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Low Carbon Footprint
Housing Design
Ar. Shreya-Kalpesh Dalwadi
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Order of presentation
• Low Carbon Footprint definition
• Low Carbon Footprint calculation
• Low CF housing
– Single dwelling unit
– Multi-dwelling unit
• Rammed Earth Technology
• Mud blocks (CSEBs)
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I. Definition of carbon footprint (CF)
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Sustainability
• Definition of Sustainability
– Sustainability is defined as a way to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs…….
• Emphasis on ‘optimization’
• Concern for ecology
– entire system of which human existence is a small part and ‘development’ even a smaller part
• Sustainability applies to many fields
– Buildings, Industries, Manufacturing, Processing etc.
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“The carbon footprint is a measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that is directly andindirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over
the life stages of a product.”(book ecological economics)
Carbon Footprint (CF)
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II. Calculation of carbon footprint (CF)
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Carbon Footprint (CF)
• Concept of LCA– Life Cycle Analysis is essential for the evaluation of
the environmental burdens and resources consumed along the life cycle of products; from the extraction of raw materials, the manufacture of goods, their use by final consumers or for the provision of a service, recycling, energy recovery and ultimate demolition and disposal.
• Energy use in building– At several stages: extraction, manufacturing,
construction, and use during its entire life
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Carbon Footprint (CF)
• Parameters considered
– Construction materials (one time)• Cradle to shop• Construction equipment
– Transportation (one time)• Type of vehicle, fuel cost
– Electricity use (99 years)• Use of electrical energy for normal living• Refers to the actual cost of using the designed
building
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Carbon Footprint (CF)
• Formula for CF due to material use
Amount of CO2 emission (Kg) = V x D x C
V= Volume of Building Material Used (m3)
D=Density of Building Materials (Kg/m3)
C= Embodied Carbon Emission (Kg CO2 /Kg)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S.No Material name
Quantity used(m3)
Density(kg/m3)
Quantity in kg Embodied energy
(kg CO2 /kg) or(kg CO2 /m3)
CO2 emission
in kg
Eg 1 MudEg.2 Steel
Source: Action research
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Carbon Footprint (CF)
• Process for CF due to transportation
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
No of
trips
One trip distance
(kms)
Total distance travelled
(km)
Average of the
vehicle(kms/litre)
Fuel consumption
(litre)
Fuel emission conversion
factor(kg CO2/litre)
CO2 emission
in kg
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S.No Material name
Quantity used(m3)
Density(kg/m3)
Quantity (kg)
Fuel type
One time carrying capacity of vehicle
(kg)Eg 1 MudEg.2 Steel
Source: Action research
Source: Action research
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Carbon Footprint (CF)
• Process for CF due to electric energy
8 9 10 11
Total consumption
365 days (watt)
Total consumption
(KWH)
CO2 emission factor in India
(grams CO2/KWH)
CO2 emissionin kg
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S.No Electric equipment
Quantity(nos)
No. of use hours
(hr/day)
Unit power consumption
(watts)
Power consumed (watts/hr)
No. of working days
Eg 1 Tube lightEg.2 Fan
Source: Action research
Source: Action research
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Carbon Footprint (CF)
• Relative CO 2 emission case study– Natural Materials
– Climate Responsive Design
S.No CO2 emission analysis factor Relative emission quantity
1 CO2 emission due to building materials’ use A
2 CO2 emission due to transportation A\3
3 CO2 emission due to electricity consumption 3A
Source: Action research
Source: Action research
S.No CO2 emission analysis factor Relative emission quantity
Relative emission quantity
1 CO2 emission due to building materials’ use A 2.5 A ?2 CO2 emission due to transportation A\3 A\3 ?3 CO2 emission due to electricity consumption 3A 15A ?
