SECONDARY DATA

Sources of secondary data

Published Sources

Unpublished Sources

Published Sources1. Official publications of Central Government.2. Publications of Semi-Govt. statistical org.3. Publications of Research Institutions4. Publications of Commercial and Financial

Inst.5. Reports of Various Committees and

commissions appointed by the government.6. News Papers and Periodicals7. International Publications

1. Official Publications of Central Govt.

Various Govt. Organizations which collect compile and publish statistical data on a number of topics of current interest- Prices, wages, Population, Production and consumption ,labor, trade, Army etc..

1. Office of the Registrar General and census Commissioner of India2. Directorate- General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics3. Labor Bureau- Ministry of Labor4. Directorate of Economics and Statistics5. The Indian Army Statistical Organization6. National Semple Survey Organisation

2. Publications of Semi-govt. Statistical organizations

1. Statistics Department of The Reserve Bank Of India

2. Economic department of Reserve Bank Of India

3. The Institute of Economic growth, Delhi

4. The Institute of Foreign Trade

3. Publications of Research Institutions

1.Indian Statistical Institute (I.S.I), Kolkata, Delhi

2. Indian Council Of Agricultural Research , (I.C.A.R.), New Delhi3.Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, ( I.A.S.R.I), New Delhi4. National Council of Agricultural Research and Training . (N.C.E.R.T)

4. Publications of Commercial and Financial Institutions

1. Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (F.I.C.C.I)

2. Institute of Charted Accounts of India

3. Stock Exanges ( SEBI),Bank bodies, 4.Statistical material on current economic , business and other phenomena

5. Reports of Various Committees and Commissions appointed by the Govt.

1. Simon- Kuznet Commission

National Income

2. Wanchoo commission Taxation

3. Kothari Commission Education

4. Gupta Commission Maruti Affairs

6. News Papers and Periodicals

1. Eastern Economist

2. Economic Times

3. The Financial Express

4. Indian Journal of Economics Etc….

7. International Publications

1. United Nations Organizations ( U.N.O)

2. World Health Organization (W.H.O)

3. International Finance Corporation( I. F.C )

4. International Monetary Fund (I.M.F ) Etc….

Unpublished Sources

Various sources of unpublished statistical material such as the records maintained by private firms or business enterprises who may not like to release their data to any outside agency; the various departments and offices of central and state government; the research carried out by scholars in the universities or Research Institutes.

Advantages of Secondary Data

1. Economy.2. Quickness.3. Quality.4. Availability.

Precautions in the use of Secondary Data

1. The Reliability of Data a. Exp. Of the colleting organization b. Source of Information c. Methods used 2. The Suitability of Data a. Units b. Objectives 3. Adequacy of Data

Qualitative Techniques of Data Collection

1. Interview method.

2. Observation.

1.Interview Method

“ It may be defined as a two-way systematic conversation between an investigator and an informant, initiated for obtaining information relevant to a specific study.”

Types of Interviews

1. Structured Interviews.2. Under structured Interviews.3. Focused Interview.4. Clinical Interview.5. Depth Interview.6. Telephone Interview.

1.Structured Interviews.

It involves the use of a set of pre-determined questions and of highly standardized techniques of recording, interviewer follows a rigid procedure laid down asking questions in a form and order prescribed.

2. Unstructured Interviews

These are characterized of a flexibility of approach to questioning do not follows a system of pre-determined questions and standardized techniques of recording information the interviewer is allowed much greater freedom to ask, he may even change the sequence of questions.

3. Focus Interview

A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging. Questions are asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with other group members.

4. Clinical Interview

This method is concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or with the course of individuals life experience.

The method of eliciting information under it is generally left to the interviewers discretion.

5. Depth Interview

This is an intensive and searching interview aiming at studying the respondents opinion, emotions, or convictions on the basis of interview guide.

6. Telephone Interview

This method of collecting information consists in contacting respondents on telephone itself.

It is not very widely used method, but plays important part in Industrial surveys, particularly in developed regions.

Merits of Interview Method

1. More information in greater depth can be obtained.

2. Interviewer by his own skill overcome the resistance –yields an almost perfect sample of the general population.

3. Greater flexibility.4. Observation method can as well be applied.5. Non-response generally remains low.6. Group-discussions may also be held.

Weakness of interview method.

1. Very expensive.2. More time consuming.3. Bias of interviewer and interviewee are

there.4. Interviewing at times may also introduce

systematic errors.

2. Observation Method.

It is a systematic viewing of a specific phenomenon in its proper setting for the specific purpose of gathering data for a particular study.

Characteristics of observation

1. Observation is a both a physical and mental activity.

2. Collection of primary data.3. Selective and purposeful collection.4. Scientific observation.5. Relationship between the Investigator and

the Respondent.

Types of Observation

1. Participant observation.2. Non-Participant Observation.3. Direct Observation.4. Indirect Observation.5. Controlled Observation.6. Uncontrolled Observation.

1. Participant observation.

Participant observation is a type of research strategy. It is a widely used methodology in many disciplines, particularly, cultural anthropology, but also sociology, communication studies, and social psychology. Its aim is to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, or sub cultural group, or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their natural environment, usually over an extended period of time.

2. Non-Participant Observation.

In Non P.O. the sociologist simply observes the activities, but doesn’t take part in them.

Non-participant, or direct, observation is where data are collected by observing behavior without interacting with the participants.

If people are to be observed in a closed setting, the researcher is not a participant observer, and tape- or video-recording is permissible then this data recording approach may be appropriate (e.g. physician-patient encounters).

3. Direct Observation

During direct observation it is common for an observer to be pre s e n t who sits passively and records as accurately as possible what is going on. Usually it is the behavior of one or more persons that is recorded and an advantage of the techniques is that a number of proper interacting with each other and the same piece of equipment can be observed.

Types of direct observation method • Observation by camera

• Visual Observation• Photographic Observations• Video Observations• Radio Observations• Telescopic Observations

4. Indirect Observation.

• For example, if you are interested in how people use Web search-engines, you could sit beside them during a surfing session and watch what happens, recording the different terms used for the subject and the stages the person went through. You could also log some of this information automatically - that is, the machine makes the observations for you - or you could videotape what was appearing on the screen, while you tape-recorded the person talking aloud about their activity. This would be direct observation.

• On the other hand, you could conduct interviews with people about how they use search-engines: they would then have to recall what they did and report it to you. This assumes that people have an ability to recall earlier behavior accurately - which may not always be true. If you then proceed to ask them about their opinions of, or attitudes towards Web search-engines, you are asking them to observe (probably for the first time) their mental states on these issues - you are asking them to make self-observations.

5. Controlled Observations

Controlled observation is a type of observational study where the conditions are contrived by the researcher. This type of observation may be carried out in a laboratory type situation and because variables are manipulated is said to be high in control.

6.Uncontrolled experiments

if you chose to do an experiment on light and plant growth, you would make sure that the variable that changes is the amount of light. If you have more than one variable that changes, that would make it an uncontrolled experiment. An uncontrolled experiment is an experiment that will not give you the answer to your question OR give you the wrong answer.