceed 30,000. Popularly cultivated orchids include species of Cattleya, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Odontoglossum, Oncidium, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis, Vanda, and both interspecic and intergeneric hybrids. 20. The original producer of penicillin discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming was Penicillium notatum; current commercially used producers of penicillin are strains of Penicillium chrysogenum. Other commercially cultivated Penicillium species include P. roquefortii (used to make roquefort cheese), P. camembertii (used to make blue cheese), and P. griseofulvum (used for the production of a ringworm and athletes foot antibiotic known as griseofulvin). 21. The drug capsicum, whose active ingredient is the oleoresin capsaicin, is derived from these species, and garden peppers include these and other species of Capsicum.


Appendices



536

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEPigweed22 Pigweed Family22 Pillbug Pine Pine, Afghanistan Pine, Aleppo Pine, bristlecone Pine, Chilghoza Pine, Colorado bristlecone Pine, Coulter Pine, eastern white Pine, European stone Pine, gray (formerly Pine, digger) Pine, jack Pine, jeffrey Pine, kauri Pine, knobcone Pine, loblolly Pine, lodgepole Pine, longleaf Pine, Merkus Pine, Mexican pinyon Pine, Mexican stone Pine, Monterey Pine, pinyon

SCIENTIFIC NAMEAmaranthus spp., Chenopodium spp. Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae Cylisticus convexus and others Pinus spp. Pinus eldarica Pinus halepensis Pinus longaeva Pinus gerardiana Pinus aristata Pinus coulteri Pinus strobus Pinus pinea

COMMON NAMEPine, sugar Pine, western white Pine, western yellow Pine, Wollemi Pineapple Pinedrops Pistachio Pitcher plant Pitcher plant, Asian Plantain

SCIENTIFIC NAMEPinus lambertiana Pinus monticola Pinus ponderosa Wollemia nobilis Ananas comosus Pterospora spp. Pistacia vera Sarracenia spp. and others Nepenthes spp. and others Plantago spp. (cooking bananas, also called plantains, are mostly Musa x paradisiaca) Aspergillus terreus Euphorbia agascae Charadrius spp. and others Prunus domestica23 Podocarpus dacrydoides, P. totara Podocarpus macrophylla, P. nagi, and others Euphorbia pulcherrima Toxicodendron radicans Toxicodendron diversilobum Toxicodendron vernix Primula polyanthus and hybrids Punica granatum Lepidium virginicum Zea mays (horticultural variety) Populus spp. Papaver spp. and others Papaveraceae Dendromecon rigida Hunnemannia spp. Papaver somniferum Papaver orientale Argemone glauca Erethizon spp., Hystrix spp.24

Pinus sabiniana Pinus banksiana Pinus jeffreyi Agathis australis, A. robusta Pinus attenuata Pinus taeda Pinus contorta Pinus palustris Pinus merkusii Pinus cembroides Pinus cembroides Pinus radiata Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, P. quadrifolia Pine, pitch Pinus rigida Pine, ponderosa Pinus ponderosa Pine, red Pinus resinosa Pine, Scotch Pinus sylvestris Pine, shortleaf Pinus echinata Pine, Siberian white Pinus sibirica Pine, slash Pinus caribaea, P. elliottii Pine, southern yellowsee Pine, loblolly, Pine, longleaf, Pine, shortleaf, and Pine, slash Pine, stonesee Pine, European stone, and Pine, Mexican stone

Plastic, fungus used in production of Plasticizers, source of oil for Plover Plum, European23 Podocarps, New Zealand timber Podocarps, ornamental Poinsettia Poison ivy Poison oak Poison sumac Polyanthus Pomegranate Poor mans pepper Popcorn Poplar Poppy (see also California poppy) Poppy Family Poppy, bush Poppy, Mexican Poppy, opium Poppy, Oriental Poppy, prickly (Fig. 24.5) Porcupine

22. Species of Amaranthus in the Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) and Chenopodium in the Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae) have been called pigweeds, and both families have also been referred to as the Pigweed family. Because of this many botanists prefer to refer to the Amaranthaceae as the Amaranth family and the Chenopodiaceae as the Goosefoot family. Most Amaranthus spp. are called amaranths and most Chenopodium spp. are called goosefoot, although the widespread weed Chenopodium album is popularly called lambs quarters. Pigs weed (Oryza sp.) is completely unrelated to either of the two families just mentioned; it is a grass related to rice. 23. Although the European plum was involved in the development of the majority of older plum varieties more than 600 varieties of plum have been developed from American plums such as Prunus subcordata and P. americana, along with various hybrids involving at least one American parent. 24. Hystrix is also a name for a genus of grasses.


