SELECCIÓN DE ARTÍCULOS DE ALAIN TOURAINE (Sociological ... · Sociology held in Brisbane, Australia, the French sociologist Alain Touraine -- one of the event's keynote speakers

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SELECCIÓN DE ARTÍCULOS DE ALAIN TOURAINE(Sociological Abstracts)

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DN: Nombre de base de datosCSA Sociological Abstracts

TI: TítuloPublic Sociology and the End of the Society

AU: AutorTouraine, Alain

SO: FuenteCaderno CRH, vol. 22, no. 56, pp. 245-254, May-Aug 2009

DE: Descriptores*Europe; *Social Problems; *Verification; *Rights; *SociologicalResearch

AB: ResúmenBeginning with the verification that sociological research doesn'tcorrespond to its classic definition anymore & that, consequently,the academic community's moment to overcome the contradiction betweenprofessional sociology & critical sociology has arrived, theauthor discusses some central points of Burawoy's proposal concerningpublic sociology. With resource to experiences coming out ofLatin-American, North American & European intellectual life, thispaper makes an effort in relating public sociology to the more

generalpolitical process of recognition of social actors' rights, capable oforganizing the field inside which a "general sociology of theactors" can flourish & grow. This paper verifies that thereare times in which the demand for theorization is more urgent; inother times, social critic has priority. And concludes that, if thesociological community still asserts the need to identify the maincontemporary social problems, then the combination of public

sociologywith professional sociology is ever more necessary. Adapted from thesource document.

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TI: TítuloSociology after Sociology


SO: FuenteEuropean Journal of Social Theory, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 184-193, May2007

DE: Descriptores*Social Movements; *History of Sociology; *Sociological Theory

AB: ResúmenThis contribution to a symposium, "Does the Prospect of a GeneralSociological Theory Still Mean Anything (in Times ofGlobalization)?," notes that the unity of classical sociology didnot derive from a theory about social organization or other topics invogue today, but rather revolved around an object of knowledge: thestudy of society. Society is described as a set of rules &

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procedures for achieving integration, which constitute the wholewithin which order, progress, individualism, & solidarity canexist. The idea of society did not come into being until it wasthought that "God had to be replaced by an absolute Sovereign,the depositary of all legitimacy, at once father of the people &manager, generous & a dispenser of justice." Sociology cameinto being when "the rational action of a sovereign was replacedby the opposition between the forces of consciousness &order." because sociology allows for opposition & differencesamong various schools of thought. The decline of this classicalsociology came about when the opposition between men & women aswell as between haves & have-nots was undermined by great socialmovements seeking liberation & equality. Sociology today is betterexplained by its future than its past because it is constantlytransforming & reinventing itself as its object of study, society,changes. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd.,

copyright2007.]

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TI: TítuloOn the Frontier of Social Movements


SO: FuenteSociedade e Estado, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 17-28, Jan-Apr 2006

DE: Descriptores*Social Movements; *Power; *Conflict

AB: ResúmenFrom within the context of industrial studies, the article exploresthe links between two types of social movements: structural &historical. Structural conflicts dramatize the opposition betweenthose who hold economic & social power & those who aresubservient to such power. Historical conflicts are best defined bysocial movements that are reacting to the realities of historicalchange. In all cases, the study of social movements, especially whenit focuses on the distinction between structural & historicalmovements, is dependent upon the methodologies, theories, &approaches that sociologists employ at a given time. It is a giventhat research in this field is influenced by the study of the mostmodern economic sectors, although such sectors might not have existedin the past. Yet another paradox arises from the possibility thattraditional social movements do not exist in post-industrialsocieties, which tend to be societies of high-tech information &communication. R. Young

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TI: TítuloNationalism against the Nation


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Sociologica, vol. 21, no. 60, pp. 295-322, Jan-Apr 2006DE: Descriptores

*State Society Relationship; *Nationalism; *State Formation;*Eighteenth Century; *Nineteenth Century; *Twentieth Century;*Extremism; *Europe

AB: ResúmenTransformations of concepts on nation & state are traced from theFrench Revolution on. When the idea of nation first arose, itreferenced a collective consciousness or homogenous community, not aparticular ethnicity or language. However, by the late 20th century,the political model of an alliance between national consciousness& the construction of a State changed to one of radicalnationalism aligned with the global economic consciousness ofproducers & consumers. New extremist national movements haveresulted in Europe, the Middle East, & Asia, spawning incidents ofethnic purification, as in the former Yugoslavia. New nationalisms

arepresent in almost all developing countries in their neo-Bismarckian,cultural or fascist modes. Nationalisms should not necessarily becondemned, but instead, markets should not be separated fromindividuals & the universe of values, signs, & meaning.Realistic solutions for society after the separation of nation &state are explored, especially for Europe. References. M. Pflum

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TI: TítuloThe Subject Is Coming Back


SO: FuenteInternational Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, vol. 18, no.3-4, pp. 199-209, spring-summer 2005

DE: Descriptores*Alienation; *Modernity; *Rationality; *Self Concept; *Individualism;*Authority; *Norms; *Values; *Social Order

AB: ResúmenArgues that the neglected concept of the subject is re-appearingbecause of its potential to combat situations of alienation &reclaim the liberating capabilities of the person. It is contendedthat modernity does not represent the triumph of reason; rather, ithas resulted in the separation of the world of

science/instrumentalityfrom the universe of values & the moral subject. Special attentionis given to how today's individuals are attempting to develop a

deeperunderstanding of the self as subject rather than as a member of asocial, economic, or political category. Two forms of decomposition

ofthe subject are its identification either with "me" (myindividual existence) or with a super ego that imposes values, norms,& forms of authority to the subject. It is maintained that givinga central role to the concept of subject prevents much behavior frombeing assessed in terms of conformity or opposition with so-calledpublic interest. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop a socialorder that recognizes subjects as simultaneously different &

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equal. J. Lindroth

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TI: TítuloIf There Is No Democracy, There Is No Security!


SO: FuenteSvobodnaya Mysl', vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 3-14, 2005

DE: Descriptores*Political Change; *Political Development; *European Union

AB: ResúmenIn this interview a famed French sociologist discusses social &political problems of modern Europe. To Touraine's point of view,

bothconservation of current situation & following ultra-liberalreceipts of Margaret Thatcher will lead EU to deadlock. Europe needsconsensus between preservation of social guarantees & measures formodernization of society towards higher competitiveness. Adapted fromthe source document.

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TI: TítuloSex, Gender, Subject: An Interview with Alain Touraine


SO: FuenteRevista de Sociologia e Politica, no. 23, pp. 169-174, Nov 2004

DE: Descriptores*Feminist Theory; *Gender Studies; *Sex; *Sociological Theory;*Identity Politics

AB: ResúmenIn this interview, conducted during the XVth World Congress ofSociology held in Brisbane, Australia, the French sociologist AlainTouraine -- one of the event's keynote speakers & major figure ofcontemporary sociology -- comments on the contribution of feminism& gender studies to the latter & evaluates the ways in whichthey have influenced his own work. For Touraine, whose earliestinterest in feminism was linked to his concern for the new socialmovements, a feminist perspective provides a necessary lens for ourunderstanding of the social, cultural & political relations oftoday's world. With this in mind, he cites the work of severalfeminist theorists -- such as the North Americans Judith Butler &Nancy Chodorow, & the French writer, Monique Wittig, whosewritings have been important for him in the research seminars that heis currently conducting at the Ecole de Haute Etudes en SciencesSociales (EHESS) in Paris. 2 References. Adapted from the sourcedocument.

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CSA Sociological AbstractsTI: Título

On the Frontier of Social MovementsAU: Autor

Touraine, AlainSO: Fuente

Current Sociology, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 717-725, July 2004DE: Descriptores

*Social Movements; *Globalization; *Morality; *Individual CollectiveRelationship; *Social Change; *Autonomy; *Cultural Change

AB: ResúmenThe author argues that globalization has shifted the nature ofconflicts considerably, to the point that the social movements are nolonger those that set social categories in opposition to one another,as in the case of social classes. Dominant forces define themselves

nolonger by content or by forms of social life, but by an unlimitedcapacity for change or adaptation to an environment that is inconstant modification & often unpredictable. The key question forsocial movements no longer has to do with defining an autonomous

spaceor time, but, rather, with recognizing the priority that must be

givento the creation -- much more than to the defence -- of an autonomythat is less professional or economic than moral -- that is, theautonomy of the individual, considered as an actor, or, moreprecisely, as a subject. This is why it is preferable to replace theexpression 'social movements' with that of 'cultural movements'.[Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright 2004.]

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TI: TítuloAlain Touraine: "Today Emancipation Passes for CombatingUnilateralism"


SO: FuenteMetapolitica, vol. 8, no. 36, pp. 57-61, July-Aug 2004

DE: Descriptores*Globalization; *Resistance; *Protest Movements; *Rebellions; *Spain;*Mexico

AB: ResúmenTouraine sees El Foro Social (The Social Forum) in Porto Alegre as astrong mobilization against globalization & it is not to befaulted just because it does not necessarily have a positive

platform.The forces of resistance against globalization are neither a socialmovement nor a network of movements but an attack on power, mainlyAmerican military power. Touraine also talks about the capabilities

ofgroups like the EZLN in Mexico & ETA in Spain, & the effectsof abstention in voting on Mexican politics & social movements. Hebelieves that too many in Latin America have given up resistance

afterreceiving bad advice from intellectuals. Adapted from the source

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document.

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TI: TítuloSociology after Sociology


SO: FuenteLa Revue du MAUSS, no. 24, pp. 51-61, 2004

DE: Descriptores*Paradigms; *History of Sociology; *Sociological Theory;*Individualism; *State; *Civil Society; *Social Change; SocialMovements; Globalization

AB: ResúmenA paradigm shift in sociology's object is described. Classicalsociology aimed to integrate moral individualism with instrumentalrationality for the sake of cohesion in the modern society; thecontext of classical sociology & its relation to civil society inthe nation-state are explained. Social movements in the 1960s marked

adecline in classical sociology, as rampant individualism severed thesubjective self from society's institutional authority. Globalizationalso contributed to the transformation of society. Sociology isredefining itself for the ultramodern individualist world &strives to find & extend a social space where policy &institutions will protect the individual's needs & creativeliberty. Sociology's role in today's global environment is explored.E. Taylor

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TI: TítuloEquality and/or Difference: Real Problems, False Dilemmas


SO: FuenteCanadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, vol.28, no. 4, pp. 543-550, fall 2003

DE: Descriptores*Rights; *Equality; *Differences; *Globalization; *CulturalMaintenance; *Industrialization; *Cultural Identity; *Local Culture

AB: ResúmenAddresses the notions of "equality" &"difference" & illuminate the tension between them. Theevolution of these concepts & their conflictual relationship istraced to the period of industrialization beginning in the mid-19thcentury. Within the context of rights, it is suggested that the"equality of rights implies a right to difference" betweenindividuals or cultures. Concerns about rights involved in the globalspread of economic & technological methods of production vs thedefense of local cultural orientations are considered. The notion of"cultural rights" & the importance of maintaining thesewhile balancing the promotion of equal opportunities is also

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addressed. K. Hyatt Stewart

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TI: TítuloMeaningless Politics


SO: FuenteConstellations, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 298-311, Sept 2003

DE: Descriptores*International Relations; *International Conflict; *National

Security;*Political Power; *Foreign Policy; *United States of America;*Political Change

AB: ResúmenMy intention in this paper is first to defend the idea that the US,& the whole world, have been transformed in a very short time froma certain type of society & politics to another -- from what iscalled globalization, with a high degree of integration of economicactors & forces, to what could be called hegemonic or warriorpolitics, characterized by the priority accorded to relations offorce, above all when they are connected to the defense of nationalsecurity. I will first briefly outline this idea as a necessaryintroduction to an analysis of deeper present-day problems. Adaptedfrom the source document.

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TI: TítuloSociology without Societies


SO: FuenteCurrent Sociology/La Sociologie Contemporaine, vol. 51, no. 2, pp.123-131, Mar 2003

DE: Descriptores*Theoretical Problems; *Sociological Research; *Sociological Theory;*Methodology (Philosophical)

AB: ResúmenSociology is the study of societ(ies): this expression sounds soobvious that it has not even been discussed. Most people have agreed,moreover, that a 'society' is defined by a correspondence betweeninstitutions, values & forms of authority, on one side, &internalized norms & agencies of socialization & maintenanceof 'normal' behavior, on the other. Very few people today use thesewords or this general frame of reference, because societies, to alarge extent, have disappeared, fallen into pieces or faded away. Weare in a constantly changing world & there is no general,integrated process of change. We live in social settings in which theautonomization of various components of social life is so completethat it is useless to consider them as subsystems. Many sociologistsare satisfied with notions like mass culture, individualization,fragmentation or dissocialization processes, or are fascinated by a

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spreading violence, internal or international wars & our capacityfor self-destruction, etc. But this approach is too limited, becauseit is entirely negative. Thus, a high priority for sociologists is topropose one or various images of social actors -- collective orindividual. But is it possible to propose an analysis of actorscompletely separate from a theory of social systems? This articleproposes a positive answer to this difficult question. [Copyright

2003Sage Publications Ltd.]

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TI: TítuloThe Decline of the Social


SO: FuenteComparative Sociology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 463-474, 2003

DE: Descriptores*Sociological Theory; *Sociology; *Social Facts; *Society; *History

ofSociology; *Methodology (Philosophical)

AB: ResúmenIt is impossible to define sociology other than by reference toill-defined entities like society or the social. Nevertheless, itseems necessary to ask the question explicitly, whether thesereferents have relevant meaningful contents. The idea of society hasbeen profoundly reformist or reforming. Wherever the political systemhas become open & more complex, & state intervention ineconomic life has expanded, the field of sociology itself has

expandedto the point where we can speak of the triumph of a sociologicalvision of the world. Industrial society was a complete historicalconstruction, defined by a morality, a philosophy of history, &various forms of solidarity. The idea of society was never moreclosely associated with those of production & social justice. Now,we no longer live our collective life in purely "social"terms nor expect social answers to our problems. The decomposition ofthe idea of society, set off by the fragmentation of the world inwhich that idea developed, got worse. The current predominance of thetheme of globalization has been accelerating the decline of the"social" representation of public life. The time has come toreconstruct sociology, no longer on the basis of what we thought was

adefinition of the social & of society, but on the basis of theexplosion of those ensembles that had been thought to be solid, &of the attempts to reconstruct the space in which subjects canreconstitute a fabric of consensus, compromise, & conflict.Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloFrom Understanding Society to Discovering the Subject

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SO: FuenteAnthropological Theory, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 387-398, Dec 2002

DE: Descriptores*Sociological Research; *Methodology (Philosophical); *Subjectivity;*Individualism; *Modern Society; *Social Action

AB: ResúmenSucceeding to the philosophy of law, sociology organized itself nolonger around the absolute State but around society itself, conceivedas a system, both differenciated & able to control itself. Theconcepts of institution & socialization formed the core of a largenumber of analyses which were both theoretical & empirical. Butthis 'classical' view disintegrated itself both because marketseliminated a large part of institutional controls of change &because new social movements, from the 1980's on, rejected thissociety-centered view of social life. More recently, only the

criticalapproach within this so-called functionalist approach survivedactively, interpreting all social categories as instruments serving adomination which is more & more internalized. The most radicalwing of the women's movement gave the most elaborate expression ofthis trend. But it necessarily exhausts itself by its entirelycritical & self-destructive point of view. The field of sociologymust be entirely redefined. Some introduce the idea of a world -- orglobal -- society; some others try to give a new life to basic ideas,such as social bonds, solidarity & communication. A third group,using various vocabularies, gives a central role to the idea ofSubject, which is very different from the concept of Self in itsclassical sense, because the Subject is defined as a self-referentialeffort of each individual or group to create itself as a principle ofintegration of more & more diversified experiences. [Copyright2002 Sage Publications Ltd.]

