short term assignment for short term assignment for Lux DevelopmentLux Development

Place:Place: Speke Monyonyo Speke Monyonyo

Hotel; KampalaHotel; Kampala

DateDate: 13-14 April 2010: 13-14 April 2010

Maluti GSM

Challenges of Maintaining Rural Water Supply Challenges of Maintaining Rural Water Supply

Schemes in Kavango and Caprivi RegionsSchemes in Kavango and Caprivi Regions (Republic of Namibia)(Republic of Namibia)

Namibia’s Rural Water Supply StrategyNamibia’s Rural Water Supply Strategy(Community Based Management)(Community Based Management)

Phase 1: Community mobilisation for project implementationPhase 1: Community mobilisation for project implementation

(Aug 97 – July 98);(Aug 97 – July 98);

Phase 2: Hand-over for operation and maintenance with majorPhase 2: Hand-over for operation and maintenance with major

maintenance being carried out by the Directorate ofmaintenance being carried out by the Directorate of

Water Supply and Sanitation Coordination (DWSSC)Water Supply and Sanitation Coordination (DWSSC)

(Aug 98 – July 03);(Aug 98 – July 03);

Phase 3: Hand-over of full ownership (all operation andPhase 3: Hand-over of full ownership (all operation and

maintenance responsibilities) of schemes tomaintenance responsibilities) of schemes to

community based institutional structures community based institutional structures

(Aug 03 – July 07)(Aug 03 – July 07)

Maluti GSM

Namibia’s Rural Water SupplyNamibia’s Rural Water Supply

• 7,731 rural water points 7,731 rural water points

(July 2008)(July 2008)• Kavango = 384 water pointsKavango = 384 water points• Caprivi = 863 water pointsCaprivi = 863 water points• Kavango and Caprivi are Kavango and Caprivi are

traditional rural settlement traditional rural settlement

areasareas

Maluti GSM

Kavango

Caprivi

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Boreholes: H-pumpsDieselElectricSolar

Local Storage: Typically 3 x !0m3polypropylene tanks

Community Stand-pipe

Animal Drinking Trough

Regional PipedWater Schemes(Namwater)

ScopeScopeCaprivi

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Handpumps Diesel Electric Solar Pipeline

Kavango

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Handpumps Diesel Electric Solar Pipeline

Total = 384 Total = 863(including p-line schemes)

KavangoKavangoLarge number of diesel schemesLarge number of diesel schemes

Fairly evenly distributedFairly evenly distributed

CapriviCapriviLarge number of hand-pump schemesLarge number of hand-pump schemes

Mostly located along the roadsMostly located along the roads

Poverty Profile

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Extremely Poor ModeratleyPoor

Rich

perc

en

t o

f h

-ho

lds

Kavango Caprivi

Definitions from Namibian Poverty Profile Studies •The extremely poor have a few chickens, a radio, one or two pots and earn cash by selling thatch and firewood.• The moderately poor cultivate their own fields, own a few cattle and may receive an old age pension.• The rich own business’, they are employed or retired and own many livestock

Water Aid TanzaniaWater Aid Tanzania

• Nearly half (46%) of public improved water Nearly half (46%) of public improved water points in rural areas of Tanzania are not points in rural areas of Tanzania are not functioning.functioning.

Maluti GSM

Comments from ZimbabweComments from Zimbabwe Pumps frequently breakdown and can remain out of Pumps frequently breakdown and can remain out of

service for 6 monthsservice for 6 months Pump attendants do not check to see if parts are worn Pump attendants do not check to see if parts are worn

outout Pumps usually remain un-serviced until they break Pumps usually remain un-serviced until they break

downdown Maintenance schedules are not followed even when Maintenance schedules are not followed even when

users know that certain parts have a limited life spanusers know that certain parts have a limited life span WPC’s do not function as intended, members are WPC’s do not function as intended, members are

usually specially selected, not elected by usually specially selected, not elected by communities, and receive only rushed trainingcommunities, and receive only rushed training

Many communities are unable – or unwilling to pay for Many communities are unable – or unwilling to pay for maintenancemaintenance

Policy makers need to consider incentives for pump Policy makers need to consider incentives for pump mindersminders

Observations in Kavango and CapriviObservations in Kavango and Caprivi

Although there are no definitive figures it appears that Although there are no definitive figures it appears that there are significant levels of operational problemsthere are significant levels of operational problems

Procurement of diesel is problematicProcurement of diesel is problematic Procurement of material and equipment by DWA is Procurement of material and equipment by DWA is

difficult.difficult. WPC’s are based on volunteerism and hence the WPC’s are based on volunteerism and hence the

committee members changecommittee members change Payment by community members is erratic. Payment by community members is erratic. Namwater’s billing procedures are not clear.Namwater’s billing procedures are not clear. Namwater’s cost recovery rate was reported to be 30% Namwater’s cost recovery rate was reported to be 30%

from the community. Deficits were reported to be made from the community. Deficits were reported to be made up directly from DWA.up directly from DWA.

