SHORTEST PATH FOR UPDATED VEHICLE MOVEMENTS … · SHORTEST PATH FOR UPDATED VEHICLE MOVEMENTS IN VANETS ... SHORTEST PATH FOR UPDATED VEHICLE MOVEMENTS IN VANETS 19 ... A. Transportation

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume X, Issue-VI, June2016

Neeha Chandran.k and Dr.S.Malathy 18

SHORTEST PATH FOR UPDATED VEHICLE MOVEMENTS IN

VANETS Neeha Chandran.k 1, Dr. S. Malathy2

1II Year M.E Student, 2 Professor and Head 1,2 ECE Department,Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering,

Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India Anna University

ABSTRACT:

WSN have a main role in road transportation.It provide reliable and flexible communication for traffic monitoring and routing of the vehicles. In VANET algorithm provides only a single path to drivers through GSM for reducing the traffic congestion. The design of a time efficient path-planning algorithm that provides many alternate paths is very complicated task for congestion control. The real-time traffic information collected by VANET is used for efficient path planning in which the average travel cost of vehicles is significantly reduced. Each vehicle is expected to follow a planned path from its starting point toward its ending point. The planned path is the path preset in a GPS according to the vehicle driver’s interest, based on the locations of the starting and ending points. Vehicles are the nodes, connected to the RSU and then to the traffic server. In proposed scheme many alternate paths are available, displaying in digital display to reach end point with distance. So vehicles choose only shortest path in road to reach the target. RSU analyses the road condition in the network and provide shortest path transportation in VANET. Cumulative sensor sense the moisture level i.e. rain rate in road. Speed sensor limits the vehicles movement in road and also tracks the speed using sensor. RSU collected information are send to traffic server. Shortest path technique is very important in VANET to reduce time and cost of vehicle usage. Distributed Kruskal’s algorithm is used to find Minimum distance path in road.LED Display displaying the path distance like km (kilometer), target region and the speed imit. Keywords: VANETs, shortest alternate paths planning, travel cost, wireless

communication, Kruskal’s algorithm.

[1] INTRODUCTION

The services provided by WSN in road transportation are endless. It plays a critical role in transportation system. Safety is an important factor in road transportation.WSN has become increasingly important in road safety because of their reliable and flexible communication. Especially in recent few years, accidents occur frequently which brings huge loss of life. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported 1.24 million deaths worldwide in the year 2010 and it reached to 1.26 million in year 2000. i.e., in every 25 seconds one person is killed

SHORTEST PATH FOR UPDATED VEHICLE MOVEMENTS IN VANETS

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in the world. Actually, this road accident is most unwanted thing to happen in road. But it occur frequently causing fatality (death), injury and property damage. Road traffic causes wastage of time and the fuel. WSN can apply to gather vast information especially in the area of traffic. WSN are applied in road transportation for traffic monitoring [1] and dynamic routing of the vehicles [2].The vehicles are considered as nodes which consists of communicating unit, processing unit, power unit and sensing unit. Sensing unit can be sensors temperature, pressure, acoustic noise level, lighting condition etc. Processing unit is the MCU signal processing and device control and battery is used to give power. Principles of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are used to create Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). It provide continuous wireless networks for exchanging data through the vehicles. In 2000s, VANET is seen as an application of MANET, but now it is developed to the field of research. By 2015 VANET becomes used as an inter-vehicle communication (IVC), but it is more familiarized as a spontaneous networking than its use on the Infrastructure like Road Side units (RSU) or cellular networks. Spontaneous networking is used on infrastructure like Road Side units (RSU) or cellular networks.