Appendices




537

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEPortulaca Family Potato, Irish Potato, sweet Potato vine Powderpuff ower (Fig. 24.11C) Powdery mildew Prayer plant Preferns Prickly pear Primrose Pronghorn Psyllium Ptarmigan Pteridosperms Puffball Pulque, source of Pumpkin Pumpkin Family Puncture vine Purple laver (Fig. 18.28) Puya (rare) Pyrethrum

SCIENTIFIC NAMEPortulacaceae S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum lpomea batatas Solanum jasminoides Calliandra inaequilatera Erysiphe spp. and others Maranta spp. Cladoxylon spp., Protopteridium spp. and others Opuntia spp. Primula vulgaris and about 400 other Primula spp. Antilocarpa americana Plantago ovata Lagopus spp. Lyginopteris spp., Medullosa spp., and others Calvatia cyathiformis and other Calvatia spp., Lycoperdon spp. Agave spp. Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Tribulus terrestris Porphyra tenera Puya raimondii Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, C. coccineum, C. marschallii Isoetes spp. Cinchona ledgeriana and other Cinchona spp. Cydonia oblonga Cinchona ofcinalis, C. ledgeriana Chenopodium quinoa Oryctolagus cuniculus Sylvilagus spp. Lepus spp. Procyon lotor Raphanus sativus Rafesia micropylora

COMMON NAMERagweed Rape/rapeseed Raspberry, red Rat Rat, kangaroo Rat snake, black Rattlesnake Red algae

SCIENTIFIC NAMEAmbrosia spp. Brassica napus Rubus idaeus, R. strigosus, and their hybrids Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus, and others Dipodomys spp. Elaphe obsoleta Crotalus spp. Member of Phylum Rhodophyta, Kingdom Protista; representative genera include Chondrus, Eucheuma, Gelidium, Gigartina, Gracilaria, Polysiphonia, Porphyra, and Pterocladia; there are about 3,900 spp. of red algae Cercis canadensis Cercis occidentalis Sequoia sempervirens Metasequoia glyptostroboides Sequoiadendron giganteum Rangifer spp. Rauvola serpentina Selaginella lepidophylla Rhododendron spp. Rheum rhaponticum Oryza sativa25 Tetrapanax papyriferus (some authors refer to Fatsia japonica [F. papyrifera] as rice-paper plant Zizania aquatica Turdus migratorius Arabis sp. Helianthemum vulgare Umbilicaria spp. Fucus spp., Pelvetia spp., and others Rosa odorata and other Rosa spp. (there are more than 25,000 rose cultvars) Rosa damascena Rosaceae Rosa rugosa

Redbud, eastern Redbud, western Redwood, coastal Redwood, dawn Redwood, giant Reindeer Reserpine, source of Resurrection plant Rhododendron Rhubarb Rice25 Rice-paper plant

Quillwort Quillwort, fossil relatives of Quince Quinine, source of Quinoa Rabbit Rabbit, cottontail Rabbit, jack Raccoon Radish Rafesia (Fig. 8.2)

Rice, wild Robin Rock cress Rock-rose, European Rock tripe Rockweeds Rose

Rose, damask Rose Family Rose, Sitka (Fig. 24.8)

25. At the beginning of the year 2000, the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines had in storage the seeds of 20 species and more than 81,000 different varieties of rice. The staple food of nearly 2 billion people, rice cultivation presently occupies 11% of agricultural land. Rice has been cultivated in Asian countries for more than 7,000 years. Although the great majority of rice cultivated is Oryza sativa, some forms of Oryza glaberrima are also cultivated.


