Senegal Economic Growth Food Security and …Senegalese organizations to implement Food Security and Natural Resource Management activities, 5) improve nutritional status of the Senegalese

USAID Senegal Food Security and Natural Resource Management PIEE — April 2016 IEE — pg 1

Senegal Economic Growth Food Security and Natural Resource Management

IEE FACESHEET

PROGRAMMATIC INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

1 Mission will monitor and resolve deferrals for Building Infrastructure and Ag Research & Innovation and Extension (incl. biotechnology), with an amended IEE or Environmental Assessment, as appropriate.

Activity/Project Title: USAID Senegal Food Security and Natural Resource Management IEE

Solicitation #:

Contract/Award Number (if known): Program No.: AA-685-012

Geographic Location : Senegal, West Africa

Originating Bureau: Africa Bureau(AFR)

Supplemental IEE: Yes No

Amendment: Yes No

Programmatic IEE: Yes No

DCN and date of Original document:

DCN and ECD link(s) of Amendment(s):

Amendment No.:

Funding Amount: $69,000,000 Life of Project Amount: $69,000,000

Implementation Start/End: FY16-FY20

Prepared By: Stella Siegel, Michael Minkoff, Ashley Fox of the Cadmus Group, Inc.

Date Submitted: September 7, 2015

Revised submission: December 22, 2015

Final submission: February 12, 2016

Expiration Date: 30, September 2020 Reporting due dates (if any)[exact dates] or frequency: yearly

Environmental Media and/or Human Health Potentially Impacted (check all that apply):

None Air Water Land Biodiversity Human Health Other

Recommended Threshold Determination (check all that apply):

Negative Determination with conditions

Categorical Exclusion

Positive Determination

Deferral1

Exemption

USG Domestic NEPA action


SUMMARY

Program/Project Description and Scope of IEE

The USAID/Senegal Food Security and Natural Resource Management program supports Country Development and Cooperation Strategy’s (CDCS) Development Objective (DO) 1: Increased inclusive economic growth. The program’s DO 1 aims to increase the agriculture sector’s contribution to economic growth through an inclusive, private sector-led value chain approach.

Recommended Determinations. The following table summarizes the determinations recommended by this IEE by intervention category. For each category, a link is provided to the entailed activity descriptions, analysis of potential environmental impacts, and activity-by-activity determinations and conditions within section 3 of the IEE.

Intervention Category Categorical Exclusion(s)

Negative Determination(s)

Positive Determination(s)

Deferral of Threshold Decision

Link to full analysis

A. Improving Agricultural Policies X X Click here

B. Strengthening agricultural institutions, increasing the capacity of agricultural producers to adapt to

X Click here

Additional Elements

Conditions EMMP ESF/ERR WQAP Pesticides Other_________

Climate Change:

GCC/Adaption GCC/Mitigation Climate Change Vulnerability Analysis (included)

Adaptation/Mitigation Measures:

Other Relevant Environmental Compliance Documentation:

• USAID/Senegal PERSUAP (2016-2020)

• USAID/West Africa PERSUAP http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/42966.pdf

• PERSUAP Covering CORAF/WECARD coordinated Feed the Future (FTF) Activities implemented by member National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) in West Africa

• USAID/ Senegal Health IEE (2016-2020)

• USAID/COMFISH IEE (expires September 2016)

• USAID/Senegal WASH IEE (2016-2020)

http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/42966.pdf


climate change, and promotion of ICT applications and knowledge management including building climate change resilience into agricultural productivity informational systems.

C. Business Strengthening Activities X X Click here

D. Facilitation, Promotion, and/or Provision of Financing Instruments and Access to Credit

X X Click here

E. Building Productive Infrastructure X X Click here

F. Inputs to Agricultural Production X Click here

G. Post-Harvest and Food Processing Activities X Click here

H. Support for small-scale livestock and/or poultry management

X X Click here

I. Interventions to Improve Nutrition X X Click here

J. Support to Fisheries and Fishery Management

X X Click here

K. Agricultural Research and Innovation (including analytical testing services) and Agricultural Extension

X X Click here

L. . Monitoring and Evaluation X Click here

General Implementation & Monitoring Requirements. In addition to the specific conditions enumerated in Section 3, the negative determinations recommended in this IEE are contingent on full implementation of a set of general monitoring and implementation requirements specified in Section 4 of the IEE.


1. These require, in summary: (1) A/COR and Environmental Officers must ensure that IPs implementing FTF portfolio projects that are subject to conditions of this IEE must have the necessary resources and capacity to address mitigation and monitoring requirements of this IEE and its Amendments. Relevant staff must be trained to address the requirements.

(2)) IP Briefings on Environmental Compliance Responsibilities; (3) Development of environmental mitigation and monitoring plans (EMMPs) that respond to all applicable activities characterized as “Negative Determination with Conditions” in this IEE; (4) Integration and implementation of EMMPs in work plans and budgets; (5) Integration of compliance responsibilities in prime and sub-contracts and grant agreements; (6) Assurance of sub-grantee and sub-contractor capacity and compliance; (7) Economic Growth Office Team environmental compliance monitoring; (8) 22 CFR 216 documentation coverage for new or modified activities; and (9) compliance with host country requirements.

Additionally, it is essential that AOR/CORs and IPs screen all project-specific activities against the intervention categories established in this IEE. For any project-specific activities not sufficiently covered by the analysis in this IEE, the AOR/COR and USAID/Senegal MEO should be consulted to determine whether an IEE-amendment, or project-specific IEE, is required.


PROGRAMMATIC INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA:

Program/Activity Number: AA-685-012

Program/Activity Title: USAID/Senegal Economic Growth Food Security and Natural Resource Management Program

Sub-activities: Feed the Future, Global Climate Change, Water Sanitation and Hygiene, Nutrition, Power Africa, Trade Africa, Biodiversity.

Country/Region: Senegal/West Africa

USG Foreign Assistance Framework Functional Objective

Foreign Assistance Objective: Economic Growth

Program Area: A11 Water

Program Area: A15 Trade and Investment

Program Area: A11 Water

Program Area: A21 Environment

CDCS Development Objective 1: Increased Inclusive Economic Growth

Intermediate Results

IR 1: Inclusive agriculture sector growth; IR 2: Increased private sector trade; IR 3: Improved management of natural resources; and IR 4: Improved nutritional status, especially among women and children (with the Health DO).

PAD Elements

1.1 Agricultural productivity 1.2 Rural infrastructure 1.3 Access to finance 2.1 Access to markets 2.2 Policy environment 2.3 Institutional and HR capacity 3.1 Conservation of biodiverse areas 3.2 Adaptation to climate change 4.1 Essential nutrition actions 4.2. Integrating nutrition into the agriculture value chains 4.3 Water management (agricultural Water covered by WASH-PAD IEE)

Period covered: 2015-2019 Life of Project Amount: $69,000,000


TABLE OF CONTENTS

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION ......................................................................................................... 1

SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2

APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED: USAID/SENEGAL FOOD SECURITY AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IEE ................................................................................................ 5

PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA: ...................................................................................................................................... 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................. 7

1.0 BACKGROUND AND ACTIVITY/PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ................................................................... 8

1.1 Purpose and Scope of IEE ................................................................................................................... 8

1.2 Background (Context and Justification) .............................................................................................. 8

1.3 Summary of Activities (and Implementation Mechanisms) ............................................................... 9

1.4 Intervention Categories for Purposes of Environmental Review (if needed) .................................. 16 2.0 BASELINE INFORMATION AND APPLICABLE HOST COUNTRY REQUIREMENTS ....................... 17

2.2.1 National Environmental Policies and Regulations .................................................................... 31

2.2.3 Government Institutions ............................................................................................................ 36 3.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RECOMMENDED DETERMINATIONS, INCLUDING CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 40

3.1 Intervention Category A: Improving agricultural policies ................................................................. 41

3.2 Intervention Category B: Strengthening agricultural institutions and Promotion of ICT applications and knowledge management ................................................................................................................. 43

3.3 Intervention Category C: Business strengthening activities ............................................................. 46

3.4 Intervention Category D: Facilitation, Promotion and/or Provision of Financing Instruments and Access to credit ....................................................................................................................................... 47

3.5 Intervention Category E: Building productive infrastructure ........................................................... 49

3.6 Intervention Category F: Inputs to agricultural production: land, water, fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, equipment. .................................................................................................................................. 53

3.7 Intervention Category G: Post-harvest and food processing activities ............................................ 60

3.8 Intervention Category H: Support for small-scale livestock and/or poultry management .............. 62

3.9 Intervention Category I: Interventions to Improve Nutrition ........................................................... 66

3.10 Intervention Category J: Support to Fisheries and Fishery Management ...................................... 67

3.11 Intervention Category K: Agricultural research and innovation (including analytical testing services) and agricultural extension ...................................................................................................... 71

3.12 Intervention Category L: Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................................... 73 4.0 GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS ......................................... 74

4.2 General Project Implementation and Monitoring Requirements .................................................... 74


1.0 BACKGROUND AND ACTIVITY/PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

1.1 Purpose and Scope of IEE The purpose of this document, in accordance with Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 216 (22 CFR 216), is to provide a preliminary review of the reasonably foreseeable effects on the environment of the anticipated activities under USAID/Senegal Economic Growth Office’s Food Security and Natural Resource Management program, and on this basis, to recommend determinations and, as appropriate, attendant conditions, for these activities. Upon final approval of this IEE, these recommended determinations are affirmed as 22 CFR 216 Threshold Decisions and Categorical Exclusions, and conditions become mandatory elements of project/program implementation.

This IEE is a critical element of a mandatory environmental review and compliance process meant to achieve environmentally sound activity design and implementation.

Implemented by the Economic Growth Office (EGO), the Food Security and Natural Resource Management program contributes to USAID/Senegal’s goal to increase the agriculture sector’s (writ large, including farming, livestock and fisheries) contribution to economic growth through an inclusive, private sector-led value chain approach. Specifically, USAID/Food Security and Natural Resource Management’s primary goal is to establish formal agriculture production and market systems in three key potential high return on investment value chains: rice, maize and millet. The underlying development goals are to: 1) Increase productivity in staple cereal crops, 2) increase private sector investment in agriculture, 3) strengthen agriculture policy environment, and 4) increase capacity of Senegalese organizations to implement Food Security and Natural Resource Management activities, 5) improve nutritional status of the Senegalese population, especially of women and children, 6) achieve professionalization of the agriculture sector; 7) reduce the vulnerability of people and systems to climate change, and increase their adaptive capacity, 8) support robustness and sustainability of fishery management in the face of overfishing and dwindling resources, compounded by a changing climate; and 9) boost the competitiveness of Senegal’s agriculture sector to increase trade and attract increased investment.

Activities currently being implemented and analyzed in existing IEEs shall be governed by those applicable conditions; upon expiration of the existing IEEs, the conditions of this IEE shall supersede the previous IEEs. Ongoing activities operating under an approved EMMP may continue operating under that EMMP.

1.2 Background (Context and Justification) Senegal is one of the most stable countries in West Africa. It recently underwent its second peaceful democratic transition in 2012 with the election of President Macky Sall.

Back in 2011, Senegal prepared the Economic and Social Policy Document (DPES), validated to serve as a frame of reference for the action conducted by the State and its development partners during the 2011-2015 period. However, in view of the recent changes that occurred, Senegal is confronted with new challenges at the political, institutional, economic and social levels. The recent statistical data on the state of poverty, vulnerability and development highlighted the urgent need to develop a competitive economy that provides opportunities for growth. To that end, the revised DPES, which became the National Economic and Social Development Strategy, 2013-2017, was prepared according to a participatory process, both at the central and decentralized level. Regional actors were involved in development of this approach and the sectoral constraints were reviewed with all technical ministries. Emphasis was laid on wealth creation, the strengthening of governance, the development of strategic


sectors with significant impact on the improvement of the populations’ well-being and the social demand. Cross-cutting issues such as employment, gender, social protection and sustainable development were also addressed.2

The first iteration of USAID/Senegal Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS) built on Senegal’s DPES, sectoral plans and the lessons learned from their implementation. The DPES set a target of 6.1% of GDP growth to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Major obstacles to achieve this target include a limited role of the private sector in creating wealth and economic opportunities, low productivity and lack of diversification in agriculture, difficulty for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) to access finance, and low overall investment.

In addition, the Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Orientation Law (LOASP) embodies Senegal’s aspirations to make agriculture (including fisheries and livestock) an engine of growth as well as needed reforms to transform the sector. While Senegal has long enacted the LOASP, momentum of reform implementation has been rather slow as illustrated by land tenure reform as an example. The dual and conflicting nature of land management systems (traditional versus state-controlled), the lack of registered property rights and security to land titles, women’s limited access to productive land, scarce written land information have constrained fair land allocation within communities and private investment. These constraints also limit farmers’ incentives for investments necessary to improve efficiency or scale up, address climate change impacts on productivity.

With DO1, USAID complements the first component of the DPES by supporting the creation of wealth and economic opportunities by facilitating access to finance for SMEs, improving the productivity of agriculture, facilitating access to quality inputs such as seeds and training, and market outlets. DO1 also supports a greater role for the private sector by improving the business climate for improved country competitiveness.3DO1 directly supports the Government of Senegal’s Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Orientation Law (LOASP), Accelerated Growth Strategy (AGS), the Country Investment Plan for Agriculture (CIP) under the Poverty Reduction Strategy, two U.S. Presidential Initiatives (FTF and Global Climate Change) as well as two Congressional Directives (Biodiversity and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene). Activities planned under DO1 are in line with the GOS’s plan to reduce poverty through private sector-led, inclusive economic growth. “Inclusive economic growth,” means rapid and sustainable growth that will create and expand economic opportunities to the broadest members of society, inclusive of women. It focuses on ensuring all members of society can contribute to and benefit from such growth. DO1 will direct investments primarily toward the agricultural sector, natural resources management, increased trade, and (in concert with DO2) improved nutritional status, especially of women and children.4

1.2 Political, Economic and Policy Context Senegal aspires to become an emerging economy by 2035. However, under the DPES it has not been able to achieve the significant growth in the last decade that many other sub-Saharan Africa countries enjoyed. For example, Senegal has experienced a growth rate of only about 3.3% over the last decade compared to 6.6% for all of sub-Saharan Africa. According to the World Bank, the main drivers of economic growth are currently construction and the services sector, even though the majority of Senegalese work in the agricultural sector.

Senegal continues to recover from a five year period (2007 – 2012) marked by both internal and external shocks. Following the 2006 – 2007 sharp decline in agricultural production, the increase in international 2 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13194.pdf 3 https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/SenegalCDCS.pdf 4 ibid


food and oil prices in 2007 – 2008 slowed the Senegalese economy, increased inflation, and led to a deterioration of Senegal’s fiscal foothold. Weak fiscal policy, untargeted and high levels of subsidizing of electricity, fuel and food in addition to uncompetitive production cost of electricity, contributed to an accumulation of domestic arrears to the private sector. A slowdown of the country’s economic activity continued with the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008 as well as the continued electricity shortages. Annual GDP growth decreased nearly one percent from 2006 to 2010, compared to the previous five years. It wasn’t until 2010 to 2011 that Senegal finally began to see improvements in growth and economic activity, with real GDP growth estimated to have grown four percent on average over that timeframe.

With the development of the Plan Senegal Emergent (PSE, 2015-2035), launched in 2014, the country’s 20-year blueprint for national efforts to achieve reforms and economic emergence , which integrates the continuation of the Country Investment Plan (CIP) under the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program (CAADP), the GOS has high hopes for expanded coverage of the whole country, gradual suppression of food dependence, export development, job creation and additional income generation leading to increased economic growth over the next few years. One of the keys of the PSE is to increase the productivity in both the public and private sectors, with focus on the agricultural sector through the PRACAS Program which dedicates major investments in the sector to 4 priority value chains (rice, onions, off-season fruits and vegetables, groundnuts).

Senegal has endorsed the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) approach to mainstreaming climate-smart elements in the CAADP. As a result, it is in the process of reformulating the CIP in order to factor resiliency in agricultural investments as an approach to climate-smart agriculture.

In early 2000, the GOS affirmed that agriculture has the potential to become a major contributor to stability and economic growth in Senegal. Indeed, it is the main economic activity in rural areas and plays a leading role in improving feeding populations and strengthening food security. Food security crops in Senegal include fish, millet, rice and forest products, while the principal cash crops are fish, livestock, maize, rice, cotton, groundnuts and horticulture. The GOS has prioritized all the above crops placing an even higher priority on rice and maize. The Government has been taking important strides to increase production of all cereals but particularly rice and maize, a priority supported by USAID/Senegal’s Feed the Future (FTF) program. In addition, agriculture has supported 54 percent of the employed population (estimated full-time equivalent) over the period 2000 – 2006, on average, and comprised 15 percent of GDP. In 2014, Senegal steadfastly embarked in the long-standing reform of the policy, legal, and regulatory framework that guides land governance in an effort to unlock and secure agricultural investment.

Senegal is vulnerable to external and internal economic and environmental shocks, including climatic variability, financial crises, erratic energy supply, and food price fluctuations. Senegal’s agricultural sector is confronted with additional risks, including fluctuating and upward trending global food commodity prices, and production uncertainties due in part to weather patterns. The recurring incidence of extreme weather, such as irregular rainfall and potential drought, increases both farming business and food security risks in a country where 70% of agriculture is rain fed. Major issues related to agriculture sector growth are not new to Senegal.


State of the Environment and Natural Resource Management

Biological diversity Senegal has a large protected area network with six national parks, six bird reserves, four Ramsar sites and 213 forest reserves.5 In addition, rural populations retain many sites as places of worship. The total land area under protection in Senegal is 51,617 km2 out of the total land area of 192,530 km2 (25 percent). In addition, Senegal has 1,736 km2 of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) out of a total marine area of 158,450 km2 (1 percent). 6 Per Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (to which Senegal is signatory), by 2020, at least 17 percent of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10 percent of coastal and marine areas should be under protection.7 Senegal is meeting the terrestrial protection goal, but not the marine protection goal. Many of the protected areas are threatened by poor management, poaching, and overexploitation.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, one species in Senegal is extinct in the wild, nine are critically endangered, 26 are endangered, 71 are vulnerable, and 54 are near threatened. This includes both terrestrial and marine species. The damma gazelle and giraffe were extinct, but were then reintroduced.8 The total number of plant species listed (14) is less than one percent of total plant diversity known in the country. However, the number of animal species listed (147) is about 27 percent of all terrestrial and marine animal life known in Senegal.

Forests Senegal Forest ecosystems are found in three phytogeographical areas following a distribution from North to South (Sahelian domain, Sudanese domain and the Guinean domain). The main vegetation types occupy an area of 679,450 hectares of which 44 percent is savanna, 27 percent crop areas, 18 percent steppe, four percent forests and one percent mangroves. A 2015 estimate cites that Senegal loses about 40,000 ha of forest each year.9 Forest cover is being steadily reduced by bush fires, conversion for agriculture, removal for charcoal, overgrazing, and pruning wood, the effects of which exacerbate climate change, and as a result, lead to longer periods of drought.

Resources for agriculture Agriculture, including both terrestrial crops and wild fisheries, is the driving force of the economy in Senegal, as almost 80 percent of the population relies on these sectors as their main source of employment and income. Rain-fed cereal crops occupy most of the cultivated land during the growing season. They are mainly intended for self-consumption, and are very sensitive to climate shocks. The main terrestrial cash crops are peanuts and cotton.10 Agronomic potential has been seriously altered by population dynamics, the expansion and practice of extensive farming with slash burning, drought, bush fires, and the disappearance of plant cover.11 Terrestrial agriculture – its use of fertilizers and diversion

5 Forests reserves are designated to preserve fragile soils, flora and fauna (raised or diversified), and energy reserves (wood).

6 (Protected Planet n.d.)

7 (Convention on Biological Diversity n.d.)

8 (ECODIT 2008) 9 (Seneweb 2015) 10 (Toure, et al. 2010) 11 (African Development Bank 2010)


of environmental water flows – poses serious threats to marine biodiversity and the health of coastal habitats such as the productive deltas and estuaries.