A traffic collision occurs due to a motor vehicle collision (MVC), traffic accident, automobile accident, road traffic accident, car crash, motor vehicle accident, car accident, when a vehicle collides with pedestrian, animal, road debris, another vehicle, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree. Injury, death and property damage are due to traffic collisions. A number of factors affecting the risk of collision include speed of operation, due to alcohol or drugs, vehicle design, road design, road environment, and driver skill, impairment and behavior, speeding and racing. In world, motor vehicle collisions cause disability, lead to death, and financial costs to both society and the individuals involved. A wide range of applications supported by VANETs are from simple one hop information dissemination of, e.g., (CAMS) cooperative awareness messages to the multi-hop dissemination of messages over long distances. There are more similarities in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and in VANETs, but the details differ. Vehicles tend to move in an organized fashion rather than moving at random. Most vehicles are allowed to move in their range of motion, for example they are constrained to follow a paved highway.

VANETs can use any wireless networking technology. The oldest are short range radio technologies like, Bluetooth, Visible Light Communication (VLC), Infrared, and ZigBee. The, cellular technologies like UMTS, LTE, or WiMAX IEEE 802.16 also support VANETs, forming heterogeneous vehicular networks. Vehicular networks are highly mobile and disconnected frequently. This makes the Multihop data delivery through the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) a complicated task. So to overcome this problem Jing Zhae et al [3] introduce a carry and forward technique in which the moving vehicle carries a packet until a new vehicle moves in to its vicinity and forwards the packet to that vehicle. Here a predictable mobility in a VANET [4], which is limited by traffic pattern and road layout, is used. Vehicle-assisted data delivery (VADD) protocols helps in forwarding the packet to the best road with the lowest delay in data delivery.

VANETs support a wide range of applications .It provides heterogeneous media services [5] in peer to peer [P2P] vehicular networks which improves total user satisfaction.RSU is connected between the vehicles and the media server. Media server consists of different media service databases. Vehicles request media services and provide media services to others through P2P based communication. Other application is it broadcast mobile (TV) to vehicles [6]. It



provides similar service as the cable or satellite in the home. This reduces the traffic in segment transmission by using grouping based segment storage that uniformly distributes the video segments along the Chord overlay.

The movement of vehicles are observed by camera. The Todd N. Schoepflin and Daniel J. Dailey propose a dynamic camera calibration for controlling the road traffic and estimating the speed of the vehicles in road [7]. To control road side traffic management cameras, to track vehicles and to create a traffic speed sensor a new three-stage algorithm is used. The camera position relative to the roadway is first estimated using this algorithm. The algorithm then measures the parameters using camera by estimating the lane boundaries and the vanishing point of the lines along the roadway. The image coordinates from the vehicle tracker into real-world coordinates are transformed using this algorithm using this simplified camera model. Using reasonable assumptions, this algorithm estimates the position of the camera using information extracted from the motion and edges of the vehicles.

In previous works vehicles are equipped with the onboard units that enable multi hop V2V such a group of vehicles act as multi hop, communication used in delivering the periodic vehicle information like any collision occurred in roads that are viewed by a camera in traffic junction point. But there are disadvantages in this system.ie In VANET if any collision occurred single alternate path only available for traffic clearance, Path planning algorithms used to plan the path so use maximum time to clear the traffic, Some vehicles not receive the correct updates for collision condition available in the road any vehicle transmitter and receiver gets failure.

The interfaces equipped with vehicles are the radio communications interfaces which increasingly become intelligent systems. These interfaces are commonly known as VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks) which forms vehicular networks. They are similar to mobile ad hoc networks where vehicles are the mobile nodes. Several unique features of VANETs are the highly efficient mobile and fixed nodes, short connection times, etc. Conventional security mechanisms are not always effective in VANET. So a wide variety of researches about VANET have been recently going on to study about the characteristics of vehicular communication. This paper provides an improved transportation system for updated vehicle movement in network. In proposed method many alternate paths are available, displaying in digital display to reach end point. These paths are planned by the traffic server using a time based convenient path searching algorithm .Every vehicles get information from roadside display unit to follow any path chosen by vehicle driver which path gets convenient. In road side unit all sensors are available or not to check it and if any failure that goes to out of coverage. The digital display in the road side unit display available main and small paths in entire area e.g.: streets also noted in the traffic server system.

[2] RELATED WORKS

Electronic sensors in the vehicles detect changes in the path or speed and send appropriate messages to neighbours. Drivers can make better decisions by notifying close vehicles of the direction they are taking and this is the most advanced version of turn signals. Again some advances are done i.e. at intersections the system alerts the drivers while passing.