• Relative CO 2 emission other designs
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Carbon Footprint (CF)
• Natural Materials– Mud– Stone
– Lime– Reuse, Recycle
• Climate Responsive Design– Reduction of Radiation– Natural Ventilation
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III. Low CF single dwelling unit
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tureEast Side (Front) View
North Side View
West Side View
South Side View
Low Carbon Footprint Housing
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tureEco-Housing Plan Ground Floor
ContributionDesigned for Hot and Dry
Climate- easily replicable
in most parts of the
country
Mud walls Courtyard home
Rammed earth wall on site
Visualized modulePlot size
Optimum for
Urban areas
High density Urban area
3.45 m
Optimized spanOne way slab to
optimize steelN
InspirationsModular design
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A B
DC E
GF H
I J
+
XY +
+
A + B couple - Ground spread
no FF
GF - 1BHK
A+B Parents , C+D Children grow up
FF – CB + Study
FF – MB + CB
GF – PB
A+B Grandparents, D+E stay with A+B F+G move to hostel, X+Y tenants
Staircase added for
tenants
FF – MB + CB
GF – PB
A+B Passed away,
D+E Old Age,
G+H stay with D+E ,
I+J(grand children), No
tenants
Stage - 4
Stage - 6
Stage - 3
Stage - 1
Stage - 2
FF – MB + TN
A+B Passed away, D+E Old AgeF Married/Moved awayG+H Married and stay with D+E, X+Y
tenants
GF – PB
Staircase added for
tenants
Stage - 5
GF – PB
FF – MB + TN
GF – PB/CB
Typical Family Cycle- Flexibility
Cyclic Design, ensures long term ownership by multiple generations
People (user)
A+B Grandparents, C Married/Moved away,D+E MarriedHave children F+G
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Material Material
Foundation
Local Stone Rammed Earth
Openin
gs (
fram
e) Jodhpur , Dholpur or similar Stone frame
R.C
.C F
ille
r S
lab
Plastic/Glass bottles Inverted Mud Pans
Op
enin
gs
(sh
utt
ers
)
Aluminum Eco board and Glass
Flo
ori
ng
Foundation filling:Construction Debris-REUSE
Plinth:R.C.C-MINIMALWalls-Rammed Earth-LOCAL
Lintel/Overhang:R.C.C-MINIMAL
Paint:Not required SAVING
Hard stone-Kota,Marble Mosaic
OR
OR
LocalLocal Waste
Within 300 Kms. Reuse of Waste
Within 300 Kms.
RecyclableRecyclable
Main Walls-Mud(Rammed Earth) Other Materials
•54% of material is from within 50kms away from site
•9% of material is from within 300 kms away from site•Thus, as 63% of material is from within 300 kms from site, reduction in Carbon footprint due to transportation
•100% of total steel used can be totally reused upon demolition of this project
OR
Planet (Materials)
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Introvert living- around Courtyard
Extrovert Living- VerandahHierarchy of spaces
Public- Open
Semi Private- Semi Open
Private- Closed
Private- Open
PlotVerandahRoomCourtyardRoomBackyard
Reuse Of Food and clothes in Indian households
Climate oriented Festivals in India
Sustainability deep Rooted in Indian Culture Adherence to lifestyle in India
N
Inspirations
Inspirations
Proficiency-Natural and Human made contexts
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EAST WEST
Courtyard induces Natural Ventilation
Full
height
opening
Wind Current at = Comfort
Higher Level
80 % thermal load from top
horizontal surface
Full height openings(no sill)
Continuous lintel and overhang
bands to protect walls.
Shorter Walls (heat
Buffers
(Radiation)Courtyard
East-West: • critical with respect to
Heat therefore short• critical with respect to
Radiation therefore buffers on these sides
Filler slab
9” Inverted Terracotta Pots
P.C.C
Reduction in Horizontal Radiation
Ventilation
Total CO2 emission is 690.90 tonnes in 100 years (life span of building)
Total CO2 emission of building (of building life) i s 5 tonnes per sq m.
CO2 Emission
Courtyard designed to filter light inside room omitting harsh heat
Heat absorbed by mounds hence
reduced indoors
N
Outdoor Indoor
Heat
Green
Mound
Green Mound
Passive Methods
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Ground floor Plan
LIVING ROOM
3.6 m X4.5 m
FOYER
4 m X 2 m
COURTYARD
2.7mX1.8m
KITCHEN/DINING AREA
3.2 m X 4.5m
TOI.