Fisheries resources Wild or capture fisheries play a particularly important economic role in Senegal. Wild fishery products make up 12.3 percent of export earnings and comprise 1.3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), not including fish marketing, artisanal and industrial processing, inland capture, and other post-harvest activities. Fishing provides direct and indirect employment to around 600,000 people. Fisheries are also extremely important to food security, as annual per capita fish consumption is 26 kg, placing Senegal among Africa’s biggest consumers of fish. However, many wild fisheries are harvested unsustainably and the Sardinella stocks, a priority species for the population, is at risk of collapse due to the lack of management both in Senegal and the West African region, threatening food security, livelihoods, the national economy and biodiversity.

Mineral resources The Senegalese territory offers great varieties of mineral substances including the noble metals (gold and platinum), the base metals (iron, copper, chromium, nickel), industrial minerals (industrial phosphates, limestone, salts, barytine, etc.) heavy minerals (zircon and titanium), decorative stones, and building materials. 12 The Kédougou region in particular has important deposits of gold, iron ore, marble, uranium, copper and chromium. Senegal also has a wealth of diverse, unexploited mineral deposits. A new mining code adopted in 2003 and the significant investment promotion driven by the Senegalese government and its development partners are resulting in diversification of the mining sector.

Water resources Senegal has significant potential for water resources, both for surface water and groundwater. The availability of water resources is estimated at around 4,747 m3/capita/year. The main surface water resources are the Senegal River basin and the catchment areas of the Gambia, Casamance, and Kayanga rivers. There are also significant groundwater resources spread over the entire territory and through different types of aquifers. The deep groundwater aquifers in sand and sandstone of the Maastrichtian layer cover four-fifths of the Senegalese territory. The main threats to water quantity and quality are climate change, poor management at the landscape scale (and resulting overexploitation), and pollution from agriculture and industrial and domestic waste.

Climate Change Challenges The inherent uncertainty around the impacts of climate change in Senegal calls for activities that will balance the near-term benefits of building resilience to current climate variability, while laying the ground work for increased resilience to the longer-term, potentially transformative, impacts associated with climate change.

To ensure the development that Senegal has experienced over the last few decades (e.g., real GDP growth is estimated to have grown four percent on average from 2010 to 2011) is not undone, there is a need to address climate variability and change. This will require an increased understanding of the differentiated impacts and adaptive options available, as well as ensuring this understanding is adequately integrated into all climate-sensitive sectors, particularly agriculture, natural resources and water resources, and widely disseminated throughout Senegal.

To better understand climate vulnerability in Senegal, USAID/Senegal commissioned a Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment & Options Analysis (CCVA&OA) through the African and Latin American Resilience to Climate Change (ARCC) project. While this assessment only examined one geographic area 12 (Senegal International Mining Conference and Exhibition 2014)


of the country (the agro-pastoralist areas in the east), it provided a number of insights and lessons concerning vulnerability to climate change. One of the most important of these findings, based on rough climate scenarios is that for major crops grown in Senegal, the impact of the worst case projected climatic changes would be significantly damageable at all stages of plant development. More importantly, the research findings confirmed that, as elsewhere in Africa, livestock is a game-changer in that livestock production is better adapted to the projected changes in climate than crop agriculture is. The study reported increased importance of capital in livestock holdings (both cattle and small ruminants).

Continued spatial and temporal climatic uncertainty at multiple timescales (seasons, years, decades) will affect people differently owing to a range of context-specific factors, such as age, gender, livelihood, ethnicity, and access to capital, that affect both sensitivity and adaptive capacity for addressing climate change. Therefore, interventions to support adaptation to climate change must take these differences into account. The assessment also found a strong desire for increased climate information and services for decision making, as well as increased capacity at the local level to understand the impacts of climate change. This assessment provides the basis on which to develop climate change programs within Senegal.

Based on the General Circulation Models and IPCC reports, Senegal’s climate future is likely to resemble the harsh climate of the 70s through 90s with the marked difference that higher temperatures will aggravate the impact of decreased rainfall. Other aspects of precipitation, such as the onset and length of the rainy season and the distribution of dry spells within the season—which are critical for climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture—are even more difficult to predict with confidence. Further complicating matters, Senegal is a geographically diverse country that covers a number of agro-ecological zones, ranging from the arid North to the more sub-tropical climate in the south and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west. While projecting an overall drying of the country, different models project different levels of drying and strong spatial variations of rainfall. It is thus impossible to develop a single climate change scenario that represents the entire suite of likely changes throughout Senegal.

Climate change activities will have to forge long-term and multi-stakeholder partnerships. In order to build trust , these activities need to build off the local skills and cultural norms, provide everyone with a role to play in linking climate information to action, while also considering the limited resources available to most rural communities, agricultural research institutions, meteorological services, extension services and producers. Low literacy rates, underfunded extension services, and remote distances between constituents make Senegal a difficult environment in which to disseminate information. Senegal has a high population growth rate of 2.5 percent. This population expansion will place increasing stress on limited natural resources. Analysis of crop statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations suggests that increases in crop yields have not kept pace with population growth.

Senegalese Macroeconomic Priorities The new Plan Senegal Emergent (PSE) notes “The weakness of GDP growth is explained in part by the insufficient level of productivity, economic infrastructure, difficult access to factors of production (water, quality inputs), the vulnerability of agriculture to climatic shocks, the weak structure of agro-pastoral value chains, problems with access to land and appropriate finance, and governance issues.” One of the three pillars of this plan aims at “a significant improvement in the well-being of the population, a more sustained struggle against social inequality, while preserving the resource base and supporting the emergence of viable regions.”


Productivity is the efficiency at which food production takes place. Many interrelated factors impact productivity, the most basic being lack of access to key agriculture inputs (secure land, water, credit, fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, equipment, climate information services, etc.), and lack of availability and use or uptake of proven techniques for increased agricultural production. Low agricultural productivity is in part due to challenges in the input sector as well as other factors that cause private sector uncertainty. In addition, the finite nature of land and water resources will push the need for productivity to new limits during the next decade, where population growth and urbanization is outpacing gains in food system functionality.

The PSE strategy recognizes that the agricultural sector provides the engine for growth and provides opportunities for investments to increase food security, increase competitiveness and reduce barriers to stimulate private investment in agriculture, increasing incomes for smallholders/firms and generating employment. Sustainable use of productive resources is one the pillar of the Program to Accelerate Agricultural Growth (PRACAS) that is the agricultural component of the PSE. Likewise, launched in November 2014, the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition (NASAN), Senegal’s New Alliance Cooperation Framework explicitly recognizes that only an increased level of private investments could enable a significant growth in the agriculture sector

With the development of the PSE, the GOS aims to gradually decrease dependence on food imports, develop export sectors, increase job creation and income generating activities to increase economic growth over the next few years. One of the key goals of the PSE is to increase the productivity in both the public and private sectors, with a focus on the agricultural sector through the PRACAS, Program which dedicates major investments to 4 priority value chains (rice, onions, off-season fruits and vegetables, groundnuts).

1.3. Summary of Activities (and Implementation Mechanisms) At the time of this IEE development USAID/Senegal has a number of key agriculture, nutrition, and climate-change focused activities that are covered under this IEE.

Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay Cereal Value Chain Activity Naatal Mbay is the primary FTF activity under USAID/Senegal’s EG portfolio, a significant scaling up of predecessor Economic Growth Project (PCE). Naatal Mbay will seek to accelerate progress toward USAID/Senegal’s DO 1: Increased Inclusive Economic Growth. Naatal Mbay will achieve this through increasing efficiencies across specific agricultural value chains, boosting private sector engagement, and strengthening Senegal’s agricultural policy environment. Naatal Mbay is working towards accelerating and significantly scaling-up progress for achieving specific, measurable results essential to attaining USAID/Senegal’s DO1. Naatal Mbay activities aim to increase the resilience of Senegalese livelihoods by increasing efficiencies across targetted agricultural value chains (rice, maize, millet), increasing private sector engagement, and strengthening Senegal’s agricultural policy environment.

The program focus on achieving Inclusive Agricultural Sector Growth will contribute to Increased Private Sector Trade, Improved Management of Natural Resources, as well as Improved Nutritional Status Especially of Women and Children through three project Intermediate Results. Specifically, the program is seeking to address the following Intermediate Results (IRs): IR 1: Agricultural Productivity Improved

Sub-IR 1.1: Agricultural Input and Production Systems Strengthened Sub-IR 1.2: Post-harvest Systems Strengthened


IR 2: Agricultural Markets Improved

Sub-IR 2.1: Market Access and Linkages to Smallholders Improved Sub-IR 2.2: Private Sector Investments Increased Sub-IR 2.3: Expanded Access to Finance and Use of Financial Tools Improved

IR 3: Agricultural Policy Environment Strengthened

Sub-IR 3.1: Government Policy Formation, Analysis and Implementation Improved

Nutrition-led Agricultural Development Program in Senegal (Yaajeende) USAID/Senegal’s YAAJEENDE project seeks to address Senegal’s food security challenges by working with rural agricultural producers in undertaking nutrition-led agricultural products. Among the outcomes of YAAJENDE’s programs will be improved agricultural and wild food products specifically promoted and produced to address targeted nutritional deficiencies.

YAAJENDE will utilize a holistic, integrated approach, working across the value chain, engaging with agribusiness entrepreneurs, microfinance institutions and other entities that provide financing for agriculture projects, input and/or technology suppliers, farm associations and cooperatives, local policy-makers, and consumers.

YAAJENDE will seek to improve the food security and nutrition of 1,000,000 individuals targeting 60 communities spanning four regions of Senegal. The team will develop a professional network of Community Based Service Providers (CBSPs) who will provide agricultural extension support services and provide improved inputs (e.g., seeds, fertilizers) and nutritional products to project recipients, in addition to other institutions necessary for behavior change towards entrenched suitable nutrition habits, the Community Nutrition Volunteers (CNVs) and Debbo Galle or household leading women’s groups.

Strengthening Partnerships, Results, and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING) – Scaling Up Nutrition-Led Agriculture in Senegal Senegal aims to reduce poverty and hunger through investments in the rice, maize, and millet value chains, fisheries, nutrition, policy, and human and institutional capacity development. Community based solution providers support local private sector to facilitate market linkages, access to information and services

• Small scale technologies employed to scale up gardening activities • Focus on women’s asset building, to sustain access to: land, livestock enterprise, credit and

insurance • Support small and medium scale enterprises for nutrition, e.g. food fortification – • Promotion, SBCC and social marketing activities for use and sale of bio-fortified and nutritious

horticulture crops, and low cost fortification of enriched meal • Trainings on topics related to nutrition, training of mothers’ group in local food fortification and

processing/transformation, e.g. preparation of locally enriched porridge, food conservations techniques.

• Integrate SBCC to scale up essential nutrition actions and uptake of new livelihood and agriculture practices


Collaborative Management for a Sustainable Fisheries Future COMFISH COMFISH in Senegal is a five-year project that began in 2011. The project goals are to promote sustainable fisheries co-management and to support the government of Senegal’s efforts to achieve reform of its fisheries sector as delineated in the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector Policy Letter of 2008. The overarching purpose of COMFISH is to develop and replicate new models for sustainable fisheries that assist the sub-region in achieving sustainable management of its artisanal fisheries sector and enhance the resilience of the fisher community and fishing industry to climate change. The goal is to support the Government of Senegal’s efforts to achieve reform of its fisheries sector by putting in place and strengthening many of the enabling conditions necessary for improved governance and demonstrating effective tools and approaches for ecosystem-based collaborative management of its marine fisheries. The program will help reverse the trend in Senegal of increased fishing effort and capacity, and overexploitation of fish stocks in the face of increased climate variability and change, with adverse effects on economic growth and food security. COMFISH activities are conducted under LWA Associate Award No. 685-A-00-11-00059-00 IEE that expires in 2016. All future USAID/Senegal activities under DO1, including those supporting fisheries and fishery management activities (addressed by this IEE in section 3.10) but excluding WASH activities (covered by the WASH IEE) will be conducted under this IEE. However, as stated in Section 4 of this document, if any IP activities are planned that would be outside the scope of this IEE, an amendment to this IEE addressing these activities shall be prepared for USAID review and approval. No such new activities shall be undertaken prior to formal approval of this amendment. For further detail please see Section 4 of this IEE.

1.4 Intervention Categories for Purposes of Environmental Review For purposes of environmental review, this IEE utilizes the following activity (intervention) categories:

A. Improving Agricultural Policies B. Strengthening agricultural institutions, increasing the capacity of agricultural producers to adapt

to climate change, and promotion of ICT applications and knowledge management including building climate change resilience into agricultural productivity informational systems. Business Strengthening Activities

C. Facilitation, Promotion, and/or Provision of Financing Instruments and Access to Credit D. Building Productive Infrastructure E. Inputs to Agricultural Production F. Post-Harvest and Food Processing Activities G. Support for small-scale livestock and/or poultry management H. Interventions to Improve Nutrition I. Support to Fisheries and Fishery Management J. Agricultural Research and Innovation (including analytical testing services) and Agricultural

Extension K. Monitoring and Evaluation

Each intervention category has a number of entailed activities; these will be listed, and, where not self-explanatory, explained in Section 3 of the IEE.


2.0 BASELINE INFORMATION AND APPLICABLE HOST COUNTRY REQUIREMENTS

This section provides environmental baseline information and review of Senegal’s environmental and other relevant sector regulations and institutions.

2.1 Locations Affected: Environmental Profile

Geography Senegal is the western-most country in Africa, with 2,684 km of coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the North, Mali to the East, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south and southeast. The Gambia is completely enclosed by Senegal. Senegal’s total area is 196,722 km2 (a little smaller than South Dakota). Senegal mainly consists of low, rolling plains but rises to foothills in the southeast (Kedougou). 13

Demographics Senegal’s population growth rate is 2.45 percent. Dakar is the capital city, and also the largest city, located on the Cap-Vert peninsula with a population of 3.52 million.14 Together with its peri-urban neighborhoods of Pikine, Guediawaye and Rufisque Bargny, Dakar is home to almost 50 percent of the urban population. Dakar experiences a population growth of about four percent, and is home to over 60 percent of the population below the age of 25, two-thirds of the country’s workforce, and more than 80 percent of infrastructure and services. Dakar is a fast-growing city as the main economic hub of Senegal, coupled with high population growth and high migration rates.15

The majority ethnic group in Senegal is the Wolof, at 43.3 percent, followed by Pular at 23.8 percent, Serer at 14.7 percent, and various others (Jola, Mandinka, Soninke, European and Lebanese, other) comprising the rest of the population. French is the official language, but Wolof is more widely spoken. Pulaar, Serer, Jola and Mandinka are also spoken in Senegal. Ninety-four percent of the population is Muslim, adhering to one of the four main Sufi brotherhoods, and five percent of the population is Christian (mainly Roman Catholic). Only one percent follow indigenous beliefs. 16

Climate Senegal’s climate is conditioned by the tropical latitude of the country and by the seasonal migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)—the front, of low pressure at which hot, dry continental air meets moist oceanic air and produces heavy rainfall. The prevailing winds are also characterized by their

13 (CIA 2015) 14 (CIA 2015) 15 (Toure, et al. 2010) 16 Ibid

Figure 1: Map of Senegal


origin: the dry winds that originate in the continental interior and the moist maritime winds that bring the rains.

The dry winds, sometimes called the dry monsoon, consist of the northeast trade winds. In winter and spring, when they are strongest, they are known as the ‘Harmattan.’ They bring no precipitation apart from a very light rain, which the Wolof people of Senegal call the Heug. The moist rain-bearing winds blow primarily from the west and northwest. Beginning in June with the northward passage of the ITCZ, these winds usher in the summer monsoon. As the ITCZ returns southward beginning in September, the rainy season draws to a close. The slow north-south migration of the ITCZ results in a longer, heavier rainy season in the southern part of the country.17 May to November is usually hot, humid and rainy with has strong southeast winds, while December to April month are dominated by the hot and dry Harmattan.

The coastal region along the Atlantic is cooler than inland. Winter temperatures range from 18-26 °C and summer temperatures average 31°C. The rainy season along the coast is from July to October, bringing around 550 mm of rain annually. The northern Sahel region is semi-arid and temperatures can drop at night to around 14 °C. During the day, temperatures can reach 40 °C and rainfall is below 400 mm annually. The southern half of the country is generally hot and humid. The average high temperature is above 30 °C and rainfall can reach over 1,500 mm annually. 18

Ecoregions Broadly, the Senegal climate can be attributed to four ecosystems: the Coastal, the Sahel, the Sudanian and the Sub-Guinean regions. The Sahel comprises of the Sahelian - arid, Sahelo-Sudanian semi-arid zones. The Sudanian zone, located at the central and western part of the country, covers nearly 40% of the national territory. The Southern region includes Sudano-Guinean sub-humid and Sub-Guinean - humid climates. • The Sahel is dominated by steppe shrubs and shrub lands, but has suffered loss of productivity and

diversity in the past few decades due to recurring droughts, bush fires, overgrazing and pressure on marginal resources.

• The Sudanian zone is characterized by a mix of shrub savanna, wooded grassland, and savanna woodlands. The central and western part used to carry dense vegetation, but is now a manmade park dominated by acacias. The southern and eastern zones now have heterogeneous vegetation due to colonization and agriculture.

• Sub-Guinean zone is characterized by wooded savannas, woodlands, dry forests (currently being degraded) and riparian forests near the Gambia River and Niokolo River. This region is one of the most biodiverse in Senegal.

• Coastal, Estuarine and Marine resources are under threat of human activities, drought, and over exploitation. In the Saloum Delta and Casamance region, mangrove formations and vegetation along sandy islands are degraded due to construction of numerous dams that block the movement of sediments to estuaries. Climate change will only exacerbate these issues. 19

Agro-ecological zones Senegal is usually divided into the following seven agro-ecological zones, based on biophysical and socioeconomic criteria: (i) the Senegal valley; (ii) the Niayes; (iii) Northern Groundnut Basin; (iv)

17 (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534445/Senegal/55044/Climate) 18 Climate & Agriculture, Our Africa; accessed via the internet on 26 August 2015 at: http://www.our-africa.org/senegal/climate-agriculture 19 (Toure, et al. 2010)

http://www.our-africa.org/senegal/climate-agriculture

http://www.our-africa.org/senegal/climate-agriculture


Southern Groundnut Basin; (v) the Sylvopastoral Zone; (vi) Eastern Senegal and Upper Casamance; and (vii) Lower and Middle Casamance.

FTF Implementation Focus The two FTF focus agro-ecological zones – Senegal Forest Zone and Senegal River Valley touch on parts of nine administrative regions representing 42.6 percent of Senegal’s population and include the five poorest regions in Senegal (Fatick, Kedougou, Kolda, Matam, and Tambacounda). However, since value chain development is used to satisfy urban market demand, the impact will be much broader than these targeted areas and beneficiaries. In fact, the coastal and western regions (Dakar, Kaolack, Touba, Thies and Saint-Louis) are the most important markets for cereals. In addition to the agro-ecological zones, USAID/Senegal will conduct activities in critical bio-diverse areas, such as coastal areas in the Sine-Saloum Delta and the Casamance region of the SFZ. All activities will be coordinated closely through local governments and will strengthen local government capacity to take on responsibilities under the decentralization law. In line with USAID guidance, Senegal’s FTF strategy is fully integrated into DO1 which addresses the five components of FTF, namely: improvements along four targeted value chains, policy reforms, capacity building for science and technology, rural infrastructure development, and nutrition.20

Figure 2. Map of Feed the Future Strategic Focus Areas21

20 https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/SenegalCDCS.pdf 21 Source: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/SenegalCDCS.pdf

https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/SenegalCDCS.pdf


Biodiversity Most of Senegal’s wild fauna can currently only be found in national parks and reserves, which total 10 percent of the country’s territory. The national parks are home to birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish. The Senegal River Delta is a highly diverse site, and is the only ecosystem affected by invasive species. Mangrove ecosystems and the Niayes (inter-dune depressions) and Djoudj area are particularly fragile, and also have high biodiversity and important ecological roles. Senegal has 2,500 species of flower plants, over 2,000 species of insects, and more than 1,000 species of mollusks and fish. The marine biodiversity of Senegal still remains largely unknown. Certain animals and plants in Senegal benefit from strict protection, including elephants, sea turtles, Derby élans and bamboo.22 Senegal is signatory to all international biodiversity conventions, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora23, as well as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity.24 According to the IUCN Red List, one species in Senegal is extinct in the wild, nine are critically endangered, 26 are endangered, 71 are vulnerable, and 54 are near threatened. The damma gazelle and giraffe were extinct, but were then reintroduced.25 The total number of plant species listed (14) is less than one percent of total plant diversity. However, the number of animal species listed (147) is about 27 percent of all animal life.