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But these works can’t reduce the congestion to a large extent; there is a need for some path planning system which efficiently relieves traffic congestion to a large extent. A. Transportation System

Hybrid VANET enhanced transportation [8][1] is used for providing real time planned path for the vehicles. This system consists of RSUs, cellular base station and vehicle traffic server.RSU is the Road Side Unit which acts similar to a wireless LAN (Local Area Network) access point and it provides communication with the infrastructure. Actually RSU is the communicating device which is located on the side of the road for providing connectivity support to the passing vehicles. Vehicles consist of onboard units and RSU allocate channels to the OBUs. Two channels are used control channel and service channel. Control channel broadcast and coordinate communication that takes place in other channels. DSRC devices not only switch to the service channel they also continuously monitor the control channel. VANET create communication between vehicles, and also between vehicle and the infrastructure.

Figure: 1. Intelligent Transportation System From fig 1 it is inferred that the traffic information is collected by RSU (Road Side

Unit) which consists of vehicle statistical information. An RSU share its own collected information with other RSUs and the vehicle-traffic server. The vehicle arrival and departure rate information will be updated in the Road Side Unit. Cameras and traffic flow meters [9][7] collect the information and given to the Road Side Unit. The taxis and buses are connected to the cellular system and the Road Side Units are well connected with each other through wire line. The real time vehicle information and the warning messages are collected by the hybrid Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).These information are collected by the vehicle traffic server. Using these collected information traffic server plan the alternate path using a path planning algorithm and decision is distributed to the vehicles through hybrid ITS. The recurrent congestion [10] occurs due to the tension between the current traffic flow situation and the road conditions. An accident or incident which can reduce the road capacity causes non recurrent congestion.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) provides V2V and V2I communications and provide ITS (Intelligent Transportation system). Long Lifetime Anypaths (LLA) routing which provides stable communication has recently gained much attention to reduce the traffic in road by providing inter-vehicle communications. VANET have a great role 1) to improve the

Real Time vehicle information and warning messages, by hybrid ITS and Traffic information collected by RSU

Vehicle traffic server

Real time path planning

Decision givento vehicles through hybrid ITS



vehicular traffic safety i.e. sending warnings messages in case of accidents, low bridges, ice, or oil on road, 2) to reduce the impact of vehicles on environmental pollution caused due to vehicles i.e. traffic light scheduling to help the driver to move in the green phase, 3) to provide the on-board infotainment services such as Internet access. In LLA: A New Anypath Routing Scheme Providing Long Path Lifetime in VANETs, Jacek Rak et al [11] proposed anypath routing which improves the of multihop paths and about its link stability. Link stability is very important for many real-time safety services which need QoS requirements, e.g., emergency warnings.

[3] SYSTEM MODEL

Vehicles and roadside units are the two main communicating nodes in a type of network called vehicular communication systems. VANET provides information, such as safety warnings and traffic information between vehicles and roadside units. Hence, vehicular communication systems avoid congestions and accidents in road more effective than if each vehicle tries to solve these problems individually. In this work a time based convenient path searching algorithm and kruskals algorithm is used, which introduce path available location and any accident occur clearing the traffic in current location to reduce waiting time of receiver. And give immediate response to traffic server in a road side unit; server gives message to nearest hospital and police station. Also find the many alternate paths for vehicles and display messages in traffic broad in Digital board, minimize the time delay for moving vehicle in heavy traffic area and improve the path plan efficiency.

In this work many alternate paths are available, displaying in digital display to reach end point. Every Vehicles get information from roadside display unit to follow any path chosen by vehicle driver which path gets convenient. Traffic servers give message to hospital or ambulance available in nearest location and inform to the police station. In road side unit all sensors are fixed to check it and if any failure that goes to out of coverage. Main and small Paths in entire area are displayed in the display: streets also noted in the traffic server system. Many alternate paths are available, displaying in digital display to reach end point with distance. So that vehicle drivers can choose only shortest path in road to reach the target. In RSU use sensor to analyze the over speed vehicles and send commands to Traffic server. Cumulative sensor is used to detect the road status in RSU.