Repairs by DWA can take months.Repairs by DWA can take months. There is a trend of payment to caretakers being stopped.There is a trend of payment to caretakers being stopped.

Community Payment RecordsCommunity Payment Records

Riv

alry

ExcludabilityHigh

High

Low

Toll Goods/Services

• Toll Road• Bridges• Public transport

Private Goods/Services

• purchases in shops• cars

Public Goods/Services

• Lifesavers• Public stand pipe with water abundance

Common Pool Goods/Services

• Commonage grazing• Public stand pipe with water shortage

““Tragedy of the Commons”Tragedy of the Commons”

Comparison of Technological OptionsComparison of Technological Options

Technology choice has a significant impact on the way Technology choice has a significant impact on the way community must behave to sustain the schemecommunity must behave to sustain the scheme

This means that there is no generic community dynamic This means that there is no generic community dynamic around financing O&Maround financing O&M

people cattledomestic demand

agric demand

daily demand

pumping energy

h-pump 180 400 1,260 10,000 11,2608 hrs of

pumping

diesel 180 400 1,260 10,000 11,260$9 per day of diesel

elec 180 400 1,260 10,000 11,260$3 per day

of elec

solar 180 400 1,260 10,000 11,260no pump on cloudy days

nb: demand is not constant through the year due to water lying on the ground in rainy season

Example TariffsExample Tariffs

Domestic UseDomestic Use LivestockLivestock

ConsumptionConsumption 12l/c/day12l/c/day 30l/lsu/day30l/lsu/day

Tariff (Undungu)Tariff (Undungu)(new tariff) (no consideration (new tariff) (no consideration for number of cattle)for number of cattle)

NAD 30/mthNAD 30/mth NAD 50/mthNAD 50/mth

Tariff (Undungu)Tariff (Undungu)(old tariff)(old tariff)

NAD 30/mthNAD 30/mth NAD 80/mthNAD 80/mth

MakandinaMakandina NAD 5/mthNAD 5/mth NAD 10/mthNAD 10/mth

SipilisaSipilisa NAD 5/mthNAD 5/mth

IkumweIkumwe NAD 50/mthNAD 50/mth NAD 30/mthNAD 30/mth

Frequency of services (regular visits)Frequency of services (regular visits) DieselDiesel Every 2 mthsEvery 2 mths

ElectricalElectrical Once every 3 monthsOnce every 3 months

H-pumpsH-pumps 0nce every 6 months0nce every 6 months

Number of services in a dayNumber of services in a day DieselDiesel 33

ElectricalElectrical 44

H-pumpsH-pumps 55

Time allowance for emergenciesTime allowance for emergencies PercentPercent 20%20%

Travel per serviceTravel per service KmKm 100km/day100km/day

Frequency of extension support Frequency of extension support Visits per yrVisits per yr Quarterly (3 WPC per Quarterly (3 WPC per day)day)

Assistants for each artisanAssistants for each artisan numbernumber 22

Activity Base CostingActivity Base Costing

Number of admin peopleNumber of admin people numbernumber 33

Number of management staffNumber of management staff NumberNumber 33

Annual office costsAnnual office costs NADNAD Last years Last years

Provision for major repairsProvision for major repairs NADNAD 2% of capital2% of capital

Hourly rate for WPC staffHourly rate for WPC staff NADNAD NAD 9-00/hrNAD 9-00/hr

Major repairs

2%

HO Support

20%

Travel42%Office

expenses3%

Tech Support

12%

Energy2%Material

7%

CBO 5%

Travel41%

Office expenses

2%

Tech Support

14%

Energy1%

Material8%

CBO 5%

Major repairs

1%

HO Support

20%

CapriviBudget = US$ 959kABC = US$ 1,907kRSA comparison = US$ 723k

KavangoBudget = US$ 990kABC = US$ 2,285kRSA comparison = US$ 1,948k

Monthly CostsMonthly Costs

ANDMANDM CHDMCHDM

Manage and Tech SupportManage and Tech Support 31%31% 40%40%

TransportTransport 8%8% 31%31%

CBO staffCBO staff 25%25% 17%17%

MaterialMaterial 12%12% 9%9%

EnergyEnergy 7%7% 4%4%

Admin Admin 5%5% n/an/a

VATVAT 12%12% n/an/a

Examples From RSAExamples From RSA

Complex OrganisationsComplex Organisations

1.1. The number of exceptions that must be handled.The number of exceptions that must be handled.2.2. The degree to which search is analysableThe degree to which search is analysable