Water Resources Senegal has four major surface water systems, most of which are transnational: the Senegal River, the Gambia River, the Saloum River and the Casamance River. Part of the Kayanga River is also in Senegal before it enters Guinea Bissau. Hydropower contributes to more than 10 percent of electricity generated in the country. The two main dams supplying hydropower to Senegal are the Manantali (located in Mali) and Diama Dams, both of which are altering the hydrology of the Senegal River and its basin.26 Freshwater resources, as well as the endemic plants and animals located therein, have been seriously degraded due to drought and human activities, and therefore are home to some of the more rare and/or endangered species. Along the Senegal River, the Acacia nilotica, which used to form a large riparian forest, has faced severe deforestation.

The major groundwater resources come from the Senegalese-Mauritanian sedimentary basin and the Precambrian basement. The Senegalese-Mauritanian basin covers 80 percent of the country and includes shallow aquifers, an intermediate aquifer system and a deep system of Maestrichtian limestone and sand. The Precambrian basement in the southeast contains granite and greenstone belts and metasedimentary rocks.27 The rate of freshwater withdrawal in Senegal, over 2 billion m3 annually, is extremely high in comparison with total available renewable freshwater resources, 25.8 billion m3 per year.28

22 (Convention on Biological Diversity n.d.) 23 (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) n.d.) 24 (Convention on Biological Diversity n.d.) 25 (ECODIT 2008) 26 Senegal River, Encyclopedia Britannica; accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at: http://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal-River#ref418217 27 Dia, A., Water Resources Issues in Senegal, International Symposium in Sao Carlos, Brazil, 17 September 2010; accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at: http://www.abc.org.br/IMG/pdf/doc-246.pdf 28 Sector Study: Water Resources in Senegal, Green Economy; accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at: http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/GE_Water_Senegal_Final.pdf

http://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal-River#ref418217

http://www.abc.org.br/IMG/pdf/doc-246.pdf

http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/GE_Water_Senegal_Final.pdf


Groundwater faces challenges from limited precipitation, leading to increased salinization, and also from excessive levels of minerals found in groundwater, causing the water to be unsuitable for human consumption or agricultural use. Nitrate pollution is also occurring in certain areas. Surface water is threatened from unplanned development of dams and barrages, heavy use of water for irrigation, and agricultural and industrial runoff and pollution. Senegal is also facing rainfall deficits and droughts, which decrease the availability of both groundwater and surface water. It is estimated that the Senegal River water flow declined by 35.7 percent between 1981 and 1989.

The World Bank identifies agriculture as the leading demand for water resources among all sectors in Senegal; 93 percent of water mobilized from rivers, lakes and groundwater sources is used for agriculture. However, irrigated agriculture only accounts for four percent of total cultivated land, meaning that water resource management is inefficient.29

Figure 3. Major River Basins and Wetlands in Senegal30

Soils The soils of Senegal range from dry sandy soils in the north, to tropical ferruginous soils in the central region, and to ferralitic soils in the South. Overall, soil fertility is low and soils are mostly fragile, making them highly susceptible to water and wind erosion (USGS/EROS, op. cit.). The soil texture of most fresh water river valleys tends to be high in clay and silt content. Soils in these valleys are classified as "generally good soils", i.e., they do not have serious limitations and are able to produce good yields of suitable, climatically adapted crops.

29 Ibid 30 Source: Ramsar, USGS HydroSHEDS


Figure 4. Soil Map of Senegal31

Senegal has experienced some extreme forms of soil degradation. Barren, arid lands have increased, and some areas do not support vegetation due to the rise in salinity or even alkalinity. Because of soil fertility loss, forest rehabilitation and recovery of degraded forest resources have become extremely difficult. Indeed, over the last two decades, the country has lost nearly one-tenth of its forest area, which has also led to a decline in biodiversity (UNEP, 2013a).32

Protected Areas Senegal has a large protected area network in addition rural populations retain many sites as places of worship. In total, 10 percent of the country’s territory is currently under protection. Some of the plant and animal species can be now found only in the protected areas and some of Senegal’s plants, mammals, reptiles, fish and birds are on the list of endangered species.33 The Forest Code (regulations) defines classified forests, reforestation or restoration areas, national parks, strict nature reserves and special reserves, and provides for the classification and declassification of forests, and for the administration of protected areas. Senegal is a signatory to the Bern Convention, which is of particular importance to migratory birds. The Bern Convention is a binding international legal instrument in the field of nature conservation, covering most of the natural heritage of the European continent and extending to some States of Africa. The National Parks Service, incorporated within the National Parks Directorate, is primarily responsible for the protection of wildlife within national parks. It functions as a paramilitary organization and has trained armed guards for prevention of poaching. National Parks (Parc National) are areas where hunting, capturing animals or exploitation of flora, soil or subsoil is prohibited. In some locations public access for educational or recreational purposes is permitted. Special reserves (Réserve spéciale) are areas in which partial or total, temporary or permanent restrictions may be necessary in certain circumstances (including scientific explorations, tourism, etc). Classified forests (Forêt classée) are area of bamboo, forage trees, palms and other vegetation exploited for various products e.g. wood and fruit. These areas are not utilized for agricultural production.34

31 Source: http://lca.usgs.gov/lca/biodiversity_senegal/mapgallery.php 32 http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/GE_Water_Senegal_Final.pdf 33 http://earthsendangered.com/search-regions3.asp?search=1&sgroup=allgroups&ID=485 34 Source: UNEP-WCMC, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Protection de la Nature

http://lca.usgs.gov/lca/biodiversity_senegal/mapgallery.php

http://www.unep-wcmc.org/

http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/


Figure 5. Protected Areas and Ecoregions in Senegal 35

Senegal protected areas include36:

International Parks • Reserve des éléphants du Fleuve • Senegambien

National Parks

• Basse-Casamance • Delta du Saloum • Djoudj (World Heritage Convention site) • Iles de la Madeleine • Langue de Barbarie • Niokolo-Koba (World Heritage Convention

site) Nature Reserves • Dindefello Special Faunal and Floral Reserve

• Kassel Special Bird

Hunting Reserves • Maka-Diama Wildlife Reserves

• Ferlo-Nord • Ferlo-Sud • Gueumbeul • Ndiael • Popenguine

Classified Forests • Samba Dia Special Reserves • Kalissaye

35 Source: FAO, Anthony Medeiros, USAID 36 http://www.parks.it/world/SN/Eindex.html

http://www.parks.it/world/SN/senegal.uccelli.djoudj/Eindex.html


Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) • Bassin du Ndiaël • Delta du Saloum • Djoudj • Gueumbeul • Tocc-tocc

World Heritage Convention Sites

• Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary • Island of Gorée • Niokolo-Koba National Park • The Island of Saint-Louis

UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserves

• Delta du Saloum • Forêt classée de Samba Dia • Park national du Niokolo-Koba

Senegal has five designated Ramsar sites. Ramsar sites signify designated wetlands of importance, as guided by the Ramsar Convention. The Convention on Wetlands, Ramsar is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. In helping to maintain and preserve the biodiversity and productivity of wetlands, countries party to the Ramsar Convention must work to identify wetland areas—lakes and rivers, underground aquifers, swamps and marshes, wet grasslands, peatlands, oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, mangroves and other coastal areas, coral reefs, and all human-made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs and salt pans—to protect while pledging support for transnational wetlands.37

1. Gueumbeul. Designated September 29, 1985, Gueumbeul is an extensive saline lagoon surounded by Sahelian vegetation. It is fed by seasonfal rainfall and saltwater inflow from the Senegal River. Various waterbirds are supported by Gueumbeul, as well as Palearcic migrants and nesting Afrotropical species. The site also contains an experimental breeding center for Sahelian mammals and reptiles. Human activities in the area include nature conservation and education, tourism and recreation.38

2. Djoudj. Designated June 16, 1993, Djoudj is an inland delta with a complex system of brackish lakes and pools linked through channels of the Senegal River floodplain. Water levels are controlled artificially. Vegetation in the area consists of Sahelian Tamarix and savannah with herbs and grasses in dry areas and reedbeds in flooded areas. Up to 400,000 birds can be present in January for breeding, staging and wintering, making this site an internationally important bird area. The main human activities in the area are nature conservation and ecotourism, and in surrounding areas, rice cultivation, livestock rearing and hunting.39 The Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary is also a UNESCO Natural World Heritage site.40

3. Bassin du Ndiaël. Designated July 11, 1977, the Bassin du Ndiael is a basin of saline soil in the Senegal River floodplain. Vegetation is mostly annual grasses and Acacia scrub. In the 1960’s, the natural hydrology of the region was changed to improve agricultural conditions, leading to drought and its subsequent listing as a Ramsar site. A hydrological restoration plan is in place to return the site to its prior international importance. There are a large number of wintering migrant birds visiting the area now, highlighting the success of this restoration plan. 41

37 (Ramsar n.d.) 38 Ibid 39 Ibid 40 Senegal, UNESCO; accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/sn 41 Ibid

http://www.parks.it/world/SN/senegal.uccelli.djoudj/Eindex.html

http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/sn


4. Delta du Saloum. Designated April 3, 1984, the Saloum Delta consists of mangrove forests dissected by saline channels, lagoons, islands and islets. The area also has dune areas with dry, open forest. The site is home to varied fauna, including breeding turtles and nesting water birds. Human activities in the area include nature conservation, tourism and pastoralism. Surrounding areas are used for agriculture, livestock, fishing and hunting. Management issues in the area include illegal gathering of mollusk, bird and turtle eggs and exploitation of plant products.42

5. Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Tocc Tocc. Designated fairly recently on December this site is a permanent coastal freshwater lake which provides a habitat for spawning, nursery and feeding for almost a hundred fish species. The site serves as home for a large colony of water birds, the freshwater Adanson's mud turtle (Pelusios adansonii) and the iconic and vulnerable West African Manatee (Trichechus senegalensis). As well as acting as a reservoir of biodiversity, the site supports the hydrological balance of the Senegal River basin and provides services including groundwater recharge and flood control, and also desalination of brackish water for agricultural purposes. It is also a source of livelihoods for resident populations, which engage mainly in artisanal fisheries and harvesting of forest products such as Cyperus articulatus, a sedge species used as a base in the perfume industry. The main threats facing the site are overfishing and the uncontrolled abstraction of the water.43

Climate Change

Figure 6. Spatial Distribution of Annual Rainfall44 According to US Geographic Services (USGS) Senegal is becoming substantially hotter. Since 1975, temperatures have increased by almost 0.9°C across much of Senegal. Transition to an even warmer climate could reduce crop harvests and pasture availability, amplifying the impact of droughts. There were recent rainfall variations in Senegal. While the rainfall increased from the 1980s to1990s, for the past ten years it has remained steady, and it remains to be seen if the earlier rainfall increases will persist.45

Climate change in Senegal is predicted to manifest as a decrease

in the amount of rainfall—however with increased intensity, increased temperatures, and sea-level rise. Drought and saline intrusion threaten water supplies, while sea-level rise along with coastal erosion

42 Ibid 43 http://www.ramsar.org/wetland/senegal 44 Source: Service agrobioclimatologique Isra/Cnra 45 http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3123/FS12-3123.pdf


threaten infrastructure. Meanwhile, urban-coastal migration and degraded natural resources are already aggravating development challenges.46 Sea level rise along the coast is among the major climate change concerns in Senegal. The coastal zone is part of a regional sediment transportation corridor which causes ongoing erosion. This, coupled with changes in rainfall patterns and saline intrusion, has reduced fresh water supply. It is likely that between 55 and 86 km of beach will disappear by 2100 if erosion continues to intensify. Low areas, namely estuaries, are at a very high risk of flooding. 47 According to the FEWS NET, above-average rainfall since August 2015 has led to expectations of near-average crop production and good pastoral conditions, increasing prospects of average food availability during the 2016 consumption year (October 2015 to September 2016).

Flooding due to heavy rainfall between July and September caused significant material damage, particularly in Dakar, Kaolak, Diourbel, Sedhiou, Kafrine, and Matam. Without humanitarian assistance, poor flood-affected households, estimated at over 100,000 people, will have a difficult time both meeting their food needs and rebuilding their livelihoods during the upcoming consumption year.

Stable prices for both broken and imported regular rice, the main cereal consumed by households, are having a positive impact on access to this food commodity. However, poor households that earned below-average incomes in 2014/15 and were market-dependent for a longer period than usual are still facing difficulties adequately meeting their food and non-food needs.

The agropastoral lean season is coming to an end due to the average availability of green crops and food assistance provided since July through the national response plan. Consequently, poor households that were in Crisis (IPC Phase 3) during the peak of the lean season are currently facing Stressed (IPC Phase 2) outcomes until the main harvest in October. In October, the usual availability of crops from households’ own production and from in-kind payments will improve cereal access, contributing to minimal food insecurity between October and March.48

Implications. Food security is projected by USDA FAS to deteriorate in number of African countries including Senegal. Senegal is projected to have one of the larger deteriorations with share of population that is food insecure projected to rise from less than 10 percent to 30 percent. However, per capita consumption is projected to decline only 0.7 percent per year during 2014-24 and the income groups that are food insecure fall short of nutritional requirements by less than 10 percent. Therefore, despite modest deterioration, food insecurity in Senegal is not projected to be widespread or deep. The key factor in this projection is projected population growth near or greater than 3 percent per year. While food supplies are indeed rising, and in some cases, at high rates these rates do not keep pace with the population growth.49

Thus current trends in agriculture and population growth could lead to a 30 percent reduction per capita in cereal production by 2025. The transition to a warmer climate may reduce crop harvests and pasture

46 https://www.undp-aap.org/countries/senegal 47 Africa Transformation-Ready: The Strategic Application of Information and Communication Technologies to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), December 2011 48 http://www.fews.net/west-africa/senegal 49 http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1499869/gfa25_final-0708.pdf


availability, in turn exacerbating the impact of droughts. In areas that already have high average air temperatures, increased warming may increase water shortages. From the 1960’s to the 2000’s, the amount of farmland per person has declined by 300 percent and yields only increased by about 70 percent. If these trends continue, food security will be National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty lines. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.

In the fishing sector, climate change has a significant impact on coastal resources. Sea level rise not only increases erosion, but also causes loss of mangroves, salinity of land and water in estuaries and the degradation of coastal habitats and infrastructure. Further, changing ocean currents decrease the intensity of coastal upwelling and as a result, also decrease the productivity of fisheries. Distribution areas and cycles of migrating species are also affected by these changes in ocean currents. These affects will continue to negatively impact coastal ecosystem services, including the fisheries that provide an important source of protein for the Senegalese population. 50 Farmers in Senegal are expressing concerns about droughts and lack of water and bush fires. Senegalese are also concerned about scarcity of fish, deforestation, flooding, poor drainage and mudslides, destruction of mangrove forests, solid waste and air pollution.

Economic Overview of Senegal Poverty is widespread in Senegal and was reported to be at 46.7 percent by the World Bank in 2011. National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty lines. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Unemployment was estimated at 25.7 percent in 2014. Senegal is one of the most stable economies in the region. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Senegal was last recorded at 809.21 US dollars in 2014. The GDP per Capita in Senegal is equivalent to 6 percent of the world's average. It averaged 751.18 USD from 1960 until 2014, reaching an all-time high of 873.91 USD in 1961 and a record low of 635.01 USD in 1994. GDP per capita in Senegal is reported by the World Bank.51 The Gross National Income (GNI) is reported by UNCEF at USD 1,040.

The main economic sectors are mining, construction, tourism, fisheries and agriculture. Senegal’s GDP is comprised of agriculture at 15.6 percent, industry at 23.8 percent and services at 60.6 percent. Agriculture makes up 77.5 percent of the labor force; the main products are peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables, cattle, poultry, pigs and fish. The main export industries are phosphate mining, fertilizer production, agricultural products and commercial fishing. Senegal depends heavily on foreign assistance, and received technical support from the IMF from 2012-2014 for assistance in economic reform to reduce the fiscal deficit, improve transparency and encourage private investment. Senegal’s President, Macky Sall, elected in 2012, has developed the “Emerging Senegal Plan” with the goal of increasing economic growth through economic reforms and investment projects. 52

Senegal faces challenges related to costly energy, week governance and poor management of exports. Tourism, which is a major source of foreign exchange in Senegal, was seriously negatively impacted by the Ebola epidemic. The end of this epidemic, coupled with more favorable oil prices and a rebound in 50 Formation interactive sur la problématique du changement climatique, USAID/COMFISH 51 http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-per-capita 52 (CIA 2015)


agriculture could accelerate Senegal’s economic growth in 2015. However, unreliable rainfall and shocks in neighboring countries (another Ebola outbreak or increased insecurity in Mali) could affect tourism, trade and transport. 53

Overview of Agriculture Sector

Crops production. Senegal is a net food importer, including rice. Though the GoS promotes self-sufficiency in agricultural production, droughts and poor soils make increasing production sustainability challenging. Agriculture employs about 75 per cent of the working population and comprises approximately 17 per cent of the GDP. Groundnuts, cotton, Arabic gum and sugarcane are the primary cash crops. Millet, corn, sorghum and rice are the main food crops. Until recently most government subsidies and agricultural extension services were directed to groundnut production. Decreasing yields due to environmental degradation and fluctuating world prices have encouraged attempts to increase domestic production of staple food crops.

The vast majority of crops are rain-fed, making water availability one of the country's biggest agricultural challenges. Successive droughts and occasional flooding have also led to declining yields as soils have become degraded and eroded. Despite having the potential to irrigate up to 240,000 hectares, at present the country irrigates only one-third of this area. The Manantali and Diama dams, built in the 1980s, were designed to reduce the risk of flooding, store water in the rainy season, aid irrigation in the dry season and potentially enable double cropping. However, construction of the dams interrupted the natural flood regime reducing the productivity of the floodplains and adversely affecting communities.

While still important to the economy, groundnut production has reduced soil fertility to an extent that farmers are moving further inland as they look for new land for cultivation. Combined with a quadrupling of the population in the last 50 years, the increasing demand for land and fuel woods has

53 (The World Bank 2015)

Figure 7. Agricultural Areas Map of Senegal


contributed to deforestation. According to the World Bank, 450 square kilometers of forest is lost annually, predominantly for agricultural purposes.54

Food production systems are affected by the environment and in turn have a range of negative impacts on the environment. Pre-production environmental interactions relate to agricultural expansion or intensification, and include soil degradation and erosion, the loss of wild biodiversity, loss of food crop genetic diversity and climate change. Those during crop production include soil nutrient depletion, water depletion, soil and water contamination, and pest resistance/outbreaks and the emergence of new pests and diseases. Post-harvest environmental interactions relate to the effects of crop residue disposal, as well as crop storage and processing. The major millet-producing region is Kaolack. Rain fed maize is produced mostly in the southern half of Senegal. There is mounting evidence that even low-input crops, once thought to be environmentally benign, are contributing to cycles of environmental degradation that threaten current and future food production.55

Rice is traditionally grown in Casamance. However, declining rainfall and the abandonment of rice fields due to the emergence of acidification and soil salinization led to a decline in rain-fed rice growing in the lowland areas to the benefit of upland areas. There are also two quite distinct types of rice growing: irrigated rice farming in the Senegal River Valley and in the Anambé basin on the one hand, and the traditional or rain-fed lowland or upland rice farming in the southern regions of Fatick, Zinguichor, Sédhiou, Kolda, Tambacounda and Kédougou on the other. Producers tend to become more and more involved in the processing and marketing of their produce.56

By the year 2020, the demand for rice worldwide is estimated to increase by about 50%. A major concern for intensification of rice production are associated with impacts on the environment and human health. Wetland rice fields and irrigation schemes favor propagation of aquatic invertebrates such as mosquitoes and snails that are vectors of malaria, Schistosomiasis Bilharzia carried by fresh water snails infected with one of the five varieties of the parasite Schistosoma, and Japanese encephalitis spread by mosquitos.

