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Sedative – Hypnotic Drugs
Anxiolytic Drugs Minor Tranquilizers
Sedative – Hypnotic Drugs
Spectrum of Activity: Decreased Anxiety. Sedation. Sleep( Hypnosis). Death .
Basic Features
Overlapping actions. General CNS depressants. Abuse potential. Additive effects.
Dose-response curves for two hypothetical sedative-
hypnotics.
Ideal Anxiolytic
Calm the patient without too much day time sedation and drowsiness and without producing dependence.
Children's Anxiety Scale
PANIC, Panic disorder and agoraphobia; FEARS, Fears of physical injuryGAD, generalized anxiety disorder.SAD, separation anxiety disorderSOCPH, social phobiaOCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder.
Ideal Hypnotic
Patient should go asleep quickly. Maintains sleep of sufficient
quality and duration. Patient awakes refreshed
without “hangover”( التى ا البغيضة آلثار.( تخلف
Benzodiazepines
200 synthesized(1960s-2000). Receptor is associated with GABA
receptor. Increase affinity of GABA for GABA I
receptors. Increase the frequency of Cl- channel
opening events leading to hyperpolarization and postsynaptic inhibition and decreased transmission.
GABAA Receptor
Chloride ion channel. Pentameric structure assembled
from 5 subunits( each with 4 transmembrane-spanning subunits) selected from multiple polypeptide classes(α, β …etc).
Subunits of these classes are characterized.
GABAA Receptor
Binding sites of GABA are located between adjacent α1and β2 subunits.
Binding site for benzodiazepines is between α1and α2 subunits.
GABA receptors in different areas of the CNS consist of various combinations of the essential subunits.
BZs bind to many of these. Zolpidem binds only to isoforms
containing α1 subunits
A model of the GABAA receptor-chloride ion channel macromolecular complex
Chemical structures of some benzodiazepines
Biotransformation of benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines
Cause dose-dependant CNS depression.
Wide margin of safety. Relatively mildly addictive.
Adverse Effects of Benzodiazepines
CNS depression ----- Tolerance. Blurring of vision. Hallucinations. Paradoxical Reactions----- Excitement GI , Blood ------ Rare. Additive. Overdose: Flumazenil.
Withdrawal Symptoms of Benzodizepines Rebound Insomnia and Anxiety. Tremor, N.V., Weight loss,
Convulsions.
Barbiturates Old fashioned(1930-1960s) sedative-
hypnotic drugs. Also facilitate the actions of GABAA
at multiple sites but appear to increase the duration of GABAA gated Cl- channel opening.
At high concentrations might work directly.
Might also depress excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamic acid.
Barbiturates Hangover Effects Deaths were(1960s) common, “Drug
Automatism“ Abuse , Tolerance , Dependence and
Withdrawal. Interactions are common, can induce
liver enzymes.
Barbiturates
Thiopental Amobarbital Pentobarbital Phenobarbital Differ in durations of action and
consequently in their uses.
Chemical structures of some barbiturates and other sedative-hypnotics.
Buspirone Anxiolytic, needs a week to work. No sedative, anticonvulsant or muscle
relaxant effects. 5HTA1A partial agonist. Works also on D2
receptors . Safe: Tachycardia, GIT distress, paresthesia
and pupillary constriction. No dependence or tolerance. No rebound or withdrawal. No additive effects to others. Minimal abuse liability.
Zolpidem
Good sedative. Wide spectrum but weak. Binds to benzodiazepine
receptor. Short acting. Preserves normal sleep. GI side effects (diarrhea).
Ramelteon Melatonin receptor agonist (MT1 and
MT2). Not a controlled substance. Melatonin involved in circadian
rhythm. Effects on sleep and endocrine
system. Might be useful for “jet lag”.
Chemical structures of newer hypnotics
Antihistamines
Hydroxyzine Diphenhydramine. Promethazine. These are non addictive, uncontrolled
drugs( over the counter), and have anticholinergic side effects.
- adrenergic Blockers
Best drugs for Performance Anxiety (Stage Fright).
Will inhibit the symptoms of sympathetic activity associated with anxiety(nervousness, palpitations, sweating, tremor, coldness)
Will not affect the level of consciousness.
Antidepressants
General anxiety. Phobic( الرهاب) and Panicالرعب) (Disorders. Obsessive-compulsive states.
Paraldehyde. Meprobamate:
Muscle Relaxant , 1951 Geriatric patients.