2.3m
X 1.2m
BED ROOM
3.2m X 3.5m
UTILITY
AREA
2.1m X7.2m
KITCHEN
GARDENPARKING
EARTH
MOUND
EARTH
MOUND
EARTH
MOUND
BED ROOM
GARDEN
EARTH
MOUND Plinth. Lvl.+0.6m
F.F. Slab Top Lvl.
+7.5m
BED ROOM
BED ROOM KITCHEN
TERRACE
Section AA’
“Local architectural grammar, climate and Local lifestyle” these
parameters being evolved through centuries of practice are
undoubtedly sustainable. So their manifestation to suit the existing
contemporary lifestyle would result in a design that is inevitably
“green”.
Salient features:
•Sustainability
•Stability
•Economy
•Energy Efficiency
•Adaptability
•Ease of building
•Affordability
•Environmental management
•Infrastructure availability
•Creativit
Site
Site Pictures
12 mt. wide Road UP
BED ROOM
4.5X3.2m
First floor Plan
BED ROOM
4.5X3.2m
TERRACE
7.6x8.5m
BAL1.8X1.5m
UPDN
TOI.
2.1X1.5m
BAL
1.8X1.5m
TOI.
2.1X1.5m
Layout
N
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III. Low CF multi-dwelling unit
innovationtraditionnature
Modular
View
-1
innovationtraditionnatureA
ssociation to ground
View
-2
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Public spaces
View -3
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Climate responsive design
OPEN GROUND
EXISTING BUILDING
PROPOSED BUILDINGPHASE- I
PROPOSED BUILDINGPHASE- II
Main attributes of Orientation
1. Reduction in Radiation through MassingThe massing of subsequent building blocks shade the floor below.2. Thermal comfortThermal comfort through minimum openings in East and West3. North LightBorrowing maximum glare free light from north4.Horizontal ShadingHorizontal surfaces through terraces and projecting floor acts as shading devices.
LEGEND
N
S
EW
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Material palette
CSEB in RCC frame structure
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Green Rating – Final Score
• Summation of all categories
Category Total Points Gained Points
SITE SELECTION & PLANNING 25 26
WATER EFFICIENCY 10 10
ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE 35 35
MATERIALS & RESOURCES 14 14
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 15 15
INNOVATION & DESIGN 4 4
REGIONAL PRIORITY 6 6
TOTAL SCORE 109 110 PLATINUM RATING
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IV. Rammed earth
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Material preparation
• Step 1: Cleaning of mud– Mud to be dug from plot of construction– 10’ X 10’ X 10’ pit suffices for G+1 2000 sq.ft. construction– Sieving /cleaning essential in order to make it free from pebbles, organic growth
– Can be done manually
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Material preparation
• Step 2: Dry mixing of ingredients– Mud needs binders before it can be cast as a wall– Sand and cement are easily available binders– Proportion of binders to be decided as per quality test reports of soil
– Binders can vary with adequate understanding of physical properties of soil– Dry mixing of 75% mud, 20% sand, 5%cement
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Formwork
• Step 3: Erection of formwork– Mud needs to be cast-on-site as a
wall– Formwork can be designed for
repetitive modules– Thickness of wall to be taken as width
of vertical supports and preferred length of wall to be taken as size of horizontal supports
– Vertical metal studs (W-9” H-10’) fixed to plinth beam or base
– Horizontal plywood sheets (L-8’ or length of wall, H-2’) fixed to metal studs through bolts
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Formwork
• Step 4: Resistance to thrust
– Ramming generates thrust on
horizontal formwork
– Formwork needs to resist this thrust
or else may fall apart
– Metal bolts, through and through, hold
bracing, which, resists thrust of
compression
– The bracing also becomes platform
for standing while ramming
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Material preparation
• Step 5: Addition of water to ingredients– Water needs to be added to dry mixture of mud, sand, cement– Water quantity to be added gradually– Simultaneous hand mixing to be carried out
– Quantity of water should be only that much which is just enough to make a ball by pressing
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Ramming
• Step 6: Pouring in formwork
– Mixture to be poured manually in
formwork
– Pouring of mixture to uniform 6”
thickness, marked on plywood
– Manual compression to begin using
metal rammer
– Mixture to be compressed to uniform
4” thickness pre-marked on plywood
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Ramming
• Step 7: Ramming in formwork
– Speed of ramming to be moderate,
not very fast
– Ramming to be carried out till mixture
starts giving metallic ringing sound
(say, tang-tang)
– Mud when compressed to desired
