Shweta pradara swarna vanga rs019-gdg

By

DR. SARVAMANGALA B. SHIROL

Dissertation Submitted to theRajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences,

Karnataka, Bangalore.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATHI

In

RASASHASTRA

Under the guidance of

DR. M.C. PATIL M.D. (Ayu)

Under the co-guidance of

DR. JAGADEESH G. MITTI. M.D. (Ayu)

DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA,POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTER,

SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,GADAG – 582103.

2006-2009

PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF

SWARNAVANGA AND ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY IN SHWETA

PRADARA

Ayurmitra

TAyComprehended

Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka,Bangalore.

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I here by declare that this dissertation entitled

“Preparation, Physico-Chemical Analysis of Swarnavanga and its Clini-

cal Efficacy in Shweta Pradara.” is a bonafide and genuine research

work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. M.C. Patil, M.D.(Ayu),

(Rasashastra), Professor and H.O.D, Post graduate department of

Rasashastra and under the co-guidance of Dr. Jagadeesh G. Mitti.

M.D.(Ayu), Lecturer, Post graduate department of Rasashastra.

Date:Place: Gadag.

Dr. Sarvamangala B. Shirol

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ““Preparation,

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Swarnavanga and its Clinical Efficacy in

Shweta Pradara.” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Sarvamangala

B. Shirol in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda

Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).

Date:

Place:Gadag.

Dr. M.C. Patil, M.D. (Ayu)

Professor & H.O.D. Department of Rasashastra,

D.G.M.A.M.C, Gadag.

SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.

CERTIFICATE BY THE CO- GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Preparation,


Shweta Pradara.” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Sarvamangala.

B. Shirol in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda

Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).

Date:

Place:Gadag.

SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.

Dr. Jagadeesh G. Mitti. M.D. (Ayu)

Lecturer

Department of Rasashastra, D.G.M.A.M.C, Gadag.

ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D AND PRINCIPAL OF

THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Preparation,


Shweta Pradara.” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Sarvamangala

B. Shirol under the guidance of Dr.M.C.Patil, M.D.(Ayu), Professor & H.O.D,

Postgraduate department of Rasashatra and Under the co-guidance of

Dr. Jagadeesh G. Mitti M.D.(Ayu), Lecturer, Post graduate department

of Rasashastra.

Dr. G. B. Patil,

Principal.

D.G.M.A.M.C, Gadag.

Dr. M.C. Patil, M.D. (Ayu)

Professor & H.O.D.

Department of Rasashastra, D.G.M.A.M.C, Gadag.

Date:

Place:Gadag.

COPYRIGHT

Declaration by the candidate

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health

Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and

disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic format for academic /

research purpose.

Date:

Place:Gadag.

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka.

Dr. Sarvamangala. B. Shirol

V

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.L.NO. INDEX PAGE. NO

1. Introduction 1-3

2. Objectives 4

3. Review of Literature 5-100

4. Methodology 101-144

5. Results 145-160

6. Discussion 161-172

7. Conclusion 173-174

8. Summary 175-177

9. Bibliography 178-191

10. Annexure

I. Shlokas of Swaranavanga II. Case Sheet

VI

LIST OF TABLES Table No Tables Page No.

1 Synonyms of Hingula according to different Texts 6 2 Classification of Hingula according to different texts 7 3 Types of Hingula according to different Texts 8 4 showing the Rasa of Hingula according to different

texts 11

5 Classification of Synonyms on the basis of Roopa, Guna, Utpatti, and Upayog

17

6 Types of Parada depending on the Colour 18 7 Types of Parada depending on the place of Origin 18 8 Showing Samanya shodhana of Parada according to

different authors 20

9 Showing Vishesha shodhana of Parada according to different authors

20

10 Showing the synonyms of Gandhaka 28 11 Showing the Gandhaka shodhana according to

different authors 30

12 Showing the synonyms of vanga 37 13 Shodhana media according to different authors 40 14 Showing the synonyms of Navasadara 48 15 Showing synonyms of Saindhava lavana 53 16 Showing the karma of Saindhava lavana 54 17 Showing the Rogaghnata of Saindhava 55 18 Showing the Synonyms of Yashada 57 19 Shodhana media according to different authorities 59 20 Pharmacological Properties of Yashada bhasma 61 21 Indication of Yashada bhasma 61 22 Showing the Nidana of Shweta pradara 88 23 Symptoms of shweta srava in yoni rogas 90 24 Stanika lakshanas of Shweta pradara 90 25 Showing the Pathya Apathya of Shweta pradara 94 26 Temperature recorded during the procedure 106 27 Showing the observations made during the preparation

of Swarnavanga 126

28 Showing the yield of Swarna vanga in different practicals

129

29 Showing the distribution of patients by age 145 30 Showing the distribution of socio economic status 146 31 Showing the distribution of patients by Dietary Habits 147 32 Showing the distribution of the patients by Religion 147 33 Showing the distribution of the patients by occupation 148 34 Showing the distribution of the patients by Marital

status 149

35 Showing the distribution of the patients by Ahara Nidana

149

36 Showing the distribution of the patients by Vihara 150

VII

Nidana 37 Showing the distribution of the patients by Anya

Nidana 150

38 Showing the distribution of the patients by Nidanartha kara Vyadhi

150

39 Showing the distribution of the patients by Chronicity 151 40 Showing the distribution of the patients by chief

complaints 151

41 Showing the distribution of the patients by Associate complaints

152

42 Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni srava before and after treatment

153

43 Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni dourgandhya before and after treatment

153

44 Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni kandu before and after treatment

153

45 Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni vedana before and after treatment

154

46 Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni sheetatwa before and after treatment.

154

47 Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Vrana before and after treatment.

154

48 Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Vaginal pH before and after treatment.

155

49 Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Vaginal Smear before and after treatment.

155

50 Result Of Swarna Vanga In Shweta Pradara 156 51 Showing the Statistical analysis of the subjective and

objective parameters before and after the treatment 157

52 Master Chart Showing The Demographic Datas 158 53 Master Chart Showing The Subjective Parameters 159 54 Master Chart Showing The Objective Parameters 160

LIST OF FLOWCHARTS

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

S.L. No. Photographs 1 Preparation of Swarnavanga

S.L. No.

Flowcharts Page No.

1 Doshas of Parada 19 2 Classification of Kupipakwa Rasayana 67 3 Samprapti of Shwetapradara 92

I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I salute almighty God.