Misuse of pesticides has been a major problem associated with new rice technologies, resulting in significant off-field environmental impact through their effects on non-target rice field fauna: accumulation in the food chain, runoff from the fields, transportation to the water sources and detrimental effects on farmers’ health.

Rice fields are a major source of greenhouse gas Methane. While methane doesn’t linger as long in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, it is initially far more devastating to the climate because of how effectively it absorbs heat.

54 http://www.new-ag.info/en/country/profile.php?a=530 55 http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/789/art%253A10.1007%252Fs12571-015-0478-1.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs12571-015-0478-1&token2=exp=1445361937~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F789%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs12571-015-0478-1.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs12571-015-0478-1*~hmac=2292146d0f69da99e3dff60d8a2122b377fcc161e779655e624ecFood Security and Natural Resource Managementc5d1643b1 56 http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/thematic_issues/agricultural/pdf/senegal_en.pdf


In tropical and subtropical environments, where climatic and cultural conditions are more favorable to vector-borne diseases and Methane production and where proper pesticide use and safety is less enforced adverse impacts of rice production are more pronounced. However these impacts are also occurring in other more temperate rice growing areas.57

Livestock production in Senegal is mainly traditional. The livestock sector plays an important socioeconomic role; over the period of 2000 to 2012, livestock contributed 4.2 percent of GDP. Further, livestock is the main livelihood activity for 350,000 families in Senegal. In 2010, there were approximately three million cattle, more than four million sheep, and five million goats in Senegal, worth a total of $1.2 billion. However, only 10 percent of this capital is exploited. The greatest challenge to the sector is that Senegal is transferring from a largely pastoral system towards industrialization and increased productivity. This implies large investment in the value chain, from farms to slaughter centers through a modernized marketing channel. 58

Fisheries play an important economic role in Senegal. The Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime Economy reported that 40,000 tons of fish (worth $600 million) were landed in Senegal in 2012. Fishery products make up 12.3 percent of export earnings and comprise 1.3 percent of GDP. This does not include fish marketing, artisanal and industrial processing, inland capture, and other post-harvest activities. Fishing provides direct and indirect employment to around 600,000 people. Fisheries are also extremely important to food security, as annual per capita fish consumption is 26 kg, placing Senegal among Africa’s biggest consumers of fish. 59

Fisheries resources can be divided into two groups, deep coastal demersal resources (fish, crustaceans and cephalopods) and coastal pelagic resources and deep water (off shore) that contain sardines and mackerel.60 The major pelagic fishing zones along the coast include Saint Louis, Kayar, Dakar, Mbour, the Saloum Delta, and Ziguinchor. Some of the priority species in Senegal are Sardinella, which is the main species landed by artisanal fishermen, and Bonga, which is common in the Saloum and Casamance estuaries.61 One of the most iconic fish in Senegal, the white grouper or “thiof” in Wolof, is now nearly extinct as a result of increased high-scale artisanal and industrial fishing over the last few decades62 and exports to Europe of this high-value commercial species.

The fisheries sector in Senegal has been experiencing a severe crisis in recent years due to the overexploitation (including illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing) and degradation of fisheries resources, excess capacity, poor regulation and monitoring, underfunded research, weak stakeholder consultation mechanisms and climate change. In 2012, the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) found that West African waters have the highest levels of illegal catch in the world, about 37 percent of the region’s total. Not only does this contribute to overfishing, but it also costs Senegal $312 million a year due to foreign trawlers. Vessels that are actually caught are penalized with a fine, but fines represent a small percentage of foreign vessel’s operational costs, and corruption is also an issue; vessel’s crews often pap bribes to get away without a fine when caught in national waters. 63

57 http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_49-50/010018096.pdf 58 L’Agriculture au Senegal, un Secteur Porteur, accessed via the internet on 27 August 2015 at: http://cies.sn/L-Agriculture-au-Senegal-un.html 59 (USAID/COMFISH 2013- 2014) 60 (USAID/COMFISH 2013- 2014) 61 Ibid 62 (The FishSite News Deck 2013) 63 (Fessy 2014)

http://cies.sn/L-Agriculture-au-Senegal-un.html

http://cies.sn/L-Agriculture-au-Senegal-un.html


There is inadequate regulation and monitoring, resulting in overfishing. Artisanal fisheries are poorly regulated, leading to the improper use of fishing permits, poor supervision of boat registration, and inadequate enforcement of the fishing code. Stakeholders also have poor knowledge of fishing regulations. In the industrial sector, access rights are based on a fishing license system, which has no limits on fish harvesting and no restrictions on species and size (no quota setting instruments). Some of these issues are a result of inadequate budget allocations for fisheries administration and management, which makes it difficult for the department of fisheries to carry out its duties properly. Regardless, these issues lead to overfishing/overexploitation of key fish stocks, which reduces their availability, exacerbates resource conflicts (recent conflicts between fishermen from Mbao and Thiaroye were reported) and increases the distance needed to travel to fishing zones. This, in turn, reduces domestic market fish supplies and raw materials for the processing sector. 64

Climatic factors such as water and air temperature, wind speed and precipitation have a strong influence on the productivity and distribution of fish stocks. Climate change can alter the distribution and structure of the composition of species and also alter ecosystem function, among other effects. Taking into account climate change scenarios and socioeconomic trends, it is estimated that the overall level of catches and their estimated market value will decrease drastically by 2030. This trend will have many economic and social consequences, including:

• Between 2020 and 2050, a cumulative loss of 68 billion FCFA • A decrease in the consumption of fish products and consequently, animal protein intake • A decrease in the profitability of Artisanal Fisheries Units (APU)

Marine resources are threatened by both industrial and domestic pollution which has an acute effect on coastal ecosystems. The main sources of pollution are hydrocarbons, industrial waste, and household waste. The marine pollution issue mainly occurs in the Dakar region, which has the most concentrated industrial enterprises in Senegal (87 percent).

Hann Bay in Dakar is an example of a fishing area severely degraded by marine pollution. Because of its shape and weak currents in the area, much of the contaminated water is caught here and not allowed to disperse. This pollution causes people to abandon fishing along the coast in this area, but also deters recreational beach users (tourists) and causes infectious diseases among the local population (a 1999 study by IRD found that Hann village inhabitants had 2-3 pathogens on average in their bodies). 65

2.2 Applicable Host Country Environmental Institutions, Policy and Regulation 2.2.1 National Environmental Policies and Regulations Senegal has had a Ministry of the Environment since 1981, and an Environmental act since 1983 (Code de l’Environnement). Senegal’s new constitution, adopted in 2001, includes an article related to the environment. The article states: "The Republic of Senegal guarantees all citizens basic individual freedoms, economic and social rights and collective rights. These rights and freedoms including the right to a healthy environment is carried out according to the conditions provided by law." 66

The “Code de l’Environnement” was updated in 2000 to account for new dimensions of environmental issues (the Stockholm convention, Rio conferences, etc.) The new code adopted strategic planning instruments such as the National Action Plan for the Environment, the National Action Plan to Combat Desertification, the Forestry Action Plan, the National Strategy for Implementing the Framework

64 (USAID/COMFISH 2013- 2014) 65 (Toure, et al. 2010) 66 Sow, Ibrahima, Opportunities for Synergies, Senegalese Experience


Convention on Climate Change, the Action Program for Biological Diversity, the Action Plan for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Management Plan for Hazardous Waste. The code also highlighted the importance of impact assessments as a part of environmental decision making.67

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirement is for any development or activity likely to affect the environment, including policies, plans, programs and regional or sector work. The EIA approval is required prior to authorization for the project. A technical committee under the Ministry of the Environment, whose secretariat is provided by the Directorate of Environment and Classified Establishments (DEEC), administers the process. The committee is responsible for managing the EIA process, including public participation, review of EIA reports and the formulation of an approval or disproval decision.68

Senegal also has various policies relating to the environment and natural resource management, including the following69:

• Land management policy • Agricultural policy • Hunting and wildlife protection policies • Fishing policies • Urban and housing policy • Tourism policy • Energy policy and mining • Forest policy

Senegal has ratified most of the major international environmental conventions including the Ramsar Convention, Paris Convention of 1972, Washington Convention of 1973 (CITES), the Bonn Convention relative to the protection of migratory species, United Nations Law of the Sea, Biodiversity Convention, the Desertification Convention, the African Convention of Algiers, and the Convention of Abidjan concerning the protection of marine species.70

The main frameworks concerning tropical forest and Biodiversity in Senegal are established by the Environmental Code, The Hunting and Wildlife code, the Mining Code and the Forestry Code. Legislation passed prior to 2008, as stated in the 2008 USAID Senegal 118/119 report, are noted with a [∗] throughout this section.

LEGISLATION DATE ENACTED LEGISLATION DETAILS

Law N° 93-06∗ February 04, 1993 Its enforcement decree 95-357 of 11 April 1995 places the protection of Forests which is under the authority of DEFCCS. The Department of Water and Forests (DEF) has principal responsibility for forest conservation and management. With one exception the law does not transfer any responsibility for forest conservation to local communities. This one exception

67 Code de L’Environnement, Gouvernement du Senegal, accessed via the internet on 27 August 2015 at: http://www.gouv.sn/Code-de-l-Environnement.html 68 Senegal, l’Evaluation des Impacts sur l’Environnement, accessed via the internet on 27 August 2015 at : http://www.polymtl.ca/pub/sites/eie/docs/documents/senegal_fin.pdf 69 For more information on these policies, see the USAID/Senegal Biodiversity and Tropical Forests Assessment of 2008, found at: http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/FAA&Regs/FAA118119/Senegal2008.pdf 70 ETOA 2008 Senegal

http://www.gouv.sn/Code-de-l-Environnement.html

http://www.polymtl.ca/pub/sites/eie/docs/documents/senegal_fin.pdf

http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/FAA&Regs/FAA118119/Senegal2008.pdf


is the “terroir lands” where management of the forest is the responsibility of a local community on the basis of a management plan approved by the DEF.

Water and Forest agents “are responsible for the protection, conservation, and development of both national plant and animal forest resources” (Article L. 56 of the Forest Code). They must approve any measures that are likely to alter forest resources. Thus, any excavation that affects the soil and forests is normally prohibited in forest reserves. If such work is done outside classified forest zones, the authorization of the Regional Council President is necessary after consultation with the concerned rural council. To insure protection of this area, the authorization to start operations can only be granted after submission of a case that includes an EIA. (Article L. 44 of the Forest Code).

Law no. 96-07∗ March 22, 1996 This code transferred authority for nine sectors concerning environment and natural resource management to local communities. (These nine sectors include Environment and Management of Natural Resources, Health, Population and Social Action, Youth, Sports and Leisure, Education, Planning, Territory Management, Urbanism and Habitat.) The law distributed authority to different levels of the local communities (the region, municipality and the rural community).

Law N ° 2013-10 Art. 305 December 28, 2013 Authority transferred to “communes” in terms of environment and natural resource management.

These competences are:

• management of forets de terroirs; • management of natural sites of local interest ; • the creation and management of community

forests and protected areas ; • the creation of artificial ponds and small dams

in particular for agricultural purposes ; • reforestation operations; • the development of municipal plans of action

for the environment; • waste management and the fight against health

hazards; and • the exclosure.

Law N ° 2013-10, Art. 304 December 28, 2013 Authority transferred to “communes” in terms of environment and natural resource management.

These competences are:

• the creation and management of forests, protected areas and natural sites of county interest;

• issuing authorization for hunting farm-out, after consulting the council;


• management of inland waters except rivers in national or international status;

• the development and implementation of departmental action plans for the environment, emergency response and risk reduction;

• achieving firewall and early firing as part of the fight against bush fires;

• the development and implementation of local action plans for the environment;

• the protection of groundwater and surface water;

• distribution of logging quotas between municipalities;

• the fight against fires and protection of nature; • permission to clear the advice of the

municipal council; and • licensing cutting and felling.

Law No. 2001-01 January 15, 2001 This Law places the protection of environment under the authority of the Ministry of Environment.

It states that environmental and social assessments for projects, programs, development plans and policies is mandatory. It establishes a mandate to complete prior or post environmental and social assessment: "Any project or activity that may affect the environment, as well as policies, plans, programs, and regional and sectorial studies will be subject to an environmental assessment” (Article L 48, Loi 2001-01, 2001).71

Decree n° 2014-880 July 22, 2014 The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (MESD) is responsible for natural resource management activities (forests, wildlife) and environmental protection in all sectors of activity (pollution and nuisance control, ecosystem preservation and so on).

Law No. 86-04∗ January 24, 1986 Its adoption was necessary because of the acceleration of poaching and the destruction of forests and savannah. New elements introduced in the code include the strict enforcement of penalties when the act is committed in a protected area.

Trade of animal species is controlled in accordance with commitments under the CITES Framework Convention. Consequently Decree No. 80-445 of 29 April 1980 prohibits the importation of fully protected living animals, prohibits the importation of certain animals, corpses or trophies in Senegal except in the case it is for the interest of the public following a decision taken by the Ministry of Nature Conservation. Since 1983 a Water, Forests and Hunting control office was created at Léopold Sédar Senghor Airport in Dakar

71 Environmental Compliance and Environmentally Sound Management for Development Project Implementation in Senegalese Context, Yakhya Aicha DIAGNE, DEEC,


in order to control the import and export of animals and wildlife. In 1985, a similar office was set up at the port of Dakar.

Decree No. 96-1134 of 27 December 1996, which provides for the implementation of Law No. 96-07 of March 22, 1996 with respect to natural resources, gives the responsibility for wildlife protection to local authorities, particularly the authority to create natural animal reserves.

Law No. 2003-36∗ February 6, 2003 Supersedes the law No. 88-06 of 26 August 1986 and its enforcement decree No. 89-907 dated 5 August 1989 which established the Mining Code. This new law, which regulates exploration and mining conditions, as well as the mode of operation of quarries, ensures the protection of mineral resources. In addition, any operation licensee must participate in the rehabilitation of mine sites by opening a fiduciary account to cover the implementation costs of the rehabilitation program. Similarly, any mining activity that is carried out in classified forests is required to comply with the provisions of the Forest Code.

Law n° 98-32 April 14, 1998 The fishing code is part of the new fisheries policy with the fundamental objective of the protection of national fisheries resources. The Code establishes the principle of biological rest to ensure sustainable management of fishery resources.

2.2.2 Other Relevant National Policies and Regulations The legal framework of Senegal consists of multiple civil laws, religious law, and a long history of evolving principles of customary law. In many communities, rural hierarchies based on family lineage, religion, and political party membership dominate and control access to natural resources and retention of rights. Veto powers retained by the central government create further challenges to representative local governance of rural land. In urban areas, Senegal‘s progressive legislation allowing for the systematic regularization of land rights in informal settlements has lacked the financial and human resources support necessary for implementation. Senegal‘s forest laws recognize the critical role that communities can play in managing the country‘s forests, and donor-supported community forest management programs have successfully worked with communities to develop sustainable forest management programs. Beyond these programs, however, there is little evidence of any significant devolution of authority over forest resources to local communities.

Under the Water Code of 1981 (Law 81-13), ground and surface water are considered a community resource held by the state in the public domain. The Water Code provides for management of water resources by central government agencies. Human consumption takes first priority for water-use, followed by: agriculture; agro-industrial purposes other than growing food; energy; mining; navigation; and tourism. Regulations implementing the Water Code are contained in Decrees 555, 556, and 557 of 1998 (Salman and Bradlow 2006; Cotula 2006; FAO 2005b). Further detail about Senegal laws pertaining


to land and water rights can be found in publication USAID Country Profile for Senegal: Property Rights and Resource Governance.72

Senegal’s agricultural legislation is based on the 2004 Framework law for Agriculture, Forestry and Herding (LOASP), that brought new impetus to the development of primary agricultural industry sectors. A large number of Senegalese laws and decrees regulate the quality control of food products, agricultural trade, competition, seed registration and protection, agrochemicals including pesticides and fertilizers, livestock and fisheries. However, some of these laws are not strictly enforced due to a lack of equipment and personnel. Among the most important laws and decrees are:

• Laws 66-048 and 68-507, specifying the conditions for controlling imports and measures for the use of food products;

• Law 68-508, setting the procedures for control, sampling, risk assessment, seizure, and repression of frauds;

• Law 94-038, regulating seed variety registration and protection; • Law 94-063, which sets out competition rules; • Law 94-081, setting the procedures for the inscription of varieties, seeds, and seedling

production, certification, and trade; • Decree 60-121, regulating phytosanitary measures applied to (parts of) plants entering or exiting

Senegal; • Decree 99-259, regulating quality control of horticultural products; • Decree 69-891, which controls the quality of milk and other dairy products; • Decree 89-543, regulating the sanitary and hygiene inspection of animal products used for meat

production, meat, and meat byproducts; and • Decree 62-132, regulating the sanitary and hygiene inspection of fish and seafood products.

Senegal’s industry standards are derived from France’s. Senegal is as a correspondent member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2.2.3 Government Institutions

Environment The Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development (MESD) is responsible for the environment and natural resources management. MESD prepares and implements the environment and natural resource management policies. Thus, MESD is directly responsible for the fight against desertification, the protection and regeneration of soils, forests and other wooded areas, sustainable use of forest resources and the defense of animal species and plants. MESD also prepares and enforces laws and regulations in the forestry sector.73

72 http://usaidlandtenure.net/sites/default/files/country-profiles/full-reports/USAID_Land_Tenure_Senegal_Profile.pdf 73 Agricultural and Rural prospective initiative - analytical framework for land tenure governance in Senegal -module on forestry governance, Daniel André, 2014, Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI)


The ministry includes four directorates that are responsible for the implementation of environmental policy; the Directorate of National Parks (DPN), DEEC, the Directorate of Water, Forests, Hunting and Soil Conservation (DEFCCS), and the Directorate of water retention basins and artificial lakes (DBRLA).74

Under the authority of MESD, DEEC is responsible for implementing the government’s policy on the environment. To that extent, its mission is to prevent the control of pollution, monitor the actions of various parties and organizations involved in the environment, and develop legal texts concerning the environment. DEEC is also responsible for EIAs. DEEC validates the terms of reference for EIAs, monitors the implementation of Environmental Management Plans, provides technical opinion on projects submitted and prepares a decision on environmental compliance for the minister of the environment. 75

The cross-cutting nature of the environment has prompted the creation of CONSERE (High Commission for Natural Resources and the Environment) by Decree No. 93-885 of 4 August 1993. CONSERE provides a framework for responsibility, under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, to direct the action of the various departments involved in the management of natural resources and the environment. Thus, the establishment of CONSERE, who led the participatory process of developing the NEAP in 1997, harmonized the legal and institutional framework with the approaches of the various categories of stakeholders, while also taking into account the environmental dimension in planning for economic and social development. CONSERE is not currently a functional entity.

The National Sustainable Development Committee - Conférence nationale sur le Développement durable (CNDD) was created as a result of the World Summit of Rio in 1992 by Decree No. 5161 of May 26, 1995. It was mandated to develop the reflection on the conditions of implementation of the National Sustainable Development Strategy - Stratégie nationale de Développement durable (SNDD) with an integrated and participatory approach. The CNDD includes, in addition to the State, various actors from the private sector, NGOs, Local Communities, Scientific Community, the Women's Organizations, the Youth Movements, the Unions, parliamentarians, etc. The CNDD is chaired by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

A recent meeting of CNDD Senegal has opened, Wednesday, July 22, 2015 in Dakar, under the theme "Sustainable cities and territories." The first CNDD was focused primarily on the review of the sustainable development in Senegal and the development of a strategic reference framework for the effective implementation of the Governance green policies. This meeting validated the SNDD, updated the position of Senegal on Sustainable Development Goals and the expected specific national contribution in connection with climate change.76

Agriculture and Related Sectors The institutional framework of the agricultural sector in Senegal is organized through two main ministries. The Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Equipment, which includes the Directorate of Agriculture responsible for the implementation of food grains and agro- industrial development policies and for overseeing the field based extension services; the Directorate of Horticulture which coordinates government support to the horticultural sector; the Directorate of Agricultural Census; and the Directorate of Plant Protection responsible for government pest control programs, including regulations, management of standards, and various field interventions. Other ministries relevant to the agricultural sector are the Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions with several services coordinating

74 ETOA 2008 Senegal 75 http://www.denv.gouv.sn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=56 76 http://www.sonatel.sn/conference-nationale-sur-le-developpement-durable-cndd/

http://www.denv.gouv.sn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=56


government support to the livestock, dairy and poultry sub-sectors77, ,Ministry of High Education & Research, Ministry of Hydraulics & Sanitation , the Ministry of Fisheries & Maritime Economy,78 Other relevant government ministries include the Ministry of Industry & Mining, and Ministry of Trade, Informal Sector, Consumer Affairs, Promotion of Local Products and SMEs . Other relevant Ministries include Ministry of Economy, Finance and Planning, Energy and Renewable Energy Development, Infrastructure, Land Transportation and Accessibility, and the Ministry of Local Governance, Development and Territory Planning. For further information about the structure of Senegal Government and its Ministries (please see website http://www.gouv.sn/-Le-Gouvernement-.html).

