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Chapter 25 Section 1

The Cold War Begins

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How did U.S. leaders respond to the threat of Soviet expansion in Europe?

World War II convinced U.S. leaders that the policies of isolationism and appeasement had been mistakes.

To counter the growing Soviet threat, they sought new ways to keep the U.S. safe and protect its interests abroad.

Focus Question

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Despite their alliance during World War II, the U.S. and the Soviet Union had little in common.

The United States was a capitalist democracy. The American people valued freedom and individual rights.

The Soviet Union was a dictatorship. Stalin and the Communist Party wielded total control over the lives of the Soviet people.

A Clash of Ideologies

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These differences were apparent as the Allies made decisions about the future of postwar Europe.

Postwar Goals

U.S. and Britain U.S.S.R.

Strong, united Germany Weak, divided Germany

Independence for nations of Eastern Europe

Maintain Soviet control of Eastern Europe

Postwar Goals

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When the Big Three met at Yalta, Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Eastern Europe, yet free elections were not held.

The Big Three at Odds

Churchill Roosevelt Stalin

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Section 1The Big Three at OddsWhen the Big Three met again at Potsdam, the U.S. and Britain pressed Stalin to confirm his commitment to free elections; Stalin refused.

The Big Three alliance crumbled.

Attlee Truman Stalin

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The nations of Eastern Europe and the eastern part of Germany became satellite states of the Soviet Union, separated from the free world by an “iron curtain.”

Cold War Europe, 1949

The Iron Curtain

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After the Big Three split at Potsdam, the Cold War struggle between the world’s two superpowers began.

Containing communist expansion became the United States’ top priority.

The Soviets were determined to spread communism to other lands.

The Americans were determined to stop them.

Containment

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With the Truman Doctrine, the U.S. promised to support nations struggling against communist movements.

Money was sent to Greece and Turkey to provide aid to people who needed it.

The Truman Doctrine

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Greek Civil WarNote the use of

captured German equipment

Approximately 1500 Americans served in

Greece and more than $900 million in military ands civilian aid was

given

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The U.S. sent about $13 billion to Western Europe under the Marshall Plan.

The money provided food, fuel, and raw materials to help rebuild war-torn cities and towns.

The Marshall Plan

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Section 1 The Marshall Plan

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Germany, and the city of Berlin, became flashpoints in the Cold War.

The Soviet zone became East Germany.

The zones controlled by the U.S., Britain, and France were combined to form West Germany.

After the war, Germany was divided into four zones.

Divided Germany

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Berlin was also divided.

The zones controlled by the U.S., Britain, and France were combined to form West Berlin.

The Soviet zone became East Berlin.

Divided Berlin

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West Berlin was controlled by the Allies.

The prosperity and freedoms there stood in stark contrast to the bleak life in communist East Berlin.

Determined to capture West Berlin, Stalin blockaded the city, cutting off supplies.

In response, the U.S. and Britain sent aid to West Berlin through a massive airlift.

The Berlin Blockade

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The Berlin airlift saved West Berlin and underscored the U.S. commitment to contain communism.

The Berlin Airlift

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American cargo planes at Berlin’s Tempelhof Airport

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•The Russian blockade lasted from 24 June 1948 to 11 May 1949, but the airlift continued for several more months

•The airlift cost the United States $350 million; the UK £17 million and Western Germany 150 million Deutschmarks

•Berliners received an average of 2,300 calories a day which was higher than the UK food rationing system provided at the time

•At the height of the operation, on April 16 1949, an allied aircraft landed in Berlin every minute

•Each aircraft was unloaded by German crews in 20-30 minutes

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Section 1•Normal daily food requirements for Berlin was 2000 tons

•Coal represented two -thirds of all tonnage; giving each family (25-30lb) per month

•The airlift required 850,00 multi-layer paper sacks per month

•394,509 tons of foodstuffs, coal and supplies carried by 689 military and civil aircraft - 441 US, 147 RAF and 101 British civil.

•The pilots and aircrew also came from Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand

•83,405 tons of cargo and 68,000 people were flown OUT of Berlin

•39 British, 31 American and 13 German civilians lost their lives in the Berlin Airlift. They are remembered on the Berlin Airlift monument at Tempelhof

•124,420,813 miles were flown during the airlift. A total of 277,804 flights

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As Cold War tensions mounted, both sides formed military alliances for collective security.

NATO Warsaw Pact

Belgium NetherlandsCanada NorwayDenmark PortugalFrance TurkeyGreece United KingdomIceland United StatesItaly West GermanyLuxembourg

AlbaniaBulgariaCzechoslovakiaEast GermanyHungaryPolandRomaniaSoviet Union

Cold War Alliances

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NATO

vs

WARSAW PACT

NATO

WARSAW PACT

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