With deep sense of pleasure, I express my respects to my Father Shri Basavayya Shirol, who is the source of inspiration abundant patience, confidence, will power has encouraged and fulfilled all the responsibilities of moulding my life including the continuation of P.G. Studies and then to my mother Smt. Shakuntala who has taken the full care and nourishment not only to me but also of my son at her age of sixties. I am extremely happy to express my obligation to my honourable guide Dr. M.C. Patil MD (Ayu) HOD, P.G Dept. of Rasashastra, DGMAMC, Gadag, for his scholarly guidance, supervision, creative criticism and high inspiration at every stage of this work. My profound gratitude to my co- guide Dr. Jagadeesh. Mitti, MD (Ayu), Lecturer, P.G Dept. of Rasashastra, DGMAMC, Gadag, who gave me timely advises and suggestion during the entire period of this effort. I express my deep gratitude to beloved Principal Dr. G.B. Patil, Principal DGMAMC, Gadag, for his encouragement and providing all necessary facilities for this research work. I offer my sincere thanks to Dr. R.K. Gacchinmath, professor and HOD, UG Dept of Rasashastra, DGMAMC, Gadag for his constant support. I wish to convey my regards to Dr. G.N. Danappagoudar MD (Ayu), Lecturer PG Dept of Rasashastra, DGMAMC, Gadag, for his creative criticism and encouragement. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Suvarna Nidigundi MD (Ayu), Lecturer, PG Dept of rasashastra, DGMAMC, Gadag, for her critical use and precious suggestions. I tender my sincere thanks to Dr. Nandakumar (P.H.D.) and Dr. Ashok Patil M.D. (Ayu) for their help in Statistical evaluation and results. I wish to add my warmest thanks to my PG teaching faculty, Dr. Mulgund, Dr. Sureshbabu, Dr. Shivaramudu, Dr. G.S. Hiremath, Dr. K.S.R Prasad, Dr. Santosh Belavadi, Dr. R.V. Shettar, Dr. Kuber Sankh, Dr. Shashikanth Nidugandi, Dr. Samudri, Dr. Yasmin, Dr. Veena Kori, Dr. Shakuntala Garwad, Dr. Jayraj for their valuable suggestions and timely help made me to complete this dissertation work successfully. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. V.M. Sajjan and Dr. Jayashree Virakthmath for supporting me by giving patients during my clinical trial.

I extend my gratitude to Sri. V.M. Mundinamani, Librarian, Sri. Kerur and Sri

Shavi for providing the required books during the study.

II

I extend my gratitude to Smt. A.C. Patil and the attenders of Rasashastra department, Samshad, Mangala, Manju for their help during my practical works.

I am greatful to Shri Chaitrakumar (Sadguru computers) for his kind co-operation

and immense help to complete the dissertation work.

My deepest condolence to the sad and untimely death of Dr. Shivakumar who was my batch mate, young, talented and ambitious. I pray God to let his soul be rest in peace.

I extend my gratefulness and sincere heart felt gratitude to my colleagues Dr.Kavita, Dr. Anupama, and Dr. Ravindra for their friendly affection and amiable attitude during my study period without which I would never be complete.

I offer my sincere thanks to my senior friends Dr. Rudrakshi, Dr. Jayashree, Dr.

Suma, Dr. Katimani and also to my junior friends Dr. Deepa, Dr. Praveen, Dr. Jeetendra, Dr. Anil, Dr. Hiremath, Dr. Satish, Dr. Sanjeev, Dr. Vijay and Dr. Jayakar for their support and affection.

I offer my sincere thanks to my other department friends Dr. Savita, Dr. Mukta

Arali, Dr. Jaya, Dr. Kalavati, Dr. Mukta Hiremath, Dr. Vijayalaxmi and Dr. Veena for their support and affection.

My respects are to my Grand Father Shri Channamallayya Swami Choukimath, who is 92yrs old, whose blessings are precious to me. Further I record my regards to my two elder brothers Shri. Shivayogi and Shri Prasanna kumar and to my Babhi’s Smt. Deepa and Smt. Sharada for their moral and cordial support during the study.

I may fail in my duties if I cant express my respects to my Late Father in law Dr. Holebasayya Vajramatti and mother in law Smt. Sumitra devi, and I express enormous earnest gratification and heart felt thanks to my beloved Husband Dr. Manjunath Vajramatti who are responsible for their constant support and co-operation through out the completion of PG Course.

I express my thanks to all those who had helped me directly and indirectly with apologies for my inability to identify them individually.

I dedicate this work done as a partial fulfillment of postgraduate degree to my lovely and naughty son Chi. Naman. I express my eternal love to him for dispelling all my tensions and tiredness with his talk, love, affection and support which made me for this success at this age.

Dr. Sarvamangala Shirol

III

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A. H. – Ashtanga Hridaya.

A. P. – Ayurveda Prakasha.

A. S. – Ashtanga sangraha.

B.R.R.S – Brihat Rasa Raja Sundara.

C. S. – Charaka Samhita.

D. N. – Dhanvantari Nighantu.

K. N. – Kaideva Nighantu.

M.P.N. – Madana Pala Nighantu.

R.A. - Rasamritam.

R.A.N. - Rasarnava.

R.C. - Rasendra chudamani.

R.J.N. - Rasa Jala Nidhi.

R.N. - Raja Nighantu.

R.K. - Rasa Kamadhenu.

R.P.S. - Rasaprakasha Sudhakara.

R.R.S. - Rasa Ratna Samucchaya.

R.S.S. - Rasendra Sara Sangraha.

R.T. - Rasa Tarangini.

S.S. - Sushruta Samhita.

- - Not mentioned

+ - Mentioned

IV

IV

ABSTRACT

The Rasayogas are frequently divided on the basis of Samskara given to them has

lead to the evolution of Kharaleeya,Parpati,Kupipakwa and Pottali Rasayanas with varied

therapeutic efficacy.

Swarnavanga is a Sagandha Kupipakwa Rasayana.According to

Rasataranginikara,Hingulottha Parada,Shodita Vanga,Shodita Gandhaka,and Shodita

Navasadara in sama pramana is taken to prepare Swarnavanga.In the present study its

efficacy in Shwetapradara(leucorrhoea) was under trail.

Based on several observations the duration of heat required to prepare

Swarnavanga was noted as 12 hours in Kramagni pattern.Mrudvagni(200-250 deg

cent),Madhyamagni (300-450 deg cent) and Teevragni (450-600 deg cent).40% of the

final product obtained show economy.

Analytical procedures such as organoleptic, pH, loss on drying, fineness of

particles, flow property etc are carried out and also XRD is done.

Therapeutic efficacy of Swarnavanga was evaluated by clinical trail on 20

selected cases of Shwetapradara.Result showed Highly significant(p,0.05) by students

paired t-test.Overall response to the treatment was found to be moderate response (45%)

out of 20 patients under trail.

By the present study,it is found that Swarnavanga can be the best choice of

Rasaoushadi in Shwetapradara.

