Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

Students will UNDERSTAND…Students will UNDERSTAND…How science and technology can influence How science and technology can influence

world world viewview Students will KNOW…Students will KNOW…

The terms geocentric and heliocentricThe terms geocentric and heliocentricthe contributions of men like Francis Bacon, the contributions of men like Francis Bacon, Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, and Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, and

Isaac Isaac Newton to science and technologyNewton to science and technology Students will BE ABLE TO…Students will BE ABLE TO…

Use inductive reasoning to apply the Use inductive reasoning to apply the Philosophies of the major contributors to the Philosophies of the major contributors to the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Students will DEVELOP…Students will DEVELOP…A sense of tolerance for the beliefs of others, A sense of tolerance for the beliefs of others, including their classmatesincluding their classmates

Scientific Revolution

What was it? the period roughly between 1500 and 1700 during which

the foundations of modern science were laid down in Western Europe

Influenced by the Renaissance Curiosity, investigation, and critical approach

Scholars no longer wanted to rely on the explanations that ancient or religious beliefs told them

People began experiments and mathematics to explain mysteries of the unknown

People move away from mysticism, superstition and ignorance

Who were some important figures?

Nicolas Copernicus: Developed heliocentric theory Dispelled old geocentric theory

(earth is center of universe) Johannes Kepler:

Discovered planetary motion Galileo Galilee:

Used telescope to support/prove heliocentric theory

Challenge of the Church’s stance that Earth was the center of the

universe was an essential aspect of the Scientific

Revolution

Isaac Newton: Discovered Laws of Gravity Formulated basics of physics

William Harvey: Discovered circulation of the

blood and expanded knowledge of how the heart worked

There were many more… too many to name

How did they do this?

Creation of the Scientific Method 1. Ask a Question 2. Do Background

Research 3. Construct a Hypothesis 4. Test Your Hypothesis

by Doing an Experiment

5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion

6. Communicate Your Result

Examples of tools they used:

-Barometer - Microscope

-Telescope - Thermometer

What did this lead to?

Emphasis on reason and systematic study of nature Explosion scientific knowledge and curiosity

Greatest leap in knowledge up until that point in time Creation of scientific communities Role of the Printing Press

Roots of the Enlightenment Renaissance (1300’s)

Rebirth of classical ideas and curiosity about world

Human Reasoning Emphasized

Challenged ideas of old order and traditional thinking

Printing Press (1450)

Reformation (Starts in 1521) Challenged Catholic Church Decrease power of Church and

increase power of national governments

New ideas about religion spread

Scientific Revolution (1500’s and 1600’s) Explosion of knowledge Scientific Method used to

explore unknown Challenged what is known in

world Nature of World is explored

Absolutism in France (1600’s) Louis XIV angers many People begin to question the

government and its right to rule This creates problems for Louis

XV and Louis XVI In the rest of Europe there is a

rise in nationalism (countries)

Discoveries & AchievementsDiscoveries & Achievements

The Scientific The Scientific Revolution began in Revolution began in the middle decades of the middle decades of the 16th century and the 16th century and continued through the continued through the early part of the 18th early part of the 18th century. It involved century. It involved gradual developments gradual developments in astronomy, physics, in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology. chemistry, and biology.

Influenced by the Influenced by the RenaissanceRenaissance

Curiosity, investigation, and critical Curiosity, investigation, and critical approachapproachScholars no longer wanted to rely Scholars no longer wanted to rely

on the explanations that ancient or on the explanations that ancient or religious beliefs told them religious beliefs told them

People began experiments and People began experiments and mathematics to explain mysteries mathematics to explain mysteries of the unknownof the unknown

Astronomy: A New Astronomy: A New Model of the UniverseModel of the Universe

The major change in The major change in astronomy was that astronomy was that people accepted the people accepted the theory proposed by theory proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus’ Nicolaus Copernicus’ (1473-1543) that the (1473-1543) that the sun rather than the sun rather than the earth was the center of earth was the center of the universe.the universe.

Physics: Laws of MotionPhysics: Laws of Motionand Gravitation and Gravitation

The most important The most important contributions in physics contributions in physics were the theory of were the theory of inertia, proposed by inertia, proposed by Galileo (1564-1642), Galileo (1564-1642), and the force of gravity, and the force of gravity, discovered by Sir Isaac discovered by Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). Newton (1642-1727).