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A. Improved Transportation System

Figure: 3.Block Diagram of Improved Transportation System for Updated Vehicles in Network

The VANET infrastructure consists of base station, road side stations and vehicles.

Vehicle will work as a node and build the network to get up to date information about traffic condition on the road on different available paths to reach the destination from the source. This alternative path considers time and distance parameters. And this makes easy for the owner to take decision of selecting path from many alternative paths available in digital display.

Vehicles can move through different alternate paths. This reduces the chance of collision more. In this way alerts will be sent to vehicle about traffic situation and driver will be taking decisions to follow the best route. And if any accident occurs server calls automatically in to nearby hospital or police station. As vehicle moves on road, vehicles get information about the current status of traffic. When vehicle head towards destination, if there occurs any accident on the route in which the vehicles are moving and if there exists any other path, base station will send message about the available alternate path to moving vehicle on that route and traffic server plan many alternate path using time based path planning algorithm and it is displayed in the digital display on the road side unit. In case of communication between vehicles there is a chance of failure in message transmission when GSM in vehicles got failure. So here digital display helps in case of any failure in the message transmission. Due to many alternate paths the most important thing is information is transmitted from source to destination without any delay. Here communication among vehicle and RSU, RSU and base station and vehicle to vehicle prompt communication plays an important role. This system makes user to take decision real time. This results in distribution of traffic information which results into better traffic management system. This system makes user more informed about the on route available facilities. User can take the required route if he wants to use the facility. For example, if the user want to go to petrol pump, then user can use the information published on the system and select the route on which petrol pump is available. This way this system can act as user friendly smart system which will guide driver as he proceeds on road. B. System Architecture

Vehicles get information

Many alternate paths are planned and shortest alternate path are planned

Digital display in RSU (Road Side Unit)

RSU collected information using sensors (vibration sensor cumulative

sensor, speed sensor)

Vehicle traffic server (convenient path searching algorithm, kruskals algorithm)



Figure. 4.System architecture

Therefore, VANETs diversify the capabilities of ad-hoc networks instead of simply

being another type of ad hoc network. These additional capabilities necessitate new algorithms and design principles for the realization of VANETs.

In this work many alternate paths are available, displaying in digital display to reach end point. Every vehicles get information from road side display unit to follow any path chosen by vehicle driver .So that driver’s choice the convenient path based on their destination. Traffic servers give message to hospital or ambulance available in nearest location and inform to the police station. In road side unit all sensors are available or not to check it and if any failure that goes to out of coverage. Mention the display available main and small Paths in entire area e.g.: streets also noted in the traffic server system. C. Path Planning Algorithm

Many numbers of factors contributes to the risk of collision, including vehicle accidents, speed of operation, road design, road environment, and driver skill, collision due to alcohol or drugs, and notably speeding and racing. Worldwide, vehicle collisions lead to more number of death and disability as well as it causes financial costs to both society and the individuals. Hence there is a need to extend VANETs field of action. Hence VANETs diversify the capabilities of ad-hoc networks. So new algorithms are needed for these additional capabilities and design principles for the realization of VANETs. Many alternate path to reach target algorithm {value (V,R)} { for{set $n 0} {$n<$n+1} {incr $n} { #initializing the vehicle nodes based on paths available if{V==n} { V->(LED path)n n->(LED path)n+1 n+1->(LED path)Vn }#LED Display the available paths in road else if{V==0} { V->(Stop)n}} $TrafficInfoshared<-True


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p,q<-NAPA(p,q) if{q<Q} { $q<-q+1 $k<-index of Pi Lj(Pi)<-Pj $V<-received Paths $P<-m(i) }#Vehicle use alternate paths if{Pi>Pj(Pi)} { P temp <-Pi $Pi<-Pj(Pi)

The time based convenient path searching algorithm is used to avoid the congestion on the road according to the driver preferences. The objective of this algorithm is maximizing the overall spatial utilization. It improves the total traffic flow and avoids the congestion to a large extent. The parameters used in the algorithm are: V-Vehicle R-Routing n-any number of vehicles p,q-region on the road NAPA-number of available path Pi, Pj-number of paths available from Pi to Pj Lj-more number of path M (i)-moving in current alternate path

Another algorithm used in this work is the kruskals algorithm which is also known as the greedy algorithm and this algorithm is implemented in ns2. It is an algorithm which makes the choice that look best at the moment. Hence by using this algorithm shortest paths are planned.