Key words-

Kupipakwa Rasayana, Swarnavanga, Kramagni, XRD, Shwetapradara,

Leucorrhoea, Therapeutic efficacy.

Introduction

“Preparation, Physico Chemical Analysis of Swarna Vanga and its Clinical

Efficacy in Shweta Pradara”

1

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is an age-old science of Indian system that is based on its own

fundamentals. It represents totality of life and provides complete knowledge to

maintain holistic balance of body and mind. Ayurveda and its medicines are

serving the needs of ailing humanity since many centuries.

Rasashastra is an important branch of Ayurveda, which is pioneered by

Nagarjuna. This shastra is related to metals and minerals. It is believed that

Rasashastra is an expansion of Rasayana therapy of Ayurveda. Rasaoushadhis

have good preventive, curative and rejuvenating potential.

Rasayogas are classified on the basis of samskara given to them as

Kharaliya Parpati, Kupipakwa and Pottali Rasayana. Among these pharmaceutical

preparations Kupipakwa Rasayana are important as they exhibit fast action in

small dose.

Historically their manufacturing and therapeutic uses have started since

12th century AD onwards. Sri Dundukanth the author of Rasandra chintamani was

the first intellectual to introduce this type of preparation in Ayurvedic therapeutics

in view of their high potency, and least toxicity in treating almost all types of

ailments.

In Kupipakwa Rasayana agni plays an important responsibility in

changing Physico- chemical properties of drug by duration and pattern of

heating.These Kupipakwa Rasayana have got its own importance in the concern

of Chikitsa.This is of two types. 1) Sagandha 2) Nirgandha. It is observed that

Introduction



2

therapeutically Sagandha preparations are very effective with less side effects

than Nirgandha.

Swarna Vanga is one of the Sagandha Kupipakwa Rasayanas and it is

Considered as an ideal Rasayoga by Rasataranginikara for Shwetapradara.

Gynaecological problems are very common now-a-days,among them

Shwetapradara is one of the most observing disorders of women which occurs

irrespective of socio-economical status,occupation,etc.It is caused by the vititation

of kapha dosha.Though it is seen as an negligible factor initially,if not treated

properly in time it will lead to major gynaecological problems.

Shweta pradara can be correlated with leucorrohea.Leucorrohea,a common

gynaecological symptom troubles more than 75% of women during their life.This

is characterized by a discharge from the genital tract.It is often associated with the

genital tract by some organisms,metabolic and hormonal disturbances which are

responsible for the disease.

Swarna Vanga is indicated for all types of Pramehas,which indicates its

action on mootravaha sroto vikara i.e, a drug of choice for some uro-genital

diseases and also best used in Shukra vaha sroto vikaras.Shweta pradara is seen in

anemia and in some artava vaha sroto vikaras and also seen in mootra vaha sroto

vikaras.

The Artava vaha srotas of female is homologus in function with Shukra

vaha srotas of males. Hence the drug acting on Shukra vaha srotas may act on the

Artava vaha srotas.

Introduction



3

The properties of Swarna vanga are Lavana Rasa, Sheeta Guna and Shleshma

hara,it acts as Sthambhaka in uro-genital system.By considering the above points

and the pathology of Shweta pradara and looking at the indications of

Swarnavanga mentioned in classics has lead the selection of this topic for

dissertation and effort has been made to evaluate clinically the efficacy of

Swarnavanga in shwetapradara.

Objectives



4

OBJECTIVES

The present study was planned with the following aims and objectives.

Preparation of Swarana vanga

Physico – Chemical analysis of Swarna vanga

To study the clinical efficacy in selected cases of Shwetapradara.

Drug Review



5

Hingula

Introduction

Hingula is a compound of Parada and Gandhaka. It is obtained from mines as a

natural mineral and prepared artificially also1. This is the chief source of mercury since

ancient times to till date and 70 to 80% of mercury can be extracted out of that.

Anandakanda named Hingula as Rasagarbha and it is Rasagandha sambhava.According

to Rasarnava, Parada extracted from Hingula is said to be Shreshta to prepare Medicine.

History2

No references about Hingula are available in any of Vedas or in samhitas. The

reference is found in Koutaliyta Arthashastra in “Testing of gold” and other metals than

medicine.

Vernacular Names3,4:

Sanskrit -- Hingula, Darada, Churnaparada, Mlechch

Hindi -- Hingula, Singarpha,

Latin name – Sulphuatum hydrargyrum

English -- Cinnabar, Redsulphide of Mercury

Kannada -- Ingalika,

Marathi -- Hingula,

Assami -- Janophar

Telagu -- Ingulikam,

Gujarati -- Hingula

Malayalam -- Sedilengam,

Arabic -- Zunjefer

Nepal -- Sabita,

Persian -- Shengherf

Drug Review



6

Table. No.1 Synonyms of Hingula according to different Texts:

Sl.No Synonyms RT5 RSS6 AP7 RSN8 DhN9 RSM10 KN11 BP12

01. Hingulam - - - - + - - -

02. Hingul + - - - - - - -

03. Hingula + + + + - + - +

04. Ingula + - - - - - - +

05. Hingulaka - - - - - - + -

06. Mleccha + - + + + + + +

07. Rakta + - + - - - + -

08. Gairika + - - - - - + -

09. Suranga + - + - - - - -

10. Chitranga + - - - - - + -

11. Churna parada + - - - + - - +

12. Rasodbhava + - - - + - - -

13. Rasasthana + - - - + - - -

14. Ranjana + - - - - - - -

15. Kapishirshaka + - - - - - - -

16. Raktakaya + - - + - - - -

17. Hamsapada + - - - - + + -

18. Darada + + + - - - - +

19. Barbara - - + - - - - -

20. Shuka tunda - + - - - - - -

21. Jati - - - - - - + -

22. Rasagandha

sambhuta

- + - + - - - -

23. Daitya raktaka - + - - - - - -

24. Maraka - - - - + - - -

25. Maniraga - - - - - - + -

26. Rasagarbha - + + - + - - -

27. Ati rakta - - - - - - + -

Drug Review



7

Table No. 2 Classification of Hingula according to different texts:

A: Rasa B: Maharasa C: Uparasa D: Sadharanarasa E: Suvarnadivarga F: Rasadhatu G: Dhatuvarga

