SECARB Anthropogenic Test - Advanced Resources International€¦ · SECARB Anthropogenic Test Prepared For: NRAP Stakeholders Meeting February 4 and 5th, 2014 Prepared By: George

SECARB Anthropogenic TestSECARB Anthropogenic TestPrepared For:

NRAP Stakeholders MeetingFebruary 4 and 5th, 2014

Prepared By:George Koperna, VP

ADVANCED RESOURCES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

AcknowledgementAcknowledgementThis presentation is based upon work supported by the Department ofEnergy National Energy Technology Laboratory under DE-FC26-05NT42590and was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of theand was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of theUnited States Government. Neither the United States Government nor anyagency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express orimplied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,

l t f l f i f ti t d tcompleteness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, orprocess disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process,or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does notnecessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoringby the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views andopinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect thoseof the United States Government or any agency thereof.y g y

2 SECARB Anthropogenic Test SP111513

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

• Background• Geologic Characteristics

N t f th I j ti• Nature of the Injection• Monitoring ProtocolsMonitoring Protocols• Lessons Learned• Data Being Collected


BackgroundBackground


Storage OverviewStorage Overviewgg

Th CO t it t Al b P ’

Project Schedule and MilestonesProject Schedule and MilestonesThe CO2 capture unit at Alabama Power’s(Southern Co.) Plant Barry became operationalin 3Q 2011.

A newly built 12 mile CO pipeline from PlantA newly built 12 mile CO2 pipeline from PlantBarry to the Citronelle Dome completed in 4Q2011.

A characterization well was drilled in 1Q 2011A characterization well was drilled in 1Q 2011to confirm geology.

Injection wells were drilled in 3Q 2011.

100k – 300k metric tons of CO2 will be injectedinto a saline formation, beginning in 3Q 2012.

3 years of post-injection monitoring


3 years of post-injection monitoring.

Geologic CharacteristicsGeologic Characteristics


Injection/Storage Site GeologyInjection/Storage Site Geology• Proven four-way closure at

Citronelle Dome• Injection site located within

Citronelle oilfield where existing well logs are available

• Deep injection interval (9,400 ft)• Numerous confining units • Base of USDWs 1 400 feet• Base of USDWs ~1,400 feet• Existing wells cemented through

primary confining unit• No evidence of faulting or

fracturing, based on oilfield experience, new geologic mapping and reinterpretation of


mapping and reinterpretation ofexisting 2D seismic lines.

Geologic CharacterizationGeologic Characterization

A l i f 80 i ti ilfi ld llBaseline Reservoir Characterization:

• Analysis of over 80 existing oilfield welllogs for porosity, thickness and depositional style.

• Sand mapping to determine “open” or• Sand mapping to determine open or“closed” sand units.

Collected new geologic data on the Paluxy reservoir and confining unit with the drilling of the project’s three new wells:

• 210 feet of whole core and 70 percussion sidewall cores• Full set of open hole logs on all three wells (quad combo, MRI, spectral gamma,

mineralogical evaluation, waveform sonic, cement quality, pulsed neutron t )


capture)• Baseline vertical seismic profiles and crosswell seismic collected in Feb 2012

WholeWhole Core Core Analyses & Confining Analyses & Confining Unit CharacterizationUnit CharacterizationUnit CharacterizationUnit Characterization

Core Analysis D 9-7 #2 D 9-8 #2 D 9-9#2Spectral Gamma Ray X X XSpectral Gamma Ray X X XRoutine Porosity, Permeability, Grain Density X X XVertical and Orthogonal Permeability X X XRelative Permeability XX-ray Diffraction Mineralogy X X XFluid Sensitivity – Permeability vsFluid Sensitivity – Permeability vs.Throughput XThin-Section Petrography X X XMercury Injection Capillary XPressure XTotal Organic Carbon X XSource Rock Analysis X X


Shale Rock Properties X XMethane Adsorption Isotherm X X

Paluxy Sandstone Paluxy Sandstone Section of the DSection of the D 99 7#2 core (9 598 to 9 607ft)7#2 core (9 598 to 9 607ft)Section of the DSection of the D--99--7#2 core (9,598 to 9,607ft)7#2 core (9,598 to 9,607ft)

• Fine to medium coarse-grained fluvial sandstones.fluvial sandstones.

• Grains are sub-round, moderately well sorted, predominately quartz.

• Occasional clay pebble1.6

Darcy1 1 • Occasional clay pebble

conglomerate and rip-up clasts at base of fluvial channel sequences

680mD

1Darcy

1.1Darcy 0.27

mD

sequences.• Burrowed to bioturbated

sandstone at top of channel sequences279 sequences.

• Mottled red-brown to light gray.• Sandstone permeability generally

l t t i i1.8

Darcy600mD

730mD

860mD

mD


correlates to grain size.

Shale Rock PropertiesShale Rock Properties

MarineTuscaloosa Shale

Samples, RED

Paluxy Shale Samples,

BLUE


Nature of InjectionNature of Injection


COCO22 Stream CompositionStream CompositionCO2 Stream composition data (%)

CO2 O2 N2 TotalNov 13 99.968 0.003 0.029 100Oct 13 99.971 0.002 0.027 100Sep 13 99.950 0.007 0.043 100Aug 13 99 984 0 003 0 013 100Aug 13 99.984 0.003 0.013 100Jul 13 99.893 0.031 0.076 100Jun 13 99.893 0.031 0.076 100

May 13 99.976 0.003 0.021 100A 13 99 977 0 003 0 020 100Apr 13 99.977 0.003 0.020 100Mar 13 99.977 0.003 0.020 100Feb 13 99.977 0.003 0.020 100Jan 13 99.978 0.004 0.018 100Dec 12 99.981 0.016 0.003 100Nov 12 99.984 0.014 0.002 100Oct 12 99.984 0.014 0.002 100Sep 12 99.979 0.011 0.010 100


Sep 12 99.979 0.011 0.010 100Aug 12 99.975 0.004 0.021 100

average 99.966 0.009 0.025

Pressure & Injection Rate ResponsePressure & Injection Rate Response

D 9-8 #2

D 4-14In Zone

D 4-13AboveConfinement


MVA ProtocolsMVA Protocols


Project TimelineProject Timeline

The MVA Program is a continuum:Sh ll MVA• Shallow MVA

• Deep MVA • Experimental MVA Will be in place for six (6) years throughout the three phases of the project

BaselineBaseline InjectionInjection PostPost1 year1 year 2 years2 years 3 years3 years

APR 2011 to AUG 2012 SEPT 2012 to SEPT 2014 OCT 2014 to SEPT 2017


Defined Elements of the Defined Elements of the MVA ProgramMVA ProgramMVA ProgramMVA Program• Shallow MVA

– Groundwater sampling (USDW Monitoring)– Groundwater sampling (USDW Monitoring)– Soil Flux – PFT Surveys

• Deep MVA – Reservoir Fluid sampling– Crosswell Seismic– Crosswell Seismic– CO2 Volume, Pressure, and Composition analysis– Injection, Temperature, and Spinner logs– Pulse Neutron Capture logs– Vertical Seismic Profile

• MVA Experimental tools


MVA Experimental tools

Wells and Injection FacilitiesWells and Injection Facilities


Lessons LearnedLessons Learned


Lessons LearnedLessons Learned• Every potential storage project is

different & MVA should be sitedifferent & MVA should be sitespecific in design

• When deploying non-commercial p y gMVA protocols, redundancy with more commercial tools is necessary to ensure the data qualityto ensure the data quality

• Build from the lessons learned at existing projectsg p j

• Regulators may add to a project’s MVA plan


Lessons Learned, ContinuedLessons Learned, Continued

• Data resolution may be challenging in deep settingschallenging in deep settings