[4] EVALUATION AND RESULT

The result is achieved by using ns2 software. The result is shown through following steps.1) Vehicle nodes deployed in four way road, 2) Identification of Accident in real time Moving Vehicles, 3) Path planning using Vehicle to vehicle communication, 4) Road side sensor send the information to Traffic server, 5) Control Traffic to provide many alternate Path, 6) RSU analyzing Road condition in Network, 7) Shortest path transportation in VANET, 8) Performance Analysis. Vehicle Nodes Deployed In Four Way Road



Figure. 5. Vehicle Nodes Deployed In Four Way Road

Fig 5 shows the vehicle nodes deployed in the network. In four way road the vehicle

nodes are deployed in the network with the help of ns2.The nodes created are higher efficient traffic control server node, vehicle nodes, and the nodes for the Road Side Unit (RSU). Identification of Accident in Real Time Moving Vehicles

Figure. 6.Identification of Accident in Real Time Moving Vehicles

Fig 6 indicates the identification of accident in the real time moving vehicles. The

vibration sensor in the RSU identifies accident. To collect the real-time traffic information, the emerging vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) provides an ITS. Here systems with enhanced communication capabilities which are cost effective are produced. Traffic congestion, caused by unbalanced traffic flow or a sudden accident/incident, can cause late arrivals. This causes additional cost for drivers and becomes a major problem in the transportation. Path Planning Using Vehicle To Vehicle Communication


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Figure. 7. Path Planning Using Vehicle To Vehicle Communication

In this work paths are planned using vehicle to vehicle communication using sensor

networks as shown in fig 8. Individualized vehicle path planning, and vehicle localization have a great importance in traffic control. The end-to-end transmission performance of vehicular communications affects the performance of path planning in different. Here optimal paths are planned from a global perspective for a group of vehicles simultaneously. If any collision occurred vehicles moves through the alternate path and reduce collisions. Road Side Sensor Send the Information to Traffic Server

Figure. 8.Transmit information from RSU to Traffic Server Fig 8 shows that if any accident occurred for the vehicles moving path, road side sensor

sense the information and transmit to Traffic server. Traffic server has a camera to detect and also gather from sensor, server call to ambulance or hospital and also inform to police station. In road side unit all sensors are available or not to check it and if any failure that goes to out of coverage. Control Traffic to Provide Many Alternate Paths



Figure. 9. Control Traffic to Provide Many Alternate Paths In fig 9 many alternate paths are provided to control the traffic. New technique is

introduced to provide many alternate paths to clear traffic immediately. Path status is displayed in the LED display on the roadside unit. Vehicles will have different target location and vehicle driver can choose the convenient path based on the target location of their vehicle. RSU analyzing Road condition in Network

Figure. 10. RSU analyzing Road condition in Network

Fig 10 shows the RSU analyzing road condition in network. In this the cumulative

sensor senses the moisture level, i.e. the rain rate in road. It monitors the road condition, block that road and many provides alternate paths. Speed sensor limits the vehicles movement in road. RSU collected information is send to traffic server.


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Shortest path transportation in VANET

Figure. 11. Shortest path transportation in VANET Fig 11 shows the shortest path transportation in VANET. Road blocked for any

condition provide alternate shortest path. Shortest path technique is very important in VANET to reduce time and cost of Vehicle usage. Distributed Kruskal’s algorithm is used to find Minimum distance path in road.LED Display displaying the path distance and target region.