““When the tasks people perform are well When the tasks people perform are well understood, predictable, routine and repetitive, a understood, predictable, routine and repetitive, a bureaucratic structure is the most efficient. “things bureaucratic structure is the most efficient. “things can be programmed”.can be programmed”.

Where tasks are not well understood, the situation Where tasks are not well understood, the situation is poorly understood and possibly reactive, is poorly understood and possibly reactive, recalcitrant, or self activating, the tasks are non-recalcitrant, or self activating, the tasks are non-routine and difficult to bureaucratise”routine and difficult to bureaucratise”

1.1. comparative studies is that we cannot expect a particular comparative studies is that we cannot expect a particular relationship found in one organization to be found in another relationship found in one organization to be found in another unless we know these organizations are in fact similar with unless we know these organizations are in fact similar with respect to their technologyrespect to their technology

2.2. types of organization – in terms of their function in society – types of organization – in terms of their function in society – will vary as much within each type as between types. will vary as much within each type as between types.

• Thus, some schools, hospitals, banks and steel companies Thus, some schools, hospitals, banks and steel companies may have more in common, because of their may have more in common, because of their routine routine character, than routine and character, than routine and non-routinenon-routine schools, routine schools, routine and and non-routinenon-routine hospitals, and so forth. hospitals, and so forth.

3.3. to assume that you are holding constant the major variable by to assume that you are holding constant the major variable by comparing several schools or several steel mills is comparing several schools or several steel mills is unwarranted until one looks at the technologies employed by unwarranted until one looks at the technologies employed by

various schools or steel mills.”various schools or steel mills.”

An ExampleAn Example

Maluti GSM

““A City”A City” ““Rural Munic”Rural Munic”

PopulationPopulation 703,000703,000 961,000961,000

ConsumptionConsumption 70Ml/day70Ml/day 20Ml/day20Ml/day

Pump PowerPump Power 1000 kW1000 kW 600kW600kW

InstallationsInstallations 55 120120

AreaArea 4,100 km4,100 km22 21,900km21,900km22

TechnologyTechnology ElecElec 50% diesel50% diesel

BudgetBudget ???? ????

Staff (skills)Staff (skills) ???? ????

How do we quantify the different challenges ?

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8 10

cost of complexity

economies of scale

total cost

Hidden Cost of ComplexityHidden Cost of Complexity

In rural water supply this hidden cost manifests In rural water supply this hidden cost manifests as service delivery failureas service delivery failure

The Operational Planners ChallengeThe Operational Planners Challenge

Tragedy of the commons

Lack of local equity

Complex technical environment

Non-bureaucraticorganisations

High cost

Distasteful split of costs

ConclusionsConclusions

If sustainability is required,If sustainability is required, realistic realistic evaluation of the following is required:evaluation of the following is required:

Identification of Identification of workwork to be carried out by to be carried out by local local peoplepeople and how it will be and how it will be paid forpaid for (tariffs or subsidies) (tariffs or subsidies)

Identification of technical and institutional support Identification of technical and institutional support required and how this will be adequately funded, with required and how this will be adequately funded, with particular emphasis on realistic particular emphasis on realistic transport transport costs to costs to provide support in settlements located far from the provide support in settlements located far from the operational huboperational hub

Maluti GSM

Key Lessons from the StudyKey Lessons from the Study Planning must identify and quantify Planning must identify and quantify adequate resourcesadequate resources Limits of local cost recoveryLimits of local cost recovery and availability of government and availability of government

funding must be considered.funding must be considered. Equitable tariffsEquitable tariffs must be set when multiple use (domestic must be set when multiple use (domestic

and livestock) services are provided.and livestock) services are provided. The staffing of community based institutions is often transient.The staffing of community based institutions is often transient. Training alone is not a sufficient, Training alone is not a sufficient, ongoing supportongoing support to WPC’s to WPC’s

is essential to ensure that the necessary skills are available.is essential to ensure that the necessary skills are available. The logistical challenge of providing support is The logistical challenge of providing support is

underestimated. underestimated.

Maluti GSM