Chemistry: The Discovery of Chemistry: The Discovery of Elements of Nature Elements of Nature

The Englishman Robert Boyle The Englishman Robert Boyle (1627-1691) made chemistry (1627-1691) made chemistry respectable by his discovery that respectable by his discovery that the arrangement of atoms the arrangement of atoms determines the characteristics of determines the characteristics of matter. Previously, it had been matter. Previously, it had been associated with alchemy.associated with alchemy.

11stst chemist to coin the term chemist to coin the term analysisanalysis

Vacuum PumpVacuum Pump His studies led to the Periodic His studies led to the Periodic

Table of Elements.Table of Elements.

Biology: The Biology: The Circulation of Blood Circulation of Blood

In biology, William In biology, William Harvey (1578-1657) Harvey (1578-1657) accurately demonstrated accurately demonstrated how blood circulates how blood circulates through the human through the human body. body.

The heart, not liver, was The heart, not liver, was the beginning point for the beginning point for the circulation of blood the circulation of blood in the body and the in the body and the same blood flows into same blood flows into and out of the veins and and out of the veins and arteries.arteries.

(1561-1626)English philosopher and statesmanOne of the pioneers of modern scientific thought. Helped develop the scientific method. The truth cannot be assumed, it must be proved with a hypotheses, observations and experiments

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon

Scientific MethodScientific Method

ObservationObservationHypothesisHypothesisTest to prove if hypothesis is rightTest to prove if hypothesis is rightContinue testing until the hypothesis is Continue testing until the hypothesis is

proven wrongproven wrong If you try to prove it is right you will only ask If you try to prove it is right you will only ask

certain questions, or fail to ask all of the certain questions, or fail to ask all of the possible questions.possible questions.

Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius

Flemish (Dutch Flemish (Dutch language spoken in language spoken in Belgium) anatomist Belgium) anatomist and physicianand physician

““Father of Modern Father of Modern Anatomy”Anatomy”

Wrote Wrote On the On the Structure of the Structure of the Human BodyHuman Body

Careful Careful examination of examination of human anatomyhuman anatomy

Ptolemy’s UniversePtolemy’s Universe

Greek AstronomerGreek Astronomer (c. 85-165 c.e.)(c. 85-165 c.e.) Lived in Alexandria, Lived in Alexandria, EgyptEgypt

Promoted a geocentric Promoted a geocentric universeuniverse Catholic Church saw Catholic Church saw his ideas as proof that his ideas as proof that God put Man in the center God put Man in the center of the universe.of the universe.

Geocentric UniverseGeocentric Universe

Earth is at the Earth is at the center of the center of the universe.universe.

Heavens move Heavens move around a still earth.around a still earth.

All spheres are All spheres are “perfectly” circular.“perfectly” circular.

World is flat.World is flat.

Copernicus’s UniverseCopernicus’s Universe

Polish Astronomer & Polish Astronomer & PriestPriest

His views came into His views came into conflict with the conflict with the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Promoted a Promoted a heliocentric universeheliocentric universe

Mapped location of Mapped location of planets using complex planets using complex mathmath

Published Published On the On the Revolution of Heavenly Revolution of Heavenly BodiesBodies on his deathbed on his deathbed to avoid the inquisitionto avoid the inquisition

Heliocentric UniverseHeliocentric Universe

Sun is at the center Sun is at the center of the universeof the universe

Earth is just Earth is just another planetanother planet

Earth and other Earth and other planets move planets move around the sunaround the sun

All orbits are All orbits are “perfect” circles“perfect” circles

Tycho BraheTycho Brahe

Danish AstronomerDanish Astronomer Astronomiae Astronomiae

InstaurateInstaurate Mistakenly thought Mistakenly thought

the earth was the earth was motionlessmotionless

NOT a math person, NOT a math person, hired Kepler to hired Kepler to analyze his data.analyze his data.

Died at 54 when his Died at 54 when his bladder explodedbladder exploded

Created the first Created the first modern observatorymodern observatory

Uraniborg Uraniborg (Brahe’s Observatory)(Brahe’s Observatory)

Built the first Built the first “modern” “modern” observatoryobservatory

Known for his Known for his accurate charts accurate charts of the evening of the evening skysky

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler

(1571-1630) German who went to

Prague to become Brahe's assistant

Realized the orbits of the planets were not circles but ellipses and developed three laws to describe the phenomenon he observed.

Wrote New Astronomy, a book to support Galileo’s observations of Jupiter's moons.

Kepler’s First Law: Kepler’s First Law:

Planets move in elliptical (not circular) orbits around the sun.Planets move in elliptical (not circular) orbits around the sun.

Kepler’s Second Law: Kepler’s Second Law: The area covered during any given period of time is identical.The area covered during any given period of time is identical.

Kepler’s Third Law: Kepler’s Third Law: The ratio of the squares of the revolutionary periods for two The ratio of the squares of the revolutionary periods for two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semi major planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semi major

axis.axis.

Version of Kepler’s LawVersion of Kepler’s Law

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei

ItalianItalianMathematician, Mathematician,

physicist & physicist & astronomerastronomer

Wrote many booksWrote many booksDialogue Concerning Dialogue Concerning

the Two Chief World the Two Chief World Systems (compares Systems (compares Copernicus and Copernicus and Ptolemy’s Theories)Ptolemy’s Theories)

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei

Proved the Copernican theory with his telescope

Challenged Aristotle's universe (earth was at the center) and its theological-philosophical worldview

Laid the foundations for dynamics (how objects move on the earth) and gravity.

Observation NOT SpeculationObservation NOT Speculation

Believed in the need for scientific Believed in the need for scientific experimentation & observation experimentation & observation rather than speculation.rather than speculation.

Built his own telescope modeled Built his own telescope modeled on descriptions of telescopes on descriptions of telescopes made in Holland.made in Holland.

First astronomer to use a First astronomer to use a telescope to look at the sky.telescope to look at the sky.

The MoonThe Moon

Used the Used the telescope to telescope to observe the moon.observe the moon.

Saw mountains Saw mountains and craters on the and craters on the moon.moon.

Was against the Was against the Catholic Church’s Catholic Church’s view that the view that the heavens are heavens are perfect.perfect.

Sunspots

Galileo observed sunspots that moved, indicating that the Sun was rotating on an axis and that it was not made from a perfect, unchanging substance.

•He observed four points of light that changed their positions around the planet Jupiter and concluded that they were moons circling Jupiter.

• He also went against the Catholic Church’s view that everything in the universe revolves around the Earth.

Galileo used his telescope to show that Venus went through a complete set of phases, just like the Moon. This observation confirmed the Copernican system and proved that the Ptolemaic system was incorrect.

Galileo's challenge of the Church's authority got him into deep trouble with the Inquisition. Late in his life, he was forced to recant his Copernican views publicly.

Quotes from GalileoQuotes from Galileo““I do not feel obliged to believe I do not feel obliged to believe

that the same god who has that the same god who has endowed us with sense, reason endowed us with sense, reason and intellect has intended us to and intellect has intended us to forgo their use.”forgo their use.”

““And yet it (the Earth) does move!”And yet it (the Earth) does move!”

Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton English MathematicianEnglish Mathematician Wrote Wrote PrincipiaPrincipia to to

explain his ideas to explain his ideas to the world.the world.

““Invented” Calculus to Invented” Calculus to help prove his theories help prove his theories (Gravity & Motion)(Gravity & Motion)

Became obsessed Became obsessed with alchemy in his with alchemy in his later yearslater years. . (Turning (Turning base metals into gold and base metals into gold and the Elixir of Life potion)the Elixir of Life potion)

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Newton demonstrated that the motion of objects on the Earth could be described by three new

Laws of Motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation.

Law of Universal GravitationLaw of Universal Gravitation

Apple falling from a tree is said to have Apple falling from a tree is said to have been the inspiration for Newton’s ideas on been the inspiration for Newton’s ideas on gravity.gravity.

If planets move around the Sun, what If planets move around the Sun, what keeps them from flying away?keeps them from flying away?

Newton’s Conclusion: A force known as Newton’s Conclusion: A force known as gravity holds the Universe together.gravity holds the Universe together.

Newton’s First Law of Motion (Inertia-Similar to Galileo’s Model): An object in motion tends to stay in motion and an object at rest tends to stay at rest, unless the object is acted upon by an outside force

Free Fall Air ResistanceNewton’s Second Law of Motion (Force): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon it and inversely proportional to its mass. (Force=Mass * Acceleration)

Newton’s Third Law of Motion (Action/Reaction): Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

When he observed an apple fall from a tree, Newton thought: The apple is accelerated as it moves from the tree toward the ground. There must be a force that acts on the apple to cause this acceleration. Let's call the force gravity. If the force of gravity reaches to the top of the highest tree, might it not reach even further to the orbit of the Moon. Then, the orbit of the Moon about the Earth could be a consequence of the gravitational force.