• MVA systems can impact injection & vice versainjection & vice versa

• Time and cost reductions, but t t i lnot yet commercial

• Data, data, & more data• We have a good capacity,

injectivity, and no apparent


formation damage

Data Being CollectedData Being Collected


SECARB Anthropogenic MVA SECARB Anthropogenic MVA FrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency

Milestone(Baseline,MVA Method

Frequency

Continuous Monthly Quarterly Annual(Baseline,Injection,

Post)

ShallowSoil flux

MVA Method

Groundwater sampling (USDW)PFT surveyDeepCO2 volume, pressure & compositionReservoir fluid samplingInjection, temperature & spinner logsPulse neutron logsCrosswell seismicVertical seismic profile (VSP)ExperimentalDistributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)Comparative fluid sampling methods


MBM VSPDistributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS)

MVA Tests and Their Frequencies (1)MVA Tests and Their Frequencies (1)Measurement

TechniqueMeasurement Parameters

Application UIC Required Frequency

Status

Reservoir and downhole Key measurement for assessing Constant during (2) Panex gauges run D-above-zonepressure

pressure gaugesy g

the injection pressure field and for regulatory compliance. Above-zone monitoring to detect leakage through the confining unit

ginjection operations, annually post-injection

( ) g g9-8#2 with MBM in March 2012; MRO gauges run in D-9-13 and D-4-14 in June 2012

Cased hole Neutron capture CO2 saturation buildup near new Baseline Baseline logs run on D 4Cased-holepulsed neutron logging

Neutron captureas a function of CO2 saturationbuildup

CO2 saturation buildup near newand existing wellbores. Demonstrates CO2 plumemigration and monitor for above-zone leakage

Baselinedeployment,annually during injection, bi-annually post-injection

Baseline logs run on D-4-13, D-4-14, D-9-7#2, D-9-8#2 and D-9-9#2 August 2011, September 2012, and August 2013

Ti l CO i d d Di t ib ti f CO l O b li B li VSP i d iTime-lapseseismic(crosswell and/or vertical seismic profiling)

CO2 inducedchange from baseline sonic velocity and amplitude

Distribution of CO2 plumevertically and horizontally

One baselinedeployment, once post-injection

Baseline VSP acquired inFeb 2012; baseline crosswell acquired in Jan 2012; Time-lapse in May & August 2013

Reservoir fluid sampling

Pressurized fluid samples taken from the injection zone. Analyze for pH, and selected cations and

Geochemical changes to injection zone that occur as a result of CO2

injection

Semi-annually during injection phase, annually post-injection

D-9-8#2 Baseline samples taken via U-Tube June 2012; Kuster samples taken in March and June 2012; additional samples taken


cations andanions

additional samples takenNovember 2013

MVA Tests and MVA Tests and Their Frequencies Their Frequencies (2)(2)Measurement

TechniqueMeasurement Parameters

Application UIC Required Frequency

Status

Drinking water Alkalinity DIC DOC Monitoring of USDWs for Quarterly during Baseline USDW samplesDrinking wateraquifer (USDW) monitoring

Alkalinity, DIC, DOC,selected cations and anions

Monitoring of USDWs forgeochemical changes related to shallow CO2 leakage.

Quarterly duringand post-injection

Baseline USDW samplesacquired and analyzed in Feb, March, July, November (2012), February, April, August, and November (2013)

I j ti ll P A l i C t t d i G i t ll d ti d i tInjection wellannular and tubing pressure

Pressure gauges located on the wellhead to monitor casing annular and tubing pressure

Annular pressure is an indication of wellbore integrity. Tubing pressure assures regulatory compliance with maximum injection pressure

Constant duringinjectionoperations and post-injection

Gauges installed, tied intoDenbury’s data acquisition system

Soil CO2 Flux Mass of CO2 emittedfrom the soil per unit time and area

Monitor for anomalous increases in the amount of CO2 that is emitted from the soil surface as an indication of CO2 leakage