Appendices



538

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMERosemary Rotenone, source of Rotenone, relative of Rubber, Par Rubber plant Ruellia Rust, apple Rust, black stem of wheat Rust, corn Rust, poplar leaf spot Rust, rock cress Rust, white pine blister Rutabaga Rye Ryegrass Safower Saffron (true) Saffron, meadow Sage26 Sagebrush Sage, Jerusalem Saguaro Salmon Salmonberry Salsify Saltbush/Saltscale Salvia Sansevieria Santonin, source of Sargassum (Fig. 18.18) Sarsaparilla, source of Sassafras Sausage tree, African Savory Saxifrage Screw pine Sea anemone

SCIENTIFIC NAMERosmarinus ofcinalis Derris elliptica, Lonchocarpus nicou Tephrosia vogelii Hevea brasiliensis Ficus elastica Ruellia portellae and others Gymnosporangium juniperivirginianum Puccinia graminis Puccinia sorghi Melampsora medusae Puccinia monoica Cronartium ribicola Brassica campestris var. napobrassica (= Brassica napus) Secale cereale Lolium spp. Carthamus tinctorius Crocus sativus Colchicum autumnale Salvia ofcinalis26 Artemisia tridentata Phlomis fruticosa Carnegia gigantea Oncorhynchus spp., Salmo salar, and others Rubus spectabilis Tragopogon spp. Atriplex spp. Salvia spp. Sansevieria trifasciata and other Sansevieria spp. Artemisia cina Sargassum sp. Smilax spp. Sassafras albidum Kigelia pinnata Satureia hortensis Saxifraga spp. Pandanus veitchii and other Pandanus spp. Stephanauge spp. and others

COMMON NAMESea hare Sea lettuce Sea palm Sea rocket Sedge Seed ferns (Pteridosperms)

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Aplysia californica Ulva spp. Postelsia palmaeformis Cakile edentula Carex spp. and others Lyginopteris spp., Medullosa spp., and others Senna Cassia senna and others Sensitive plant Mimosa pudica Sesame Sesamum indicum Shallot27 Allium cepa27 Sheep Ovis spp. Shepherds purse Capsella bursa-pastoris Shrimp Crago spp. and others Sisal Agave sisalina Skunk Mephitis spp. Slime mold member of Phyla Myxomycota and Acrasiomycota, Subkingdom Myxobionta, Kingdom Protista Slime mold (Fig. 18.31A) Lamproderma sp. Slime mold (Fig. 18.31B) Lycogala epidendrum Slime mold, cellular member of Phylum Acrasiomycota, Kingdom Protista Slime mold, human-hair Stemonitis spp. Sloth Bradypus spp., Choleopus spp. Smut Ustilago spp. and others Smut, corn Ustilago maydis Snail Haplotrema concava and others Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus Snowplant Sarcodes sanguinea Snowy owl Nyctea scandiaca Soaproot, California Chlorogalum pomeridianum Sorghum Sorghum bicolor and other Sorghum spp. Sorrel Oxalis spp. Southern yellow pinesee Pine, loblolly, Pine, longleaf, Pine, shortleaf, and Pine, slash Soybean Glycine max Spanish moss Tillandsia usneoides Sparrow, savannah Passerculus sandwichensis

26. This sage, which is in the Mint Family (Lamiaceae), should not be confused with sagebrush, which is in the Sunower Family (Asteraceae). 27. Linnaeus applied the name Allium ascalonicum to what was probably an Allium cultigen believed to have originated in Asia Minor, and the name Allium ascalonium since has generally been applied to shallots. Shallots seldom set seed, however, and seeds sold under the name Allium ascalonicum have sometimes proved to be those of other Allium spp. The current practice of considering shallots to be a form of Allium cepa should lessen the confusion.