Sl No Authors A B C D E F G

1 Rasahrudayatantra + - - - - - +

2 Rasarnava - + - - - - -

3 Rasakamadhenu - + - - - - -

4 Gorakshasamhita - + - - - - -

5 Anandkanda - - + - - - -

6 Rasaratnakar - - + - - - -

7 RasaprakashSudhakar - - + - - - -

8 Rasendrasarsangraha - - + - - - -

9 Rasmanjari - - + - - - -

10 Rasendrachintamani - - + - - - -

11 Ayurvedprakash + + - - - - -

12 Bhavaprakash - - + - - - -

13 Rasaratnasamucchaya + - - - - - -

14 Brihatyogtarangini - - + - - - -

15 Rasarajsundara - - - + - - -

16 Rasendrachudamani - - - + - - -

17 Rasajalnidhi - - - + - - -

18 Bharatiyrasashastra - - - + - - -

19 Dhanvantarinighantu - - - - + - -

20 Rajanighantu - - - - + - -

21 Madanphalnighantu - - - - + - -

22 Rasamruta - - - - - + -

23 Yogaratnakara - - - - - + -

24 Kaidevnighantu - - - - - - +

25 Bhavaprakashnighantu - - - - - - +

Drug Review



8

Hingula Bheda:

Table No. 3 Types of Hingula according to different Texts:

Sl No

Name of the Text Charmara Shukatunda Hamsapada Anya

1 Anand Kanda + + + - 2 Rasendra Chudamani - + + - 3 Ayurveda Prakasha + + + - 4 Rasaprakash Sudhakar + + + - 5 Rasatarangini + + + Kritrim,Khanija6 Rasamrita - - + Mlecha 7 Rasakamedhenu + + + - 8 Bhavaprakasha + + - - 9 Rasa Ratna Samuchaya - + + - 10 Parada Vignyana + + + - 11 Ayurveda Sarasangraha + + + - 12 Ayurveda Prakasha + + + - 13 Yogaratnakar + + + -

According to Haridatta shastri commentator of Rasatarangini further classified

artificial hingula into two types in his Prasadini commentary

i.e. 1. Mrisrina 2. Kathina

According to Bharatiya Rasashastra kritrima Hingula again classified into two types,

1) Rumi Hingula (Rakta Varna)

2) Katha Hingula (Krishna Hingula)

Occurrence13,14:

It is obtained from the mines as a natural mineral and also prepared artificially. In

ancient days hingula was available in darada desh at present it can be found at many

places all over the world i.e., Spain (almandine), Italy, Russia, Yugoslavia, Jechoslovia,

Germany (idria mines), Japan, china, USA, Australia, Nepal etc….

Drug Review



9

But, now a days no deposits of cinnabar are detected in India. Artificial hingula is

prepared in Surat and Calcutta.

Preparation of Artificial Hingula

Reference of artificial Hingula preparation is found since Rasaratnakara period.

Thereafter many Rasa texts mentioned artificial preparation of Hingula.

Following are the ratio of Gandhaka and Parada according to different acharyas.

Ratarangini15

42 parts of Parada and 8 parts of Gandhaka subjected to paka in mrudanga yantra.

Ayurveda Prakash16

1 part of Parada and 4 parts of Gandhaka, subjected to pachana in loha patra, after

paka, 1/10th part of Manashila added and triturated well. Then it is filled in kachakupi and

subjected to pakakarma (mrudu, madyama, and teevragni) in valuka yantra.

Grahya Hingula Laxanas17

Grahya Hingula:

Most of the Acharyas opine that the Hamsapada variety is best among the others.

The laxanas of ideal varity of Hingula is as follows:

Japakusuma Varnabha : Resembles the color of hibiscus flower

Peshane sumanoharaha : When triturated its colour becomes beautiful

Mahojwala : Reflects specially hibiscus when exposed

to sunlight.

Bharapurna : Heavy in weight

Sheweta rekha : Having silvery streaks

Pravalabha : Resembles like that of pravala.

According to Rasendra Sara Sangraha Hingula possess Bimbiphala samana rakta varna.

Drug Review



10

Shodhana

Various shodhana methods are explained in different classics as follows:

Hingula should be kept in kushmanda khanda, pottali prepared and swedana done

in Lakucha swarasa Portia dola yantra18.

Subject Hingula to 7 bhavanas of Ardraka swarasa and lakucha swarasa19

Subject Hingula to 7 bhavanas Ardraka swarasa20.

Hingula should be subjected to bhavana with mahisha dugda and any amla rasa

dravya for 7 times21.

Hingula subjected for 7 bhavanas of Nimbuswarasa22

Ashuddha Hingula sevana dosha, Tasya chikitsa23

Ashuddha Hingula sevana may produce many grave symptoms such as

1. Andhata

2. Kshinata

3. Klama

4. Bhrama

5. Moha

6. Prameha

It is treated similar to the ashuddha Parada bhakshanajanya dosha, shuddha

Gandhaka should be administered for 2 months24.

Satwapatana25,26,27

Rasataranginikara has explained Urdvapatana yantra for extraction of Mercury. I

have selected this procedure for my study. The detail explanation is mentioned in

pharmaceutical study.

Drug Review



11

Hingula satwa is Parada; hence Hingula is considered as chief source of parada. Rasa can

be extracted through various procedures viz patana, nadayantra etc. most popular and

common method of extraction of Parada is through urdwapatana. It is described in most

of the granthas viz Ayurveda Prakash, Rasatarangini, Rasendra Sara Sangraha etc.

for this purpose.

Superiority of Hingulotha Parada:

Parada extracted from Hingula is considered to be the best because it is free from

various types of doshas. Hence, the same does not need any further samskar for the

removal and could be used even without subjecting it to Astasamskaras and is claimed to

be capable of performing all the action attributed to it. More over according to

Rasaprakash Sudhakar, Parada extracted from Hingula may posses all those properties,

which are seen in Shadgunabalijarit parada thus it is considered superior to ordinary

Parada.

Marana28,29

Generally marana is not advised for Hingula. Shodita Hingula can be used for the

preparation of yogas, however elaborate procedure for marana has been described in

Ayurveda Prakash, Brihat RasaRajaSundara etc.

Hingula Properties:

Table No. 4. showing the Rasa of Hingula according to different texts.

Granthas Madhura Tikta Kashaya Katu Rasarnava + + - - Paradasamhita - + + + Ayurveda Prakash - + + + Dhanvantari Nighantu + + - - Raja Nighantu + + - -

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12

Guna30

Most of the Rasa Acharyas have considered Hingula as ushna gunayaukta dravya.

Virya and Vipaka

No Rasa text has mentioned about virya and Vipaka of Hingula. Though

Dhanvantari nighantu is the text of dravyaguna vijnana, has mentioned that Hingula is

having ushna virya and katu vipaka.

Doshaghnata :Tridoshaghna, Vatakaphaghna, Kaphaghna, Kaphapittagn.

Karma:

Sarvadoshaghna, Agnivardhaka, Rasayana, Balya, Medhya, Kantivardhaka,

Garavishnashaka, Netrya, Ruchya, Hriudayotsadaka, Hrillashanashaka.