Quarterly during and post-injection

(12) soil flux stations in place. Monitoring began in December 2011 and continue through present. Eleven field deployments to date

Perfluorocarbontracers (PFTs) introduced in the CO2 stream

Measure tracer levels near the ground surface around new and pre-existing oilfield wells

Monitor for the presence of tracer buildup near wellbores which would suggest leakage of CO2

Single baseline, annually during and post-injection

Baseline sampling August 2012 at the D-9-1, D-9-2, D-9-3, D-9-6, D-9-7, D-9-8, D-9-9, D-9-10 and D-9-11 well locations and again in June


and November 2013

ContactContactOffice LocationsOffice Locations

Washington, DCWashington, DC4501 Fairfax Drive Suite 9104501 Fairfax Drive, Suite 910Arlington, VA 22203 Phone: (703) 528-8420Fax: (703) 528-0439

Houston, TXHouston, TX,,11931 Wickchester Ln., Suite 200Houston, TX 77043Phone: (281) 558-9200Fax: (281) 558-9202

K ill TNK ill TNKnoxville, TNKnoxville, TN111 N. Central Street, Suite 7Knoxville, TN 37902 Phone: (865) 541-4690Fax: (865) 541-4688

Cincinnati, OHCincinnati, OH1282 Secretariat CourtBatavia, OH 45103Phone: (513) 460-0360Email: [email protected]


p @

BackBack--up & Supporting Slidesup & Supporting Slides


Communication is Key!Communication is Key!


Extrapolated Continuity of Extrapolated Continuity of Upper Paluxy Sandstones Upper Paluxy Sandstones

At Citronelle Southeast UnitAt Citronelle Southeast UnitN th tN th t S th tS th t


NorthwestNorthwest -- SoutheastSoutheast

Extrapolated Continuity of Extrapolated Continuity of p yp yUpper Paluxy Sandstones Upper Paluxy Sandstones

At Citronelle Southeast UnitAt Citronelle Southeast Unit


West West -- EastEast

Injection Zone CharacteristicsInjection Zone Characteristics

SandName

Top Depth

(ft, log)

Gross Thickness

(ft)

Net Thickness

(ft)

Log porosity

(%)

Sidewall core

porosity (%)

Permeability (md)

from porosity - permeability cross

Perforated Intervals (ft)

Total Perf Footage

(%) plot

9460 9,437 41 36 20.9 21.3-21.9 4509436 - 9454, 9460 -9474 32

9520 9,507 20 11 20.3 21.6 360 9514 -9524 109540 9,531 18 13 18.6 n/a 190 9534 - 9546 129570 9,560 23 9 19.0 n/a 220 9570 - 9580 10

9620 9,594 41 38 20.0 18.4-23.0 3209604 - 9622, 9627 - 9629 20

9670 9,656 23 4 17.4 N/A 120 N/A N/A9710 9,695 24 21 18.9 18.6-19.8 210 9698 - 9718 209740 9,729 20 13 19.2 19.2-21.2 230 9732 - 9744 129800 9,771 36 27 16.9 16.0-19.2 100 9772 - 9800 289840 9,830 12 6 16.6 N/A 90 N/A N/A9900 9,881 22 10 17.7 16.3 130 N/A N/A9970 9,954 23 3 13.7 N/A 30 N/A N/A10030 10,014 11 6 16.9 N/A 100 N/A N/A10040 10,034 13 8 19.5 N/A 260 N/A N/A10100 10,091 16 10 16.7 N/A 90 N/A N/A10130 10,118 15 11 15.5 N/A 60 N/A N/A10310 10,297 17 7 14.7 N/A 40 N/A N/A10370 10,356 20 5 14.0 N/A 30 N/A N/A10400 10,392 17 1 14.7 N/A 40 N/A N/A10470 10,454 30 13 15.9 N/A 70 N/A N/A10500 10,487 28 17 15.6 N/A 60 N/A N/A