The Universe is like a ClockThe Universe is like a Clock ““Clockwork universe refers to the concept Clockwork universe refers to the concept

of the universe as a system that behaves of the universe as a system that behaves in a manner as patterned and dependable in a manner as patterned and dependable as a mechanical clock. Like a clock, the as a mechanical clock. Like a clock, the universe, once set in motion by its creator, universe, once set in motion by its creator, could be visualized as something able to could be visualized as something able to operate without corrections or interference operate without corrections or interference from outside...” from outside...” ((www.enotes.com))

Most “educated” people during the Most “educated” people during the Enlightenment viewed the Universe and Enlightenment viewed the Universe and God as such.God as such.

René DescartesRené Descartes “Father of Modern

Rationalism” French philosopher,

scientist, and mathematician

Believed truth must be reached through reason

Mathematics is the "model" for clear and certain with knowledge.

Began own search for knowledge by doubting everything but his own existence.

Famous line is "I think, therefore, I am.”

Margaret CavendishMargaret Cavendish English ScientistEnglish Scientist First female author/writer First female author/writer

of the Scientific of the Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Wrote Wrote Observations Observations Upon Experimental Upon Experimental PhilosophyPhilosophy

Critical of growing belief Critical of growing belief that humans were the that humans were the masters of the universe.masters of the universe.

"I would rather die in the "I would rather die in the adventure of noble adventure of noble achievements than live achievements than live in obscure and sluggish in obscure and sluggish security."security."

Maria WinkelmannMaria Winkelmann German AstronomerGerman Astronomer Married Gottfried Married Gottfried

Kirch, Prussia’s Kirch, Prussia’s foremost astronomer foremost astronomer and became his and became his apprentice.apprentice.

Discovered the Discovered the Comet of 1702Comet of 1702

Applied to Berlin Applied to Berlin Academy, denied Academy, denied due to lack of due to lack of University degree University degree (really didn’t want to (really didn’t want to hire a woman).hire a woman).

Effects of the Scientific RevolutionEffects of the Scientific Revolution Skepticism and Independent Reasoning:Skepticism and Independent Reasoning: For example, Descartes reached the For example, Descartes reached the

extreme of skepticism by doubting his own existence. Then, realized his own act extreme of skepticism by doubting his own existence. Then, realized his own act of thinking proved his own existence (I think, therefore, I am.) of thinking proved his own existence (I think, therefore, I am.)

Challenges to Religion:Challenges to Religion: Idea that the universe worked like a machine according Idea that the universe worked like a machine according to natural laws and without the intervention of God challenged established to natural laws and without the intervention of God challenged established religious ideas. (Galileo and the Inquisition)religious ideas. (Galileo and the Inquisition)

Questions about Humanity's Role in the Universe:Questions about Humanity's Role in the Universe: By making humans the By making humans the inhabitants of a tiny planet circling the sun, the Copernican Universe reduced the inhabitants of a tiny planet circling the sun, the Copernican Universe reduced the importance of humanity. It led people to begin to question the place of humanity importance of humanity. It led people to begin to question the place of humanity in creation. in creation.

Gave Humanity Control of Nature:Gave Humanity Control of Nature: Some philosophers argued that by gaining Some philosophers argued that by gaining knowledge of the laws of nature, people could control nature. Through science knowledge of the laws of nature, people could control nature. Through science and technology, they could improve human life. This belief in progress became and technology, they could improve human life. This belief in progress became an integral part of Western culture. an integral part of Western culture.

Challenges to Established Views of Women:Challenges to Established Views of Women: The new scientific ideas challenged The new scientific ideas challenged the ancient and medieval beliefs about the physical and mental inferiority of the ancient and medieval beliefs about the physical and mental inferiority of women by concluding that both men and women made equal contribution to women by concluding that both men and women made equal contribution to reproduction. Nevertheless, traditional notions about women continued to reproduction. Nevertheless, traditional notions about women continued to dominate dominate

Assignment:Assignment:

Find an article relating to space exploration in Find an article relating to space exploration in today’s society, be able to give a brief summary today’s society, be able to give a brief summary in class. Think about how the article you find is in class. Think about how the article you find is related to the Scientific Revolution.related to the Scientific Revolution.

Write down several sentences (should be a Write down several sentences (should be a paragraph in total) about:paragraph in total) about:

1. What the article is about???1. What the article is about???

2. How does your article relate to the Scientific 2. How does your article relate to the Scientific Revolution???Revolution???