level will generate metallic ringing
sound with a metal rammer
– Job can be executed by un-skilled
labour also
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Ramming
• Step 8: Progression in height– First level ramming for first 0’-2’ height
to be accomplished– Shuttering to be added for second
level of ramming, 2’-4’ height– Ramming for 2’-4’ to be carried out in
similar way– Shuttering/s to be fixed for further
heights of 4’ and beyond
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Ramming
• Step 9: Ramming at higher levels– Bottom level shuttering, 0’-2’ and 2’-4’
can be removed immediately upon completion of ramming
– Shuttering to shift vertically up, upto higher levels as may be required
– Ramming for height of 10’, for a wall 8’ long, can be carried out by 2 un-skilled labourers in one single day
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Ramming
• Step 10: Finished wall
– Finished rammed earth wall with
inherent beautiful texture
– Aesthetics vary with colour of base
mud
– Eliminates need of paint or plaster
– Offers opportunity of composition with
varying tones
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Advantages
• Strength– Wet compressive strength 1.5 times that of brick wall– Difficult even to scratch with hand or pointed nail
• Weather effects– Technology is water resistant
– Safe even in heavy rain– 1’ X 1’ X 1’ sample cub, submerged in water for 28 days, did not show even
1mm reduction by volume, neither even 1% reduction by weight– Ramming as technology may be indirectly compared to natural compression of
soil in earth’s crust to form stones
• Texture– Can take the texture of local mud– Colours can be explored layer wise
– Innovations can be tried for different colours
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Advantages
• Sustainability– High degree of sustainability– Low carbon footprint
• Construction technology– Cost saving
– Fast speed of construction
• Ownership cost of building– Beautiful texture– Low maintenance
• Mass adaptation– Modular, so easy replication– Can be precast and used
– Suitable for infill, in high rise
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V. CSEBs
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Preparation of block
• Step 1: Digging and Sieving of soil– Topsoil and organic soils must not be used
– Soil test for identifying the properties of a soil– The main points to examine :
Grain size distribution, Quantity of each grain sizePlasticity characteristics, Quality and properties of the binders (clays and silts)Compressibility, optimum moisture content
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Preparation of block
• Step 2: Stabilisation of soil
– Selection will depend upon soil quality and the project requirement.– Cement and lime are most commonly used
– Cement preferable for sandy soils– Lime preferable for very clayey soil
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Preparation of block
• Step 3: Measuring and mixing(dry + wet) – Selection will depend upon soil quality and the project requirement.
– Cement and lime are most commonly used– Cement preferable for sandy soils– Lime preferable for very clayey soil
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Preparation of block
• Step 4: Pressing– Mixer is poured inside the framework
– Manually mixture is pressed to form block by using ball ram machine ,atram machine etc
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Preparation of block
• Step 5: Initial curing and first stacking– Bricks are stacked up
– First curing is done– Left for drying up
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Preparation of block
• Step 6: Final curing and stacking– Curing is done multiple times, then bricks are dried
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Advantages
• A local material
• A bio-degradable material
• An adapted material
• Being produced locally it is easily adapted to the various needs: technical, social, cultural habits.
• A transferable technology
• A job creation opportunity
• Reducing imports
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Advantages
• Produced locally by semi skilled people
• Flexible production scale
• Cost efficiency
• Energy efficiency and eco friendliness
• Equipment for CSEB is available from manual to motorized tools
• Social acceptance
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Way ahead
…..We are a very small part of a VERY LARGE ECOSYSTEM; we h ave
survived successfully for the last 5000 years, let us minimise our
footprint to be able to survive for another 5000 ye ars……
……Thank you for patience
www.harmonyarchitect.com
– Low CARBON FOOTPRINT now a reality
– Standards and testing methods to be formalised– Motivation needed for replication at mass level