The main bodies that oversee food safety regulations, phytosanitary measures, and the control of crop and animal pest and disease are the Directorate of Domestic Trade, the Senegalese Standards Association through its Division of Phytosanitary and Quality Control, the Directorate of Plant Protection that enforces the application of measures and standards related to plant protection, pest control, and the prevention of plant quarantine diseases. For further detail please refer to publication Private-Sector Agricultural Research and Innovation in Senegal Recent Policy, Investment, and Capacity Trends by Gert-Jan Stads and Louis Sène, July 201179 (available at http://www.asti.cgiar.org/pdf/private-sector/Senegal-PS-Report.pdf).

The public sector has traditionally dominated agricultural R&D in Senegal. ISRA, is the main public agricultural research agency and is administered by the Ministry of Agriculture. It has a broad mandate covering all the agricultural sectors that encompasses crop, livestock, forestry, fisheries, and socioeconomic research. Based in Dakar and founded in 1963, the Food Technology Institute (ITA) is another public agency charged with agricultural R&D. ITA falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Mining, Industry, Agro-Industry, and Small-and Medium Enterprises. It conducts research on the storage, conservation, and processing of agricultural products; develops new local food products; and assists in the quality control of food products.80 Other public agencies involved in agricultural R&D include a number of faculties and departments including:

• Gaston Berger University • Cheikh Anta Diop University • Assane Seck University • University of Thies • Advanced School for Applied Economics • National Advanced School for Agriculture • Institute for Advanced Rural and Agricultural Training • Food Technology Institute ITA • Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research • National Water and Forestry Training Center • Professional Horticulture Training Center (CDH) • National Animal Breeding Training Center • Emile Badiane Agricultural Technical School • National Agro-Food Research Fund • West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) • Interstate University of Veterinary Science and Medicine in Dakar

77 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Senegal 78 http://www.gouv.sn/-Le-Gouvernement-.html 79 http://www.asti.cgiar.org/pdf/private-sector/Senegal-PS-Report.pdf 80 ibid

http://www.gouv.sn/-Le-Gouvernement-.html

http://www.asti.cgiar.org/pdf/private-sector/Senegal-PS-Report.pdf

http://www.asti.cgiar.org/pdf/private-sector/Senegal-PS-Report.pdf

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/universite-assane-seck/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/universite-de-thies/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/advanced-school-applied-economics/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/national-advanced-school-agriculture/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/institute-advanced-rural-and-agricultural-training/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/food-technology-institute/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/senegalese-institute-agricultural-research/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/national-training-center-water-and-forestry-technician/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/professional-horticulturists-training-center/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/national-animal-husbandry-training-center/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/emile-badiane-agricultural-technical-school/

http://www.oired.vt.edu/Senegal/welcome-era-senegal/partners/national-agro-food-research-fund/


The Senegalese Association of Normalization (Association Sénégalaise de Normalisation - ASN) is a public (40 percent)-private (60 percent) regulatory body under the Minister of Industry mandated to develop national standards and ensure quality standards. The standards are developed within technical committees whose members include representatives of technical ministries (Health, Environment and Industry), consumer associations, industrialists, technical and scientific institutions. The secretariat of these technical committees is held by the ASN. ASN establishes each year a standards’ development plan based on the needs from its technical and social partners. The standards are the result of a consensus between ASN and its partners. Conformity assessment with national and ISO standards can be carried out by a number of national laboratories and private bodies:

• The National Laboratory under the Minister of Trade • CEREQ, which does soil and construction-related testing • The Pasteur Institute • Bureau Veritas • The laboratory of the Senegalese Institute of Food Technology • CERES-LOCUSTOX, which tests pesticide residuals • Bureau Veritas • Cotecna Pre-Shipment Inspection Services company81

International Conventions and Treaties The following are the many Multilateral Environmental Agreements to which Senegal is a party:

• Basel Convention on the Trans boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal • Bamako Convention on the ban of Import into Africa and the Control of Trans boundary Movement and

Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa • Common Regulation of CILSS on the registration of pesticides signed in 1990 and ratified in 2002 • Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty • Convention on Biological Diversity • Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas • Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna • Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals • The International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides of the United Nations • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1985 • International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling • International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas • International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil • Pollution Damage • International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation • International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution • Casualties • International Plant Protection Convention • Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste

Management • Kyoto Protocol

81 http://www.trade.gov/td/standards/markets/Africa,%20Near-East%20and%20South%20Asia/Senegal/Doing%20Business%20in%20Senegal-%202010%20Country%20Commercial%20Guide%20for%20U.S.%20Companies.pdf


• MARPOL 73/78 (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) • Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic

Coast of Africa • Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks • Montreal Protocol • Ramsar Convention • 1978 Convention on Ship Pollution • Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and

Pesticides in International Trade • Sahelian Pesticides Committee • Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency • Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants signed in May 2001 and ratified in October 2003 • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change • United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea • The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (ratified in March 1985)

3.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RECOMMENDED DETERMINATIONS, INCLUDING CONDITIONS

As set out in section 1.4, for the purpose of environmental review, activities of the Senegal Food Security and Natural Resource Management program addressed by this IEE are grouped into the following intervention categories.

A. Improving Agricultural Policies B. Strengthening Agricultural Institutions and Promotion of ICT applications and knowledge

management C. Business Strengthening Activities D. Facilitation, Promotion, and/or Provision of Financing Instruments and Access to Credit E. Building Productive Infrastructure F. Inputs to Agricultural Production G. Post-Harvest and Food Processing Activities H. Support for small-scale livestock and/or poultry management I. Interventions to Improve Nutrition J. Support to Fisheries and Fishery Management K. L. L. Agricultural Research and Innovation and Agricultural Extension

M. Monitoring and Evaluation

Each category contains a number of entailed activities. Sections 3.X-3.Y describe the entailed activities and analyze their potential impacts. On this basis, determinations are recommended for each activity. In most cases, Negative Determinations entail conditions to avoid or reduce adverse impacts on the environment and natural resources, as well as human health.

Upon approval of this IEE, recommended determinations become approved threshold decisions or categorical exclusions, and implementation of any conditions becomes mandatory.


3.1 Intervention Category A: Improving agricultural policies Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management/Ecosystem Management/Climate Change policy activities seek to increase agricultural productivity and profitability through adoption of policies that promote the long term ecological and biological integrity of natural resources and ecosystems.

Policy support activities include technical assistance (TA) to the Government of Senegal (GoS) that includes assessments, evaluations and reports, administrative, personnel and fiscal management, data gathering and analysis, introduction of analytical tools, information transfer, etc.

A. Technical assistance for development of agricultural and/or climate change policies with no direct or indirect impact on the environment:

• Assistance for data analysis to improve market policy formulation • Conducting annual surveys and analyzing data • Promoting use of agricultural statistics • Promoting formal recognition of agricultural professions • Training and capacity building for policy development

Policy support activities may also include TA for development of policies and strategies that can potentially result in agricultural intensification and changes in use of natural resources.

B. Technical assistance for development of agricultural policies likely to have a direct or indirect impact on the environment:

• Support for developing policies such as marketing policies or policies incentivizing private sector investment

• Support for developing policy on financing of rural development and for risk mitigation of agricultural lending

• Support for developing policy on fertilizer reform and adoption of WTO compliant seed and fertilizer regulations

• Support for developing land tenure policy • Promoting removal of subsidies for agricultural inputs and other subsidies impacting

cereal sector • Support for promotion of agricultural trade and compliance with sanitary and

phytosanitary regulations.

Activities in this intervention category also consist of technical assistance and support for increased public participation in policy making. Examples of these activities are listed below.

C. Technical assistance for increased public participation in policy making • Support of advocacy and lobbying for increased GoS funding toward agriculture

surveying • Support for implementation and enforcement of agricultural law • Facilitation of policy dialogues and debates on topical issues • Mobilization of stakeholders • Promoting platforms for consultations within and across stakeholder groups • Support the civil society organizations to participate in the policy dialogue • Promote the policy reform agenda among agricultural sector stakeholders • Increasing mainstreaming of climate change considerations in governance systems


Potential adverse impacts & considerations regarding recommended determinations Activities that support development of agricultural policies and aim to increase public participation in policy making include training, coordination, surveys, data transfer, use of statistical tools and mobilization. Such activities present no foreseeable adverse environmental impacts. However, agricultural policy and strategy development activities may result in agricultural intensification and changes in use of natural resources and have environmental impacts. For example, investment in agriculture may intensify agricultural production and resulting agricultural pollution; policy that mandates removal of subsidies of agricultural inputs may result in changes in type and quality of fertilizers and pesticides used; and promoting increased imports of mechanized equipment may lead to increase in deforestation as farmers clear more land. If regulations and enforcement do not appropriately address environmental sustainability and natural resources management as an element of that policy, or when policies are not considered and designed at the scale of the landscape, chances of mismanagement increase substantially.

Recommended Determinations Per the above discussion, the following determinations are recommended:

Activity Recommended Determination

A. TA for GoS policies and strategies development that focuses on assessments, evaluations and reporting, administrative, personnel and fiscal management, data gathering and analysis, introduction of analytical tools, information transfer, etc.

Categorical Exclusion is recommended per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) ,(iii) ),(v) and (xiv) for technical assistance, education and training, communications and information transfer activities, studies, projects or programs intended to develop the capability of recipient country to engage in development planning

B. TA for policy and strategies development that may result in agricultural intensification and changes in use of natural resources

Negative Determination, subject to the following condition:

Policy and strategy development must appropriately address environmental sustainability and natural resources management /climate change as an element of that policy and its enforcement.

C. TA for increased public participation in policy making

Categorical Exclusion is recommended per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i), (iii) and (v) for technical assistance, mobilization, awareness building, communications and organization


3.2 Strengthening agricultural institutions, increasing the capacity of agricultural producers to adapt to climate change, and promotion of ICT applications and knowledge management including building climate change resilience into agricultural productivity informational systems. Activities in this category include:

A. Strengthening Agricultural Institutions • Strengthening demand driven extension and outreach services • Support for public institutions for outreach, dialogue facilitation, advocacy and capacity

building

• Building capacity of public institutions to develop surveys and analyze and use generated data

• Conducting institutional assessments • Supporting development of institutional sustainability strategies and technical assistance

aimed to improve institutional and financial sustainability • Facilitating trade through modernization of border management, customs procedures and

improved communications on ratification and implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA)

B. Promoting ICT Applications and Knowledge Management • Facilitating the enhancement of remote sensing capabilities • Improving government knowledge and information management systems • Use of ICT for agronomic data gathering analysis and reporting • Coaching government institutions with respect to the operational implications of satellite

imagery integration as a permanent and formal tool for national agriculture statistics • Use of ICT for tracking prices, identifying supply and trade trends, establishing producer

networks to gain economies of scale, establishing exchanges for production and intermediary markets and contracts, and providing information about agricultural organizations and companies’ activities

• Use of ICT for mobile money and mobile banking • Use of ICT to promote market access. • Activities aimed at improving agronomic data collection, analysis and reporting

C. Climate Information Services for Increased Resilience and Productivity Amongst Farmers, Fisher Folks and Pastoralists

• Baseline analysis of target projects (including Naatal Mbay, Yaajeende, COMFISH) to identify existing: priority needs for climate information services (CIS); social networks, and communication strategies

• Inventory of beneficiary climate information needs and indigenous knowledge on bioclimatic indicators and climate risk management practices

• Research to improve climatic data sets and climate modeling • Development of climate information services that respond to beneficiaries’ identified

priority needs • Use of climate-based indexes to feed and improve the use of existing insurance products

and delivery within the FtF zone of influence • Analysis of Food Security Systems structure and identification of needs for strengthening • Organizing and training working groups, extension officers and other stakeholders in

understanding and disseminating climate information to their communities


• Development of technology-based communication channels (e.g., mobile phones, radio networks, e-platforms) to deliver climate and weather information to beneficiaries

• Improved use of climate information services by farmers (better access to reliable, timely, accurate, downscaled weather information and forecasting)

• Empowering producers to access, use and feed the climate information system • Design of a M&E system to assess the implementation of CIS • Increasing uptake of locally-adopted solutions to climate variability and change in targeted

areas • Providing technical assistance and training to apply data/ information from studies and

analyses to national policy, local adaptation plans and climate resilient projects.

Potential adverse impacts & considerations regarding recommended determinations Activities that support strengthening of agricultural institutions and aim to train and build capacity of government ministries and institutions, as well as activities promoting use of ICT applications and knowledge management do not present foreseeable adverse impacts on the environment.




Strengthening agricultural institutions

Promoting ICT applications and knowledge management

Increasing the capacity of agricultural producers to adapt to climate change and using ICT to improve climate change resilience

, agricultural activities, fisheries or infrastructure development are addressed by the respective subject Categories.

Categorical Exclusion is recommended per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i), (iii) and (v) for technical assistance and training activities.

Climate Change adaptations that pertain to agricultural policy interventions

Such activities are subject to all relevant determinations and applicable conditions established in Section 3.1 Intervention Category A

Climate Change adaptations that pertain to increased or improved access to credit or financial instruments

Such activities are subject to all relevant determinations and applicable conditions established in Section 3.4 Intervention Category D

Climate Change adaptations that pertain to fisheries

Such activities are subject to all relevant determinations and applicable conditions established in Section 3.10 Intervention Category J

Climate Change adaptations that pertain to agricultural and/or nutrition-focused activities

Such activities are subject to all relevant determinations and applicable conditions established in the following Sections:

Section 3.6 Intervention Category F: Inputs to agricultural production

Section 3.7 Intervention Category G: Post-harvest and food processing

Section 3.11 Intervention Category K: Agricultural Research


3.3 Intervention Category C: Business strengthening activities Activities in this category include assistance to Senegal agricultural business that will strengthen their ability to plan, administer, market and manage their business. Examples of activities in this category include:

• Production and business planning • Cost-Benefit analyses and feasibility studies such as for cost recovery estimates to

equipment purchase • Agricultural and agribusiness project assessment and projects portfolio management • Market studies, including market studies of producer demand for mechanized

equipment and feasibility cost • Marketing linkages development • Training cereal sector SMEs in business administration and in marketing, market

development strategies and using market window of opportunity strategy • Training SMEs in Business Development Service (BDS) skills and establishing effective

BDSs. • Outreach including business to business and to financial markets • Training agricultural SMEs in quality assurance/quality control, packaging, logistics and

supply • Promoting, facilitating and establishing public-private sector partnerships (PPP) • Developing commodity quality management and tracking systems and competitive

pricing strategies • Strengthening producer organizations’ strategic planning, business management,

financial management and marketing skills. • Building capacity of local producer organizations to provide services to their members

including promoting use of tools such as seasonality calendars that measure the seasonal pattern in prices and consolidation and transportation planning and signing intra-value chain contracting arrangements and formal consolidator-farmer contracts

• Linking producer groups with consolidators, wholesalers, processors, warehouses, and other up-stream market stakeholders.

• Address constraints of moving key agricultural products and services in and out of Senegal’s rural areas.

• Strengthening demand driven extension and outreach services responsive to market and producers’ needs

• Facilitating and promoting attendance of cereal sector producers at local and national agricultural trade fairs

• Capacity building for developing, adopting and implementing international standards and certification for improved international trade for selected value chains

Potential adverse impacts & considerations regarding recommended determinations Activities that aim to train and build capacity of businesses to plan, administer, manage, market, staff and finance the business and facilitate meetings do not present foreseeable adverse impacts on the environment. Public-private partnerships determination will depend on the nature of partnership and its outcomes.




Strengthening business administrative, personnel, marketing and fiscal management capacity

Categorical Exclusion is recommended per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for technical assistance and training activities; (iii) Analyses, studies, academic or research workshops and meetings; (v) Document and information transfers;

Establishing public-private partnerships

Negative Determination, subject to the following condition:

Public-private partnerships must incorporate as a core value the fostering of an environmentally sound/sustainable agricultural and agribusiness sector, and this value must be fully mainstreamed and integrated in partners’ programming and activities.

3.4 Intervention Category D: Facilitation, Promotion and/or Provision of Financing Instruments and Access to credit Activities that address credit constraints and facilitate access to credit include:

A. Facilitating investment and access to credit • Conducting an evaluation of the agricultural lending sector • Assessment and analysis of existing loan guarantee mechanisms • Establishing linkages with the Development Credit Authority (DCA) and supporting risk

mitigation for agriculture lending by leveraging DCA • Facilitating public/private sector partnerships, including use of the DCA, Global

Development Alliances (GDA) • Capacity building and training for financial institutions offering agriculture sector lending • Expanding the number of banks and financial institutions including Micro-finance

Institutions (MFI) engaged in agricultural lending by leveraging DCA • Introducing financial instruments such as agricultural insurance • Support private sector and civil society investment in agriculture and rural equipment

and in post-harvest infrastructure through GDA and other PPPs • Promoting increased investment into agricultural value added sector • Promoting growth of private sector share in Senegal’s National Bank of Agricultural

Credit (CNCAS)


Activities of entities supported by transfers of USAID funds through provision of credit, sub-awards, subcontracts, or other financial instruments are subject to this IEE provisions and conditions.

B. Use of financing instruments • Provision of sub-grants to international and national partners • Employing contractors and sub-contractors • Direct lending or provision of grants to agricultural SMEs or small-holder farmers

Potential adverse impacts & considerations regarding recommended determinations Activities that include assessments and evaluations, establishing linkages, negotiations, documents transfer, training and capacity building do not present foreseeable adverse impacts on the environment. Financial support provided to a variety of agricultural and agriculture-related businesses will have direct and indirect impacts associated with intensification of agriculture and use of natural resources as discussed in subsequent sections. Examples of such support are awarding sub-contract for small-scale construction, issuing sub-award for training beneficiaries in use of inputs, providing grants for research activities, providing credit guarantee for seed producers and food processors and other activities.



Facilitating access to investment and credit

Categorical Exclusion is recommended per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i), (iii) and (v) for evaluations, assessments, information transfer, training and capacity building.

Use of financing instruments

Negative determination, subject to the following conditions:

All anticipated fund transfers by organizations receiving USAID funds in the form of loans, equity investment, sub-awards and sub-contracts must reflect the environmental compliance requirements and documentation prepared in accordance with Regulation 216. For all sub-contracted activities, the sub-awardee(s) is/are subject to conditions of this IEE. The IP must provide the sub-awardee(s) a copy of this IEE and where necessary provide training to improve sub-awardee’s (s’) core knowledge of pollution prevention and environmental compliance.

• All financing institution supported directly or indirectly with USAID funds must ensure application/implementation of the appropriate terms and conditions to meet the environmental compliance requirements of the prime award.

• The IP must communicate and ensure application/implementation of the appropriate terms and conditions to meet the environmental compliance requirements of the prime award.


• Entities considered for financial assistance or substantial TA in the areas of agro-processing, pest management, input distribution, and construction must first undergo an initial environmental, health and safety review of their operations for general soundness and compliance with GoS requirements. This assessment must be the basis for compliance commitments and supportive TA as required above. Assessments must be updated following conclusion of assistance. All such assessments must be maintained in project files and summarized in quarterly or 6-month project environmental compliance reporting.

• The formal AFR subproject/subgrant review process, as set out by the AFR Environmental Review Form (ERF) available at http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/ComplianceForms/AFR/AFR-EnvReviewForm-20Dec2010.doc ) must be completed and approved by the COR/AOR, MEO and REA prior to implementation of activities.

The IP must assure implementation of any mitigation and monitoring conditions specified by the approved ERF.