Appendices




539

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMESparrow, song Sparrow, vesper Spearmint Spiderwort Spiderwort, European Spike moss Spike moss, fossil relatives of Spinach Spirogyra Sponge Sponge, vegetable Spring beauty Spruce, black Spruce, Norway Spruce, red Spruce, Sitka Spruce, white Spurge Spurge (Fig. 24.13) Spurge Family Squash Squawroot Squill Squills Squirrel Squirrel corn Squirrel, gray Squirting cucumber Stapelia (Fig. 23.14) Stinkhorn Stinkhorn, common (Fig. 19.12) Stonecrop Stoneseed Stonewort Strawberry String-of-pearls

SCIENTIFIC NAMEMelospiza melodia Pooecetes gramineus Mentha spicata Tradescantia virginiana and other Tradescantia spp. Tradescantia paludosa Selaginella spp. Lepidodendron spp., Sigillaria spp., and others Spinacia oleracea Spirogyra spp. Spongilla spp. and others Luffa cylindrica Claytonia virginica Picea mariana Picea abies Picea rubens Picea sitchensis Picea glauca Euphorbia spp. Euphorbia peplus Euphorbiaceae Cucurbita maxima, C. mixta, C. moschata, C. pepo, and others Perideridia spp. Scilla spp. Urginea maritima Citellus spp., Sciuris spp., and others Dicentra canadensis Sciurus carolinensis Ecballium elaterium Stapelia similis Mutinus spp., Phallus impudicus, and others Mutinus caninus Sedum spp., Crassula spp., and others Lithospermum ruderale Chara spp., Nitella spp. Fragaria ananassa and other Fragaria spp. and hybrids Senecio rowellianus

COMMON NAMEStrychnine, source of Sugar cane Sumac Sunbird Sundew Sundew relative used for ypaper Sunower Sunower Family

SCIENTIFIC NAMEStrychnos nox-vomica and other Strychnos spp. Saccharum ofcinarum Rhus spp. Anthodiaeta spp., Notiocinnyris spp., and others Drosera spp.

Drosophyllum lusitanicum Helianthus annuus, H. debilis Asteraceae (formerly Compositae) Sweet pea Lathyrus odoratus Sword fern Polystichum munitum Sycamore Platanus occidentalis and others Tamarack Larix spp. Tamarisk Tamarix spp. Tangerine Citrus reticulata Tapir Tapirus spp. Taro Colocasia esculenta Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus Tarweed Grindelia spp. Tarweed, western (Fig. 4.13A) Calycadenia sp. Tea Camellia sinensis Tent caterpillar Malacosoma americanum and others Teosinte (annual) Zea mexicana Teosinte (perennial) Zea diploperennis Tequila, source of Agave spp. Termite Odontotermes spp., Reticulitermes spp., and others Thalloid liverworts Marchantia spp., Conocephalum spp., and others Thimbleberry Rubus parviorus Thistle Cirsium spp. and others Thistle, Canada Cirsium arvense Thrasher Toxostoma spp. Thyme Thymus vulgaris and others Ti (Ki) plant Cordyline fruticosa Tiger Panthera tigris Toad Bufo americanus Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum, N. rustica Tomato28 Solanum esculentum Tomato fruitworm Heliothis armigera

28. DNA evidence indicates the tomato, long known as Lycopersicum esculentum, belongs in the genus Solanum and should be transferred to that genus, making the correct name Solanum esculentum.


Appendices



540

Appendix 1

Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMETomato, Galpagos

SCIENTIFIC NAMESolanum esculentum var. minor, S. pimpinellifolium, S. cheesmanii (salt tolerant sp.) Protoparce quinquemaculata Dentaria spp. Testudo elephantopus porteri Impatiens glandulifera and others Cibotium glaucum Sadleria cyatheoides Ailanthus altissima Trillium spp. Tuber spp. Tulipa spp. Liriodendron tulipifera Amaranthus albus, Salsola pestifera, and others Aleurites fordii Curcuma longa, C. domestica Brassica rapa Chelydra spp., Chrysemys spp., and others Linnaea borealis Ulothrix spp. Rudbeckia sp. Proboscidea spp. Dionaea muscipula Vicia spp. Lathyrus aphaca Trichostema spp. Viola odorata and other Viola spp. Saintpaulia ionantha and other Saintpaulia spp. Viola douglasii Parthenocissus quinquefolia

COMMON NAMEVirus29 Vole Wahoo Wake-robin Wallower, western Walnut Walnut, black Warbler Watercress Water fern, oriental Watermelon Water mold