Upayog31,32

Prameha, Jwara, Hridroga, Kusta, Garavisha, Amlapitta, Kamala, Pleehavraddi,

Mandagni, Aruchi, Amavati, Sandhivata, Hrillasha.

Lohamarnarta, Lohajaranarta, Paradaniskashanartha, Dehavadatmaka,

Swarnapariksanarthaka.

Matra

½ to 1 ratti [ 62.5mg to 125mg ]

Anupana

Maricha, Guda, Pippali, Guduchi swarasa, Madhu, Ardraka swarasa, Tambula

swarasa.

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13

CINNABAR33,34

Cinnabar is important ore of mercury, Nearly all mercury in the world is obtained

from cinnabar. It occurs both in crystalline and massive forms.

General Information

Chemical formula - Hgs

Molecular Weight - 232.66 gm

Composition - Mercury (Hg)-86.221 and sulphur (S) –13.781

Locality - Alma den, Spain

Synonyms - Cinnabre, zinnober

Varities

Varities are made according to colour and percentage of Hgs present in it.

1) Cinnabar Native

This is one of the most important ore of mercury. It contains 95% mercury

Sulphide and other impurities like carbon, silica, etc. It is bright and dark red in colour.

2) Hepatic Cinnabar

When percentage of Carbon impurities is higher in cinnabar, its colour becomes

darker like liver colour; such ore is called hepatic cinnabar.

3) Meta Cinnabar

In this type muddy dust is present in more percent which makes its colour still

darker almost to black shade.

4) Coral ore – This ore especially occurring in Germany and Italy. This ore is in the

form of rose colour earthen material. When mercury sulphide in coral ore is separated, it

is rosy in colour, it contains about 5% of mercury.

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14

5. Idrialate – The variety called idrialate, always occurs cinnabar at Idria, as white and

crystalline in structure when toward and it is found in impure with clay, pyrite, gypsum

as a brownish black earthy material because of its combustibility and presence of

mercury it is called inflammable cinnabar.

Mineralogical Findings Of Cinnabar:

According to Inorganic chemistry, Cinnabar crystallizes in rhombohedral

trapezohedral crystals. Crystals are also thick tabular. In habit sometimes it occurs as

twins and acicular prismatic grains, in crystal incrustations, granular, massive and

sometimes with earthy coatings.

Cleavage - Prismatic perfect

Fracture - Sub-conchoidal to uneven, somewhat sectile

Hardness - 2 to 2.5

Specific Gravity - 8 to 8.2

Lustre - Admentive, inclining to metallic and dull.

Colour - Red, brownish red and lead gray.

Streak - Scarlet

Transparency - Opaque

Indices of refraction - W=2.91, E+27 with strong birefringence,

shows strong circular polarization

Chemical properties:

1. This ore is a red crystalline mass that is easily distinguishable from all other red

minerals by its peculiar shade of colour and its great weight.

2. It is insoluble in water and acids but dissolve in aquaragia (mixture of HCl and

HNO3) and forms mercuric chloride.

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15

3. Roasting – Usually the unconcentrated ore is roasted in air. Cinnabar is oxidized

to mercuric oxide and sulphur dioxide is released at the temperature of the

furnace and mercuric oxide so forms decomposes to give mercury and oxygen.

2HgS + 3O2 2SO2 + 2HgO

2HgO 2Hg + O2

The mercury obtained by above method is the purest mercury.

4. Mercury Sulphide reacts with concentrated potassium sulphide solution to give a

complex thio salt.

HgS + K2S K2HgS2

On sublimation mercuric sulphide becomes red.

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16

PARADA

Parada is the most important and foremost ingredient of compounds of

Rasashastra, without which the science of Alchemy – Rasashastra perhaps would not

have existed. Its mere touch, vision of Parada can make the man free from all sins and

bless him with punya35. Mythologically it is believed that the Parada is originated by

Lord Shiva.It is a shining, silvery white metal, liquid at ordinary temperature. It is

thirteen times heavier than water. Pure mercury does not possess taste and smell36

Historical Review

In Indian Alchemy Parada is considered as one of the important drug. It has got

ability to amalgamate with most of the metals. Indian history says that Parada is being

used as a medicine since 6000 years.

In samhitas like charaka and sushruta and Vaghbhata therapeutic use of parada

has been indicated internally and externally respectively. No any references are available

in Vedic period but reference of Parada is found in Koutilya Arthashastra.

RasaKala

In all Rasagranthas we find the references of Parada. Even the old granthas such

as Rasendra Mangala, Rasarnava etc. include Parada as their major content.

Occurance37

In Rasaratna Samucchaya, it is mentioned that in ancient times mercury was

found mainly in Darada desha and also in Himalayas in small amounts. But now a days it

is obtained mainly from the mines of Spain, America, Italy, Australia, British, China,

Russia, Japan and Africa as Cinnabar or Metacinnabar.

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17

It occurs in 2 forms.

1. Native 2. Ore form

Ores of Mercury38

Generally mercury is found in the form of ores, the most important are cinnabar

and Metacinnabar, which are in sulphide forms.

Vernacular Names39 Sanskrit - Parada

Hindi - Para

English - Mercury, Quick silver

Kannada - Padarasa

Gujarati - Paro

Marathi - Para

Latin - Hydrargyrum

German - Merkure

Arab - Abuk; Zibakh

Parsian - Simab; Zeebag.

Bengali - Para

Malayalam - Rassam

Telugu - Padarasam

Tamil - Padrasa

Konkani - Padrasa

French - Mercure

Table No. 5 Classification of Synonyms on the basis of Roopa, Guna, Utpatti, and

Upayog40:

Sl No Swaroopa Synonyms

1 Swarupatmaka Galadroupyanibham, Mahavanhi, Mahateja,

Suvarna

2 Gatyatmaka Kheehara, Chapala, Chala, Dhoorthaka.

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3 Dehavadatmaka Rasayana, Amrtim, Mrtyunasana, Jaiva, Dehada,

Paramamruta, Parata, Parada, Rasayana Shreshta

4 Dhatuvadatmaka

Maharasa, Rasottama, Suta, Divyarasa,

Rasarasendra,Rasesha, Rasadhatu, Rasaraja,

Rasanath,Sidhadhatu, Soota, Sootaka, Sootaratha,

Mishraka, Chamara.