Total Gross Thickness:

470

Total Net Thickness:

263

Weighted Average:

18.2

Weighted Average: 208

Perf Thickness:

144

Paluxy Fm. Relative Permeability Paluxy Fm. Relative Permeability for Citronelle Dfor Citronelle D--99--8 #28 #2for Citronelle Dfor Citronelle D--99--8 #28 #2


DD--99--8#2 Downhole Pressure 8#2 Downhole Pressure & &Temperature DataTemperature DataTemperature DataTemperature Data

Gaugecalibration

issue


Spinner SurveysSpinner SurveysSand Nov 2012 Aug 2013 Oct 2013Unit Bottom Top Thickness Flow % Flow % Flow %

Sand Unit Properties (ft)

J 9,454 9,436 18 14.8 18.7 16.7I 9,474 9,460 14 8.2 20.4 19.6H 9,524 9,514 10 2.8 7.4 7.7G 9,546 9,534 12 2.7 2.1 0.9, ,F 9,580 9,570 10 0.0 1.2 1.2E 9,622 9,604 18 26.8 23.5 30.8D 9,629 9,627 2 0.0 0.0 0.0C 9 718 9 698 20 16 5 11 8 10 3C 9,718 9,698 20 16.5 11.8 10.3B 9,744 9,732 12 4.9 0.6 0.4A 9,800 9,772 28 23.3 14.3 12.4


Constraints, Restrictions, and Toolkit Constraints, Restrictions, and Toolkit Additions to DownAdditions to Down--Select MVA ProgramSelect MVA ProgramAdditions to DownAdditions to Down Select MVA ProgramSelect MVA Program• Constraints

– Active waterflood in Donovan (below)– Water disposal in Tuscaloosa (above)– Eliminate surface change measurements and

“noise” monitoringCl VI UIC t dd d• Class VI UIC aspects added– Soil flux measurements– AoR via modeling

Experimental technologies– Experimental technologies• Experimental MVA techniques

– Reservoir fluid sampling (UTube)– MBM VSP– MBM VSP– Seismic via DAS– Heat pulse decay (DTS)


DownDown--Select from Cranfield & Select from Cranfield & Frio ExperienceFrio ExperienceFrio ExperienceFrio ExperienceMotivationMotivation::• Sequestration sites will use dedicated monitoring wells. • Maximize efficient use of available boreholes for semi-permanent

monitoring

Measurements of Interest: Measurements of Interest: • Pressure*• Temperature • Fluid Sampling*• Wireline logs • Geophyiscal Monitoring

Seismic: active source and passive monitoring Electrical


* Requires perforations and packer for zonal isolation when deployed inside casing

Soil Flux Sampling ResultsSoil Flux Sampling Results


PFT SurveyPFT Survey

Site was inoculated Site was inoculated August 2012 prior toAugust 2012 prior toAugust 2012, prior toAugust 2012, prior toinjection and retested in injection and retested in June & November 2013June & November 2013

D-9-7#2Primary Injection Well

InoculationWell/Sample AUG 2012 JUN 2013 NOV 2013D 9 1 ND ND NDD 9 2 ND ND ND

Testing

Plume

D 9 3 ND ND NDD 9 6 ND ND NDD 9 7 1 ND ND NDD 9 8 Invalid Data ND ND

Extent(AoR)

D 9 9 ND ND NDD 9 10 Invalid Data ND NDD 9 11 ND ND NDAir Blank 1 ND NST NSTSystem Blank ND ND


PFT Monitoring Sites

System Blank ND ND

Seismic: Baseline CrosswellSeismic: Baseline Crosswell

Survey Parameters• Source Type: Piezoelectric• Receiver type: Hydrophone – 10 levels• Source & Receiver interval: 10 feet

Sweep length: 2 6 sec ( d l th 3 Confining Zone• Sweep length: 2.6 sec (record length 3sec)

Survey Results

ion

Zone

Confining Zone

• High resolution image between injection well & observation well (~10 feet vertical resolution)