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Tomato hornworm Toothwort Tortoise, giant Galpagos Touch-me-not Tree fern (Fig. 21.25B) Tree fern, small Hawaiian (Fig. 21.16D) Tree-of-heaven Trillium Trufes Tulip Tulip tree Tumbleweeds Tung oil, source of Turmeric, source of Turnip Turtle Twinower Ulothrix Ultraviolet light, owers seen in (Fig. 23.13) Unicorn plant Venuss ytrap Vetch Vetchling, yellow Vinegar weed Violet Violet, African Violet, gold Virginia creeper

Water net Watersilk Water weed Water weed, yellow Wattle Weaver birds Webworm, fall Welwitschia Whale, sperm Wheat30 Wheel tree Whisk fern Whisk fern, fossil relatives of Whisk fern, living relatives of White pine blister rust Willow Willow Family Window leaves, plants with Wintergreen oil, sources of

Microtus spp. and others Euonymus alata and others Trillium spp. Erysimum capitatum Juglans spp. Juglans nigra Dendroica spp. and others Nasturtium ofcinale Ceratopteris thalictroides Citrullus lanatus member of Phylum Oomycota, Subkingdom Mastigobionta, Kingdom Protista Hydrodictyon spp. Spirogyra spp. Elodea spp. Ludwigia repens Acacia decurrens, A. mearnsii, and others Anaplectes spp., Hyphantoris spp., and others Hyphantria cunea Welwitschia mirabilis Physeter catodon Trochodendron aralioides Psilotum spp. Asteroxylon spp., Psilophyton spp., Rhynia spp., and others Tmesipteris spp. Cronartium ribicola Salix spp. Salicaceae Fenestraria spp. and others Gaultheria procumbens and others

29. Depending on the classication used, viruses may not have a scientic name. Many are named after the disease they cause; e.g., tobacco mosaic virus causes tobacco mosaic disease. One classication attempts to give them at least a Latin prex, so that the virus for warts is Papavovirus; for smallpox, Poxvirus; for polio, Picornavirus; for measles and mumps, Paramyxovirus. 30. More than 20,000 varieties of cultivated bread wheat, which has a history dating back thousands of years, are presently recognized. The ancestry and cytology are complex and still not fully understood. The principal ancestors appear to have been Triticum monococcum (which, after mutant forms were incorporated, became known as einkorn wheat) and species of Aegilops, especially A. speltoides, with several other mutations and natural hybridizations having occurred throughout the past several thousand years. Emmer wheat has been recognized as Triticum dicoccom or T. turgidum var. dicoccum; durum wheat as T. durum or T. turgidum var. durum; Polish wheat (also known as Jerusalem rye) as T. polonicum; and common bread wheat as T. aestivum (which is believed to be have been derived from T. turgidum and a genome from Aegilops tauschii). Other taxa believed to have played a role in the development of cultivated wheat include T. longissima and T. searsii. Uncertainty as to the precise evolutionary history of wheat persists, however, and awaits further investigation.


Appendices



Common Names and Scientific Names of OrganismsCOMMON NAMEWisteria Witch hazel Woad, dyers Woadwaxen Wolfsbane Wolverine Woodpecker Wormwood Yam

SCIENTIFIC NAMEWisteria sinensis and other Wisteria spp. Hamamelis virginiana Isatis tinctoria Genista tinctoria Aconitum vulparia Gulo luscus, G. gulo Dendrocopus spp. and others Artemisia annua, A. absinthium Dioscorea alata, D. cayensis, D. composita, D. esculenta, D. oribunda, D. rotundata, D. trida

COMMON NAMEYareta Yarrow, American Yarrow, European Yeast, baking/brewing Yellow-green algae

SCIENTIFIC NAMEAzorella yareta Achillea lanulosum Achillea millefolium Saccharomyces cerevisiae member of Phylum Chromophyta, Kingdom Protista Taxus spp. Taxus cuspidata Equus zebra and others Zinnia elegans and others

Yew Yew, Japanese (Fig. 22.9) Zebra Zinnia

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