5 Visista Gynantmaka Ananta, Suksma, Saubhagya, Amara, Kalikantaka,

6 Darshanika/Aadhyatmika Divya, Acintyah, Jeeva, Jaiva

7 Dharmika/Devatmaka

Trinetra, Trilochana, Deva, Dehaja, Prabhu,

Rudraja, Lokesh, Vijendra, Budha, Rajaswala,

Shanta, Shiva, Shivaveerya, Skandha, Harateja,

Harabeeja, Shivahaya, Shivabeeja

Types of Parada

Table No. 6. Types of Parada depending on the Colour41:

Sl No Types Colour Caste Karma

1 Sweta White Brahmana Swetakarma

2 Rakta Red Kshatriya Therapeutics

3 Peeta Yellow Vaishya Used in alchemy or to Prepare Gold

4 Krishna Black Shudra Used in Maintaining health

Table No. 7. Types of Parada depending on the place of Origin42:

Sl No Variety Colour Impurities Uses

1 Rasa Rakta Which is free from all

types of impurities. Rasayana

2 Rasendra Peeta Free from impurities. Rasayana

3 Suta Isatpeeta With impurities. Deharogaharana

4 Parada Sweta With impurities. Servarogaharana

5 Mishraka Mayur,Chandrika,Vama With impurities. Sarvasiddidayaka

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19

Doshas of Parada43

Shodhana44

For elimination of Naisargika, Yougika and Oupadhika doshas, Parada shodhana

is very important. Shodhana of parada has been broadly divided into 2 divisions.

1. Samanya and Vishesha Shodhana.

2. Group of Eighteen special procedures i.e. Ashtadasha Samskar.

When Parada is to be used to prepare medicine to combat diseases, the first set of

shodhana is useful. If it is to be used for Rasayana karma then the Ashtadasha samskar

has to be followed.

Any Rasa karma has to be conducted in shubha nakshatra and shubha dina,

worshiping Lord Shankara and Bhairava, because the studies have shown that those

particular days, time and worshipping will impart the efficacy in medicine. Hence it

should be necessarily followed.

Samanya Shodhana45,46

Different procedures are explained by various granthas for Samanya shodhana.

Naisargika Doshas Yougika Doshas Aupadhika Doshas

Visa Vahni Mala

Naga Vanga

Bhumija Girija Varija Nagaja(2) Vangaja(2)

Parpati Patani Bhedi Dravi Malakari

Andhakari Dhwanksi

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Table No. 8. Showing Samanya shodhana of Parada according to different authors:

S.L.No. Shodhana dravyas used Procedure used

1 Sudharaja, Mardana done for 3 days,

Vastraghalana

2 Lashuna, Saindhava Mardana for 7 days in taptakhalva,

Prakshalana.

3 Tambula swarasa, Ardraka

swarasa, Ksharatraya

Mardana for 3 days, Prakshalana.

With amla dravya.

4 Kumari swarasa,

Chitraka, Raktasarshapa,

Brihati, Triphala kwatha.

Mardana for 3 days prakshalana

with kanji.

Vishesha Shodhana47

Different acharyas have explained specific measures to eradicate the specific

doshas present in the Parada.

Table No. 9. Showing Vishesha shodhana of Parada according to different authors

Sl.No. Dosha Shodhana dravyas used

Procedure used

1 Naga dosha Gruhadhuma, Ishtika choorna, Haridra choorna, Urna bhasma

Mardana for 1 day, prakshalana with kanji

2 Vanga dosha Indrayava Ankola churna, Haridra churna,

Mardana, prakshalana with kanji.

3 Agni dosha Chitrakamula churna or Triphala churna, parada

Mardana

4 Mala dosha Aragwada churna or Kumari swarasa,

Mardana, prakshalana

5 Chapala dosha Krishnaduttura panchanga, parada


6 Visha dosha Triphala churna or Chitrakamula churna


7 Giri dosha Trikatu churna Mardana vastra ghalana

8 Asahya agnidosha Gokshura churna Mardana

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Ashtadasha samskara48

The eighteen special procedure of shodhana of Parada can further be

classified into a sub group called as Astha samskara. It will have both properties i.e.

Vyadhi nashana and rasayana. Remaining 10 procedures are specially utilized in

dhatuvada. They are as mentioned below.

Rasayanartha Dhatuvadartha

1) Swedana 5) Patana 9) Gaganabhakshana 14) Sarana

2) Mardana 6) Rodhana 10) Charana 15) Ranjana

3) Moorchana 7) Niyamana 11) Garbhadruti 16) Kramana

4) Uttapana 8) Deepana 12) Bahyadruti 17) Vyadha

13) Jarana 18) Bhakshana

Parada Marana49

Different acharyas have described several procedures of Parada marana.

Method: Kajjali is prepared with 2 palas of Parada and 1 pala of Gandhaka, then bhavana

given with swarasa or kashaya of Parada maraka gana oushadhies and dried later it is

kept in musha and sandhi bandhana made. Parada bhasma prepared by bhoodara yantra

method.

Pharmacological and Therapeutic properties of Shodita Parada50

Rasa : Shadrasa

Guna : Snigdha, sara

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura

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Karma : Yogavahi, Rasayana, Ativrishya, Balya, Vajikara,

Drushitibala prada, Vayasthapaka, Bhukti, Muktiprada,

Pushtikara, Deepana, Ayushkara, Agni Sandhukshana,

Dehasiddikara, Lohasiddikara, Ropana, Krimighna.

Dosha Prabhava : Tridoshaghna

Vyadhi Prabhava : Krimi, Kushta, Akshiroga, Kshaya, Tridosha roga, Papaja

roga Sarvarogahara.

Matra51,52

Parada can be administered for Vyadhi nashanartha as well as for Rasayanartha.

Mruta parada : 2 ratti

Swarna jarita parada : ½ ratti

Vaikranta jarita parada : ½ ratti

Vajra jarita parada : 1/4 ratti

Parada yoga : 1 ratti

Anupana

It has to be suggested according to Vyadhi.

Patyapatya

Purana godhuma, Shalianna, Godugda, Gritha, Dadhi, Hamsodaka, Mudga, Yusha

are included under patyavarga

Kakarshtaka gana, Masha, Kulutha, Anupa mamsa, Guru, Vishtambhi, Amla

ahara sevana, etc are included under apatya varga.

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23

MERCURY53,54

1. English Name :Quick silver

2. Latin Name : Hydrargyrum

3. Chemical Formula : Hg.

Mercury is the only metal which is liquid at room temperature. It is shining,

silvery white heavy liquid easily divisible into globules. It is extremely mobile, readily

volatises on heating. It is 13.5 times more dense than water and 1.2 times heavier than

lead.

It exists in three forms metallic, mercurous and mercuric. Metallic mercury is

(Hg2+) also known by the name quicksilver, i.e. a liquid metal having a bright silver

luster. It exists in nature as metal itself and also found in sulphide form (Cinnabar).