Mandatory reference

The instructions and the form can be found, under “Subsidiary Review,” at the following web site: http://www.usaidgems.org/subsidiary.htm.

Note: Categorical Exclusion is recommended per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(vi) and (x) where contributions are made to international, regional or national organizations which are not for the purpose of carrying out a specifically identifiable project or projects; and support for intermediate credit institutions when the objective is to assist in the capitalization of the institution or part thereof and when such support does not involve reservation of the right to review and approve individual loans made by the institution.

3.5 Intervention Category E: Building productive infrastructure USAID uses a working definition of small-scale construction as “construction or repair of facilities where total surface area to be disturbed is under 10,000 sq. ft (929 m2).” Where the construction area is not applicable, a value of under $250,000 is commonly used. While this "rule of thumb" is not strictly compliant with Regulation 216, it functions as a reasonable and practicable threshold value. This definition applies in the absence of complicating factors in relation to the surrounding environment and sites specifics. Those factors include, e.g. siting within 30m of a permanent or seasonal stream or water body particularly where the facility is used for storage of agricultural chemicals or where pesticide treated wood is used, or displacement of existing settlement/inhabitants, or building on an average slope in excess of 5%, or building on a site that is heavily forested or in an otherwise undisturbed local ecosystem.

http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/ComplianceForms/AFR/AFR-EnvReviewForm-20Dec2010.doc


http://www.usaidgems.org/subsidiary.htm


Projects which involve construction of larger surface areas are generally subject to a higher degree of oversight with required application of environmental soundness checklists.82 Medium and large scale construction may qualify for Positive Determination and require preparation of an Environmental Assessment (EA). The precise nature of the potential impacts—and the appropriate design and operating practices to mitigate them—are highly dependent both on location and the specific characteristics of the infrastructure. This requires a site- and design-specific assessment of potential adverse impacts and the efficacy of available mitigation measures.

Activities in small-scale construction/rehabilitation category may include: • Repair or rebuilding of secondary and rural road in remote production areas • Building/repair of warehouses for warehouse receipt systems • Terracing and building retaining walls for soil erosion prevention • Post-harvest processing, storage or other small-scale structures

Construction activities that may not qualify for definition of small-scale construction include:

• Building/rehabilitation of medium and large warehouses for warehouse receipt systems • Building of rural roads in remote production areas

Potential Adverse Impacts & Considerations Regarding Recommended Determinations • Disturbance to existing landscape/habitat. Construction typically necessitates clearing, grading,

trenching and other activities that can result in near-complete disturbance to the pre-existing landscape/habitat within the plot or right-of-way. If the plot or right-of-way contains or is adjacent to a permanent or seasonal stream/waterbody, grading and leveling can disrupt local hydrology.

• Sedimentation/fouling of surface waters. Runoff from cleared ground or materials stockpiles during construction can result in sedimentation/fouling of surface waters, particularly if the site is located proximate to a stream or waterbody.

• Standing water. Construction may result in standing water on-site, which readily becomes breeding habitat for mosquitoes and other disease vectors; this is of particular concern as malaria is endemic in most of Senegal.

• Occupational and community health and safety hazards. The construction process and construction sites present a number of hazards: fall and crush injuries, hazards from hand or power tools and equipment used in construction, and exposure to hazardous substances, such as solvents in paint, cement dust, admixtures, protective coating mixtures, etc.

• Increased air and noise pollution can result during construction or rehabilitation from the actions of construction equipment and workers. Experience shows that these impacts are controllable below the level of significance with basic good construction management practices, including occupational safety and health practices.

• Adverse impacts of materials sourcing. Construction requires a set of materials often procured locally: timber, fill, sand and gravel, bricks. Unmanaged extraction of these materials can have adverse effects on the environment. For example, stream bed mining of sand or gravel can increase sedimentation and disturb sensitive ecosystems, use of kiln-burned bricks requires vast

82http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/SectorGuidelines/SectorEnvironmentalGuidelines_Construction_2014.pdf


amounts of charcoal and wood. Purchase of timber from unmanaged or illegal concessions helps drive deforestation.

While USAID’s IPs generally have direct control over their general contractors (GCs), construction materials are often procured by GCs from sub-vendors. In the case of timber, these sub-vendors are often the terminus of a long and untraceable supply chain. This separation from source both limits the actions that IPs can take to assure environmentally responsible sourcing of these materials and reduces IP responsibility for these impacts—the exception is burnt bricks, for which the impacts can be avoided by requiring use of an alternative material. However, IPs can and should undertake reasonable due diligence to assure that they do not bear direct responsibility for adverse impacts, and that they reduce indirect impacts in so far as feasible.

Recommended Determinations Per the above analysis, the following threshold determinations are recommended for activities in this intervention category:


Construction and/or rehabilitation of new or existing structures that qualify as small-scale construction

Financial support for these activities including credit and sub-grants is addressed in sections IV

Negative determination, subject to the following conditions:

1) Land and population disturbance/run-off potential. The site is not within 30m of a permanent or seasonal stream or water body, will NOT involve displacement of existing settlement/inhabitants, has an average slope of less than 5 percent and is not heavily forested, in an otherwise undisturbed local ecosystem, or in a protected area;

2) Construction will be undertaken in a manner generally consistent with the guidance for environmentally sound construction provided in the Small Scale Construction chapter of the USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines (http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm ) and ENCAP Visual Field Guide for Small-Scale Construction. (http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/VisualFieldGuides/ENCAP_VslFldGuide--Construction_22Dec2011.pdf

At minimum: (1) If construction is done during the rainy season, prevent sediment-heavy run-off from cleared site or material stockpiles to any surface waters, fields with canals or berms and to drinking wells. This can be done by covering sand/dirt piles, or by selecting for an appropriate location for them. (2) Construction must be managed so that no standing water on the site persists more than 4 days; (3) IPs must require their general contractor to certify that it is not extracting fill, sand or gravel from waterways or ecologically sensitive areas, nor is it knowingly purchasing these materials from vendors who do so; (4) IPs must identify and implement any feasible measures to increase the probability that timber is procured from legal, well-managed sources.

http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm

http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/VisualFieldGuides/ENCAP_VslFldGuide--Construction_22Dec2011.pdf

http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/VisualFieldGuides/ENCAP_VslFldGuide--Construction_22Dec2011.pdf


3) Asbestos. If the presence of Asbestos is suspected in a facility to be renovated, the facility must be tested for asbestos before rehabilitation works begin. Should asbestos be present, then the work must be carried out in conformity with host country requirements, (if any) and in conformity with guidance to be provided by the MEO, in consultation with the REA. All results of the testing for asbestos shall be communicated to the C/AOR.

4) Paint. No lead-based paint shall be used. When lead-free paint is used, it will be stored properly so as to avoid accidental spills or consumption by children; empty cans will be disposed of in an environmentally safe manner away from areas where contamination of water sources might occur; and the empty cans will be broken or punctured so that they cannot be reused as drinking or food containers.

5) Waste handling equipment and infrastructure. USAID intervention must result in the facilities possessing adequate provision for handling the wastes they may generate; including human wastes.

6) Occupational safety and health. IPs must establish a solid understanding of the in-country regulations and introduce measures to ensure safety and health of construction workers and bystanders. IPs must ensure that workers follow safety regulations and procedures and monitor the work site. GC undertaking construction/rehabilitation must be vetted to ensure that they are following national occupational safety and health guidelines.

7) Air and noise pollution. Efforts should be made to minimize breathing in dust and hazardous vapors by wearing face masks; Where construction site is close to settlements, construction noise should be kept to acceptable hours.

8) Permits and licenses. The IP must ensure that building permits and licenses are obtained as appropriate and necessary.

9) Facilities intended for storage of pesticides must conform to the requirements for such facilities set out in the PMI Best Management Practices Manual. (www.fightingmalaria.gov/technical/pest/bmp_manual_aug10.pdf )

Construction and/or rehabilitation of new or existing structures that do not qualify as small-scale construction

Deferral

This deferral must be resolved in a new or amended IEE prior to obligation of funds for implementation of the activities identified.

http://www.fightingmalaria.gov/technical/pest/bmp_manual_aug10.pdf

http://www.fightingmalaria.gov/technical/pest/bmp_manual_aug10.pdf


3.6 Intervention Category F: Inputs to agricultural production: land, water, fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, equipment. Activities in this category address use of agricultural inputs including land, water, fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, tools, equipment, machinery, energy and labor.

A. Land Agricultural practices affect the surrounding environment and their environmental impact depends on the production practices of the system used by farmers. Agricultural activities supported by USAID/Senegal that impact land include:

• Establishing demonstration plots in every targeted region • Dissemination or introduction of new or improved agricultural practices and methodologies

(e.g., conservation agriculture practices) • Intensification of agricultural activities and scaling up agricultural production • Land reclamation for agricultural production • Agro-forestry activities • Management and sustainable harvest of wild foods and resources

These activities involve agricultural water use and management. Water use refers to extraction and withdrawal of water for agriculture from surface or ground water sources, while activities related to water resource management include planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. Water management and extraction activities include:

• Improving water management including reducing water run-off, capturing moisture in soils • Water harvesting, building water storage in crop production areas • Extending irrigated areas including through river/stream deviation

B. Fertilizer These activities encompass Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) strategies that center on the combined use of mineral fertilizers and locally available soil amendments (such as lime and phosphate rock) and organic matter (crop residues, compost and green manure) to replenish lost soil nutrients to improve both soil quality and the efficiency of fertilizers and other agro-inputs. Activities in this sub-category include:

• Promotion and demonstration of best practices of fertilizer use • Fertilizer sector development • Promotion of composting, nitrogen fixation in soils, intercropping with legume crops

C. Pesticides Pesticides can be toxic to humans and to the environment. A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pests. The term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests. Botanical or natural pest control products, both manufactured and artisanal are defined as pesticides. Although derived from natural sources, botanicals are not necessarily safer or less toxic to non-pest insects, humans, and animals than synthetically derived pesticides. Many botanicals are broad-spectrum insecticides, which kill both good and bad bugs indiscriminately.


USAID interprets procurement and use of pesticides broadly including procurement, transportation, storage, mixing, loading, application, and disposal, technical assistance such as demonstrations and recommendation in pesticides selection and application. Pesticides supply will include not only direct purchases but also special payments, donations, free samples, and other form of subsidies including credit provision to beneficiaries or guarantee of this credit to banks or other credit providers for pesticides purchases. Activities under this sub-category include

• Providing direct or indirect support or technical assistance that is related to pesticide procurement and use (broadly defined) or both to beneficiaries and other stakeholders on pest management including for agricultural production, treating seed, protecting stored commodities, livestock, aquaculture, wood treatment, vegetable gardens and structural controls, or other activities requiring use of pesticides.

D. Seed Production of high-quality seed is fundamental to agriculture. Seed improvements/enhancements can help seeds germinate and seedlings emerge quickly and uniformly throughout the field, increase crop resistance, shorten ripening cycles and improve yields. Seed coating or treatment refers to the application of materials to the seed surface, often containing seed protectants such as fungicides. In recent years, film coating, in which the active ingredient is applied in a quick-drying polymer film around the seed, has gained popularity. A major advantage of film coating is reduced loss of active material from the seed during seed transport and handling. Pesticides use is addressed above. Activities in this sub-category include:

• Procurement, introduction, promotion and demonstration of improved seed • Development and production of commercial certified seeds • Technical, administrative and economic support to seed producers and processors • Establishing direct relationship with commercial seed operations and systems

E. Equipment and mechanization Agricultural equipment is any kind of tools and machinery used on a farm to help with farming. Agricultural mechanization is part of agro-industrial development and includes the use of tractors of various types as well as animal-powered and human-powered implements and tools, and internal combustion engines, electric motors, solar power and other methods of energy conversion. Mechanization also includes irrigation systems, food processing and related technologies and equipment such as vehicles used for transportation of agricultural inputs and produce addressed in relevant sub-categories. Activities in this sub-category include:

• New agricultural technology dissemination and transfer of best-practices to farmers and producer organizations

• Increasing use of mechanized equipment such as introduction of lease to own programs • Training and demonstrations in use of mechanized equipment

Potential Adverse Impacts & Considerations Regarding Recommended Determinations The following are general adverse environmental impacts that may result from agriculture development programs:

• Degradation of natural habitat. Agriculture is often a trigger for land use changes and removal of natural vegetation. Unsustainable shifting agriculture and slash-and-burn practices coupled with mono-cropping, increased cropping frequency and reduction or elimination of fallow periods can

http://www.seedquest.com/keyword/seedbiotechnologies/primers/seedenhancement/seedcoating.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming


lead to degradation of natural flora and fauna, loss of wild biodiversity, loss of food crop genetic diversity, permanent deforestation and desertification.

• Landslides. Agricultural cultivation coupled with deforestation and removal of deep rooted vegetation from shallow soils that bind colluvium to bedrock, further destabilizes the already naturally fragile slopes. This contributes to landslides that can result in losses of property and human lives.

• Production of greenhouse gasses. In general, USAID/Senegal agricultural activities focus on the strategic rice, maize, and millet. Paddy-rice is one of the high-emissions foods. With their warm, waterlogged soils, rice paddies are responsible for up to 17% of global emissions of the potent greenhouse gas methane.83 Applications of fertilizers, mechanization and transport of agricultural produce discussed in the following sections further contribute to greenhouse gases emissions.

• Soil erosion. Erosion rate is very sensitive to both climate and land use, as well as to detailed conservation practice at farm level. Unsustainable practices—such as poorly managed open-furrow agriculture, a crop grown in the wrong way or place, deforestation, particularly hills deforestation, or draining wetlands—can all cause soil erosion. As the soil erodes, less rainfall is absorbed and the excess runs off. This runoff removes the fertile topsoil necessary for crop production and can have serious off-site consequences, including gully formation, landslides, siltation and sedimentation of water bodies, downstream flooding, and damage to productive infrastructure.

• Reduction in soil fertility. Soil fertility is dependent on three major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium), various trace elements, and organic matter content. A productive soil contains sufficient quantities of each of these elements, which are slowly removed by repeated cropping without adding fertilizers; leaching due to rainfall; short fallow periods; and burning of crop residues. The subsequent decline in soil fertility often occurs in conjunction with soil erosion, with each problem exacerbating the other.

• Soil compaction, also known as soil structure degradation, is the increase of bulk density or decrease in porosity of soil due to externally or internally applied loads. The usage of plough-pans is associated with soil compaction and some mechanized farming techniques can increase the risk of harmful soil compaction.

• Siltation of water bodies. Eroded topsoil is carried by runoff into water bodies. Once in the slower-moving water, the soil settles, altering the terrain, water depth and water clarity, which can harm fish and bottom-dwelling populations. Siltation can intensify downstream flooding by reducing channel capacity and can also fill the upstream areas behind a dam. One remedy for siltation, dredging, is an expensive process that must be repeated at regular intervals. Siltation in wetlands and coastal areas can reduce productivity and marine populations. Large-scale siltation impairs shipping and river transport, flood control, the efficiency of dams, fisheries and aquaculture, urban sewage treatment, and drinking water supplies.

• Reductions in surface & groundwater quantity. Excess extraction of water for irrigation from shallow or deep wells, or from river diversion can reduce the quantity of surface and/or groundwater, with adverse impacts on ecosystems, downstream users, and other users of the

83 http://sciencenordic.com/new-type-rice-produces-more-food-and-cuts-methane-emissions

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colluvium

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock


aquifer. Agricultural processing activities are frequently water-intensive, and can likewise reduce surface and groundwater available for ecosystems and other users.

• Reduction in water quality. Incorrect application of agrochemicals, fertilizers or manures can migrate from a farmer’s field to local water sources, and subsequently cause environmental harm and adversely affect human health and activities.84 Animal manures transported from fields, pens or feedlots into water bodies through rainfall, runoff or irrigation can pollute local drinking water sources and spread human and animal diseases. Nutrients from manures/fertilizers can also cause nutrient loading in local water bodies, resulting in degraded water quality, reduced wildlife, fish and mollusk populations, and toxic algal blooms. Moreover, such impacts to water quality affect other uses of these water sources, such as drinking water, sanitation, fishing, aquaculture, recreation and tourism, and other farms.

• Ecosystem alteration. It is widely accepted that introducing a non-native species to a new ecosystem must be done with great care. Quarantine laws are set up to avoid the potential adverse consequences of such an introduction. Introduced exotic species may spread diseases, out-compete native species for resources, become feral, act as predators or pests, or interbreed with native species. Lack of local competition or predators may drastically alter ecosystems. Woodlots, and agroforestry schemes, while economically productive and providing most of the soil-conservation and runoff-control benefits of forests, are not biodiverse habitats and do not substitute for natural forests in this way. Species selection for afforestation or reforestation of natural forests is critical to preserving and restoring ecosystem balance. Unconsidered introduction of tree species and agroforestry cultivars to a given ecological zone presents risks that the species will be disruptive or invasive. Even beyond species choice, many agroforestry practices are highly context-specific: what is environmentally beneficial in one area may be adverse in another.

• Use of fertilizers. Nutrients are lost from agricultural fields through runoff, drainage, or attachment to eroded soil particles. The amounts lost depend on the soil type and organic matter content, the climate, slope of the land, and depth to groundwater, as well as on the amount and type of fertilizer and irrigation used. Crops grown and fertilizers use can have acidifying effect on soils. Of the three major nutrients in fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, nitrogen is the most readily lost because of its high solubility in the nitrate form. Leaching of nitrate from agricultural fields can elevate concentrations in underlying groundwater to levels unacceptable for drinking water quality.85 Nitrate in drinking water is one of the common causes of Methaemoglobinaemia - decreased ability of blood to carry vital oxygen around the body. This condition is particularly dangerous for young babies. Some trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) are necessary for plant nutrition and are added to fertilizers. Trace elements can also be present in fertilizers as byproducts and contaminants such as Cd, Pb, Hg, U Cr and As among others and can become toxic when present in excess.

• Use of pesticides. Pesticides have been linked to a wide range of environmental and human health hazards, ranging from short-term impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like

84 The impacts of pesticides on the environment are discussed in USAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines available at http://www.usaidgems.org/bestPractice.htm in the agriculture, pesticides, and IPM sector chapters. 85 http://psep.cce.cornell.edu/facts-slides-self/facts/mod-ag-grw85.aspx

http://www.usaidgems.org/bestPractice.htm


cancer, reproductive harm, and endocrine disruption. Pesticide dangers, both acute and systemic chronic poisoning can occasionally become fatal. The trend toward intensive crop production in modern farming has led to increased potential for damage by pests and diseases. Predators that would be present in a mixed biological community are not supported by large fields of a single crop; so farmers, instead, rely on chemical measures for crop protection. Use of pesticides worldwide has risen significantly and has become more intensive. One drawback to this is that pesticides generally kill not only the pest of concern, but also a wide range of other organisms, including beneficial insects and other pest predators. Once the effect of the pesticide wears off, the pest species is likely to recover more rapidly than its predators because of differences in the available food supply. Previously unimportant species may also become significant crop pests when their natural predators are killed by pesticide applications. Another drawback to the increasing pesticide use is the development of resistance in pest species. The individual pests that survive pesticide applications continue to breed, gradually producing a population with greater tolerance to the chemicals applied. Pesticides, therefore, have to be used in ever increasing quantities or replaced with new chemicals to adequately control pest populations. Agriculture research has begun to focus on ways of maintaining environmental quality while producing acceptable crop yields. One example is integrated pest management (IPM), aimed at controlling pests through a combination of methods that minimize undesirable ecological effects.

• Irrigation. Environmental impacts of irrigation are the changes in quantity and quality of soil and water as a result of irrigation and the ensuing effects on natural and social conditions at the tail-end and downstream of the irrigation scheme. The impacts stem from the changed hydrological conditions owing to the installation and operation of the scheme. Other indirect effects are on soil and water quality and can include waterlogging and increased soil salinization. Impacts may include increased breeding sites for disease vectors, increased population density and socio-economic conflicts, as well as increase in greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and use of water pumps. Irrigation can be done extracting groundwater by (tube) wells. It has been found that the hydrological result is descending of the water level, land/soil subsidence, and, along the coast, saltwater intrusion. Irrigation water pumped from groundwater sources often has quite a bit of calcium and magnesium dissolved in it which makes it “hard water” and can offset the acidifying effects of fertilizer or organic matter. Irrigation projects can have large benefits, but the negative side effects are often overlooked. The lower the irrigation efficiency, the higher are the losses. Although fairly high irrigation efficiencies of 70% or more (i.e. losses of 30% or less) can be obtained with sophisticated techniques like sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation, or by precision land leveling for surface irrigation, in practice the losses are commonly in the order of 40 to 60%.86

• Farmers’ occupational safety and health. Agriculture has one of the worst fatal accident and occupational health record of any major employment sectors. Farm workers face multiple hazards including potential injuries as a result of accidents from agricultural tools and deafness from

86 http://www.icid.org/res_irri_envimp.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation#Sprinkler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation#Sprinkler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drip_irrigation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_irrigation


machines, harsh outdoor conditions, acute and chronic exposure to toxic chemicals and livestock related injuries and illnesses.