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TI: TítuloThe Importance of Social Movements


SO: FuenteSocial Movement Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 89-95, Apr 2002

DE: Descriptores*Social Movements; *Globalization; *Sociological Theory; Agency andStructure

AB: ResúmenThe origins of the study of social movements, the relationship

betweensocial movements & globalization processes, & the effects ofsocial movements upon subjectivity are studied. It is contended thatsocial movements were initially conceived as a counterbalance to theconventional notion of class conflict that prioritized social actors'activities. Difficulties with rational choice approaches toinvestigating social movements are then explained; specific attentionis dedicated to differentiating social movements from their

historical

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counterparts. The extent to which the notion of new social movements& the growing interest in globalization processes have actuallyobstructed the success of traditional social movements is thenpondered. Noting that present-day scholarship has developed a stronginterest in globalization, it is asserted that reconsideration of therole of social movements in creating social theory is needed. Whereascontemporary labor movements across the globe have experienced littlesuccess, it is acknowledged that the international women's movementhas survived & actually engendered the formation of other socialmovements. It is concluded that the notion of the social movement isstill required to transform civil society & avoid internationalwar. J. W. Parker

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TI: TítuloAre There Natural Values?


SO: FuenteLa Revue du MAUSS, no. 19, pp. 65-72, 2002

DE: Descriptores*Philosophical Doctrines; *Values; *Naturalism; *CrossculturalDifferences; *Objectivity; *Natural Law

AB: ResúmenA contemplation of the possibility of natural values employs"natural" analogously to its use in "natural law."French & US understandings of natural law & of the separationof public & private interests are contrasted with those of England& the Netherlands. As a capitalist society favors the individual'sinterests, values are applied at the collective level:"natural" & "values" are thus separate. Theapplication of collective values is examined in Western capitalistsystems. Recent deregulation of economies & the growth of economicglobalization are shown to multiply inequities. The development of anew form of welfare state is suggested. E. Taylor

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TI: TítuloEntering a Labor Society


SO: FuenteSociologia del Lavoro, no. 80, pp. 31-48, 2000

DE: Descriptores*Employment Changes; *Labor Process; *Postindustrial Societies;*Employment; *Work

AB: ResúmenThis paper argues that the distinction between the concepts ofproduction society & that of market society is necessary: duringthe last quarter of the century, the first has declined because of

theincreasing hegemony of the second. It is suggested that a new

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production system is rapidly becoming dominant, definable as theknowledge society. Consequently, the idea of the end of work isrefuted. On the one hand, the centrality of knowledge enlargesproductive labor borders. On the other, the shortage of employmentreinforces the positive role of work in shaping autonomous &responsible personalities. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloToward a Civilization of Work


SO: FuenteCanadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, vol.24, no. 4, pp. 535-552, fall 1999

DE: Descriptores*Work; *Futures (of Society); *Employment; *Social Change; *CulturalChange; *Economic Change; *Employment Changes

AB: ResúmenContends that the contemporary debate on "the end of work"is not entirely scientific because it deals with currentrepresentations of the future. The diminishing size of the work week,the potential impossibility of full employment, & theindividualization of life projects are indicators of a basic cultural& social change; they suggest that a societal type is emerging inwhich work occupies a smaller part of individual life as a

consequenceof rapidly growing labor productivity. Central values will no longerbe defined by participation in achievement of collective goals, but

byself-realization or even consumption. Some people considerwork-oriented civilization as a short intermediary period between

pastsocieties, in which the main task was to work out their ownreproduction, & future societies, in which mass consumption &shows play a central role & are considered as central values bypeople who see employment only as a way of getting money to buyleisure-time activities. This type of representation is supported byobservable facts but is based on interpretations that are far frombeing demonstrated. It is then necessary to act in a similar way &introduce different facts & interpretations to defend a differentview of social evolution. Thus the title, "Toward a Civilizationof Work," challenging directly the idea that we are leaving acivilization of work. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloThe Political Arena of FHC


SO: FuenteTempo Social: Revista de Sociologia da USP, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 3-22,

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Oct 1999DE: Descriptores

*Politicians; *Economic Development; *Brazil; *Presidents; *EconomicConditions; *Political Power; *Economic Policy; *PolicyImplementation; *Federal Government; Markets; Public Policy;

PoliticalDevelopment

AB: ResúmenExamines the political milieu of Brazilian President Fernando

HenriqueCardoso, focusing on how he managed to restore federal power bybalancing market-friendly decisions with populist public policies. Inhis first term in 1995, Cardoso inherited a country in the midst offinancial disaster. Though he ran on a democratic socialist platform,he enacted neoliberal economic policies that linked him to powerfulnational & international market forces. At the same time, he wasable to galvanize the traditionally fragmented regional politicalpowers of the country by initiating public policies assisting both

therural Northeast & the more urban South. It is concluded that inthe political momentum of his reelection in 1999, Cardoso will be

ableto exercise well-earned state power to implement policies to improveBrazil's social conditions, turning more toward his original 1995platform. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloWe Enter into a Civilization of Work: Theoretical Perspectives


SO: FuenteCahiers de recherche sociologique, no. 32, pp. 163-182, 1999

DE: Descriptores*Social Change; *Work; *Leisure; *Production Consumption

Relationship;*Globalization; *Social Theories

AB: ResúmenMuch has been said in recent years about the end of work, even attimes of nascent civilization of leisure based on a reduction of worktime & a shift in aspirations from the professional world to themore personal world of culture & free-time activities. Indeed, thedecline of the idea of work has accompanied the decline of the largeridea of the society of production, because financial capitalism has adominant influence on economic life. That members of society are

beingcalled on to behave more as consumers than as workers fits quit wellwith this domination. If, however, one replaces the idea of consumingwith the idea of creating a personal life project based onself-esteem, one can see that work is an essential ingredient of thisconstruction of a life history, especially when unemployment & jobinsecurity affect a sizable portion of the population. Thus, a

return,at once necessary & possible, to a society of production &work is envisioned. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloCan We Live Together, Equal and Different?


SO: FuenteEuropean Journal of Social Theory, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 165-178, Nov1998

DE: Descriptores*Cultural Pluralism; *Modernity; *Social Theories; *SociologicalTheory

AB: ResúmenPresents an argument for the viability of cultural pluralism in thecontext of modernity, which is defined as the detachment ofrationalization from moral individualism. This classical model ofsociety begets individuals who are similar & unequal, but has acapacity for integration. It is maintained that the development ofglobalized exchange networks of information & goods has causedincreasing separation between economic/technological activity &cultural, individual, or collective involvement, thereby creating aworld of information that is detached from real-life experiences. Anew integrative principle that offsets the classical model'shomogenizing effect is the will of each individual, called"Subject," to script his/her own individuation("subjectivation"). Behavior is organized aroundinstrumental rationality, individual/collective/cultural identity,& subjectivation. Subjects, neither ideals of self nor superegos,are a combination of personality, culture, & economic activities,& are equal in their effort to be different, thus avoidingconflict resulting from cultural belonging, as well as socialinequality spawned by instrumental action. J. Lindroth

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TI: TítuloSuccesses and Limits of Democratization in Latin America


SO: FuenteEstudios Sociologicos, vol. 16, no. 48, pp. 745-760, Sept-Dec 1998

DE: Descriptores*Political Development; *Political Change; *Democracy; *PoliticalSystems; *Latin America

AB: ResúmenMilitary dictatorships, guerrilla warfare, & single party systemshave so long dominated politics in Latin American countries that theacceptance of democratization by the population is questionable. It

isargued that democratization needs to evolve through three processes:institutional differentiation, the presence of democratic principles(limitation of state power, social representation of political

agents,

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& citizenship), & the subordination of political agents to themajority & the state to the political system. In Latin Americatoday, these processes are incomplete & fragile. Even though thecivil society is increasingly autonomous from the state, popularsovereignty is not really respected; further, while democraticinstitutions exist, liberalization does not equate to

democratization.Political changes do not represent the withdrawal of authoritarianpolitics as much as the decoupling of political processes frominstitutions incapable of regulating social change. Democratizationprocesses in different Latin American countries are described.

Adaptedfrom the source document.

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TI: TítuloSociology: About Systems and Their Actors


SO: FuenteEspacio abierto, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 319-327, Sept-Dec 1998

DE: Descriptores*Society; *Subjectivity; *Sociological Research; *Methodology(Philosophical); *Social Systems; Individualism; Individual

CollectiveRelationship; Rationalization

AB: ResúmenSociety is converted into a regulatory principle of social conductwhen the processes of secularization & rationalization separatethe social phenomenon from their absolute principles. However, socialactors pursue their own interests instead of obeying collective norms& rules, which seems to make the abandonment of the idea ofsociety inevitable, because the control of social & politicalinstitutions over social processes is diminishing rapidly. Twoimportant transformations participate in the explanation of thisphenomenon: (1) capitalism with its characteristic separation of theeconomic system from other elements of social organization; & (2)the simultaneous presence of instrumental rationality & theprogressive development of nationalisms. Today, a double &contradictory situation exists: on the one hand, individuals areimmersed in a world of technological, administrative, & economicrationalization; on the other hand, they define themselves asnonsocial actors. The proposed job of sociology in the face of thisreality is to look for a new relative combination & integration ofinstrumental rationality with cultural identity in a process ofsubjectivization. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloNationalism against Nation


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SO: FuenteSociologica, vol. 13, no. 38, pp. 177-201, Sept-Dec 1998

DE: Descriptores*Nationalism; *State; *State Role; *Citizens; *Ethnonationalism;Europe; North America; Modernity

AB: Resúmen(First published in English in European Review, 1995.) Differenthistorical & political conceptions of nation, state, & citizenare explored, starting from the premise that nation is not people;nation is a collective sovereignty administered by executive,legislative, & judicial powers. The complementary yet opposingconcepts of nation & state are traced historically in theirEuropean & North American manifestations. The close association ofnationalistic defenses & globalization, & the nationalistextremist movements of the 1990s, eg, in Yugoslavia, are evaluated.The idea of nation is central to modernity, but it has beendangerously organized around race, ethnicity, & religion, not thecollective will originally envisioned by earlier thinkers. If the

ideaof nation is abandoned, the world may be reformulated into two groups-- dominant political & economic actors & fragmentedidentities unable to communicate with each other. 14 References. M.Pflum

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TI: TítuloSocial Transformations of the Twentieth Century


SO: FuenteInternational Social Science Journal, vol. 50, pp. 165-171, June 1998

DE: Descriptores*Europe; *Social Change; *Cultural Change; *Twentieth Century;*Liberalism; *Economic Change; *Political Change; *Individualism

AB: ResúmenA review of broad changes in European culture over the last 100 yearssuggests that the voluntaristic or mobilizing state is at an end: allthe controls exercised by the world of politics over the economy arebeing dismantled. However, this surge of liberalism does not

prefigurethe construction of another model of society -- it is a sweeping-outphase. It is accompanied by a culture of individualism & byconflicts arising from contradictory interpretations of

individuation.1 Photograph. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloSociology without Society


SO: Fuente

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Current Sociology/La Sociologie Contemporaine, vol. 46, no. 2, pp.119-143, Apr 1998

DE: Descriptores*Sociological Research; *Individual Collective Relationship;*Methodology (Philosophical); *Individualism; *Social Systems;*History of Sociology

AB: ResúmenAsserts that sociology, once the study of social systems, has becomethe study of social actors. Sociology was born when individualismappeared to be a menace to society. Separation of the actor & thesystem led some scholars to conceive of an actorless society

dominatedby determinisms & impersonal powers, while others describedinterracting actors without a system. The homo sociologicus exalted

bypolitical philosophy has disappeared. Globalization of the economy

hasresulted in the development of identity politics, which contradictsthe evolution inherent in modernity. To establish a link between thesystem & the actor, the actor must be defined by the constructionof his/her own liberty, rather than the playing of social roles, &the system as a civil society in which collective conditioning ofindividual freedom is created. Sociologists must perceive both thecontours of a changed world & the nature of new instruments ofanalysis that enable it to be understood. 13 References. Adapted fromthe source document.

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TI: TítuloCulture without Society


SO: FuenteCultural Values, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 140-157, Jan 1998

DE: Descriptores*Culture; *Society; *Social Change; *Cultural Change; *Individualism;*Morality; *Market Economy; *Social Movements; *Social Identity;Social Action; Postmodernism

AB: ResúmenExamines the impact of the culture-society relationship's decline inhighly differentiated & changing societies, where socialorganization becomes more tied to economic activity than culturalprinciples, depriving culture of its unifying power. Postmodernexplanations stressing differentialism (communities linked only by

themarket) & culture as ideology are assessed, offering a "moralindividualism," wherein culture becomes a nonsocial moralprinciple that controls all social logics, as a better explanation.

Itis argued that the only principle that can mediate between theextremes of instrumentality (the economy) & personal identity(authoritarian communitarianism) is the subject, eg, each

individual'sor group's desire to combine these worlds in personal experience. Theexpression of this principle by social movements, driven by

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subjectivation, eg, the search for individuation & individualfreedom, is analyzed. It is shown how the subject creates a freecultural space that rejects instrumentality & identity politics.It is concluded that, by following this neomodern explanation, thefield of social sciences can redefine itself based on the closeconnection between culture & ideas of social action &movement. T. Arnold

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TI: TítuloFrom the Old to the New Sociology of Work


SO: FuenteSociologia del Trabajo, no. 35, pp. 3-23, winter 1998

DE: Descriptores*Sociology of Work; *Sociological Research; *Sociological Theory;*History of Sociology; *Resistance; *Capitalism; *Work Organization;Europe; Post World War II Period

AB: ResúmenArgues that the sociology of work has played a crucial role in therevival of sociology in postwar Europe, by incorporating the

sociologyof the social actor analyzed in studies of individual & collectivebehavior in the workplace into the discipline as a whole. This type

ofanalysis, & of the forms of workers' resistance to the capitalistorganization of work, is exemplified by the work of F.