Metallic mercury is not poisonous if taken orally because it is not absorbed. It vaporizes

even at room temperature to an extent sufficient to permit inhalation to toxic amounts.

Mercury depresses cellular enzymatic mechanisms by combating with sulphahydral

groups.

Physical Properties

Colour : Silvery white.

Atomic No : 80

Atomic Weight : 200.61

Specific Gravity : 13.59

Freezing Point : -390C

Boiling point : 357.250C

Drug Review



24

Simple tests of pure mercury

1. Boiling point of mercury is 357.250C. When metallic impurities are present, its

boiling point changes to lower temperature.

2. Pure mercury does not stick to a clean glass, on the contrary impure mercury

leaves behind its track on the clean glass.

3. Impure mercury when shaken for some time in an open air, it forms a thin film of

blackish powder over its surface. This is due to oxidation of the metallic

impurities. If mercury is pure, this does not occur.

Chemical Properties

1) Effect of Air:

At ordinary room temperature, with low or high humidity, mercury is not at all

affected chemically. If it is heated in an open air gradually up to its boiling point, it reacts

with oxygen present in the atmosphere to form oxide of mercury.

2) Effect of water

Water at any temperature has not any chemical effect on mercury.

3) Effect of Acids:

Hydrochloric acid, dilute or concentrated does not cause any change in mercury

chemically. Concentrated sulphuric acid also does not bring about any change in

mercury, however it produces sulphur dioxide gas when used in hot and concentrated

form.

Hg+2H2SO4 Hgso4+2H2o+SO2

Concentrated nitric acid reacts with mercury, to produce mercury nitrate and nitrogen

oxide

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25

Hg+6HNo3 Hg (NO3)2 + No + 3H2o + No2

4) Effects of Alkalies:

Alkalies may it be concentrated or dilute, hot or cold do not have any effect on mercury

5) Halogen compounds:

Halogen and halogen compounds i.e Iodine, Bromide, Flourine, Chlorine and

their compounds do have effects on mercury to from Iodides, bromides fluorides and

chlorides.

Hg + Cl2 HgCl2

Amalgam Formation

Mercury forms alloys with many metals and those are called amalgams. Metallic

properties of such amalgams are very useful in different industries and medicines.

Therapeutic uses

The specific actions of mercury are:

1. Antiseptic

2. Anti syphilitic

3. Diuretic

4. Cathartic

Mercury exhibits its therapeutic manifestation in a following manner:

Mercury ions are strong protein precipitants and act as antiseptic.

They stimulate secretory activities of many glands such as salivary, intestinal etc.

They interfere with reabsorption of fluid by the intestine (cathartic action)

The mercurial diuretics act primarily to inhibit water reabsorption.

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26

Other uses of mercury

It finds use in thermometers, barometers, manometers, and high vaccume air

pumps.

It is used in extraction of gold and silver by amalgamation process.

Mercury is used in preparation of its alloys with other metals called amalgams.

Amalgams of tin, silver and gold are used in the dentistry.

Mercury poisoning

Mercury is highly toxic, leading to acute or chronic poisoning, its ingestion may

lead to a manifestation of many symptoms and even death.

Treatment

A source of sulphahydral-rich protein such as milk or raw eggs, is introduced into

the stomach.

Copious lavage is performed with 5% solution of sodium formaldehyde

sulphoxylate.

This provides an excellent local antidote. It reduces bivalent mercuric ion to the

much less soluble mercurous form.

Intramuscular dimercaprol or a penicillamine is given to chelate the mercury and

accelerate its excretion.

Fluid, electrolyte and cardiac abnormalities and shock must be corrected

Hemodialysis may be required to relieve uremia.

Line of treatment remains same for chronic poisoning also. But response is slow to

therapy and patient may remain ill health for years.

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27

GANDHAKA

Gandhaka is said to be the second most important drug in Rasashastra after

parada. Its origin is said to be from the Godess Parvati. The noticeable use of Gandhaka

wherever Parada is used may act as antidote. It is considered as an essential agent for the

various process of Parada samskaras such as Murchana, Jarana bandhana etc. It is also

used for marana of various metals. Before using Parada for the medicinal purpose the

Jarana samskara of the Parada should be perform. The importance of Jarana samskara is

told in Ayurveda prakash 1/117-120 shloks. If Jarana samaskara of parada is done with

gandhak potenciation parada would be up to 100 times. If we use the Gandhaka is six

times as that of Parada. Kajjali is prepared from the combination becomes Sarvarogahar.

Vernacular Names

Sankrit – Gandhaka

Scientific Name – Sulphur

English – Brim stone (Sort fire)

Hindi – Gandhaka

Kannada – Gandhaka

Marathi – Gandhaka

Gujarathi – Gandhaka

Bengali – Gandhaka

Assam – Kiburit

Pharasi – Gogird

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28

Table No. 10. Showing the synonyms of Gandhaka.

Sl.No. Synonyms A.P55 R.A.56 RS.S57 R.T58 A.R59

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23

24.

Gandhaka

Gandhapashana

Gandhi

Rasagandhaka

Sugandha

Pootigandha

Pamari

Kitanashana

Bali

Balivasa.

Kushtari

Sharabhoomija

Shulbhari

Navaneeta

Daityendra

Gandhamadana

Krilaghna

Kruragandha

Lelitaka

Atiganda

Amlasara

Gandhika

Savagandhika

Gandhasm

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

+

-

+

+

-

+

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

+

+

+

-

-

+

+

+

-

-

+

-

Drug Review



29

Occurance60

Gandhaka is available in two forms

1. Native form (Muktavastha)-free form

2. Compound form (Samyuktavastha or Khanijaroopa) ores

A part from this carbolic substances such as Onion Garlic, Eggs and crude

petroleum also contains sulphur.

Free Gandhaka is available from cisily (Shitadipa) Japan, Iran, Europa,

Kohisulthan Hills in Beluchides, Spain, Newzealand etc.

Khanija variety (Compound form) Gandhaka is available all over the world

specially in Japan, Burma, America, Chili and Philippiness.

Varieties61

According to various texts following four varieties of Gandhaka are mentioned.

1. Sukhacanchunibha - Rakta - Dhatu Vadartha

2. Peeta (amalasara) - Shukapicha - Rasarasayana

3. Sukla (White) - Katikakara - Lohamarana

4. Krishna (black) - Durlabha - Jaramrityanasaka

According to Rasarnava62

1. Shukachanchunibha - Shresta

2. Peeta - Madyama

3. Shwetha - Adhama

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30

After going through all these varieties Shri. Gulraj Sharma has considered that

Gandhaka is one its colour changes depend upon giving the temperature. At 250o C it gets

black colour and hard, under 500o C it gets Red colour, in 350o C it gets soft and yellow

colour called as Balivasa.