• No reservoir or confining unit

Inje

cti

No reservoir or confining unitdiscontinuities observed

• Good CO2 confinement


TimeTime--Lapse Difference, MBM, VSPLapse Difference, MBM, VSP

Shorter MBM array has an lateral image area that is smaller, b t it sho ld be able to see changes in the gather response


but it should be able to see changes in the gather responseand images over time due to CO2 injection

Seismic: MBM VSPSeismic: MBM VSP


PNC Logging PNC Logging –– Time LapseTime Lapse


USDW Sampling DUSDW Sampling D--99--99


MBM Design: FlatMBM Design: Flat--Pack & Pack & GeophoneGeophoneGeophoneGeophone


MBM Geophone Array: Baseline VSP, MBM Geophone Array: Baseline VSP, OVSP and WalkawayOVSP and WalkawayOVSP and WalkawayOVSP and Walkaway

Map of VSP

Next Step:Next Step:VSPshotpoints

Resolution Comparison • Crosswell ~ 10 feet• Full VSP ~ 25 – 30 feet

MBM VSP 50 feet• MBM VSP~ 50 feet• Establish “fence post”• Collect time lapse

seismic events • Collaborative analysis

of varying resolutions


Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS)Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS)• VSP data ‘piggy-back’ on standard acquisition • Initial data quality insufficient – greater source effort needed • Benefit: 3000 sensors versus 18


Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)

• Using pressure data to infer a relative difference in relative head related to a column of water indicating whether or not therelated to a column of water, indicating whether or not thereservoir remains water saturated

20

DH (mH2O)

14

16

18

4500109.5

8

10

12

dH

(mH

2O)

DH (mH2O)

4350

4400

4450

108

108.5

109

e(p

sia)

(deg

C)

RGA5109 Temp

4

6

8

January 20, 2013 March 1, 2013 April 10, 2013 May 20, 2013 June 29, 2013 August 8, 2013 September 17, 2013

4250

4300

4350

107

107.5

108

Pres

sur

Tem

p RGA5108 Temp

RGA5109 Pres

RGA5108 Pres


4200106.5January 20, 2013 March 1, 2013 April 10, 2013 May 20, 2013 June 29, 2013 August 8, 2013 September 17, 2013

Axis Title

Pressure at Monitoring Well D 9Pressure at Monitoring Well D 9--88

4,480

4,500

4,420

4,440

4,460

sia

4 360

4,380

4,400

Pres

sure

, ps

4,320

4,340

4,360

4,300

8/1/20

12

10/31

/2012

1/30/2

013

5/1/20

13

8/1/20

13

10/31

/2013

1/30/2

014

D9 8 Bottom Gauge D9 8 Top Gauge Simulation Data


D9-8 Bottom Gauge D9-8 Top Gauge Simulation Data

Pressure at Monitoring Wells D 4Pressure at Monitoring Wells D 4--13 and D 413 and D 4 1414 (until end of January 2014)(until end of January 2014)13 and D 413 and D 4--1414 (until end of January 2014)(until end of January 2014)

D 4-14 Bot

D 4-14 Simulation

D 4 14 Bot

D 4-13 Top D 4-13 Simulation

D 4-14 Top

D 4-13 Bot


COCO22 Plume View Gas SaturationPlume View Gas Saturation

NoteNote: grid refined : grid refined

40 fe

et

D 9 8GasInj1GasInj1

gggrid blocks are grid blocks are 8080’ by ’ by 8080’’

104 D_9_8GasInj1GasInj1

D 9-7 D 9-8

1040 feet

Cumulative Injection is Cumulative Injection is 100 316 t100 316 t


100,316 tonnes100,316 tonnes

Documents

SECARB Anthropogenic Test - Advanced Resources International€¦ · SECARB Anthropogenic Test Prepared For: NRAP Stakeholders Meeting February 4 and 5th, 2014 Prepared By: George