Roethlisberger,the researchers at the Tavistock Instit, Guido Baglioni, GeorgesFriedmann, & others. In an environment dominated by globalization,technological innovation, market forces, & competition, thesociology of work offers perspectives for the reconstruction of asociety of production & of social control of economic life. Inthis context, rather than representing a core element of a philosophyof progress, work constitutes a form of resistance to the pressures

ofthe market & a crucial source of individual & collectiveidentities. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloSpeech to the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico


SO: FuenteRevista Mexicana de Sociologia, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 169-173, Oct-Dec1996

DE: Descriptores*Academic Disciplines; *Universities; *Mexico; *Sociologists;

Science;Culture

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AB: ResúmenGratitude is expressed for honorable doctoral candidacy at the UNacional Autonoma de Mexico, & concern is expressed over thewidespread subordination of science & culture to economic &political goals. Concern is also expressed over the separation

betweentechnical-economic disciplines & cultural-psychologicaldisciplines in the academic world. It is concluded that the

universityhas played a critical part in resisting these disturbing trends. M.Nichols-Wagner

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TI: TítuloOne of the Tasks of the University, the Critical Analysis of SocialPractices


SO: FuenteRevista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales, vol. 41, no. 166,pp. 195-201, Oct-Dec 1996

DE: Descriptores*Universities; *Science and Technology; *Knowledge; *Dominance;*Mexico; *Social Criticism

AB: ResúmenWhile the university must promote reason & knowledge, it must alsorecognize that in contemporary society knowledge is used as aninstrument of social domination. Two main forms of domination

threatenrational & scientific thinking: the excessive autonomy of thetechnical-economic world & the opposing tendency toinstrumentalize science & technology in the service ofnationalist, even totalitarian, movements. Every university is tied

tothe interests of the nation or community that it serves, but it mustremain independent. It is suggested that the university can serve aparticularly important role in contemporary Mexico. E. Munson

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TI: TítuloThe Ambiguity of American Industrial Sociology


SO: FuenteCahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, vol. 101, pp. 161-176, July-Dec1996

DE: Descriptores*Industrial Sociology; *United States of America; *Sociology of Work;*Methodology (Philosophical)

AB: Resúmen(Originally published in Cahiers internationaux de sociologie, 1952,12.) A critical evaluation of the state of US industrial sociology

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reclassifies the discipline as an object of scientific study, ratherthan a body of research & scientific principles. It is argued thatbecause the scientific observations produced by industrial sociologyare so closely tied with nonscientific debates, the research onlyrepresents a documentation of US society. After noting the lack ofunity in the humanist program advanced by industrial sociology, it isfound that the interventionist presence of the sociologist in the USworkplace is typical of the society & its system of passivevalorization or status enhancement. Instead of a study of work orindustrial societies, US industrial sociology is organized around theindividual psychosociological problems of the worker. An alternativesociology of work is proposed, centered on the meaning of technologyin industrial sociology, the problem of autonomy, thetechnoprofessional aspects of work, & systems of status building.J. Sadler

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TI: TítuloNationalism against the Nation


SO: FuenteL'Annee sociologique, vol. 46, pp. 15-41, 1996

DE: Descriptores*Nationalism; *State; Nineteenth Century; Globalization; EconomicFactors

AB: ResúmenExamines the resurgence of aggressive nationalism since the mid-19thcentury. Since this time, the nation has been primarily politicallydefined, & its sovereignty asserted through state institutions.This political definition of nation is now in decline, as economicglobalization causes regions to become defined economically &impersonally, by their levels of production & consumption. Newforms of nationalism are a reaction to the alienation produced by

thiseconomic homogenization. It is concluded that the world is currentlychallenged with forming a new conception of the political &democratic nation. 16 References. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloThe Past and Future of the Sociology of Work


SO: FuenteSociologia del Lavoro, no. 61, pp. 91-104, 1996

DE: Descriptores*Sociology of Work; *History of Sociology; *Industrial Societies;Methodology (Philosophical)

AB: ResúmenThe history of sociology of work (SOW) since WWII is used todemonstrate how the view of the worker has evolved to the end of

20

industrial society. Immediately after WWII, industrial production wasseen as a sure way to improve the standard of living for the workingclass & for the general population. In this industrial society,social actors were workers & social relations were based ondomination & hierarchy. But SOW is no longer identified withindustrial society. Now, social relations are tied to the idea ofsocial limits to growth & to the image of a society in equilibriumrather than progress. A global economy has changed all pastinterpretations of social problems & work problems. It is assertedthat today's SOW must seek to reconcile the professional &personal life of the worker. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloDemocracy


SO: FuenteThesis Eleven, vol. 38, pp. 1-15, 1994

DE: Descriptores*Democracy; *Political Systems; *Political Factors

AB: ResúmenArgues that democracy has succeeded in establishing itself as the"normal" form of political organization & as thepolitical dimension of a modernity founded on secularization & amarket economy. It is further contended that if democracy is toameliorate the growing opposition between the North, which identifiesrationality with power, & the South, which is increasingly shapedby cultural defense & the collapse of subjectivity, it must beredefined & defended against both liberal & revolutionarymisconceptions. It is shown that democracy is above all a politicalcondition for the existence of the subject -- a notion that refers tothe conflictual unity of freedom & tradition, & to the effortsof human beings to become creators of their collective &individual lives. W. Howard

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TI: TítuloMutations of Latin America



DE: Descriptores*Latin America; *Social Development; *Social Change; *PoliticalDevelopment

AB: ResúmenDiscussed are recent sociopolitical transformations in Latin America,a region that had developed a distinctive but self-defeating patternof political modernity, arguing that a reconstruction of social &political actors is needed to counterbalance the region's inevitablerealignment with economic liberalism. Strategies for achieving social

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justice, economic growth, & less violence in the region arediscussed, & it is hoped that the region's return to politicalstability will lead to the creation of regional groupings, eg, thecentral American common market or the Andean Pact. W. Howard

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TI: TítuloNew Reflections on the Critique of Modernity


SO: FuenteSociologica, vol. 8, no. 23, pp. 265-275, Sept-Dec 1993

DE: Descriptores*Modernity; *Postmodernism; *Sociological Theory; *TheoreticalProblems

AB: ResúmenA translation of a paper presented at the Congress of theInternational Instit of Sociology in Paris, France, June 1993,reassessing the critique of modernity, & discussing possibilitiesfor the social sciences in this context. While the strength of thepostmodern critique in breaking the link between history &contemporary reason is acknowledged, two problems are identified; (1)the rejection of progressive evolutionism dates back not to the latetwentieth century, but to the late nineteenth century -- to the workof Friedrich Nietzsche & Sigmund Freud; (2) the break has not beenaccepted by all, & new principles of unity are needed. Proposedhere is a sociology that synthesizes instrumentality with identity,

asthe alternative to studying systems without actors, or actors withoutsystems. R. Jaramillo

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TI: TítuloYouth and Society in Chile


SO: FuenteInternational Social Science Journal, vol. 45, pp. 421-428, Aug 1993

DE: Descriptores*Chile; *Child Development; *Economic Development; *Students;*Modernization; *Social Development; *Youth

AB: ResúmenYouth in Chile are viewed both as the key to modernization (ie,students & youth groups) & as a marginal & dangeroussubgroup (ie, the poor & disadvantaged youth). In the mode ofeconomic recovery, it is worthwhile to develop a Chilean youth policy& to provide youth with a basic education to prevent theirmarginalization in society. To encourage societal participation ofyouth & make them active agents, the public & private sectorsshould approach them on a personal, rather than institutional, level,improve their social environment, empower them to fulfill theirpersonal ambitions, & strengthen their spirit of citizenship. M.

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Pflum

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TI: TítuloBeyond Social Movements?


SO: FuenteTheory, Culture & Society, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 125-145, Feb 1992

DE: Descriptores*Social Movements; *Historical Development; *Modernity; *State

SocietyRelationship

AB: ResúmenThe historicist representation of social life, derived from modernistthought, is challenged through an analysis of the concept of socialmovements (SMs). Thematized by recent developments in Eastern Europe& Russia, & informed by recent declarations regarding the"the end of history," a brief historical sketch of SMs isgiven. Other issues discussed are: the destructive effects of thestate on SMs; their proliferation in Western societies; & thetransformation of SMs from primarily expressions of economic demandsto expressions of cultural rights & values. It is maintained thatthe integration of different movements is no longer determined bytheir relationship to the state, particularly in the consumersocieties of the West, & that scholars should turn their attentionto postcommunist, post-1960s forms of SMs. 2 References. W. Howard

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TI: TítuloSociological Theory between the Actor and the Structures. A Responseto Jeffrey Alexander


SO: FuenteSchweizerische Zeitschrift fur Soziologie/Revue Suisse de sociologie,vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 533-535, 1992

DE: Descriptores*Causality; *Individual Collective Relationship; *Social Structure;*Sociological Theory; *Alexander, Jeffrey C.

AB: ResúmenIt is contended that Jeffrey Alexander (no reference provided) wascorrect in his perception that modern sociology has a strong tendencyto consider autonomous action rather than the effects of structure onbehavior, & in emphasizing the great diversity of references inrecent literature focusing on the actor. However, a clarification ofthe definition of actor, agent, & agency are needed. For over acentury, a central trend in sociology has been growing recognition ofthe dissociation of the system from the actor. The future of

sociologyis closely tied to this debate: if sociologists accept a radicalpostmodernist view of the complete separation of the system from the

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actors, sociology would be deprived of its reason for existence. Onthe other hand, sociology will lose its credibility if it does notrecognize the contradictions between the subjectivity of actors &the objectivity of systems.

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TI: TítuloIn the Face of Exclusion


SO: FuenteSociologica, vol. 7, no. 18, pp. 201-207, Jan-Apr 1992

DE: Descriptores*Social Structure; *France; *Marginality; *United States of America;*Social Integration; *Citizenship

AB: ResúmenLanguage about "urban," "education," &"employment" is symbolic language that inadequately speaksabout exclusion or participation, or about the horizontal, as opposedto the vertical (class) structure. Discourse on the horizontalstructure is becoming crucial, as, eg, in France, students in the

late1980s clamored to take a place in the middle class through education& suburbanites expressed the desire to become urbanites. Thesituation of exclusion is experienced by people in situations ofmarginality & insecurity, who are attracted to the center, but arerejected. These hyperconformists, as seen from a cultural viewpoint,are also in danger of becoming unemployed. France's situation is theopposite of the US "melting pot," & the phenomenon ofexclusion is felt more strongly in European vs US cities. Forms ofpolitical action permitting social integration & the developmentof "citizenship," not just local democracy, is needed sothat Europe does not follow the US model of ghettoization &segregation. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloWhat Is Development?


SO: FuenteL'Annee sociologique, vol. 42, pp. 47-85, 1992

DE: Descriptores*Social Development; *Modernity; *Modernization; *TheoreticalProblems

AB: ResúmenDevelopment is always the combination of universal attributes ofmodernity (difficult to isolate) as well as of distinct types ofmodernization corresponding to specific cultures & nations: thenature of the governing elite's relationship to established socialcategories, & links with the most advanced nations. Modernization,to the extent that it is voluntary, encounters differentation between

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public & private spheres, & between politics & economics,recognized by Max Weber as traits of modernity. Meanwhile, in theadvanced countries, there has been a convergence of the universalistappeal to modernity & the nationalist appeal to modernization.Countries with dualist & unarticulated economies are experiencingthe separation of political-cultural mobilization from technological& economic transformations. Special attention is given to thedecline & renewal of development. M. Meeks

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TI: TítuloBeyond a Society of Work and Social Movements?


SO: FuenteSociologie et Societes, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 27-41, autumn 1991

DE: Descriptores*Social Movements; *Unions; *Work Organization; *Labor Relations;*Modern Society

AB: ResúmenReflecting on the contemporary breakdown of traditional socialmovements as a black & white picture of society is replaced by anexclusionary/integrating processual model, observing that the world

nolonger accepts the notions of nineteenth-century industrial society.That society -- characterized by a productive labor force, &shaped by the workers' movement -- is contrasted with today'sconsumer-oriented society, & the individualism of members whopursue jobs rather than careers, & emphasize minorities oversocial class. The worker/consumer exists in a social space separatefrom the business. Nevertheless, today's society continues to

produce,despite glaring social inequalities, & the union movement survivesas one of the primary collective actors in reconstructing civiliansociety, in addition to its original role of mediator in theproduction sphere. Adapted from the source document as translated byJ. Sadler.

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TI: TítuloWhat Does Democracy Mean Today?


SO: FuenteInternational Social Science Journal, vol. 43, pp. 259-268, May 1991

DE: Descriptores*Democracy; *Twentieth Century; *Modern Society; *Social Revolution

AB: ResúmenSocial & national revolutions in the twentieth century have givenway to appeals for liberation from the authoritarian power consequentto those revolutions. The necessary starting point in defining whatdemocracy in the postrevolutionary world means has become "the

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free choice of governors by the governed." Political freedom ofchoice exists only within a political society, independent of thestate. Democracy must be participatory & representative, combiningindividual & general interests. It must also be based on theconviction of equality & respect for all people. 3 Photographs. M.Pflum

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TI: TítuloCan One Still Be on the Left?


SO: FuenteThesis Eleven, no. 28, pp. 100-104, 1991

DE: Descriptores*Left Wing Politics; *Reconstruction; *Modern Society; *SocialMovements; *State Society Relationship

AB: ResúmenA large part of the Left was built on a historicist worldview that iscurrently collapsing. It is argued that this does not imply the end

ofhistory & the triumph of the liberal model, though it does demanda reconstruction of the Left just as much as the Right, so that theiropposition takes on a new meaning. The rejection of revolutionaryvoluntarism is observed not only in Eastern countries but the worldover: it means an end to both the identification of social struggles& historic progress, & of social movements & the seizureof state power, Instead, public opinion today engages in the defenseof human rights, of liberty, & of the will of each individual tofreely shape his or her individual life (the subject). New socialmovements no longer struggle against economic domination but resist,by appeal to morality, a form of domination that is more political& ideological. This mutation of the Left -- from the economy toethics, from revolution to democracy, from the state to socialmovements, from the avant-garde to grass-roots movements -- is beingachieved only with great difficulty. What is needed today is

knowledgeabout how to reopen theoretical & practical debates. AA

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TI: TítuloThe Rise of Post-Communist Societies


SO: FuenteSociologia, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 301-318, 1991

DE: Descriptores*Communist Societies; *Civil Society; *Social Change; *Eastern

Europe;*Social Revolution

AB: Resúmen

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Totalitarian regimes suppress society as a whole as well asindividual

social actors. The rebirth of civil society after the collapse ofcommunist regimes does not follow any historically inevitable pattern& is not automatic. There is no single or right way to revivecivil society. The change to democracy should not be considered arevolution, but rather an anti-revolution, ie, an appeal to

individual& collective inner moral conviction, social consciousness, &human rights. The goal of personal freedom often conflicts withdangerous nationalist movements. In Poland, the transition to civilsociety was dominated by market actors, in Yugoslavia by

nationalisticactors, & in Hungary by political actors. 3 Figures. Adapted fromthe source document.

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TI: TítuloEconomic Reform and Democracy: A New Social Contract?


SO: FuenteLabour and Society, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 467-477, 1991

DE: Descriptores*Politics; *Ideologies; *Political Economy; *Latin America; *Europe;*Eastern Europe

AB: ResúmenA contrastive analysis of the Latin American populistpolitical-ideological system with the evolving postcommunist Central& Eastern European free market economy notes how each deals withthe problematic creation of autonomous economic & social actors.It is observed that in the absence of political & socialmobilization or popular participation, a new legitimized economicactor has emerged. It is argued that the establishment of economicinstead of social actors is a wrong move for the developing economiesof Poland, Russia, Brazil, & Argentina. Reducing the social tomere economic actor ignores the central role of cultural, political,& socioeconomic forces in building a modern society.

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TI: TítuloThe Idea of Revolution


SO: FuenteTheory, Culture & Society, vol. 7, no. 2 -- 3, pp. 121-141, June1990

DE: Descriptores*Eighteenth Century; *Nineteenth Century; *Revolutions; *SocialMovements; *Western Society; *Theoretical Problems; *Modernization

AB: ResúmenThe Western concept of revolution during the eighteenth &

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nineteenth centuries, with its three major components of naturalprogress, the nation, & the old order, is reviewed, using theFrench Revolution, Marxist philosophy, the capitalist revolution,& the 1525 uprising of Swabian peasants in Germany as illustrativeexamples. Differences between revolutions & social movements arepresented, & revolutions & antirevolutions are defined. It isconcluded that the revolutionary era has ended, with several

importantoutcomes, eg, the triumph of capitalism, creation of welfare states,& evolution of social movements. However, the Western model ofmodernization based on revolutions & rationalism will not beappropriate for all countries; they must develop their own

rationalism& mobilization of resources. M. Malas

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TI: TítuloSociological Schools


SO: FuenteCahiers de recherche sociologique, no. 14, pp. 21-34, spring 1990

DE: Descriptores*Sociology; *History of Sociology; *Methodology (Philosophical);*Theoretical Problems

AB: ResúmenThe apparent diversity of sociological schools demands both adelimitation of the boundaries of the field, & an explanation ofthe failure of any unifying impulse. A historical answer to thesedemands is attempted. The study of society, which characterizes allsociology, is discussed, beginning with the classical (eg,Durkheimian) origin of this notion as a replacement for the originalnotion of God, & proceeding to the collapse of this notion in theface of a plurality of political philosophies & social movements.In contemporary context the notion of society is reconstructed byvirtue of the ability of recent approaches to explore the dialoguebetween individual & system, or individual freedom & systemicrequirements, especially as concerns three central components ofcontemporary society: social movements, democracy, & the market.A. Levine

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TI: TítuloDoes French Society Still Exist? The End of a National Society


SO: FuenteThe Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville, vol. 11, pp. 143-171,1990

DE: Descriptores*Nineteenth Century; *France; *National Identity; *Social Change;*Sociocultural Factors; *Cultural Change; *State Society Relationship

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AB: ResúmenTraced are the principal lines of social & culturaltransformation, during the last half century, in which French societyceased to a great extent to exist as a national society -- its

economy& culture becoming European & international. The depth ofchange, it is argued, must be seen in light of the fact that Frenchsociety has thought of itself as a nation closely linked with thestate, the latter being identified with a long history, & withboth the Enlightenment idea of universal principles & modernity.Key features of the transformation are discussed, eg: the state'swaning tutelary power; the growing autonomy of civil society orprivate life; & the weakness of social actors. 16 References.Modified AA

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TI: TítuloThe Problems of an Indigenous Sociology in Latin America


SO: FuenteRevista Mexicana de Sociologia, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 3-22, July-Sept1989

DE: Descriptores*Latin America; *Modernization; *Social Cohesion; *Social Development

AB: ResúmenSince the three themes of modernization, national integration, &dependence do not explain the reality of socioeconomic & politicalchange in Latin America, it is argued that an integratedinterpretation is best developed from the theme of dependence,

treatedin its sociological & political as well as economic aspects. Themode of development most particular to Latin America is characterizedby: national independence as the guiding principle of modernizers, adisarticulation between the economy on one side & politics &culture on the other, a dualism between the focus of modernization& more traditional zones, & the lack of seperation betweenprivate & public life. Excepted from this mode of development arethe parliamentary regimes of Latin America (Colombia, Chile, &Venezuela), the Bismarquian regimes (Mexico & Brazil), & Cuba.In discussing the probability of reaching democracy in the developingregimes, it is argued that democracy does not now exist because acitizenry per se is not present, that both majority & minorityinterests are not represented, & that certain fundamental rightsare not respected. Democracy cannot occur in systems with great

socialinequities, such as those present in Latin America, & economicdemocracy requires greater economic equilibrium. These regimes are

nowat a period between instability & stable development. Recognizingthe interim status & giving these structures definition willassist Latin America countries in perceiving their particular path ofdevelopment. M. Pflum

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TI: TítuloIs Sociology Still the Study of Society?


SO: FuenteThesis Eleven, no. 23, pp. 5-34, 1989

DE: Descriptores*Social Sciences; *Cultural Change; *Economic Development; *SocialDevelopment

AB: ResúmenThe social sciences are undergoing a profound mutation; they arebecoming sciences of action & change. Recent transformations ofpresent culture & economic, political, & social lifeconstitute the background to this change. Society today can no longerbe viewed as a unity, an order, or a nation state, as it was viewed

byclassical sociology. The very idea of society should be eliminated& replaced by an image of social life in terms of conflictualself-production: society is the totality of stakes of socialconflicts. The self-transforming capacity of society is broadened,& the struggle for social control over this capacity merges as thestructuring principle of social life. Therefore, the concept of theactor, & particularly of the social movement, must be consideredas central categories of sociological analysis. The real center ofsocial life is the general & permanent conflictual debate aboutthe utilization of new instruments for the transformation of personal& collective life. Modified AA

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TI: TítuloModernity and Cultural Specificities


SO: FuenteInternational Social Science Journal, vol. 40, pp. 443-457, Nov 1988

DE: Descriptores*Communication Research; *Crosscultural Analysis; *InternationalRelations; *Modernization; *Modernity; *Cultural Values

AB: ResúmenTwo obstacles to intercultural communication are: the idea thatmodernization means the gradual obliteration of cultural differencesin favor of mass participation in one model of modernity; & theopposite idea, that cultural particularism limits communication torecognition of intercultural differences. Both positions areuntenable; a new analysis of modernity is needed that rejects bothWestern hegemony & complete pluralism. Criticisms of the Westernmodernity model, & various countermodernization &antimodernization models are reviewed. A new definition of modernitymust not confuse modernization with rationality, but should focus on

aset of attributes of social organization. Modernity must beanalytically separated from modernization. 3 Illustrations. A. Waters

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TI: TítuloCrisis and Renaissance of Social Movements


SO: FuenteSociologia e Ricerca Sociale, vol. 9, no. 26, pp. 173-185, Sept 1988

DE: Descriptores*Social Movements; *Collective Action; *Western Society; *TheoreticalProblems; *Postindustrial Societies

AB: ResúmenIn discussions of current social movements & collective actions inadvanced Western countries it has become apparent that existinganalytical categories are inadequate; eg, it is inappropriate to

applythe conceptual framework relevant to the industrial revolution to theneo-industrial age. The adoption of the US model, emphasizingpersonality, the economy, war, & the environment, but not socialforces, as prime moving forces, is gaining ground among Westerntheorists. It is argued that the importance of public opinion must

notbe excluded from sociological analysis. M. Meeks

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TI: TítuloThe Evolution of Unionism in Latin America


SO: FuenteRevue francaise de Sociologie, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 117-142, Jan-Mar1988

DE: Descriptores*Unions; *Latin America; *Labor Movements; *Industrialization;*Political Parties

AB: ResúmenIn Latin America, the labor movement has not developed according tothe European pattern: unions' actions have been less independent &more linked to political parties, particularly to nativistic &mass movements. Data from several countries -- Argentina, Brazil,Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, & Peru -- are analyzed to determine ifindustrialization has increased unions' independence. In general, ithas not: most Latin American unions are still primarily concerned

withproblems of development & national independence. However,international economic issues & problems associated withindustrialization have begun to foster the growth of real labormovements. 1 Appendix, 25 References. Modified HA

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CSA Sociological AbstractsTI: Título

An Introduction to the Study of Social MovementsAU: Autor


Social Research, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 749-787, winter 1985DE: Descriptores

*Social Control; *Social Movements; *Social ConflictAB: Resúmen

A restrictive definition of social movements is proposed -- as agentsof conflict for the social control of the main cultural patterns(knowledge, investment, ethics). A social movement is defined by aclear interrelation between conflicting actors (I-O) & the stakesof their conflict (T). These three components -- I (identity), O(opponent), & T (totality) -- provide the paradigm describing theconflict field. Several types of conflict are discussed: offensive,defensive; historical movements; national conflicts;neocommunitarianism; cultural movements; political pressure; &collective pursuit of interests. All these can be considered asdisintegrated or partial forms of the central type of social

movement.This theoretical approach is compared with other schools of socialthought (functionalism, structural Marxism, the strategic conceptionof social action). Salient characteristics of postindustrial orprogrammed society (production of symbolic goods, languages,information, construction of a new image of nature & social life)are discussed, & it is suggested that they confer centralimportance to the concept of social movements. 3 Figures. AA

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TI: TítuloThe Transformations of Sociological Analysis


SO: FuenteCahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, vol. 32, no. 78, pp. 15-25,Jan-June 1985

DE: Descriptores*Sociology; *Society/Societies

AB: ResúmenMost sociological concepts are "mixed," resulting from thehistorical situation in which both the development & thefunctioning of societies were analyzed in the same terms:modernization, rationalization, etc. The two issues of functioning& development are now separated, & the study of the socialsystem is no longer the study of modern vs traditional values, but ofthe use & control of cultural stakes, social relationships, &conflicts. This requires a new phase of social thought that

eliminatesall recourse to the idea of society, which has been the keystone ofphilosophies of history. HA

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TI: TítuloCollective Action Guidelines


SO: FuenteRevista Paraguaya de Sociologia, vol. 21, no. 60, pp. 7-32, May-Aug1984

DE: Descriptores*Collective behavior/Collective behaviors; *Latin America/LatinAmerican/Latin Americans (see also South America); *Social action

AB: ResúmenA critical examination of the analytical categories used in thedefinition of social actors & in the study of the rules that guidecollective action. This approach is a supplement to the historical& comparative methods. Four principal conclusions are offered: (1)there is a Latin American model of social action defined by thestructural interdependence of the categories of industrialization,dependence, & modernization; (2) the actors & rules of socialaction are situated, at the same time, in the structural analysis ofindustrial society & in the industrialization process; (3) thereis no general representativeness among social groups, but rather adisarticulation that results in a strong autonomy for each componentof collective action in relation to the others; & (4) there is noclean distinction between civil society & the state; social actorsrespond more directly to the action of the state than to theinitiatives of other social actors. 108 References. S. Karganovic

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TI: TítuloThe Waning Sociological Image of Social Life


SO: FuenteInternational Journal of Comparative Sociology, vol. 25, no. 1 -- 2,pp. 33-44, Jan-Apr 1984

DE: Descriptores*Societal; *Unity; *State/States; *Sociology

AB: ResúmenA critical assessment of a supposedly "obvious" notion: thatof society. All "classical" attempts to define the unity& integration of modern rationalized societies are rejected, &it is contended that the real principle of societal unity is theformation of extension of a national state. While classical sociologyis seen to be based on the identification of social structure &processes of historical change in Western countries, one century

laterthis identification is no longer possible. Voluntaristic &rationalistic states lead the modernization of most countries: thefunctioning of social systems & state interventions are morecontradictory than parallel. This progressive separation of state& social structure weakens the central role given to the notion ofinstitutions & should lead to a critical revision of societalanalyses. AA.

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TI: TítuloSocial Movements: Special Area or Central Problem in SociologicalAnalysis?



DE: Descriptores*Social movements; *Change/Changes; *Conflict/Conflicts; *Woman/Women(see also Female)

AB: ResúmenAn attempt to define terms for sociological analysis, focusing onchange & conflict as opposed to social systems("functionalist") or "power relations.""Collective behavior," "social struggles," &"social movement" are defined in terms of whether actionsare responsive or active & whether they focus on general powerrelationships or specific decisions. The women's movement is cited astoday's most important cultural movement. The analysis of socialmovements can penetrate areas of social order, crisis, & socialchange, creating hope for the ability of schools & social work tolessen social inequality, & implying that social order, thesolidification of social relations into state control, may not notnecessarily be the trend of the future. J. Woodward.

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TI: TítuloSocial Movements: A Particular Objective or the Central Problem forSociological Analysis?


SO: FuenteRevue francaise de Sociologie, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 3-19, Jan-Mar 1984

DE: Descriptores*Social movements

AB: ResúmenSocial movements are not directly identifiable facts but phenomenaconstructed with reference to a certain type of social life. They aredefined as a type of conflict by which major cultural models(knowledge, investment, moral values) are transformed into forms ofsocial organization & characterized by a certain power. Thus, ineach societal type, only one central pair of opposing social

movementscan exist. The idea of SC struggle was the first formulation of thisnotion, since it refers to the objective contradictions of a system& not to the conflict of agents directed toward similar culturalmodels. Social movements are one of the basic elements of

sociologicalanalysis; they are to be distinguished from multidimensional

conflicts

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of which they are but one aspect, albeit the most significant one.Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloThe Crisis of Political Representation


SO: FuenteSociologie et Societes, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 131-140, Apr 1983

DE: Descriptores*Political/Politically/ Politicalization (see also Politics);*Representation/Representative/ Representativeness; *Crisis/Crises;*Democracy/Democracies/Democratic/ Democrats/ Democratization;*West/Western/Westernization

AB: ResúmenConditions for adequate political representation & the state ofcrisis present in Western democracies are discussed. Two primaryrequirements are identified: (1) the scope for autonomous politicalorganization apart from institutionalized parties & the state;& (2) the means of developing & vocalizing tolerant &critical PO. Manifestations of the actual crisis are reviewed at thelevel of political parties, social disaggregation & segmentation,& access to a public forum on political issues, with attention tothe growth & breakdown of corporatism in the postwar advancedindustrial countries. Particular stress is given to the role ofintellectuals in reconstructing political representation. ModifiedHA.

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TI: TítuloState and Social Forces in Socialist France


SO: FuenteTelos, vol. 55, pp. 179-185, spring 1983

DE: Descriptores*France/French; *Socialism; *Govern/Governing/Government/Governmental/ Governments

AB: ResúmenThe nature of the current French state is explored & compared withthose that preceded it. France is identified as a country ofrevolutions, but one whose history has centered on the Ucs. The newstate is characterized as epic -- in its desire to make a significantbreak with the past -- & petit bourgeois. The electoral basis ofthe Socialists is seen to reside in the civil service, wage-earning,Mc sector of the economy; these "new Republicans" are bothmodernizers & conservatives, & are quickly forming into a newelite under the Mitterand administration. The attitudes of thispolitical stratum are profiled & contrasted with the morerevolutionary, protest-oriented attitudes typical of the late 1960s.The relationship of Wc labor unions to the new elite is also

35

considered. It is suggested that the French Left is torn between astate-led & a civilian-led process of postindustrialization, &that the only productive course will be the latter; this path willlead away from the Communist Party without leading back to the bigbourgeoisie or "Thatcherism." France's only alternative tothis path is "archaism" & social gloom. J. Weber.

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TI: TítuloSocial Movements: Special Field or Central Problem of SociologicalAnalysis?


SO: FuenteSoziale Welt, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 143-152, 1983

DE: Descriptores*Social movements

AB: ResúmenSociological analysis of social movements distinguishes between threetypes of conflict -- collective behavior, social struggle, &social movement -- & assigns a central place to the concept ofsocial movement in a new methodological approach to sociology. Socialmovements struggle for control of cultural patterns, or"historicity," & transform them into socialorganizational forms. The relationships between social movements &SC, cultural movements, & sociohistorical movements are discussed.A method of "sociological intervention," based on theself-analysis of militants, is proposed for the analysis of socialmovements. Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloPoland: The End of Communist Society


SO: FuentePraxis International, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 141-147, July 1982

DE: Descriptores*Poland/Poles/Polish; *Coup d'etat/Coups d'etat; *Solidarity;*Communist/Communists/Communism

AB: ResúmenThe significance of the Polish military coup & the overthrow ofthe Solidarity movement is discussed in terms of the aspirations ofcommunist societies. Although conflicts between the Polish CommunistParty & society are seen as dating back to the Stalinist period,the Party's claim to share the workers' interests went substantiallyunchallenged until 1981; the growth of a broad social & labormovement (Solidarity) outside the Party, & the military responseof the government, are seen as removing all legitimacy from theParty's position & effectively acknowledging the defeat of itstotalitarian power. The Polish situation is contrasted with that ofCzechoslovakia & Hungary, where technocratic progress was imposed

36

via repression from above; Solidarity's opposition to a productivistmodernizing regime & its aims for greater rights & freedomswithin the State are seen as forcing a direct confrontation betweenpower & society. Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloSociological Intervention with Militants of Poland's SolidarityMovement

AU: AutorDubet, Francois; Touraine, Alain; Wieviorka, Michel

SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 279-292, July-Sept 1982

DE: Descriptores*Poland/Poles/Polish; *Urban (see also Ru/Ur);*Militant/Militants/Militancy; *Movement/Movements; *Sociological;*Solidarity; *Intervention

AB: ResúmenSociological intervention with six groups of Polish Solidaritymilitants in spring 1981 is described in an effort to clarify thelogic of union action. Solidarity is evidently not only a workers'movement but also a national democratic movement, a liberating

impulsethat will gradually affect the whole economic system of Polishsociety. Data from discussions among militants (N = 60), adversaries,& movement directors are used in a diagnosis of the totalitarianthreat posed to the whole of Polish society by the presence of theCommunist Party. Solidarity does not seek power; rather, it is anexpression of the inapplicability of Soviet-style communism to life

inPoland. Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloAntinuclear Reactions or Antinuclear Movement


SO: FuenteRevista Mexicana de Sociologia, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 689-701, Apr-June1982

DE: Descriptores*France/French; *Antinuclear; *Movement/Movements;*Reaction/Reactionary/Reactions/ Reactive

AB: ResúmenThe political orientation of recent antinuclear activism in France isfound to oppose conditions for the development of a social movementbased on the issue of nuclear energy proliferation. Resistance tonuclear energy: (1) cannot be identified as a form of class struggle;(2) tends to have a cultural, ideological, or political rather thansocial origin; & (3) is composed of groups with widely divergentinterests, with the result that the focus of social action remainsundefined. It is suggested that the issue does not involve a simple

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conflict of interest, but rather the question of who shall havecontrol of the decision-making process, an administrative governmentor the body politic. A. Ash.

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TI: TítuloThe Return of the Actor


SO: FuenteCahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, vol. 28, no. 71, pp. 243-255,July-Dec 1981

DE: Descriptores*Sociology; *History/Historic/Historical;*Act/Acts/Action/Actionalism; *Actor/Actors/Actress/Actresses

AB: ResúmenIt is argued that the generally accepted definition of sociology asthe study of society should be discarded. This could lead in turn toeither a sociology of pure change within nonmediated relations

betweenindividual & state, or to a sociology of historical action.General directions & methods of the latter are outlined. Thesocial movement is a central concept in this sociology, & theactor becomes an important figure. New methods must be developed thatallow analysis of the actor. Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloAntinuclear Reaction or Antinuclear Movement


SO: FuenteSociologie et Societes, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 117-129, Apr 1981

DE: Descriptores*Antinuclear; *Movement/Movements; *Social movements

AB: ResúmenA social movement stands for collective action organized against anadversary. It is asked whether antinuclearism is a genuine socialmovement, or in a state of decomposition, unlikely to achieve itsgoals. Obstacles to the appearance of a social movement & thestages in its formation are analyzed. The methodology of AlainTouraine's "La Voix et le regard" ([The Voice and the Eye]in Touraine, A., Hegedus, Z., Dubet, F., & Wieviorka, M., LaProphetie antinucleaire [The Antinuclear Prophecy], Paris, 1980) isused to show that action on the nuclear issue constitutes a socialmovement, but one incapable of organized action; reactions to thenuclear issue indicate a considerable change in the political sphere,although ecologists tend to be disunited & unable to challengetechnocratic power. The nuclear problem is more than a purelypolitical problem; it is an outgrowth of the postindustrial society.Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloA Sociology without Society


SO: FuenteRevue francaise de Sociologie, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 3-13, Jan-Mar 1981

DE: Descriptores*Sociology; *Society/Societies; *Social action; *Socialrelations/Social relationships

AB: ResúmenThe idea that the proper object of sociology is society should bechallenged. The idea of society developed under particular conditionswith the merging of two ideas: that of the institution, originating

inthe seventeenth & eighteenth centuries; & that of thevoluntary evolution of societies, coming from the French Revolution& nationalist movements. The idea of society is not the cause ofrise of national states, nor of the search for a new order beyond theupheavals caused by industrialization. Sociology should be defined asthe study of social relationships & actions, rather than ofsociety as the principle of unity regulating the life of acollectivity. Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloThe Method of Sociology of Action: Sociological Intervention


SO: FuenteSchweizerische Zeitschrift fur Soziologie/Revue Suisse de sociologie,vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 321-334, Nov 1980

DE: Descriptores*Sociological; *Intervention; *Collective behavior/Collectivebehaviors; *Act/Acts/Action/Actionalism; *Social movements

AB: ResúmenPresented are the principal elements of a quasi-experimental method,sociological intervention. The method is based on a view of socialreality that relies on the idea of society as a production of itself.Examined are the mechanisms by which collective action & socialmovements are formed. Social conflict-producing actions are

approachedthrough intensive study of limited groups of actors (militants). Theaim is to create, by direct intervention of the researcher,

situationsin which the actor is put in a position to manifest the deepestmeaning of his action. Student, antinuclear, & other movements areexamined in order to determine in what forms the popular socialmovements of the future will manifest themselves. AA Tr & Modifiedby B. Annesser.

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TI: TítuloDecline or Transformation of the Universities?


SO: FuenteProspects, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 189-195, 1980

DE: Descriptores*University/Universities; *Knowledge;

*Education/Educational/Educator/Educators/ Educationally

AB: ResúmenIt appears that the crisis of the Us is a fundamental one, based onproblems in the basic purpose & definition of education. Schoolsno longer serve the function of social integration. An important goalof Us has become the application of knowledge; this is served byshortened technical courses. Much teaching & research takes placeoutside of Us; this suggests the speculative though unlikelypossibility of a system without Us at all. One suggested alternativehas been to integrate U teaching & professional practice; but thehierarchical structure this would imply would most probably destroythe U. A need exists to preserve independent Us as centers ofdiscussion, focused on a general culture whose primary theme is thesocial significance of knowledge. Recognition that the Us are indeedin decline is a precondition of their revitalization. W. H. Stoddard.

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TI: TítuloThe Two Faces of Identity


SO: FuenteQuaderni di Sociologia, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 407-419, Dec 1979

DE: Descriptores*Identity/Identities; *Act/Acts/Action/Actionalism;*Collective/Collectives/ Collectivism/ Collectivist

AB: ResúmenThe sociological significance of the appeal to identity, as amotivation of individual or collective action, is discussed as a"metasocial" act transcending social roles. Appeals tonational or cultural identity in modern societies are seen asincreasingly conflictual (as opposed to those in preindustrialsocieties, when they tended to reinforce the dominant social order);their character is analyzed as ambiguous, often defensive &nonsocial in confrontation with highly political counteroffensives.Defensive, offensive, & populist strategies employing the identityappeal are further examined to illustrate the transformation of theappeal into social actions & movements. Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloPolitical Ecology: A Demand to Live Differently -- Now


SO: FuenteNew Society, vol. 50, no. 892, pp. 307-309, 8 Nov 1979

DE: Descriptores*Antinuclear; *France/French; *Movement/Movements

AB: ResúmenThe French antinuclear movement is both a political & socialmovement. Like other movements advocating radical social change, ithas questioned the nature of things that are beyond its power tochange. "Political ecology," a term coined for thecontinental European antinuclear & ecologist movement, hascondemned the labor movement for not defining itself apart fromindustrialized society & its use of power. Political ecology hasboth defensive & offensive aspects: the defensive actors seekmeans to allow continued earthly existence; the offensive actors seekto direct the growth & organization of society. The antinuclearmovement is often involved with populist regional movements; it ispolitically weak due to disorganization, lack of electoralparticipation, & fragmentation. D. Black.

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TI: TítuloVoice and Eye


SO: FuenteRevista Mexicana de Sociologia, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1299-1315, Oct-

Dec1979

DE: Descriptores*Social science/Social sciences/Social scientific;*Group/Groups/Grouping/Groupism; *Dynamic/Dynamics; *Sociology;*Psychology/Psychological/ Psychologically/ Psychologism; *Touraine,A.

AB: ResúmenA summary of the major points of A. Touraine's recent book La voz y

lamirada ([Voice and Eye] no publication information available). Thebook attempts to examine the actor-situation relationship in thesocial sciences & to define its object. A new approach to groupdynamics, 'group centered groups,' is described. No sharp divisionbetween sociology & psychology is recognized; rather, the tools ofboth are employed in the analysis of situations & socialtendencies. S. Karganovic.

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TI: TítuloTheory and Practice of a Sociology of Action

AU: Autor

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Sociologie et Societes, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 149-188, Oct 1978DE: Descriptores

*Social action; *System/Systems; *Touraine, A.;*Quebec/Quebecois/Quebec City/Quebec Province

AB: ResúmenThe central objective of sociological analysis is the relationshipbetween synchrony & diachrony, ie, between (1) modes of socialproduction of societal types & (2) modes of development ofparticular societies. Various concepts relative to social actionsystems & their components are presented: historicity, in itselfthe basis of class relations, & politico-institutional &organizational systems. Other concepts are introduced insofar as theypermit the identification of the functioning areas of society:regional theories of reproduction, crisis, change, & socialaction. This set of concepts produces a structural synchronic

analysisof the general types of societies seen as levels within a historicalanalysis which includes various forms of social movements & classrelations. Topics considered at length are: (A) change, viewed as anexogenous factor in a particular society, & (B) state as an agentof intersocial relations, order, & reproduction. The analysis ofstructure & change in the ruling classes of a society & of thestate can be brought together only by the analysis of class

relations,because they are simultaneously relations of production &reproduction. A. Touraine sees a possible application of this theoryin dependent societies; that applies to Quebec particularly, becauseof the dislocation of class actions, struggle against nationaldomination, & conflicts brought about by modernization. 1 Figure.Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloUrban Marginality


SO: FuenteRevista Mexicana de Sociologia, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1105-1142, Oct-

Dec1977

DE: Descriptores*Latin America/Latin American/Latin Americans (see also SouthAmerica); *Economic/Economics/Economical; *Sociological;*Marginal/Marginality/Marginalist

AB: ResúmenBased on a critical appraisal of current research in Latin America,examined is the subject of marginality from two aspects: economic& sociological. It is shown how the various economic problemsassociated with marginality are linked to the various solutions thathave been proposed: (1) those who believe in "blocked dependentdevelopment" see it as a process of exclusion, (2) those who seemarginality as a reserve army in the service of capitalistaccumulation explain it in functional terms, & (3) those who favor

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classical growth explain it as temporary unemployment. Withoutconfusing the two, the logic of capitalism should be consideredtogether with the logic of dependence. In that perspective,marginality is the consequence of disarticulation (ie, in Americanterms, disenfranchisement). Marginality can refer to the fact that

themodernization of agriculture has not been a precondition ofindustrialization & that the former could not accommodate itselfto an important sector of market capitalism. Criticized are those whopresent the marginal stratum as an apathetic mass as well as those

whosee it as a social revolutionary class. The marginals are in the gripof a contradiction: segregated yet also participating in theconsumption of Ur culture; atomized yet also possessing their forms

oforganization; capable of violent revolt but also susceptible topolitical manipulation; characterized by underemployment yet also bytheir Ur position. AA.

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TI: TítuloEight Ways to Rid Oneself of the Sociology of Action


SO: FuenteSocial Science Information/Information sur les Sciences Sociales,

vol.15, no. 6, pp. 879-903, 1976

DE: Descriptores*Social action; *Sociology; *Act/Acts/Action/Actionalism;*Culture/Cultures/Cultural/ Culturally; *Social structure/Socialstructures; *Social class/Social classes; *Social interaction

AB: ResúmenBecause at its core sociology is the study of the conduct of actors

inrelation to each other, all of sociology is based on the sociology ofaction. The sociology of action must therefore be more concretelyformulated. Eight guidelines are proposed: (1) a social situation orconduct must be evaluated using terms & principals which are notsocially defined, (2) social relations should be reduced tointeractions, (3) systems must be distinguished from actors, (4) therelative importance of the various categories of socialfacts--economic, political, ideological--must be defined, & socialrelations must never be confused with social facts, (5) values must

bediscussed, in addition to norms, (6) society should be considered asthe discourse of the ruling class, (7) SCs should be seen aspersonages, & class relations seen as interactions between thesepersonages, & (8) a philosophy of social evolution must notconfound structure & change--the analysis of society as a system,not diachronic study, must be the major focus of sociology. AA Tr& Modified by D. Wurzel.

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TI: TítuloFrom Crisis to Critique


SO: FuentePartisan Review, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 212-223, 1976

DE: Descriptores*Young; *Crisis/Crises; *Criticism/Critique (see also Critic);*Political/Politically/ Politicalization (see also Politics);*Problem/Problematic/Problems; *Control/Controls/Controlled;*Economic/Economics/Economical; *Military/Militarism/Militarization/Militarist/ Militarists

AB: Resúmen"Crisis" has a reassuring ring: it implies an aberrationwhich will eventually be rectified. However, basic questions must beasked when confronting crisis; questions relating to the whole shape& thrust of the dominant ideology. The idea must be consideredthat the crisis is not based solely in the breakdown of an olderorder, but on the necessity of constructing a new one. Both the US& the USSR are confronting crises in order & hegemony. Suchcircumstances may give rise to greater repression, but they can betruly liberating, fueled by the modern tendency toward organization

ofsocial & cultural life in greater accord with lived experience.Conversely, however, political power seems increasingly alien to thepopulace, an external force akin to some natural phenomenon. The

statehas become less integrative & more dominating, an instrument ofpower, not order; a mobilizer of resources & a manipulator of men.Only if this is recognized can the present crisis of order be used tocall forth new forms of collective control of military & economicpower. Such recognition is contingent on a rediscovery by society ofcollective historical responsibility, a direct assault on the centersof power, & a creation of a collective program for the future. Thechoice is not between integration & crisis, but between crisis& conflict--the perfectly acceptable conflict of interests &plans inherent in any society. To end crisis, a new image of progressmust be invented, extending democracy & recognizing the role to beplayed by fundamental & never completely negotiable conflicts. Wemust learn responsibility again, & rediscover the stakes ofcollective action. C. Leland.

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TI: TítuloNEW SOCIAL CONFLICTS

AU: AutorTOURAINE, ALAIN

SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-17, JAN-MAR 1975

DE: Descriptores*Social conflicts; *Conflict/Conflicts

AB: Resúmen

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4 GENERAL PROPOSITIONS ARE PRESENTED WHICH DEFINE THE NATURE OFSOCIAL

CONFLICTS IN A NEW SOCIETY: (1) FACED WITH AN INCREASINGLYGENERALIZED

POWER STRUCTURE, THE OPPOSITION TENDS TO BE CARRIED BY GLOBAL GROUPS,IN PARTICULAR TERRITORIAL COLLECTIVES, (2) IN A POSTINDUSTRIALSOCIETY, THE CONFLICTS ARE GENERALIZED, (3) SOCIAL CONFLICTS & THEDIRECTION OF MINORITY & DEVIANT GROUPS TEND TO OVERLAP, & (4)STRUCTURAL CONFLICTS ARE DISTINGUISHED FROM THE CONFLICTS OF CHANGE.

APOSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, BEING NOTHING OTHER THAN WHAT IT DOES, &BEING REDUCED TO ITS ESSENCE, BECOMES IN ITS ENTIRETY A FIELD OFCONFLICTS. THESE CONFLICTS MAY OR MAY NOT BE NEGOTIATED & LIMITEDDEPENDING ON THE STATE OF THE PARTICULAR POLITICAL COLLECTIVE &ITS INSTITUTIONS. THIS IDEA OPPOSES THE OPINION THAT ENRICHMENTAPPEASES CONFLICTS, & THE OPINION THAT ANNOUNCES THE REABSORPTIONOF 'GREAT CONFLICTS' IN A MULTITUDE OF TENSIONS & STRATEGIES,SOLELY ORIENTED TOWARD THE MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE. POSTINDUSTRIALSOCIETY HAS NO OTHER NATURE THAN THAT OF THE PRODUCT OF ITS INTERNALCONFLICTS, OF WHICH THE STAKE IS THE CONTROL OF THE CAPACITY OF

ACTIONOF THE SOCIETY ON ITSELF. R. LENT.

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TI: TítuloSocial Movements


SO: FuenteRassegna Italiana di Sociologia, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 11-60, Jan --

Mar1972

DE: Descriptores*Collective/Collectives/ Collectivism/ Collectivist; *Socialmovements; *Innovation/Innovations/Innovative/ Innovativeness/Innovator/ Innovators

AB: Resúmen3 types of collective behavior are discerned: (1) reaction to org'alcrises; (2) reaction to the freezing or closing of a society'sinstit'al system (instit'al tensions); & (3) soc movements assuch. Each is discussed. A soc movement is conceptually defined as

thecombination of a principle of identity, a principle of opposition,& a principle of totality within a given actor or group of actors.Soc movements come constantly up against alienation & subordinateparticipation determined by dependence. A brief discussion of classrelations is given in this context. Then the interaction ofadversaries in historical action is considered under reference to theMarxist concept of the mode of production. A soc movement isassociated with soc'ly & culturally innovative behavior.Innovation fills a more important function than practical conflictualaction. It constitutes the foundation for the construction of a newsoc & cultural system. Some details in the analysis of socmovements are discussed. The diversity of soc movements depends on

the

45

status of various levels in society, on the instit'al system, & onthe soc org of a society (in crisis or integrated). A history of socmovements is presented & various levels are distinguished(superior, inferior) depending upon the degree of integration of theelements. Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloThe Higher Education System in the United States. A BibliographicalNote


SO: FuenteRevue francaise de Sociologie, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 112-121, Jan --

Mar1972

DE: Descriptores*Education/Educational/Educator/ Educators/ Educationally; *UnitedStates/US

AB: ResúmenThis is a bibliographical commentary on some 30 books which have as acommon theme the function & the org of higher educ in the US from1860 up to the present. To the extent that the U cannot be consideredonly as a place for professional training, this theme is said to becentral to the undertaking of other analyses, ie, the Amer studentmovement (although this last subject is not commented upon in thearticle). Between 1860 & 1971, 4 periods may be distinguished: the1st is the period of the birth of the Amer U in a society which isindustr'izing, thus, the creation of Johns Hopkins U & Harvard.Most of the studies dealing with this period insist on rathersuperficial elements such as the diffusion of the German model. On

theother hand, the monographs devoted to the U constitute fruitfulreading, & show the creation of an elite educ based on the idea ofprogress & geared to form the leaders of a nation. The 2nd periodoccurs between the 2 World Wars & continues a few yrs after WWII.It is characterized by the creation of a "general educ,"which reinforces an elitism accentuating soc inequalities in the socorder. There is a hierarchy of the diff instit's, diff's betweenColl's & U's, & the possible choices according to soc originshave been the object of numerous studies, the most famous of which

arethose by David Riesman (CONSTRAINT AND VARIETY IN AMERICAN EDUCATION,1956). The 3rd period occurs after 1957 & is characterized by animportant development of res in Amer U's. Professors are res'ersbefore being teachers. Without losing the characteristics of thepreceeding periods, esp with regard to elitism & the reproductionof the soc order, U's develop through res & through contacts thatprofessors have with diff org's or on federal funds. The structure ofthe U's is then centered on their presidents who become the mainauthorities during the precedent period. Many books insist on theinsertion of the U into the econ circuits & show the ideology ofthe professors during this period. Works by P. Lazarsfeld (THEACADEMIC MIND), or S. M. Lipset (POLITICS IN ACADEMIA) may bementioned. Lastly, the contemporary period is characterized by a

46

greater coherence between teaching & res in the U. The mostimportant among them constitute "knowledge industries," butthe higher educ system also includes U's centering on the idea ofprogress, as during the preceding period, while the "Coll's"allow for a reproduction of the soc order. The complex function ofproduction of knowledge belongs to the U. One goes from the U to the"multiversity," to adopt Clark Kerr's terminology. Some U'sare able to make choices, ie, the production of knowledge does notmean that sci, development & power are systematically linkedtogether. This idea appears in the book by C. Kaysen HIGHER LEARNING,THE UNIVERSITIES AND THE PUBLIC, 1969. AA Tr by M. Laferriere.

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TI: TítuloPOST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY


SO: FuenteRassegna Italiana di Sociologia, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 333-354, JUL-SEP1970

DE: Descriptores*Change/Changes; *Concept/Concepts/Conception/Conceptual/Conceptualization; *Culture/Cultural, change; *Industrial (see alsoIndustrialization, Industrialized); *Society/Societies; *Structural(see also Structure); *Youth/Youths/Youthful

AB: ResúmenThe Introduction to the author's Vol LA SOCIETE POST-IN- DUSTRIELLE(Post-Industrial Society), soon to be published in an Italian Ed. Aseries of considerations are presented on structural & culturalchanges taking place in industr societies which seem to prefigure anew type of society-the programmed society. In this context, theprocesses of econ growth & of transformation within the U areexamined, with particular emphasis on the activism of youth &students. Youth in the U's & the larger society is considered apropulsive force, whereas the revolutionary potential of the Weappears less evident, esp in the light of the events of May 1968 inFrance. In programmed society, conflict is no longer based on econmechanisms. It is concluded that an understanding of the new society,which is for the moment only embryonic, requires new & moreadequate sociol'al tools since the traditional ones have proved to beincapable of understanding the changes & predicting the needs ofpost-industr society. Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloTHE COMPENSATORY ROLE OF CONTROL OPERATORS

AU: AutorDURAND, CLAUDE; TOURAINE, ALAIN

SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 113-139, APR-JUN 1970

DE: Descriptores*Compensation/Compensative/Compensatory/Compensating;

47

*Control/Controls/Controlled; *Operator/Operators/Operative/Operatives; *Role/Roles

AB: ResúmenExploring the idea that control plays a role of transmission betweenthe org'al imperatives & the needs of the workers' group, thepresent study defines 3 types of variables: (1) the situation as todegree of org & cohesion of the workers' group; (2) the behaviorof professional control operators; (3) the success or failure of thecontrol operators. The determinants of this success or failure areexplained through the 'accentuating' or 'compensating' influence ofthe control operators on the situation. Thus, in a relativelyunstructured technical situation interventionist behavior Is mosteffective; in a highly structured situation the distance from the org& autonomy are behaviors that succeed. Likewise, psychol'alintegration succeeds with workers' groups that are not very cohesive,while regulating behavior is effective with respect to militantworkers' groups. The intervention of the technological & the socexplains that the 'good' control operator does not have the sametraits in diff situations, because the compensatory role necessarilyassumes diff forms according to the work situations indicated above.HA Tr & Modified by A. Peskin.

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TI: TítuloCRISIS AND CONFLICT


SO: FuenteCahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, vol. 48, pp. 5-24, 1970

DE: Descriptores*Aims; *Movement/Movements; *Sociological; *Sociology;*Structure/Structures/ Structuring/ Structured; *Student/Students;*Value/Values/Valuation/ Valuations

AB: ResúmenA reply to R. Boudon's critique (see SA0206/E6832) of Touraine'sanalysis of the May movement (LE MOUVEMENT DE MAI DU LE COMMUNISMEUTOPIQUE [The May Movement or Utopian Communism, Paris Sevil, 1968].Functionalist sociol is criticized for attempting to explain behaviorapart from the representations of the actors, intentions, & onlythrough the state & functioning of the system of SR. A sociol'alanalysis of the student movement, as of any other soc phenomenon,should proceed on 3 levels: on the 1st level, the actors are locatedin the society; on the 2nd level, the partners are placed against

eachother in a market or in a system of decisions; on the 3rd level, theconflicts for power are considered & the partners are defined bytheir relations in a system of production. The article examines theinstit'al crisis of the U that led to the student movement, therelations between the U structure & the total instit'al structureof Society, the structure of the student movement & the att's& values of the actors. It is noted that the traditional liberal Uhas given way to a new type of U, which is linked to theadministration & industry & which supplies personnel for them,that in all countries the aims of the student movement transcended

the

48

U, & that the movement started & was strongest in Japan, wherethere is no scarcity of outlets. A. Peskin.

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TI: TítuloTHE SYSTEM OF ACTION


SO: FuenteSociologie et Societes, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 221-248, NOV 1969

DE: Descriptores*Act/Acts/Action/Actionalism; *Culture/Cultures/Cultural/ Culturally;*Rationality; *Social; *Structure/Structures/ Structuring/

Structured;*System/Systems; *Work/Works/Working

AB: ResúmenThe study deals with the principles of historical action in society.Historical action is a dialectic tension between a model of

creativity& a material situation. The basis of the analysis is the structureof relationship between various elements, constituting the unity ofthe creative action of human work. This structure, elaborated bysynchronic analysis, is introduced as the historical system of

action.The system of action doesn't represent the society's own action, it

isthe historical praxis of a society & an instrument of analysisapplicable to some of the many aspects of soc reality. The tension inthe structure of the system of action emanates from the opposition inits component parts, all interacting, horizontally & vertically:(1) the cultural & soc movement mobility, (2) the cultural &soc structure or order, (3) the orientation & the resources ofsociety. The unity of the system of action may disintegrate ifrelations are not maintained between the 3. Such fusions or rupturesproduce peripheral counterelements, each counter element an isolatedcultural or soc unit. As the elements in the system of action are inopposition, the system undergoes a constant crisis, due to ruptures

inits component parts. There are 3 types of crisis: (a) rupture betweenthe cultural model, the mode of org & the soc hierarchy & itsneeds (crisis of historicity), (b) rupture between the orientation& the resources (crisis of rationality), (c) rupture betweensociety & culture (crisis of participation). These ruptures,partial or complete, constitute a permanent aspect of functioning ofany system of action. It is concluded that the system of historicaction is not a system of values or direct representations, but amethod of analysis of the historic praxis, the interaction &balance in society, based on the movement of a system of opposingfactors. D. Sundkvist.

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TI: Título

49

TOWARDS ACTIONALIST SOCIOLOGYAU: Autor

TOURAINE, ALAINSO: Fuente

Social Science Information/Information sur les Sciences Sociales,vol.

3, no. 5, pp. 147-168, OCT 1969DE: Descriptores

*Analysis/Analyses/Analyzing; *Industrial (see alsoIndustrialization,

Industrialized); *Social action; *Society/Societies; *Sociological;*Sociology

AB: ResúmenIt is noted that during the growth of industr society, the concept ofsoc action was obscured by that of historical evolution. Patterns ofsoc behavior appeared to be merely a series of responses continuallylagging behind the demands made by the development of the forces ofproduction & the SR they created. In a situation of liberal econchange only violence, ie, a stimulus from outside the traditional socsystem, can propel society towards a future whose form either remainsobscure or appears to be predetermined. When industr civilizationbecomes more firmly established, society becomes aware that it hascreated problems of a soc rather than a historical character &begins to focus on these problems. However, it may not yet recognizethat it is its own product. Sociol'al analysis must not concentratesolely on the functioning & changing of a given society, but mustalso focus on that society's development, driving force, & methodof defining & establishing its field of activity. Functionalistanalysis, which is essentially inwardlooking & directed away fromhistory, needs as its complement a certain evolutionary sense withoutwhich change would appear to be no more than an undirected successionof modifications. It is argued that alongside the sign systems &behavior systems of contemporary sociol'al analysis (structuralism& functionalism) a 3rd type of systematization or analysis canexist, which is called the actionalist approach. In this approach,action is seen in relation to itself rather than to other actors orsignif elements. Action may be ideological or utopian; it may havediffering degrees of orientation towards creativity & control. R.Dahrendorf's position re SR relationships is rejected as merely avariant of functionalism which has limited importance. Functionalistanalysis is only acceptable if it maintains some continuity withactionalist analysis. Actionalist analysis studies soc movements &actualized 'projects.' Its diff's from sf analysis are delineated.Actionalist sociol aims to call attention to the need for thedefinition & treatment of new soc problems, for the understanding& direction of new soc movements, in opposition to the seductionsof the affluent society. M. Maxfield.

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TI: TítuloREMARKS ON AN INTERNATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION OF STUDENTMOVEMENTS


SO: Fuente

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Social Science Information/Information sur les Sciences Sociales,vol.

8, no. 2, pp. 31-47, APR 1969DE: Descriptores

*Analysis/Analyses/Analyzing; *Formation/Formations; *International;*Movement/Movements; *Student/Students

AB: ResúmenA paper presented at the ISSC-sponsored Round Table on Student

Unrest,Paris, Dec 6-9, 1968. Some conceptual tools are developed foranalyzing student movements all over the world. Student movements areconsidered to be within soc movements, because students are a definedsoc category with their interests & demands, as well as outsidesoc movements, because students eagerly speak in the name of society& against it. A classification of student movements is proposed.Its elements are the degree of rigidity or the instit'al system, theconcentration or diffusion of pol'al power, & the degree ofmodernization of the U org. Student movements differ according to thecombination of the above elements. As soc movements in general theycan betray a greater prominence of the principle of identification,leading to pressure groups, of the principle of opposition, leading

toconfrontation, or the principle of totality of the soc system, givingrise to ideological groups. Most movements show a combination of anyof these 3 principles. An attempt is made to fit the student

movementsof today's world into these various categories. A. Peskin.

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TI: TítuloTHIS IS ONLY THE BEGINNING


SO: FuenteQuaderni di Sociologia, vol. 18, no. 1-2, pp. 59-94, JAN-JUN 1969

DE: Descriptores*France/French; *Movement/Movements; *Social conflicts;*Student/Students; *Touraine, A.; *University/Universities

AB: ResúmenAn Italian translation of the last Chpt from Alain Touraine, LEMOUVEMENT DE MAI OU LE COMMUNISME UTOPIQUE (The May Movement orUtopian Communism), Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1968. The followingaspects of the French student movement are considered: (a) the returnto soc conflict in recent yrs, after a considerable period ofquietude; (b) the relationship between soc conflicts & the U-ie,the most signif part of the May Movement is that it created a rupturein a society dominated by the utopia of the leadership class. Atentative framework for a comparative analysis of the formation ofstudent movements is offered. It is found that the May Movement inFrance is not yet an autonomous soc movement & is only at thebeginning of its development. It has undergone a crisis of change& adaptation & will become a soc movement of major importance.US society is viewed as providing greater opportunity for negotiationof conflict than those modern societies which have a visibleconcentration of pol'al power & a rigid instit'al system. Hence

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the situation of the U differs, too, in these 2 types of societies.The student movement is interpreted as directed against a bur'ticleadership elite. This is most apparent in Czechoslovakia. Not onlycomplete, large soc movements, but also partial soc movements may beanalyzed according to the typology provided here, eg pressure groups,trade unions, etc. A soc movement is not a doctrine which offers asingle solution to all the contradictions within a society. It is aforce which must overcome its internal contradictions in order torealize itself. An internat'l comparative analysis of studentmovements is proposed which should focus on their formation as a socmovement not only directed toward the U, but against more generalaspects of society. M. Maxfield.

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TI: TítuloMOBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND URBAN STRUCTURES

AU: AutorTOURAINE, ALAIN; AHTIK, VITOMIR; OSTROWETSKY-ZYGEL , SYLVIA;

CASTELLS,MANUEL

SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 369-405, OCT-DEC 1967

DE: Descriptores*Industrial (see also Industrialization, Industrialized); *Mobility;*Urban (see also Ru/Ur)

AB: ResúmenA study is made of the trends of industr location as a contribution

toan understanding of the SE system of which it is a part. For 2 years

ares team of the Paris Laboratoire de Sociologie Industrielle studiedthe files of 940 plants which had changed their locations within thearea of Paris. The point of departure was that a firm is not a simple'rational' actor guided by exclusively econ factors. Its decisions

arethe result of the interaction of a certain number of its internalcharacteristics with the soc & econ environment in which itoperates. The firms were classified into 9 types, resulting from theintersection of 2 variables: the technical characteristics of theenterprise & the type of econ liaison to the space. From thetechnical point of view, the enterprise can concentrate on the

qualityof a product, on the rational org of mass production, or oninnovation. From the econ-spatial point of view the enterprise can betied to a specific market, to the specific means of production, or berelatively free in its choice of location. 3 major trends inclassifying space to be utilized were found: at the lowest level ofspatial change, industry follows Ur growth from the center out. At

theintermediate level, industry liberates itself from dependence on thecity, placing itself in proximity to a COMM's network in order to

giveit access to functional facilities. Finally, well-furnished virginspaces become fields of action for technically advanced industry

which

52

recreates a new industr milieu characterized by its modernity. Astrong statistical liaison has been found between characteristics ofthe enterprise & characteristics of the space chosen. The morethat an enterprise is econ'ly dependant, the more it tends to adaptitself to the general movement of the agglomeration. The more that anenterprise is centered on its econ rationality, the more it tends tointegrate itself into the region through the use of COMM's network.Finally, the more an enterprise is technically advanced, the more itis drawn toward the modern industr milieu. Modified AA.

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TI: TítuloWORKIN-CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA:PROPOSAL FOR A RESEARCH SCHEME

AU: AutorTOURAINE, ALAIN; PECAUT, DANIEL

SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 229-254, JUL-SEP 1967

DE: Descriptores*Class/Classes (see also Social class); *Conscious/Consciousness;*Development/Developments; *Economic/Economics/Economical; *LatinAmerica/Latin American/Latin Americans (see also South America)

AB: ResúmenThe presentation of a res scheme into We att's as a factor in the EDof Latin America, which has been neglected by investigators. The reswould establish links between personal motivations & awareness ofsoc change, based on the interplay of 3 basic orientations; need ofdevelopment; nat'lism; class value. 3 models are offered: (1)relations between the 3 orientations & direct & indirectreferences to the global society; (2) relations between personalsituation & collective situation of the society; (3) relationsbetween autonomy & response; & 4 types of behavior: retreat;utilitarianism; heteronomy & pol'al action. I. Langnas.

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TI: TítuloON THE SOCIOLOGICAL UTILITY OF THE CONCEPT OF ALIENATION

AU: AutorSEEMAN, MELVIN; VIDAL, DANIEL; AMIOT , MICHEL; TOURAINE, ALAIN

SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 180-209, APR-JUN 1967

DE: Descriptores*Alienation/Alienated; *Concept/Concepts/Conception/Conceptual/Conceptualization; *Sociological

AB: ResúmenA debate in which M. Seeman reviews his use of the notion ofalienation in a series of cumulative res'es. The causes of the diffforms of alienation in the soc structure of modern life are sought& a description is given of the consequences of alienation onindividual comportment: diminution of the capacity to learn, syndical& pol'al passivity, etc. Without questioning the value of theseres'es, M. Amiot & D. Vidal examine the theoretical validity of

53

the notion of alienation & the nature of the causal schemaproposed. A definition of the concept of alienation is sought which,while maintaining the diversity of its expressions, will conserve atheoretical unity. With more power than the term èxploitation,' thenotion of àlienation' provides res with a unifying factor re the socproblems of contemporary societies. Alientation is the experience ofthe soc agent in the situation; it is, thus, necessary to analyze theconnection between the expectations of the agent & thecontradiction of the soc system. In modern society this link is nolonger limited to the relationship between production & socappropriation, for the awareness of alienation continues to grow inthe measure that the autonomy of the econ system in the society

wanes.Modified HA.

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TI: TítuloTHE JUSTIFICATION OF A SOCIOLOGY OF ACTION


SO: FuenteRevue francaise de Sociologie, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 518-527, OCT-DEC1966

DE: Descriptores*Act/Acts/Action/Actionalism; *History/Historic/Historical;*Sociology; *Work/Works/Working

AB: ResúmenReasons for writing SOCIOLOGY OF ACTION (Paris, 1965) are presented.Sociol of action studies the actor, individual & collective, inhis soc existence, as he engages himself in debates, conflicts &revindications. The problems of the sociol of action are not

exclusiveto industr society; but it is the rise of the latter that makes theformer necessary. Work & history are 2 aspects of the subjectstudied by sociol of action. The latter places the actor (or

'historicsubject') before a situation rather than in it, because his situationis an engagement which is meaningful only as a drama, not as aframework. There are systems of action, just as there are systems ofsigns & of SR. The practical aim of the sociol of action is toreintroduce sociol'al analysis to vast areas which seem to escape ittoday. Sociol must follow the lead of soc psychol & free itselffrom the enchantment of the concrete. I. Langnas.

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TI: TítuloWORKING-CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA

AU: AutorTOURAINE, ALAIN; PECAUT, DANIEL

SO: FuenteRevista Latinoamericana de Sociologia, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 150-178,

JUL

54

1966DE: Descriptores

*Development/Developments; *Latin America/Latin American/LatinAmericans (see also South America); *Social class/Social classes

AB: ResúmenA description of the theoretical framework of a res project aimed atdemonstrating that there exist, among Latin Amer workers,action-orientations which involve direct & indirect references todevelopment, & that these references help to define the meaning ofthe process of change. Latin Amer workers are not only affected by

theresults of change; they also contribute to its definition. Thehypothesis is examined on the basis of the existing literature. Theassumptions of a series of analyses of soc change are discussed,particularly the dichotomy between traditional modern. In suchstudies, soc actors are supposed to manifest only adaptive behavior.But the sociol of change proposed here ascribes to the actors 'actionprojects' which participate in determining the nature of the changeprocess. Analyti cal principles are suggested to study theaction-orientations of the Wc, according to their range (situational,category, & global claims) & the 3 themes of class,development & nation. The processes of collective mobility areanalyzed to establish a typology of modes of action, & theUr'ization of the workers & the problems of their claims arereferred to it. The conclusion is drawn: 'It is not enough to definethe conditions & consequences of development; it must be captureddirectly, in action.' A 30-item Bibliog. I. Langnas.

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TI: TítuloTOWARDS AN ACTIONALIST SOCIOLOGY


SO: FuenteRassegna Italiana di Sociologia, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 17-43, JAN-MAR1966

DE: Descriptores*Act/Acts/Action/Actionalism; *Sociology

AB: ResúmenThe possibility of a new sociol'al approach, termed actionalist, isdefended & illustrated. This analytical perspective is based atthe same time on the new problematic of industr societies whoseobjective & principle of legitimation is development, & on socaction which expresses itself in terms of 'projects' & manifeststhe normative double orientation of subjects as creators of workswhose controls they reclaim. While functionalisms is the study of thelatent function of actions in a soc system which provides them with ameaning, actionalism confers on soc action a definite sense by meansof, its rapport with it. This can be seen in the area of work, whichcannot be meaningful except from the point of view of the subject,inasmuch as there is a signif rapport between the subject & hisworks. It is the position of the subject which becomes the centralfocus of actionalism & not his action, the soc movement & notthe soc system. This theory proposes to explain the engagement of thesubject in action, inasmuch as action constitutes the field of soc

55

rapports, & this engagement can manifest itself at diff levels.This res of the subject sense of action rejects the structuralistanalysis of symbolic systems. But it also opposes philosophy ofhistory for overlooking the essences of man by only retaining hisactions. AA Tr by E. Weiman.

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TI: TítuloTHE SOCIOLOGY OF SOCIOLOGICAL WORK

AU: AutorCHOMBART, DE LAUWE; PAUL-HENRI; MENDRAS , HENRI; TOURAINE, ALAIN

SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 273-294, JUL-SEP 1965

DE: Descriptores*Labor/Labors; *Sociology; *Work/Works/Working

AB: ResúmenIt is asked why the sociol of labor does not study the work ofsociol'ts & its org. Mendras demonstrates the diversity of theroles of the res'er & the difficulty in performing them allequally well. Chombart de Lauwe analyzes the unity of res in order toconsider the conditions of its cohesion & its freedom, in relationto the U instit's & utilizers of such res. Touraine, after a pleafor a greater diff'iation among the organisms of res, insists that

therapports between soc utility & sci'fic intellectual liberty mustbe characterized by tension. These excerpts are from a meeting of theFrench Sociol'al Society & are primarily expressions of personalopinion, not a documented analysis of the problems of sociol'al res.Modified HA Tr by E. Weiman.

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TI: TítuloSOCIAL MOBILITY, CLASS RELATIONS AND NATIONLISM IN LATIN AMERICA



DE: Descriptores*Latin America/Latin American/Latin Americans (see also SouthAmerica); *National/Nationalism/Nationalist/ Nationalists/Nationalistic; *Social mobility

AB: ResúmenA sociol'al study of indust'ization consists not of searching outconsequences or soc conditions of econ development, but in

elucidatingthe normative orientations of the action which defines soc movements.When applied to the case of Latin Amer, this approach permits us toassert the signif of 3 principles of analysis: SM, class relations,& nat'lism. It is through the combination, diff at diff stages ofdevelopment, of these 3 principles, that the types of soc movementscan be characterized. Movements distinguished are the popular revolt,the nat'l popular, & the militant popular. The dynamic which is

56

responsible for the passage from one stage to another rests on theinternat oppositions between these 3 principles. 2 types of elites

aredistinguished: those who direct & those who break up. Theoverrunning of the 2nd group by the first explains the ambiguous roleof elites in popular movements. AA tr by E. Weiman.

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TI: TítuloSOCIAL MOBILITY, CLASS RELATIONS, AND NATIONALISM IN LATIN AMERICA


SO: FuenteStudies in Comparative International Development, vol. 1, no. 3, pp.19-25, ORIGINAL SERIES: 003 1965

DE: Descriptores*Development/Developments; *Economic/Economics/Economical; *LatinAmerica/Latin American/Latin Americans (see also South America);*Relations/Relational; *Social class/Social classes; *Social mobility

AB: ResúmenA study of the interaction between SM, class relations & nat'lismin Latin America. A sociol'al study of industr'ization consists not

somuch in the search for consequences or soc conditions in ED as inelucidating the normative orientations toward action which define socmovements. When applied to Latin America, this approach allows 3principles of analysis to be brought into focus: SM, class relations& nat'lism. By combining these 3 principles according to diffstages of development it is possible to characterize diff kinds of

socmovement. Distinctions are made between popular revolts, nat'l

popularmovements & popular front movements. The dynamics accounting forshifts from one stage to another rest on the internal oppositionsbetween the 3 principles. A distinction is also made between elitesthat launch & elites that lead. The spillover of a leadershipelite into a launching elite explains the ambiguous role of elites innat'l popular movements. I. Langnas.

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TI: TítuloTHE NEW WORKING CLASS



DE: Descriptores*France/French; *Union/Unions/Unionism; *Working class (see alsoSocial class)

AB: ResúmenA critical comparison of 2 studies. Contrasted are UNE NOUVELLE

CLASSE

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OUVRIERE (A New Working Class) by P. Bellevile, Paris, France, 1963& LA NOUVELLE CLASSE OUVRIERE (The New Working Class) by S.Mallet, Ed du Seuil: Paris, France, 1963. Whereas Belleville takes aneo-liberal stand, favoring a pragmatic approach to the problems ofmodern unionism, Mallet tends to a theoretical & ideologicalviewpoint. Both authors, however, are united in that they perceive

themanifold & acute problems in French unionism & in the Wetoday. A. Chapman.

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TI: TítuloFOR AN ACTIONALIST SOCIOLOGY


SO: FuenteArchives Europeennes de Sociologie, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-26, 1964

DE: Descriptores*Function/Functions/Functional/ Functionalism/ Functionalist/Functionalists; *Industrial (see also Industrialization,Industrialized); *Sociology

AB: ResúmenIt is shown how historical analysis metamorphosized into functionalanalysis, re soc systems, & how this analysis has sometimes beentaken for `the' sociol. Besides a functionalist sociol, a study of

socrelations, & structuralist sociol, the study of systems, there isan actionalist sociol, a study of the dialectic of the historicalsubject, & of his 'engagement' in action. The terrain of thisaction is indust'al society. The 3 major themes of this sociol arework, relationships to others, & man's relationship to himself.The links between an actionalist sociol & functionalist sociol areexamined; they are not mutually exclusive, but, on the other hand,complement each other, since actionalism logically precedesfunctionalism. In conclusion some objections are refuted, ie, thatsuch an actionalist sociol is merely a philosophy of history. AA Tr

byA. Chapman.

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TI: TítuloTHE LIBERAL RATIONALISM OF MICHEL CROZIER


SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 2, pp. 188-19, 1964

DE: Descriptores*France/French; *Liberal/Liberals/Liberality/ Liberalization;*Rational/Rationalist/ Rationalistic/ Rationalism

AB: ResúmenA critique of SA 0624-B5078, a study presenting a general theory oforg's & offering a cultural analysis of French society. Crozier's

58

optimism & faith in progress is noted, as is his explanation of anindust'al society, ie, one in which means & ends have a maximum ofmutual autonomy. His analysis of French bur'cy suggests that thesystem is rigid & inflexible, incapable of adjusting to change,thus implying that human action is valid only when it is adapted toits environment. Touraine feels that the aim of the French system isnot adaptation to its environment, but rather, its transformation.Crozier contrasts indust'al societies which have had to combat atraditional autocratic regime with those which were able to

indust'izetabula rasa. Touraine points out that the former have the advantage

ofbeing more explicitly oriented to modern values. The problem oftechnocracy, esp in underdeveloped countries (which often resort toauthoritarian means to implement it), is not adequately treated. It

issuggested that the French system is a voluntarist one, which has beenviewed by Crozier solely in terms of an Anglo-Amer model. It isconcluded that despite such flaws, the book is signif, & isthoroughly representative of the new forces & trends in Frenchsociety. (See also SA 0624-B5079). A. Chapman.

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TI: TítuloSOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN BUSINESS


SO: FuenteTempi Moderni, vol. 7, no. 16-17, pp. 93-98, JAN-JUN 1964

DE: Descriptores*Business/Businesses; *Class/Classes (see also Social class);*Manage/Managed/Manages/ Managing/ Management;*Organization/Organizations/ Organizational/ Organize/ Organizers/Organized/ Organizing

AB: ResúmenA paper presented at a seminar on Problems of Sociol'al Res: Methods& Experiences, which is concerned with the sci'fic org of work& the problems connected with the management of large org's. (a)Business enterprise as an org which provides the basis for socrelationships is studied & the development of the theory of org isdiscussed. (b) Noting that a business enterprise or org consists of avariety of interest groups, the conflicts arising from the interestsof the We are examined & (c) a definition of class consciousnessas it exists in modern society is arrived at. This class

consciousnessof the workers is stated to become more & more pol'al with apol'al orientation toward problems of power, as seen in labor org's.(d) Vindicative actions of the workers in the areas of consumption,org, & direction are studied as a soc phenomenon connected withextensive industr development. In an advanced industr society, it isconcluded, the old concept of a We is no longer relevant & onemust rather think in terms of problems arising from conflictingrelationships, pol'al conflicts & conflicts of interest groups. Asociol of labor undertaken along these lines can provide the key tothe illusions of the affluent society. M. Maxfield.

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TI: TítuloA RESEARCH PROJECT, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS


SO: FuenteSocial Science Information/Information sur les Sciences Sociales,

vol.2, no. 2, pp. 36-46 (FR), JUL 1963

DE: Descriptores*Industrialization/Industrializing (see also Industrial,Industrialized); *Research/Researcher/Researchers; *Social movements

AB: ResúmenA study is proposed by a group of res'ers who have decided to pooltheir findings in the Laboratory of Industr Sociol of the VI Sectionof the Technical Sch of Advanced Studies. The object of the res is astudy of the soc forms of industr'ization & of the soc movementswhich at one time accompany them & contribute to them. The base ofthis study must be 2-fold: study of the general stages of

development,& study of work situation. Within the domain of this study the resthemes chosen are: an examination of soc movements considered as thedeterminants of the soc types of industr'ization; an analysis of theobjectives of workers' movements as functions of their nature &role; an examination of the relationship of soc movements &personality; & a consideration of the conflictful interpenetrationof soc & econ movements. M. Duke.

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TI: TítuloA TREATISE ON SOCIOLOGY


SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 285-287, JUN-SEP 1962

DE: Descriptores*Parsons, T./Parsonian; *Social action; *Social system/Social

systems;*Society/Societies; *Theory/Theories/Theorem/ Theorizing

AB: ResúmenTHEORIES OF SOCIETY, by T. Parsons, F. Shils, R. K. Naegele, & J.Pitts, is a major sociol'al work, attempting to encompass the wholefield of sociol. It presents the Parsonian theory of soc action,illustrated by numerous sociol'al writings accompanied by anIntroduction by 4 authors. 2 ideas dominate these introductions: thatthe relations among culture, the soc system, & the personality aredetermined by a principle of hierarchy, & that soc evolution canbe conceived as the transition of unitary societies dominated byàscription' to complex societies offering differentiation as theanalytical object of sociol'al res. Rather than a sociol of action,this book is a study of the functional conditions of soc systems. It

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is pointed out that in attempting to identify itself with all ofsociol, Parsonian theory transforms itself into an ideology whichcorresponds to a specific historical situation, that of the weakeningof traditional conflicts & the class struggle in favor of amultiplicity of conflicts & soc problems within the framework ofgeneral consensus. The soc upheavals related to industrializationshould remind us, along with Parsonian sociol, of the importance of asociol of historical action. AA Tr & Modified by L. Gimenez Melo.

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TI: TítuloEVALUATION OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF WORK


SO: FuenteSociologie du Travail, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 278-284, JUN-SEP 1962

DE: Descriptores*Sociology; *Work/Works/Working

AB: ResúmenAt present the sociol of work lacks a unifying definition. Theanalysis of the TRAITE DE SOCIOLOGIE DU TRAVAIL (Treatise on theSociology of Work), published by G. Friedmann& P. Naville, revealsthe following approaches used by writers in this branch of sociol:

(1)description of the concrete historical background of technicalcivilization, (2) analysis of soc forces, (3) study of levels of socreality (personality of workers & global org & society), &(4) elaboration of historical action (the passage from a technicalmilieu to a neutral milieu, from the class society to the industrialsociety). Sociol of work is thus not an autonomous theoretical area,nor a field of application for general analytical principles, but acomplex of problems whose significance is related to the centralcharacteristic of work, as an historical experience. AA tr by L.Gimenez Melo.

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TI: TítuloWORK AND ORGANIZATIONS


SO: FuenteArchives Europeennes de Sociologie, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-20, 1962

DE: Descriptores*Attitude/Attitudes/Attitudinal; *Organization/Organizations/Organizational/ Organize/ Organizers/ Organized/ Organizing; *Socialaction; *Sociology; *Work/Works/Working

AB: ResúmenSociol should give more thought to `historic action,' without

reducingthe study of evolution to the mere study of change. This suggests ananalysis independent of soc action, one which does not attempt simplya situational explication of action. Re the sociol of work, work must

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be viewed as action of man upon nature, as interaction of the soc& the non-soc, & not as interaction of elements of a socsystem. Work as a soc activity presents a double normativeorientation: creation of & control of the product. Work org's mustbe considered both in terms of their production & controlfunctions & as ac actors interacting with the larger environment,ie, in relation to an external as well as an internal system. It iswithin this perspective that the following are examined: the

functionsof an org; work relations; & att's toward work. M. M. Ito.

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TI: TítuloINDUSTRIALIZATION AND WORKER CONSCIOUSNESS IN SAO PAULO



DE: Descriptores*Capitalism/Capitalist/Capitalistic; *Culture/Cultures/Cultural/Culturally; *Industrialization/Industrializing (see also Industrial,Industrialized); *Migration; *Worker/Workers

AB: ResúmenThe capitalist accumulation in Europe was facilitated by power, theexploitation of the workers & the rise of the bourgeoisie. InBrazil, as in the greater part of the Latin Amer countries,

capitalismrose by way of the democracy of the mass; it created a soc

legislation(from 1930 on) which aims at fulfilling the needs of the masses.

Largenumbers of workers have emigrated from the interior or northeasternpart of the state to the industrialized areas: these new workers areactually a We in the process of formation. Though attached to the

past& often submitted to extremely difficult econ conditions, theseworkers are not isolated from society the way the workers of theEuropean manufacturers were. They are protected by legislation &they belong to a society which is desirous of affirming its econindependence. It is in this connection with both the past & thefuture & in the possibilities of individual mobility that theoriginality of the Brazilian situation lies. In the majority of casesthe immigrant finds a group from his place of origin in the city;generally these people procure his first job for him. A certain soccontinuity, therefore, modifies the cultural shock of migration. Wecan assume that the continuity of familial relations is only acondition of adaptation in the degree that the worker's desire formobility is attenuated & his ambition yields to the desire tosubsist & to accustom himself to a new life. E. Weiman. ing withthe Act's provisions can be registered as an official org of workers.The Act further states that 50% of the total/sum number of theofficers of every registered trade union may be persons not actuallyengaged or employed in the industry. 'It is precisely because of thisthat practically all Indian unions are led by persons who have nobackground in industry.' Because of their rivalry & multiplicity

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unions are unable to get recognition from employers. Suggestions forIndian trade union legislation which might remedy this situation areoffered. The need for diversifying the workers is stressed. Tocoordinate the various industry-wide unions & to help the govframe its labor policies, there should be labor org's at the statelevel having representatives in their executive committee from thevarious industry-wide unions.' E. Weiman.

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TI: TítuloSOME RECENT BOOKS



DE: Descriptores*Development/Developments; *Latin America/Latin American/LatinAmericans (see also South America); *Problem/Problematic/Problems

AB: ResúmenA critical note presenting several works re problems of development

inLatin America. Purely descriptive studies are distinguished from

thosewhich contribute to the comprehension of soc movements linked todevelopment & individual & collective reactions which changeevokes. Studies esp noted are: (1) POLITICA total/sum MASSA (Politicsand the Masses), by G. Germani, & RESISTENCIAS A MUDANCA(Resistance to Change), by L. A. Costa Pinto. 3 essential types ofproblems are outlined: (A) tensions & disparities caused bydevelopment within a society; (B) resistance offered by old socstructures, & (C) the org of SE processes of change. The commondenominator of the studies presented is the awareness of suchproblems, as shown in their attempt at rigorous analysis & thedesire to participate by means of sci'fic res in the great changes ofprogress. AA Tr & modified by A. Chapman.

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TI: TítuloSyndicalist Control. A Contribution to the Sociology of the LaborMovement


SO: FuenteCahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, vol. 28, pp. 57-88, Jan-Jun1960

DE: Descriptores*Labor Movements; *Work Environment; *Wages; *Syndicalism; *SocialMovements; *Industrial Societies

AB: ResúmenThe syndicalist movement is the form of the workers' movement whichdeals directly with the institutions of econ power in order to

achieve

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an improvement in salaries & working conditions. As the movementbecomes more & more powerful in the pol'al arena, it brings aboutvarious reforms, improves wages, & thus it becomes less & lessopposed to the existing system of Gov. The more successful it is inobtaining power, the less concerned it becomes with the interests

thatprovided the basis for its power. If the syndicalist movement forgetsits duties as a soc movement, it can become sinply a means ofdefending certain corporate interests. If, on the other hand, itbecomes part of the Gov'al body, it can become an instrument of

pol'aloppression & can give rise to anti-labor legislation. Theimportance of worker action is such that it cannot be considered to

bemerely an attempt to achieve an ideal state, but must be studied asbeing an important element in the functioning of various industrialsocieties. J. A. Broussard.

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TI: TítuloWORKER PARTICIPATION IN THE FUNCTIONING OF BUSINESS


SO: FuenteArchives Internationales de Sociologie de la Cooperation et duDeveloppment, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 110-125, JUL-DEC 1957

DE: Descriptores*Business/Businesses; *Participate/Participatory/ Participation/Participative; *Worker/Workers

AB: ResúmenProductive & econ functions of business are distinguished.Initially, worker participation (WP) occurred esp in problems ofproduction, to obtain better conditions. When this goal was partiallyattained - through unions - & problems of org increased, workers'attention was increasedly drawn to the management of the enterpriseitself. The main factor influencing WP seems to be the % of salariedworkers in the pop at large, though standard of living is not to beignored. WP in the enterprise can be on 3 levels: econ, technical,& org'al. According to the degree of conflict between management& workers, WP will either be limited to org'al or extend totechnical & econ levels. The problem of WP cannot be separatedfrom that of indust'al conflicts. The more these are resolved, thegreater becomes the importance of WP in the technical & socfunctions of the enterprise. (See SA 0621-B5034). A. Chapman.

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TI: TítuloA Current Study in the Sociology of Social Classes


SO: FuenteExplorations in Entrepreneurial History, vol. 8, no. Win, pp. 24-32,

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Supplement 1956DE: Descriptores

*Workers; *Prestige; *Class Differences; *Social Class; *OccupationsAB: Resúmen

A discussion of a small preliminary survey of 150 interviews (1 hr,40

minutes) conducted in 1954, covering 4 topics: soc origin,professional career, SES, & images of society. This studysuggested diff's between `middle groups' (composed of technicians,employees, craftsmen. & S's) & manual workers. (1) The middlegroups use more abstract concepts (capitalist, proletariat, worker).Workers refer to themselves more often as laborers in spite of thefact that since 1936 labor org's have attempted to replace this termby the term 'worker'. Expressions of anticapitalistic att's &awareness of opposed interests in society are inversely related. (2)The middle & worker groups view society diff'ly. The formerbelieves that success depends on ascribed characteristics of theindividual (personal relations or econ status), the latter emphasizesachieved characteristics (educ or initiative). (3) The middle groupsdefine success in terms of prestige, workers in terms of personalsatisfaction. These findings lead to the following hypo: 'Manualworkers who are relatively isolated from the central values of theirsociety (in Halbwach's sense) tend to define their position &their success independently of general scales, professional, econ orcultural, that can be constructed for society as a whole.' (4) Unlikeworkers, middle groups do not believe in soc change. Middle groupsattach a greater importance to luck in achieving success, workers toeduc. (5) Both groups are very reluctant to rank occup's in terms ofprestige, especially those occup's below their own. When R's do theranking, manual occup's are ranked low, liberal professions,especially medicine, are ranked high. The notion of a hierarchy ofSC's meets with similar resistance. Categories used in such rankingsare: econ classes, occup'al groups, &, least frequentlyhierarchical levels. Very few R's use position in the process ofproduction. While the majority of all R's identify 3 classes, asubstantial % of the middle groups identify as many as 4 classes. Bycontrast, a substantial % of workers identify 2 classes only. Thesefindings raise the following problem: 'How can one reconciliate thesense of soc continuity & of their own isolation that manualworkers experience simultaneously?'. On the one hand they perceive

thebasis of society to be econ; this implies that they are conscious ofan antagonism between various soc groups. On the other hand they havea tendency to utilize continuous criteria when classifying soc

groups.A study is proposed of 2,000 industrial workers interviewed withunstructured protocols. Individuals as well as firms will be sampled,the latter according to activity, size & location. The survey willconcentrate on workers' images of labor & society, their att'stoward SM, soc org, & participation in workers' org's. D. Kandel.

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TI: TítuloA Study of Medical Students

AU: Autor

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Raynaud, Jean-Daniel; Touraine, AlainSO: Fuente

Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, vol. 20, pp. 124-148, Jan-Jun1956

DE: Descriptores*Medical Students; *Socioeconomic Status

AB: ResúmenThe study of medical S's by the U Bureau of Statistics has limitedobjectives, not intending to describe the life situation, att's orpersonality of the S's, but to define a few necessary reference

pointsfor the description of SM. Of the 1,495 S's at the Medical Sch's ofParis & Lisle, 83% had no outside occup, & only 5-6% had workcompletely outside the medical field. However, interns & externsreceive some public assistance. Only about 5% received the majorsource of their income from outside occup's, & only 25% did notdepend on financial help from their families, though 50% were

actuallyliving with their family or with friends without paying room &board. 82% of the S's were unmarried at the time of the study.Regarding fathers occup's, 14% were manual workers or equivalent(Class 1), 36% were small shopkeepers, clerks, artisans, etc (Class2), & 50% were of professional or managerial background (Class 3).Classes 1 & 2 were signif'ly more inclined than Class 3 (r=8.70)to choose salaried positions rather than private practice. Among the

Fmedical S's, att's generally reflected the att'e of Class 3,regardless of the particular class to which these S's belonged. J. A.Broussard. Adapted from the source document.

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TI: TítuloThe Treatment of the Whole Society in Contemporary American Sociology

AU: AutorTouraine Alain

SO: FuenteCahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, vol. 16, pp. 126-145, 1954

DE: Descriptores*Sociological Theory; *Comparative Sociology; *Social Psychology;*Social Anthropology; *Sociology of Culture; *Functionalism;*Formalism

AB: ResúmenToday US sociology has a new theoretical orientation which differsfrom the old European systems in that it wants to stay away frompositive research and move from a consideration of societies in theirentirety (soci4tes globales) to the social behavior of human beings.As such it is almost indistinguishable from social psychology, and

hasbroken its ties with history. The author poses certain problems, andfollows the conceptions elaborated by US sociol's concerning thestructure and evolution of whole societies. The notion of class isfocussed on. A Marxist orientation is used. 2 main trends in USsociology are distinguished and analyzed: the formalism of socialrelations and the dynamism of social anthropology. (1) The firstnoticeable fact is the disappearance of problems dealing with the

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sociohistorical structure of the whole society. Its most visibleaspect is statistical formalism and appears most noticeably in

studiesof stratification using subjective scales to evaluate status

(Warner).The use of these artificial categories creates a loss of contact withthe concrete organization of society. Specific facts are analyzed onthe level of the society viewed as 'general,' and not concrete, andlead to an elementary 'functionalism.' No social attitude of the

groupis utilized to explain the specific phenomenon observed. Statisticalformalism can be relational or global. The rational dominatessociology. Individual behavior is analyzed in terms of socialinteractions and relations at the level of the organization whereaction is situated. This approach is prominent in industrial

sociologywhich excludes the possibility of providing an answer to the problemsof the structure of the worker's motivations. US sociology has

treatedthe situation of the worker in his work, and not that of the entireman in his entire social life. It has been solely concerned withbehavior, and neglected the complementary and necessary aspect ofaction. US studies of groups has been very useful, but has treatedonly half the problems, and completely ignored the why of theattitudes and behaviors which have been so well described in theirsocial framework. Cantril's Psychology of Social Movements and theAmerican Soldier, are discussed. These studies it is felt,mark asystematic ignorance of problems concerning the whole society.European sociol's are often disoriented by the transformed usage madeof terms in the US, such as action in a relational sense. When

Parsonsapplies the same deductive system to personality, social system andculture, his methodology contradicts by its unity the oppositionbetween the two complementary aspects of a sociological analysis. Hisanalysis is conservative and static, in that it eliminates historyfrom its perspectives and analyses social facts only as a function ofa formal theory of social relations. This aspect of US sociology as

doothers reflect the complete break between economics and sociology,

andthis is accompanied by a disappearance of the concept of class, whichin Europe, established a bond between the two disciplines, and

imposeda consideration of social facts in their historical perspectives. Thequestion raised is whether such a disorganization of a traditionalscheme of interpretation has brought about a new way of treatingproblems of the whole society. Situation can have 2 meanings: social(the relational approach) or historical. In the latter, the problem

isnot to understand the situation as it is, but as it is made andconstituted, and it is here that behavior becomes distinguished fromaction. This theoretical orientation is implied among someanthropologists (Kardiner) who instead of considering culture (orsituation) as the given sum total of the norms governing behavior),reconstruct it from its elements. Working closely with psychoanalysisthey have gone beyond pure description and consider cultural facts ascreations and actions of the collectivity. This constitutes a new

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approach to the study of global institutions. This discussion leadsto

the question of the classification of the social sciences, with which(exception for Harvard), the US is not concerned. Touraine thinksthere would be two parts to sociology: psycho-sociology andsocio-anthropology. US sociologists need to discard 19th cent.concepts, and begin their work, not with social organization, but

witha social situation and and understand it through the interpretationgiven by a social group, rather than to proceed in reverse. D.Bystryn.

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