Establishing agricultural demonstration plots

Conducting agricultural trainings and demonstrations

Support for agricultural inputs

TA for crop production activities

Training of and TA to service providers, potential service providers, and business development extensions agents serving this sector

Strengthening agricultural inputs value chains

Strengthening agricultural services (e.g., seed

Negative determination subject to the following conditions : Promoted crop and groundcover species must be endorsed for use by the relevant governmental authority; Promoted/utilized commercial soil fertility enhancement products must be approved for use in Senegal by the cognizant GoS entity and must be used/promoted in conformity with the directives and restrictions attached to such approval. Seed distribution and input provision is subject to special seed grower’s certification requirements. If seed-grower certificates are not available, IPs will be responsible for documenting seed quality testing and making results available upon request. IPs must ensure that selected seed varieties are suitable to the local context and that climatic conditions are in line with the recommendations of the local agriculture department. Treated seed must be dyed and seed distribution must be accompanied by education regarding appropriate handling and non-edibility. Procurement and use of pesticides (as broadly defined by USAID) is only in conformity with the provisions of a duly approved PERSUAP specifically designated as covering the activity in question. In the absence of such a PERSUAP, pesticide use is NOT permitted. Equipment and commodities procured or whose procurement is supported (e.g. by credit and sub-grants) must, to the greatest extent practicable: (1) be sourced locally; (2) not contain hazardous materials (in the case of pesticides, must be least-toxic practical alternative for the intended use, per an approved PERSUAP); (3) have appropriate options for local disposal. (4) machinery must have appropriate options for local maintenance and spare parts. Small-Scale (less than or equal to 5 contiguous ha) land clearing for establishment of agricultural land or demonstration plots must:

• Establish demonstration plots in conformity with sustainable agricultural practices.

• Incorporate and promote sound environmental management practices in general conformity with USAID’s Sector Environmental



multipliers, machinery leasing services, crop conditioning services, fertilizer distributors)

Support access to agricultural services

Small-scale (<5ha contiguous, <15 ha non-contiguous in a single Department of Senegal) land clearing to establish demonstration/ agricultural plots

Post-harvest activities are addressed in section VII

Agricultural research, innovation and extension are addressed in section VIII

Subgrants, subcontracts and credit provision are addressed in section IX

Guidelines on agriculture: http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/agriculture.htm

• avoid clearing new land for agricultural use, but focus on improving and utilizing already degraded lands for planting crops,

• not encroach in conservation areas • not establish new plots near surface water or sources of drinking

water • not destroy endangered plant and animal habitats, • not establish plots near wetlands and/or drain wetlands, • not use slash-and-burn technique, • leave in place or replant any large trees, • ensure worker safety, • Recycle any organic materials removed.

Additionally, prior to any small-scale land clearing the implementing partner is required to complete the AFR subproject/subgrant review process, as set out by the AFR Environmental Review Form (ERF) available at http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/ComplianceForms/AFR/AFR-EnvReviewForm-20Dec2010.doc ). This must then be reviewed and approved by the COR/AOR, MEO and REA prior to implementation of subject activities. Directly operated demonstration activities, irrigation activities and activities that promulgate agricultural practices must:

• Establish demonstration plots in conformity with sustainable agricultural practices.

• Incorporate and promote sound environmental management practices in general conformity with relevant chapters of USAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines at: http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm);

• Conform to fertilizer good environmental practices as per the USAID/AFR Fertilizer Factsheet (available at www.encapafrica.org/egssaa/AFR_Fertilizer__Factsheet_Jun04.pdf)

• Substantially conform to good agricultural and irrigation practices as set out in USAID’s Sector Environmental Guidance for Irrigation and Agriculture (http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm).

• Promote long-term sustainability of water resources in balance with community and ecosystem needs by maximizing water use efficiency and minimizing water quality impacts from wastewater discharges and erosion and nutrient/agrochemical runoff87. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/Safeguarding%20the%20World's%20Water_FY14_USAID_FINAL.pdf

• Identify and promote Climate-Smart Agriculture practices e.g. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/34363/retrieve http://ifdc.org/fertilizer-deep-placement/

87 http://assets.coca-colacompany.com/bb/28/0d592b834e9d8fd9afcccb1829b6/sustainable-agricultural-guiding-principles.pdf

http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/agriculture.htm




http://www.encapafrica.org/egssaa/AFR_Fertilizer__Factsheet_Jun04.pdf


https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/Safeguarding%20the%20World's%20Water_FY14_USAID_FINAL.pdf

https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/Safeguarding%20the%20World's%20Water_FY14_USAID_FINAL.pdf

https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/34363/retrieve

http://ifdc.org/fertilizer-deep-placement/



• Promote safety and health of agricultural workers and related occupations. Senegal does not have a national policy, program or profile on OSH.

For information on farm safety and health see: http://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Agriculture/WCMS_172349/lang--en/index.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/farmhealthandsafety.html#summary https://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/agriculturaloperations/index.html

Mandatory reference: http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/agriculture.htm Recommended reference: http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/ Notes: 1. Demonstration plots, extension activities, or land-clearing within 5km of protected areas will require amendment to this IEE 2. Demonstration and extension activities may not use/promote genetically modified crop varieties. Such support can only be undertaken in conformity with USAID’s biosafety procedures and requires an associated amendment to this IEE.

3.7 Intervention Category G: Post-harvest and food processing activities Postharvest-activities encompass the delivery of a crop from the time and place of harvest to the time and place of consumption. These activities include handling of the produce during harvesting, drying, storing, processing (cleaning, classifying, dehulling, pounding, grinding, packaging, soaking, winnowing, sieving, whitening, parboiling, milling, etc.), transporting and marketing. Activities in this category include:

o Support, training and technical assistance to SMEs in harvest and post-harvest processing of rice, millet and maize

o Linking universities to food processing SMEs o Training SME in storage management o Collection and consolidation of farming produce o Building the capacity of producer organizations to collect and consolidate produce o Support for small-scale storage o Developing large-scale warehousing programs with harmonized storage codes and warehouse

receipt system o Training SMEs in supply chain management: transportation, distribution systems and logistics

http://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Agriculture/WCMS_172349/lang--en/index.htm

http://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Agriculture/WCMS_172349/lang--en/index.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/farmhealthandsafety.html#summary

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/farmhealthandsafety.html#summary

http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/agriculture.htm

http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/


Potential Adverse Impacts & Considerations Regarding Recommended Determinations Effluents. Agricultural processing activities frequently produce large quantities of wastewater, typically high in biological and chemical oxygen demand, and sometimes contaminated with agricultural chemicals, disinfectants and detergents. Discharge of this wastewater to local surface waters can increase the amount of limiting nutrients for plant life and decrease the dissolved oxygen content in the water resulting in adverse impacts on aquatic life (e.g. fish kills and algal blooms) and generally degrade aquatic habitat and water quality. As noted above, reductions in water quality can impact other uses. Solid waste, air, noise and odor pollution. Varied post-harvest operations can result in numerous potential sources of solid waste, air, noise and odor pollution. For example mills may present a significant source of solid waste generation and air pollution resulting from the hulling process. High noise levels can create a nuisance to the local community. Foul odors are often generated by processing facilities for example from soaking reservoirs in the parboiling process. Other impacts related to post-harvest processing include increased emissions from use of fossil fuel operated engines. Worker occupational safety and health (OSH) risks. Safety and health risks are very high for agricultural processing workers. Workers in the milling industry face respiratory risks as a result of extreme exposure to dust. Mechanical devices that are usually not maintained properly may cause severe noise. Uncovered moving machine parts can cause life threatening injuries. Some machines require use of potentially harmful substances for operation and cleaning and can cause ailments ranging from dermatitis to serious illness and disease. When using electrically powered or controlled machines, for instance, the equipment as well as the electrical system itself must be properly grounded to avoid electric shocks. 88


Activity Recommended Determination Post-harvest activities Food processing

Negative Determination, subject to the following conditions:

• To increase efficiency and reduces risks to humans and the environment incorporate Cleaner Production (CP) approaches as appropriate. Staff providing such training will have a working knowledge of CP concepts and basic CP skills at least equivalent to the content of the USAID MSMEs Cleaner Production curriculum (www.usaidgems.org/sme.htm). See also the CP factsheet for Food Processing: www.usaidgems.org/mse/foodProcessing.htm and http://www.unep.fr/scp/cp/

• Improving working conditions. Safeguards must be introduced to protect workers from occupational safety and health hazards. Workers must be provided training. Engineering controls that eliminate the hazard at the source must be introduced. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be instituted.

• Reducing water use by avoiding water waste and maximizing water use efficiency.

88 https://www.osha.gov/Publications/Mach_SafeGuard/chapt1.html

http://www.usaidgems.org/sme.htm

http://www.usaidgems.org/mse/foodProcessing.htm

http://www.unep.fr/scp/cp/


Activity Recommended Determination • Maintaining machinery through regular machine maintenance checks and

repairs and minimizing oil leaks. • Reduce liquid and solid waste. Promote alternate processes and

technological changes which may reduce the generation of solid and liquid waste (e.g. use of solid waste for cattle feed, making biochar from rice hulls, bioremediation of effluent).

• Incorporate relevant Senegal regulatory requirements pertaining to these operations.

Mandatory reference

Food processing resource efficient and cleaner production briefing and resource guide for micro & small enterprises http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/MSEs/USAID_MSE_Sector_Guideline_Food_Processing_2013.pdf

3.8 Intervention Category H: Support for small-scale livestock and/or poultry management

Activities in this category focus on introducing appropriate technologies and improving skills and knowledge of small to medium scale livestock producers. This includes livestock rearing and management that improve production and productivity and minimize losses and wastage, and access to markets, goods and services. Interventions may include introduction of adapted breeds, improved access to local feed resources and animal health interventions, sound animal husbandry, and on and off -farm product preservation and value-adding product processing. Examples of activities covered under this category include:

o Development of production systems that integrate livestock-raising as part of climate change

risk mitigation strategies o Information exchange and demonstration of locally-adapted solutions promoting livestock

raising; o Integration of livestock raising (cattle or small ruminants) in crop agriculture systems o Support or promotion of livestock enterprises

Potential Adverse Impacts & Considerations Regarding Recommended Determinations Land degradation. Adverse impacts of livestock are associated with overgrazing and use of marginal lands, soil erosion and compaction, land degradation and diversification. Intensification of livestock production can promote a system of mono-cropping for feed production (agricultural production is addressed by section VI). Water pollution may occur if nutrients from manure enter the water table because they are either improperly used or disposed of. Water pollution can also be associated with improper processing and disposal of dead animals that release nutrients into the ground water as they decompose. Air pollution. Livestock production can increase greenhouse gas emissions from enteric fermentation, from livestock manure and burning of animal carcasses.

http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/MSEs/USAID_MSE_Sector_Guideline_Food_Processing_2013.pdf



Social impacts. When policies do not consistently address the land tenure issue for farmers and pastoralists, livestock keepers may potentially increase animal stock beyond land carrying capacity, thus contributing to enhanced competition for resources and, eventually, to conflicts that can become violent. Loss of biodiversity. Breed has a strong influence on disease susceptibility and therefore on disease management. Systematic livestock production may result in loss of genetic diversity in livestock species and subsequent susceptibility to disease outbreaks.89 Chemical pollution. A variety of chemicals are used in animal production including animal pharmaceuticals that are used for control of diseases. Pesticides are often used for control of vectors, parasites and predators and are applied directly to animals, used in housing structures or used in dipping vats. The impact of veterinary chemicals on the environment will depend on a number of factors such as their properties and conditions under which they were administered. Once released the impact of veterinary chemicals will depend on soil type, climate, ecotoxicity and other factor. Pharmaceuticals and pesticides used for treatment of livestock have the potential to contaminate soils, ground and surface water, sediment and affect all live organisms including people.90 Animal transmitted diseases. A zoonotic disease is an infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans (or from humans to animals). Animal transmitted diseases such as Brucellosis, Giardiasis and Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) that are transmitted from animals to people are widespread in Africa. Veterinary waste. Intensification of animal production requires increased disease management addressed on two levels: (1) Prevention (biosecurity) and (2) control measures taken once infection occurs. Prevention measures must include health programs, vaccination, proper hygiene and surveillance activities.91 Animal disease prevention and management is associated with generation of veterinary waste. Veterinary waste includes sharps and other waste. Waste that is contaminated due to direct contact with a zoonotic disease is classified as biohazardous. Sharps are devices with acute rigid corners, edges, or protuberances capable of cutting or piercing. Sharps waste includes, but is not limited to hypodermic needles and blades. Broken glass items are considered sharps waste when they are contaminated with biohazardous waste. Biohazardous waste is waste that the attending veterinarian suspects is contaminated with infectious agents that are known to be contagious to humans. Animal parts, tissues, fluids, carcasses, vaccines or cultures could be biohazardous waste. Biohazardous waste also includes tissues that are contaminated with small (non-pourable) amounts of toxic chemicals like formaldehyde or chemotherapeutic agents and pharmaceutical waste that is toxic or ignitable.

89http://psbweb.co.kern.ca.us/eh_internet/pdfs/medWaste/medWasteInfo/Medical_Waste_Disposal_Veterinary_Practices.pdf 90 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14561076 91 http://www.climatetechwiki.org/content/livestock-disease-management-1


Veterinary waste may lead to contamination of air, water and soil which may affect all forms of life including human life. Veterinary services can have direct or indirect impacts on waste management:

• Where USAID support for service delivery is direct, USAID bears full responsibility for adverse impacts if its support fails to address waste management or to consider the capacity of veterinary facilities to properly handle, label, treat, store, transport and dispose of medical waste.

• Where USAID instead funds capacity building for the entities that manage delivery of veterinary care (e.g. government ministries, NGOs), USAID generally has far less control over service delivery on the ground. Reduced control means that USAID’s responsibility for adverse impacts is shared or attenuated—but not eliminated.

Recommended Determinations

Per the above analysis, the following threshold determinations are recommended for activities in this intervention category:


Support for small-scale livestock and/or poultry management

Negative determination subject to the following conditions : Land carrying capacity. Carefully evaluating and considering local climate, terrain, and ecosystem capacity as well as legal, customary and cultural context when planning to intensify livestock production. Comprehensive planning of livestock interventions must take fully into accounts livestock needs for housing, nutrition, feed production, animal health management, marketing and processing and possible ecological consequences. Water. Assessing and considering livestock management options for riparian protection (e.g. use of alternative water sources, herding, and fencing). Feed and Nutrition. Considering availability of animal feed and promoting animal nutrition practices that improve productivity and reduce negative impact on the environment (e.g. keeping land from overgrazing, creating communal areas for grazing, growing animal feed). Agricultural crop production is addressed in section VI. Biodiversity. No new breeds will be introduced without careful evaluation and coordination with relevant GoS ministries and institutions. Minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG ) emissions. Introduce practices aimed at minimizing GHA emissions (e.g. improved animal nutrition, manure management, pasture management).


Veterinary waste. Sharps, hazardous and biohazardous waste and veterinary pharmaceutical waste must be disposed of in accordance with local regulations and guidelines. Individuals who are involved in the collection and removal of veterinary waste must use appropriate PPE. Public awareness. Promote public awareness of linkages between wild animals, livestock production and human health. Procurement and use of pesticides or both as broadly defined by USAID is only in conformity with the provisions of a duly approved PERSUAP specifically designated as covering the activity in question. In the absence of such a PERSUAP, pesticide use is NOT permitted. Slaughterhouses. Micro and small scale enterprises will follow guidelines outlined by the Food processing resource efficient and cleaner production briefing and resource guide for micro & small enterprises


Medium and large scale meat processing enterprises qualify for Positive Determination and require preparation of an Environmental Assessment (EA).92

Mandatory references USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines for livestock http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/livestock.htm

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines for Healthcare Waste (http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htm) contains guidance, which must inform compliance with these conditions, particularly in the section titled, “Minimum elements of a complete waste management program.” See also WHO’s “Safe Management of Wastes from Healthcare Activities.”

Community outreach and awareness building, capacity building and training activities

Categorical Exclusion per: 22 CFR 216.2 (c)(2) (i)(iii) for TA and training of communities and awareness building

92 Definitions of SMEs vary, but using employment size is common for defining enterprise size. Enterprises with 0-4 employees are micro, where 0 means owner only, 5-20 employees are small and 21-100 employees are medium. Enterprise with over 100 employees is considered large. For further detail see USAID booklet of standardized small and medium enterprises definition http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadm845.pdf



http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/livestock.htm

http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htm

http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadm845.pdf


3.9 Intervention Category I: Interventions to Improve Nutrition Interventions in this category aim to increase the economic and livelihood resiliency of the very poor, especially women and children, by increasing their access to diverse, nutritious, quality foods, supporting and facilitating improved nutritional practices and behaviors, and strengthening community and government capacity to coordinate on food and nutrition activities. These activities include:

A. Activities related to community outreach and training in improved nutrition • Promotion, Social Behavior Change Communications (SBCC) and social marketing activities for

use and sale of bio-fortified and nutritious horticulture crops, and low cost fortification of enriched meal

• Integration of SBCC to scale up essential nutrition actions and uptake of new livelihood and agriculture practices

• Trainings on topics related to nutrition, training of mothers’ group and SMEs in local food fortification and processing/transformation, e.g. preparation of locally enriched porridge, food conservations techniques

• Promotion of nutrition led community based service provider businesses

B. Research and production of fortified crops • Research and scale up of production and utilization of bio-fortified crops such as orange-fleshed

sweet potato with vitamin A, iron bio-fortified millet, and zinc bio-fortified beans.

C. Activities focused on food fortification • Support to small and medium scale enterprises for nutrition, e.g. food fortification.

Potential Adverse Impacts & Considerations Regarding Recommended Determinations

Food fortification or enrichment refers to the process of adding micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) to food. Biofortification is breeding crops to increase their nutritional value, which can include both conventional selective breeding, and modern genetic modification. The debate on GMOs is still ongoing. Article 37 of the Senegal biosafety law states that all GMO products used for direct animal or human food or for transformation or introduction into the environment should be labeled “contains GMOs.”

Main concerns about both conventionally developed and GMOs are focused on their impact on biodiversity and inputs use. In general, if successful, agricultural interventions to scale up production may result in the expansion and intensification of agriculture—including increased land under cultivation and/or intensified smallholder production, likely with increased use of inputs. The effects of agricultural production are described in Section VI, as are the necessary scientific research and extension services that are addressed in section XI.

Commercial and industrial fortification is adding nutrients to common cooking foods. Grain can be fortified by adding a micronutrient powder that adheres to the grains or spraying of the surface of ordinary grains in several layers with a vitamin and mineral mix to form a protective coating. Grain can also be extruded and shaped into partially precooked grain-like structures resembling grains, which can then be blended with natural grain. A technical challenge is to produce fortified grain that resembles its natural form and resists normal meal preparation and cooking processes. Post-harvest and commercial food processing is addressed in section VII.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food



Per the above analysis, the following threshold determinations are recommended for activities in this intervention category:


Community outreach and training in improved nutrition

Categorical Exclusion per: • 22 CFR 216.2 (c)(2) (viii) Programs involving nutrition, health care

or population and family planning services except to the extent designed to include activities directly affecting the environment (such as construction of facilities, water supply systems, waste water treatment, etc.); AND

• 22 CFR 216.2 (c)(2) (i) Training, education and technical assistance.

Research and production of fortified crops

Negative Determination, subject to conditions articulated in sections 3.11 (Research and innovation) and section 3.6 (Use of agricultural inputs).

Food fortification Negative Determination, subject to conditions articulated in Section 3.7 (Post harvest and food processing activities).

3.10 Intervention Category J: Support to Fisheries and Fishery Management Activities in this category promote livelihood and income generating opportunities through small scale fisheries. Fisheries can be capture and culture. Capture fisheries refers to harvesting of naturally occurring resources in both marine and freshwater environments. Culture fisheries cultivate selected fish and other aquatic species in confined areas, where the seed is stocked, nursed and reared in confined waters and the crop is harvested. Aquaculture takes place in ponds, which are fertilized and supplementary feeds are provided to fish to get maximum yield. In order to overcome the problems of overfishing and extinction considerable attention is being given to the culture fisheries. Fisheries management focus activities will include:

A. Collaborative capacity building, empowerment and research/studies/assessments to improve fisheries management and strengthen fisheries value chains • Engaging the government at the local and central level to better manage marine fisheries, combat

illegal fishing and mainstream climate change into policy; • Supporting local fishing councils (CLPAs) and fisherman groups to enforce laws and regulations

around fishing practices; • Promoting development and implementation of co-management plans with communities; • Collaborative research, outreach and assessments to improve fish products, enhance value chains

and improve resilience to climate change (workshops, exchange visits, internships, grants for research and extension, value chain and critical artisanal fish species assessments, vulnerability assessments);

• Strengthening the role of women in the fisheries value chain through management training and support for women fish processing associations;


• Managing critical ecosystems through monitoring and evaluation, training, and the demarcation and maintenance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs);

• Support to protect life and property at sea (trainings, grants for safety equipment, evaluation of current safety laws, testing weather forecasting systems)

B. Reduce post-harvest losses and improve fish product quality and traceability

o Post-harvest support for fish processing o Small-scale construction to improve landing sites, processing and product marketing facilities o Small-scale construction and rehabilitation for water and sanitation structures at landing sites (boreholes,

hand-dug wells, tap stands, storage tanks, rainwater harvesting systems, sanitation facilities, hand-washing stations)

C. Enhance artisanal fisheries value chains (including fish eco-labeling) o Improving processing methods, equipment, systems of purchasing, packaging, transport and sales

D. Adaptation to Global Climate Change Activities o Implementation of adaptation measures such as coastal development setbacks, beach and dune

nourishment, building standards and structural shoreline stabilization

Potential Adverse Impacts & Considerations Regarding Recommended Determinations Growing population and its nutritional demands stress aquatic resources, increase pollution and toxic contamination, advance coastal degradation and accelerate depletion of marine and inland capture fisheries. Aquaculture is instrumental for food production, replenishing important fisheries and restoring threatened or endangered species and habitats. However poorly managed aquaculture can also adversely impact the environment and lead to unintended consequences. Aquaculture can be marine, freshwater and brackish water. Extensive aquaculture system can be a salty dam, lake or pond stocked with fish. Intensive aquaculture systems are more complex and require capital outlays, equipment and expertise to implement. The impact on the environment will greatly depend on the enterprise location and characteristics, and its design and management practices.

Certain project support activities related to fisheries management could have potential adverse environmental impacts:

Engaging government support. Activities that support development of aquaculture policies and aim to increase public participation in policy making including engaging the government in dialogue for protection of fisheries, mobilization of communities for development and enforcement of laws and regulations protecting natural resources, community planning and strategy development presents no foreseeable adverse environmental impacts. However, aquaculture policy and strategy development activities that may result in intensification of aquaculture and affect changes in use of natural resources may have subsequent deleterious environmental impacts.

Capacity building and introducing best practices. Potential adverse effects of aquaculture include discharge of suspended solids and nutrients and subsequent organic enrichment of recipient waters. This results in build-up of anoxic sediments and changes in seabed flora and fauna communities and the eutrophication of lakes and rivers. Introduced species eventually enter the natural ecosystem either through purposeful release or accidental escape. Thus, non-native species in culture can adversely impact local resources through hybridization and loss of native stocks, predation and competition,


transmission of disease, and changes in habitat, e.g. burrowing, plant removal, sediment mobilization and turbidity.

Degradation of natural habitat. Shrimp culture can result in physical degradation of coastal habitats, for example, through conversion of mangrove forests and destruction of wetlands, salinization of agricultural and drinking water supplies, and land subsidence due to groundwater abstraction. Overharvesting of seed from the wild and bycatch of non-target species occurring in the collection of wild seed, as well as use of wild-caught fish as feed input affects the ecosystem. Mollusk culture has been held responsible for local anoxia of bottom sediments and increased siltation.

Spread of disease. Interactions between aquaculture farms can include self-pollution and transmission of diseases particularly in areas where the high density of farms forces use of water contaminated by neighboring installations. Interchange of living material between farms and a consequent spread of diseases can also occur among farms at significant distance.93

Use of chemicals. A variety of husbandry and disease management chemicals are used in aquaculture, including antibiotics, disinfectants and pesticides.

Social conflicts. Where natural resources can be seen as publicly owned, conflicts can arise among the users of marine space such as between fisheries and the tourism industry.

Fish processing. Processing of fish, shrimp and other aquatic organisms produces a corresponding bulk of by-products and wastes. Considerable quantities are discharged as the processing effluents with large volume of waters used in processing. Fish and shrimp processing effluents are highly likely to produce adverse effects on the receiving coastal and marine environments. Additional impacts related to fish processing can be found in Section 3.7 of this IEE (post-harvest and food processing activities).I

Impacts related to small-scale construction can be found in Section 3.5 of this IEE (Building productive infrastructure).

Impacts related to water and sanitation construction and improvements can be found in the USAID/Senegal WASH IEE.

Climate change adaptation activities could damage sensitive or valuable coastal/marine ecosystems from construction or shoreline stabilization structures. Adverse social impacts can also occur due to displacement of local inhabitants or reduced shoreline access. The cost of buildings could also go up due to stricter building standards in coastal zones, leading to economic impacts on businesses and residents.


Per the above analysis, the following threshold determinations are recommended for activities in this intervention category.


Engaging the government,

Categorical Exclusions are recommended for activities pursuant to 22 CFR 216.2(c) (2) (i) [education, T.A., training], (iii) [analyses, studies, workshops],

93 http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14894/en


supporting local communities, planning and outreach

Realizing behavior change and achieving co-management

(v) [document and information transfers], and (xiv) [Studies, projects or programs intended to develop the capability of recipient countries to engage in development planning]. These activities have no direct effects on the environment. These include activities in the areas of:

• Education, technical assistance, and training • Technical studies, research and analyses • Awareness, outreach and behavior change communications • Study tours and peer to peer exchanges • Training of government employees • Engaging government in dialogues

Influencing government policies

Building the capacity of stakeholders at all levels of governance (fisheries administration and CLPA institution, research and education)

Improving the sustainability of fishery resources and coastal and marine ecosystems by promoting best practices

Negative determination subject to the following conditions : All activities including hands on trainings and demonstrations directly affecting fish production must evaluate how activities to be implemented will interact with the environment including: • Interaction with wild fisheries resources (e.g. need for seed, wild fish

capture for feed) • Physical changes to habitat (e.g. digging of ponds, establishing

offshore structures) • Organic and nutrient enrichment potential (e.g. discarded nutrients

and refuse) • Invasive species (escapes, vectors, facilitation) • Interaction with other species (e.g. birds, insects, mammals) Adopting aquaculture best management practices Promoting environmentally sound aquaculture and resource management. Adopting integrated fish production systems Development of nutritionally efficient diets and optimal feeding strategies Procurement and use of pesticides (as broadly defined by USAID) is only in conformity with the provisions of a duly approved PERSUAP specifically designated as covering the activity in question. In the absence of such a PERSUAP, pesticide use is NOT permitted. Fish processing is addressed by section VII (Post-harvest and food processing activities). Support for medium to large scale fish processing activities will require Positive determination and an EA. Mandatory references

Additional information for impact and mitigation planning related to fisheries and aquaculture can be found at the USAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines: http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/fisheries.htm

Recommended references Aquaculture best management practices

http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/fisheries.htm


https://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/5571/96475/BMP_RULE_AND_MANUAL.pdf Sustainable fisheries https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/FishAquaGuide14Jun13Final.pdf The Fish Site http://www.thefishsite.com/knowledge/ Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6790/full/4051017a0.html

Addressing climate change impacts in fisheries and strengthening the adaptation capacity of people and institutions

Negative determination subject to the following conditions : The use of hard structures or beach/dune nourishments are required to complete the AFR subproject/subgrant review process, as set out by the AFR Environmental Review Form (ERF) available at http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/ComplianceForms/AFR/AFR-EnvReviewForm-20Dec2010.doc ) must be completed and approved by the COR/AOR, MEO and REA prior to implementation of activities. Institutions proposing hard structures and beach nourishment should be encouraged to identify alternative options including soft engineering solutions including abandonment of built structures at risk or retreat/movement landward of those that can be moved. Soft solutions include restoration of natural vegetation for erosion control.

3.11. Intervention Category K: Agricultural research and innovation (including analytical testing services) and agricultural extension Agricultural research focuses on scientific discoveries that protect human nutrition and help solve problems in crop production and the interaction of agriculture and the environment. Research activities may focus on seed enhancement, and other various technologies development and dissemination, used to improve a crop’s harvested yield and quality. Research activities may also include analytical testing such as testing of soils, water, plants, biosolids and other agricultural materials.

Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. Activities in this category will include:

• Support for agricultural research and innovation systems • Strengthen laboratory capacity for testing compliance with Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS)

measures • Activities aimed at strengthening agricultural extension

Potential Adverse Impacts & Considerations Regarding Recommended Determinations Biosafety. If an activity will potentially involve the use of genetically-modified organisms in research, field trials, or dissemination, the activity must be reviewed and approved for compliance with applicable U.S. requirements by the Agency Biosafety Officer in Washington prior to obligation of funds and prior

https://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/5571/96475/BMP_RULE_AND_MANUAL.pdf

https://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/5571/96475/BMP_RULE_AND_MANUAL.pdf

http://www.thefishsite.com/knowledge/

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6790/full/4051017a0.html




to the transfer, testing, or release of biotechnology products into the environment. This review and approval is limited to the safety aspects of the proposed activity and may involve external peer review or demonstration of comparable safety oversight by other expert U.S. federal agencies. Therefore, adequate time should be budgeted for this approval process. This biosafety determination is separate from, and precedes and informs, the 22 CFR 216 environmental impact assessment determination.

Uncertain impact on poverty. Many improved technologies and practices halt or reverse environmental problems while increasing yields and/or reducing modern input use and cost. More recently there has been considerable success in developing cultivars with more broad-based genetic composition whose yields are less sensitive to irrigation and other inputs. Whether poor farmers benefit from these developments depends on underlying socioeconomic conditions. Enabling conditions include an equitable distribution of land and income, secure ownership and tenancy rights, efficient input and output markets that serve all farmers, and research and extension systems that are geared toward small and large farms, and scale-neutral technologies.94 Agricultural intensification. Agricultural research and innovation activities can be associated with intensification of agricultural production and use of inputs addressed in section IV. Non-participatory and undifferentiated extension policies. Extension programs that apply a “package” of new approaches and technologies over large, diverse areas result in sub-optimal or even incorrect techniques for parts of the range of conditions. Ideally, smallholder farmers would participate in adapting packages, e.g., for soil conservation and improved agronomy and livestock management, to their local circumstances.



Support for research and innovation

Negative Determination, subject to the following conditions:

Agricultural innovation to the extent possible must identify, introduce, and encourage adoption of more appropriate and environmentally sound farming practices while increasing consumption of healthy foods and improving income-earning opportunities for farmers while mitigating adverse impacts on the environment.

Adverse impacts and mitigation measures addressed in section VI (Inputs to agricultural production) should be considered in providing support for research and innovation activities.

Deferral is recommended for introduction of new biotechnologies.

94 Impacts of Agricultural Research on Poverty: Findings of an Integrated Economic and Social Analysis; Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Michelle Adato, Lawrence Haddad, Peter Hazell; International Food Policy Research Institute; October 2003.



See Biodiversity Conservation: a guide for USAID staff and partners: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnade258.pdf

Strengthen laboratory capacity for agricultural analytical testing

Negative determination subject to the following conditions:

Research activities which may have an effect on the physical and natural environment but will not have a significant effect as a result of limited scope, carefully controlled nature and effective monitoring, must develop and follow appropriate protocols to ensure conduct of sound and safe research and analytical testing.

Promote/strengthen government and third-party extension

(Sections of this IEE covering extension work will depend on the nature of extension activities)

Negative determination subject to the following conditions : In training extension agents and otherwise building the capacity of extension organizations, training and, as appropriate, organizational capacity-building will integrate and promote general awareness of the environmental, and health and safety risks presented by agriculture activities, and appropriate choices and measures to manage these risks. This shall be generally consistent with, and wherever practicable, promote the specific measures required above for extension directly undertaken by USAID.

3.12 Intervention Category L: Monitoring and Evaluation Activities in this category include:

o M&E capacity building and institutionalization to promote sustainability o Partnerships, dialogue, briefings, consultation, coordination, and alignment with multiple

stakeholders o Partnerships and consultations with multiple stakeholders o Data collection and data and reports sharing and dissemination efforts o Gender assessments

Potential Adverse Impacts & Considerations Regarding Recommended Determinations M&E activities do not present foreseeable adverse impacts on the environment.

http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnade258.pdf




M&E activities

Categorical Exclusion is recommended per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for technical assistance, education and training activities; (iii)Analyses, studies, academic or research workshops and meetings; and (v) Document and information transfers;

4.0 GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Restrictions

1. GMOs/LMOs: For purposes of compliance with USAID procedures, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) or Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) are defined as “living organisms modified by genetic engineering techniques” and include, e.g., plants, microorganisms, live animal vaccines (if used outside a contained area and not approved in the US), animals, and insects. This IEE does not authorize support for laboratory- or field-based research involving GMOs/LMOs, nor does it authorize support for multiplication or dissemination/open release of GMOs/LMOs. Support for laboratory research involving GMOs/LMOs in contained facilities would require an approved amendment to this IEE. Support for field testing or open release of GMOs/LMOs would require successful review under USAID’s Biosafety Procedures followed by an approved IEE amendment. The national requirements of Senegal must be met in either case.

See the USAID Biosafety Procedures Factsheet for more information: http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/complianceTopics/Biosafety_5Feb2010.pdf.

2. PESTICIDES. All activities that fall outside of the category of controlled experimentation exclusively for the purpose of research and field evaluation and entail the procurement or use, or both, of pesticides shall conform with the relevant Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan, conducted in accordance with USAID Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)). No funds shall be obligated or expended for the procurement or use of pesticides unless they are specifically approved in the relevant PERSUAP.

3. BEST PRACTICES. All IPs must identify and follow best practices in environmental stewardship for their relevant sector.

4.2 General Project Implementation and Monitoring Requirements In addition to the specific conditions enumerated in Section 3, the negative determinations recommended in this IEE are contingent on full implementation of the following general monitoring and implementation requirements:

http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/complianceTopics/Biosafety_5Feb2010.pdf


1. Consideration of Project-level IEEs. This FTF portfolio IEE was developed, as required by USAID project design guidance, during the PAD analysis stage in the project design cycle. As such, it was developed with only relatively general information available regarding most activities.

Therefore, for each major FTF procurement, the FTF team, in consultation with the MEO and REA, must consider whether the goal of environmentally sound design and management and clarity and transparency regarding IP and FTF team compliance requirements would be best served by development of a project-level IEE based on far more specific activity descriptions.

Such project-level IEEs would supersede this portfolio IEE for a particular procurement, but would be guided by and establish conditions no less stringent than those set out by this IEE. Such IEEs must incorporate all of the remaining conditions set out in this section.

2. Technical capacity of IP staff. IPs implementing FTF portfolio projects that are subject to conditions of this IEE must have the necessary resources and capacity to address mitigation and monitoring requirements of this IEE and its Amendments. Relevant staff must be trained to address the requirements.

3. IP Briefings on Environmental Compliance Responsibilities. The FTF team shall provide each FTF

Implementing Partner (hereinafter IP), with a copy of this IEE; Each IP shall be briefed on their environmental compliance responsibilities by their cognizant C/AOR. During this briefing, the IEE conditions applicable to the IP’s activities will be identified.

4. Development of Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP). Each IP whose activities

are subject to one or more conditions set out in section 3 of this IEE shall develop and provide for C/AOR review and approval an EMMP documenting how their project will implement and verify all IEE conditions that apply to their activities. These EMMPs shall identify how the IP shall assure that IEE conditions that apply to activities supported under financing instruments (see section XXX) will be implemented. (In the case of large subgrants or subcontracts, the IP may elect to require the subgrantee/subcontractor to develop their own EMMP.)

(Note : refer to the EMMP Factsheet, available at http://www.usaidgems.org/mitMonRep.htm.)

5. Integration and implementation of EMMP. Each IP shall integrate their EMMP into their project

work plan and budgets, implement the EMMP, and report on its implementation as an element of regular project performance reporting.

IPs shall assure that credit providers, sub-contractors and sub-grantees integrate implementation of IEE conditions, where applicable, into their own project work plans and budgets and report on their implementation as an element of sub-contract or grant performance reporting.

6. Integration of compliance responsibilities in prime lending, sub-contracts and grant agreements. The FTF team shall assure that all solicitation and award documents include environmental compliance language generated by the ADS Help Document/Tool: Environmental Compliance: Language for Solicitations and Awards. (http://transition.usaid.gov/policy/ads/200/204sac.pdf)

Award language generated by this document requires not simply compliance with IEE conditions, but the budgeting and planning tasks necessary for compliance, such as development of EMMPs and annual review of work plans against the scope of approved Reg. 216 documentation.

http://www.usaidgems.org/mitMonRep.htm

http://transition.usaid.gov/policy/ads/200/204sac.pdf


IPs shall assure that sub-contracts and sub-grant agreements reference and require compliance with relevant elements of IEE and its Amendment conditions.

6. Assurance of sub-grantee and sub-contractor capacity and compliance. IPs shall assure that sub-grantees and subcontractors have the capability to implement the relevant requirements of this IEE. The IP shall, as and if appropriate, provide training to sub-grantees and subcontractors in their environmental compliance responsibilities and in environmentally sound design and management (ESDM) of their activities.

7. FTF Team monitoring responsibility. As required by ADS 204.5.4, the FTF team will actively monitor and evaluate whether the conditions of this IEE are being implemented effectively and whether there are new or unforeseen consequences arising during implementation that were not identified and reviewed in this IEE. If new or unforeseen consequences arise during implementation, the team will suspend the activity and initiate appropriate, further review in accordance with 22 CFR 216. USAID Monitoring shall include regular site visits.

8. New or modified activities. As part of its initial Work Plan, and all Annual Work Plans thereafter,

IPs, in collaboration with their C/AOR, shall review all planned and on-going activities to determine if they are within the scope of this IEE.

If any IP activities are planned that would be outside the scope of this IEE, an amendment to this IEE addressing these activities shall be prepared for USAID review and approval. No such new activities shall be undertaken prior to formal approval of this amendment. Any ongoing activities found to be outside the scope of the approved Regulation 216 environmental documentation shall be halted until an amendment to the documentation is submitted and written approval is received from USAID. This includes activities that were previously within the scope of the IEE, but were substantively modified in such a way that they move outside the scope.

9. Compliance with Host Country Requirements. Nothing in this IEE substitutes for or supersedes IP, sub-grantee and subcontractor responsibility for compliance with all applicable host country laws and regulations. The IP, subgrantees and subcontractor must comply with host country environmental regulations unless otherwise directed in writing by USAID. However, in case of conflict between host country and USAID regulations, the latter shall govern.

10. Government to Government (G2G) assistance. Where activities are carried out via direct funding of governmental partners and this is not noted in the IEE activity description, FTF will nonetheless assure, via negotiated implementation arrangements with the governmental partner and, potentially, complementary environmental monitoring and management support activities, that the conditions established by this IEE will be met.

In some cases, responsibility for appropriate environmental management of the activity may be appropriately assigned in the entirety to the governmental partner and/or host country environmental assessment and management authorities. Required considerations regarding degree of reliance on partner government entities for appropriate environmental management are (1) the environmental assessment and management capacity of these partners, and (2) the relative risk posed by the activities in question.