Finally Performance has been analyzed for (Shortest Path Moving Vehicle) SPM. � Throughput. � Delay time. � Network lifetime.

Throughput



Figure. 15. Throughput analysis

Delay time

Figure. 16. Delay time analysis

Network lifetime.

Figure. 16. Network lifetime analysis


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[5] CONCLUSION

One of the most critical issues in metropolitan area is the traffic management. However, it is the use of data from different sources in real-time .Lots of research and management techniques are used by government and city traffic controlling bodies to resolve this issue. Hence the recent advances in wireless technologies have increase the use of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) in many applications. This paper discuss about how this technology can be used to manage traffic efficiently and effectively. Here a path planning algorithm is used which provide many alternative paths and displays in the digital display in the RSU which reduces the congestion to a great extend. The work focuses on use of VANET technology for efficient route planning and traffic management. VANET technology is used to generate updated information for the vehicle when it moves from source to its destination. Here the shortest path among these alternate paths is find out which reduces the delay of vehicles to a more extent. And in RSU speed sensors and cumulative sensor are used for detecting the speed of the vehicles and analysing the road condition. REFERENCES [1]MiaoWang Hangguan Shan, Rongxing Lu, Ran Zhang, Xuemin Shen, Fan Bai, (2015) ‘Real-Time Path Planning Based on Hybrid-VANET-Enhanced Transportation System’, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1664 - 1678. [2]Baik Hoh, Toch Iwuchukwu, Quinn Jacobson, Daniel Work, Alexandre M. Bayen, Ryan Herring, Juan Carlos Herrera, Marco Gruteser, Murali Annavaram, and Jeff Ban, (2013) ‘Enhancing Privacy And Accuracy In Probe Vehicle-Based Traffic Monitoring Via Virtual Trip Lines’,IEEE Trans. Mob. Computing., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1536 - 1233. [3] Jing. Zhao and G. Cao, (2013) ‘VADD: Vehicle-assisted data delivery in vehicular ad hoc networks’, in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1–12. [4]Ilias Leontiadis, Gustavo Marfia, David Mack, Giovanni Pau, Cecilia Mascolo, and Mario Gerla, (2015) ‘On the effectiveness of an opportunistic traffic management system for vehicular networks’,IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1537–1548. [5]Jiming Chen, Weiqiang Xu, Shibo He, Youxian Sun, Preetha Thulasiraman, Xuemin Shen, (2014) ‘Utility-based asynchronous flow control algorithm for wireless sensor networks’, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1116–1126. [6] Changqiao Xu, Futao Zhao, Jianfeng Guan, Hongke Zhang, and Gabriel-Miro Muntean, (2014) ‘QoE-driven user-centric VoD services in urban multihomed P2P-based vehicular networks’, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 2273–2289. [7]T. Schoepflin and D. Dailey, (2014) ‘Dynamic camera calibration of roadside traffic management cameras for vehicle speed estimation’, IEEE Trans.Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 90–98.



[8]N. Drawil and O. Basir, (2015) ‘Intervehicle-communication-assisted localization’ IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 678–691. [9] Miao Wang, Hangguan Shan, Tom H. Luan, Ning Lu, Ran Zhang, Xuemin Shen, and Fan Bai, (2014) ‘Asymptotic Throughput Capacity Analysis Of Vanets Exploiting Mobility Diversity’, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 4187 - 4202. [10]Younshik Chung and Wilfred W. Reckera, (2012) ‘Methodological Approach For Estimating Temporal And Spatial Extent Of Delays Caused By Freeway Accidents’, IEEE Trans.Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1454 – 1461. [11]Jacek Rak,(2010)’ LLA: A New Anypath Routing Scheme Providing Long Pat Lifetime in VANETS’, IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 18, no. 2, pp.167-25


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SHORTEST PATH FOR UPDATED VEHICLE MOVEMENTS … · SHORTEST PATH FOR UPDATED VEHICLE MOVEMENTS IN VANETS ... SHORTEST PATH FOR UPDATED VEHICLE MOVEMENTS IN VANETS 19 ... A. Transportation