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Secession and Civil War, 1860-1862
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Chapter 15Chapter 15
The Election of 1860
• Charleston Democratic Convention– 2/3rds rule and southern opposition to Stephen A. Douglas
keep Democrats from selecting nominee
• Secessionist leaders: William L. Yancey and Edmund Ruffin
• Democrats split at Baltimore Convention– Southern Rights Democratic Party nominates John C.
Breckinridge – Regular Democrats go with Douglas
• Constitutional Union Party– John Bell
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Republicans Nominate Lincoln
• Republicans needed 2 out of Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Indiana
• William H. Seward– “Higher law” speech
(1850)
– “Irrepressible Conflict” (1858)
• Abraham Lincoln
• Republican platform• Exclusion of slavery
from territories• Higher tariffs• Homestead Act• Federal aid for internal
improvements
Southern Fears
• “Black Republicanism”
• Implications for the South if Lincoln wins
• Results– Lincoln received less than 40% of popular vote– Won electoral college by substantial margin
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Lower South Secedes
• Lincoln’s win broke open tensions that had built up over years
• Secession theory: states retained sovereignty, federal government was their agent
• 7 Southern States seceded 1860-1861– South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Louisiana, Texas
– Montgomery, Alabama: creation of Confederate States of America
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Northerners Affirm the Union
• Northerners considered secession unconstitutional and treasonable
• Lincoln: “no State can lawfully get out of the Union” and could “only do so against law, and by revolution.”
• Southerners would invoke the right of revolution to justify secession
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Compromise Proposals
• John J. Crittenden– Crittenden Compromise– Lincoln opposed
• “peace convention” – hope for the 8 remaining slave states to reject secession
• None of the secessionist states would consider a compromise
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Establishment of the Confederacy
• Confederate States of America– Constitution guaranteed slavery and prohibited
tariffs and central government funding of internal improvements
– Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stephens
• Upper South had strong heritage of Unionism, but also sought to preserve slavery
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Fort Sumter Issue
• Fort Sumter crisis– Charleston, South Carolina– Robert Anderson– James Buchanan – P. G. T. Beauregard
• Lincoln’s dilemma– Forceful defense or reinforcement might cause more
secession– Withdrawal will be moral victory for Confederates– Garrison needs to be resupplied soon
• Lincoln chooses resupply, Beauregard ordered to attack
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Choosing Sides
• Ft. Sumter attack triggered war fever in the North• Free states filled their militia quotas
immediately• 8 remaining slave states in the Union rejected
Lincoln’s call to arms and seceded:• Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina
Robert E. Lee of Virginia South enthusiastic about war
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Border States
• Delaware firmly union
• Northern occupation of Maryland
• Missouri– Nathaniel Lyon and Wilson’s Creek (1861)– “bushwhackers” vs. “jayhawkers”
• Unionist win elections in Kentucky and Maryland
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Creation of West Virginia
• Fifth Union border state
• Delegates from western part of Virginia had voted against secession– Wanted to break away from state of Virginia
• West Virginia became a new state and entered the Union, 1863
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Indian Territory and the Southwest
• Five “civilized” tribes mostly sided with Confederates– Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, Chickasaws, and
Choctaws
• Confederate attempts to take the Southwest– Battle of Valverde (1862)
– Battle of Glorieta Pass (1862)
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Balance Sheet of War
• Enlistment of Black soldiers– Union allowed it– Confederacy did not, until the end of the war
• Advantages:– North much greater population– Northern economic superiority– Southern military prowess
• Neither side anticipated length or intensity of the Civil War
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Strategy and Morale
• Union faced vast geographic territory of the South to invade and conquer
• Confederacy required withstanding and outlasting Northern efforts
• Confederacy had superior morale
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Mobilizing for War
• “citizen soldiers”• Four-fifths of soldiers on both sides were
volunteers, despite both sides passing conscription acts
• Not professionally trained soldiers– Egalitarian attitudes– Lacking in discipline
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Weapons and Tactics
• Rifles
• “minié ball”– Rapid load and fire – Greater accuracy
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Logistics
• Civil War considered 1st modern logistical war– Railroads, steam-powered ships, telegraph
– Vulnerable communications and supply lines
– Inland: dependence on animal-powered transport• Horses, mules
• Confederacy improvised well, but had too little to work with
• As war progressed, northern economy grew stronger, southern economy grew weaker
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Financing the War
• Confederacy– Treasury notes and inflation
• Union– Most funds raised by bonds– Legal Tender Act (1862) and “greenbacks”
• National Banking Act of 1863
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Navies, the Blockade, and Foreign Relations
• Confederacy needed imports of foreign materials (from Britain, especially)
• Lincoln attempted to cut off imports to South and their cotton exports with naval blockades
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
King Cotton Diplomacy
• South was convinced of cotton’s necessity to Britain– Voluntary embargo of cotton on South’s behalf
– Policy contradicted claim that union blockade was illegal
• “blockade runners”• Confederate Foreign Policy
– France
– Britain
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The Trent Affair
• Confederate emissaries– James Mason and John Slidell
• Captain Charles Wilkes
• Britain protests, and wins
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The Confederate Navy
• Confederate ships destroyed or captured 257 Union vessels– Florida– Alabama
• Union navy captured or destroyed 1,500 Southern blockade runners
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Monitor and the Virginia
• C.S.S. Virginia (Merrimac) – Hampton Roads
• U.S.S. Monitor
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Campaigns and Battles,1861-1862
• Winfield Scott– “the Anaconda Plan”
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The Battle of Bull Run
• Bull Run (Manassas)• Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson• Effects
– Exhilarates Confederates– Shocks northerners
• George B. McClellan: too cautious
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Naval Operations
• Carolina coast
• David G. Farragut– New Orleans (1862)
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Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
• Union combined efforts of army and river gunboat fleets– Tennessee and Cumberland rivers– Highways of invasion into Southern heartland
• Ulysses S. Grant– Union victories at Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson– Union gunboats can attack length of Tennessee and
Cumberland rivers
• Confederates prepare to attack– Commander Albert Sidney Johnston
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Battle of Shiloh
• Albert Sidney Johnston killed, Beauregard takes over southern forces
• Buell reinforces Grant
• Union wins, moves into Mississippi toward Vicksburg
• Pea Ridge, Arkansas (1862)
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Virginia Theater
• Shenandoah Valley Campaign (1862)– “Jackson’s foot cavalry”
• Seven Pines– Joseph E. Johnston
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The Seven Days’ Battles
• “The Army of Northern Virginia”– Robert E. Lee
• Confederate Counteroffensives
• Reconnaissance conducted by the Confederates
• Drove McClellan up the James River
• Reversed the momentum of the war
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Confederate Counteroffensives
• Nathan Bedford Forrest
• John Hunt Morgan
• Battle of Perryville (1862)
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Second Battle of Bull Run
• Attention focused on Virginia• Lee attacked Pope before McClellan could assist
with reinforcements– Union forces retreat
• Lee continued to invade Maryland– Serious consequences:
• Maryland might fall to the Confederates
• Democrats could gain control of Congress
• Britain and France might recognize the Confederacy
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Conclusion
• 1860 election: powerful shift from Southern political control
• Lincoln’s “House Divided”
• South: preemptive counterrevolution of secession to preserve their social systems
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved