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Semantically & Structurally Negatives

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Semantically & Structurally Negatives. Vijay Gupta ITLA Country Winner State Awardee 9463498598. Semantically Negatives. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Semantically & Structurally Negatives
Page 2: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

A sentence that conveys a negative meaning irrespective of its form is a semantically negative sentence which means that a positive structure can convey a negative meaning. For example :

SHE IS UNHAPPY.

This sentence is positive at the level of sentence structure but is semantically negative since it has a negative meaning.

Page 3: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

A structurally negative sentence is one which has a negative form, and generally, it has a negative meaning too. But it is possible to encode a positive meaning in a structurally negative sentence. Perhaps, it all sounds a bit confusing but it is fairly simple if you look at the following examples:-

SHE IS NOT HAPPY. This sentence is both structurally and semantically negative.IT’S NOT THAT SHE IS UNHAPPY. This sentence has a negative form but conveys a positive meaning.

Page 4: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

1. Explicit Negation

2. Affixal Negation

3. Implicit Negation

4. Non-Verbal Negation

Page 5: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

This is the most common and an obvious type of

negation where we indicate our NO by putting a

NOT after the operative or the auxiliary verb e.g.

She is NOT happy.

A child does not tell a lie.

Keshav did not eat a mango.

Do not waste your precious time.

Page 6: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

Note that neither/nor/either are often used to combine two negative sentences. The following two sentences.Bhupinder isn’t happy.Jagdev isn’t happy.

Can be combined thus:Bhupinder isn’t happy and neither is Jagdev.Bhupinder isn’t happy and nor is Jagdev.Bhupinder isn’t happy and Jagdev isn’t either.

Page 7: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

Interestingly, look what happens when we

decide to use neither/nor together:

Neither Bhupinder nor Jagdev is happy.

This is a very apt example of a semantically

negative but structurally positive sentence i.e. it

conveys a negative meaning without the use of

not.

Page 8: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

In this type of negation, the form is generally

positive but the negative meaning is carried by

the prefixes like ‘im-, in-, un-, non-, dis-‘ etc. Look

at the following sentences:

He is very insensitive to her needs.

Jaskaran and Gurpreet are non-cooperative.

This officer is dishonest.

Page 9: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

This type of negation too has a connection with

the use of individual words since negation is

encoded in the words themselves even though,

the structure of the sentence may be positive e.g.

Archana rejected the offer.

They opposed the motion.

We may also call this lexical negation.

Page 10: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

As the term suggests, this type of negation has to

do with words other than verbs. The negative

element in this case is carried in words like nothing,

no one, none, nobody, never, nowhere, few, seldom,

little and few etc. Here are some examples:-

No one knew the meaning of this word.

I can find her nowhere.

I have little money.

Page 11: Semantically & Structurally Negatives

Sentence Type : Form and FunctionDr. S. K. Sareen, JNUIGNOU

Page 12: Semantically & Structurally Negatives