Physical Properties63

The sulphur, which is clear yellow in colour just, like Haridra transparent or

translucent and as smooth glistening as butter is known as Amalasar gandhaka and is

recommended for medicinal uses

Chemical constituents

Practically pure Sulphur may contain traces of selenium, Tellurium, Arsenic,

Bitumen and clay

Gandhaka Shodhana

Various types of shodhana procedures with different shodhana dravyas were

explained This process of shodhana imparts some qualities to the drug minimizes the

toxic effects and potencifies the drugs. Following table shows the drugs according to

different authors.

Table No. 11. Showing the Gandhaka shodhana according to different authors.

Sl.No Shodhana dravya A.P64 R.S.S65 R.CH166 RRS67 RT68

1. Gritha and Dugdha + + + + + 2. Bringarajaswarasa - - + + + 3. Kanji + + + + + 4. Sarshapataila - - - + + 5. Tilataila - - - + + 6. Dugdha - - - + - 7. Sudha Jula - - - + +

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Guna Karma69

Rasa – Katu, Madhura, Tikta.

Guna – Laghu, Snigda.

Veerya – Ushna.

Vipaka – Katu.

Dosagnata – Kapha, Vatahara.

Matra – 1-8 Ratti.

Anupana – Milk, Water, Honey.

Karma – Deepana, Pachana, Vrishya, Rasayana and Yogawahi.

Indication – Kusta, Krimi and Vata-kaphaja roga.

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SULPHUR70,71

The name sulphur is derived from the Sanskrit word “Sulveret” through the Latin

Sulphurium.

Occurrence

Sulphur is distributed in nature both in free and combined form. Free sulphur is

found in volcanic regions in Sicily. Approximately 0.06% of earth’s crust contains

sulphur. Pure sulphur contains traces of Selenium, Tellurium and Arsenic some times

mixed with Bitumen and Clay.

Sulphur is found because of sublimation or interaction of Sulphurous vapour

decomposition of pyrite and other Sulphide mineral. There are important minerals and

compounds containing sulphur such as:

Sulphides: Zinc Blend (ZnS), Galena (PbS), Copper Pyrites (CuFeS2), Cinnabar

(HgS), Iron pyrites (FeS).

Sulphate: Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O), Barytes (Ba SO4), Epsom salt (MgSo4 7H2O),

Ferrous sulphate (FeSo4 7H2O)

Traces of sulphur occur as H2S in Volcanic gases, organic substance such as eggs,

proteins, garlic, mustard, onion, hair and wool. It is an essential non-metal and is a minor

constituent of fats, body fluids and skeleton muscles. Sulphur appears as solid and liquid

form.

Solid - Rhombic and Monoclinic

Liquid - S and S (Amorphous sulphur)

Physical Properties

Name – Sulphur

Symbol – S

Melting point – 112.80C

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33

Boiling point – 444.60C

Specific Gravity – 1.92 to 2.5

Hardness – 1.5 to 2.5

Number of protons / electrons – 16

Number of Neutrons – 16

Classification – Nonmetal

Appearance – Crystals

Shape – Pyramidal

Colour – Yellow

Crystal structure – Orthorhombic

Chemical properties

1. It burns in oxygen or air with a blue flame giving sulphur dioxide mixed with a

small amount of sulphur trioxide

S+O2 SO2

2SO2+O2 2SO3

2. It combines directly with carbon phosphorous arsenic and many of the metals at

high temperature giving the corresponding sulfides

C + 2S CS2

2AS2 + 3S AS2 S3

Cu +S CuS

3. It is also combines with hydrogen and chlorine when the gases are let through

boiling sulphur

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34

H2 + S H2S

2S + Cl2 S2Cl2

4)..Sulphur doesn’t react with water in the cold state, But reacts with steam when the

later is made to pass through boiling sulphur

3S+2H2o 2H2S + So2

Importance of Sulphur to man

As a constituent of proteins, essential amino acids, important vitamins and

hormones.

Sulphur makes up 0.25% of our body weight, meaning that an average adult

human body contains around 170 gms of sulphur, of which most occurs in the

amino acids cysteine, cystine and methionine.

Sulphur is involved in the formation of bile acids, which are essential for fat

digestion and absorption. It also helps to keep skin, hair and nails healthy.

No specific sulphur deficiency diseases are known, however deficiency of sulphur

is linked to the skin disorder eczema and also imperfect development of hair and

nails.

Sulphur containing foods are vegetables (Radishes, Carrots and Cabbage), milk

products (Cheese), Sea food and Meat protein.

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VANGA Vanga in Ayurvedic Concept

Metals are familiar to Indian physicians since antiquity. Including their different

characters & uses. This is well substantiated & data has been well documented in Vedas

& we find plenty of references pertaining to various metals like Swarna, Rajata, Loha,

Trapu (vanga).

Vanga is a metallic drug used in many form. In ancient times it was being

liberally used in coating the other metals & hardening the soft metals by observing the

factors, the history of vanga can be classified into four periods

1) Vedic period:

The word “Trapu” has been mentioned to the metal vanga in (Yajurveda &

Atharvanaveda) the Vedas and it is derived from the Sanskrit root “Tap” meaning a

sense of Ashma.

Rigveda also mentions about metals like gold, silver and bronze (which is an alloy

of tin (vanga).

In Athervana veda vanga is correlated with other dhatus. In this veda loha’s are

compared with the colour of the dhatus. Ex: Flesh has the colour of shyama (Iron), blood

has the colour of loha, totally it has the colour of tin & has the smell of lead.

2) Samhita period:-

The official books of Ayurveda i.e Charaka samhita, Sushruta samhita &

Ashtanga sangraha mentioned Vanga as one among the pancha loha i.e Suvarna, Rajata,

Tamra, Vanga & Seesaka.

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3) Rasashastra period :-

The period in between 8-9 A.D is the golden period for Rasashastra. In this

period the father of Rasashastra, i.e lord. Nagarjuna has developed the science to the

maximum extent. So during the Nagarjuna period the usage of preparations from metals

& minerals was in full swing. The description of of vanga loha along with its synonyms,

properties, purification therapeutric uses etc have been described extensively all most

texts of Rasa shastra texts where Vanga loha is explained in detail.

4) Nighantu period :-

Nighantu have good contribution for Ayurveda, following are the some of

nighantus in which the Vanga is described extensively in Dhanvantari, Madanapala,

Raja, Saligram, Bhavaprakash, Shodal Nigantus

Vernacular Names

Latin – Stannum

Sanskrit – Vangam

Hindi – Ranga, Kathala

English – Tin, Pewter caly

Kannada – Tavara

Arabain – Rusas Abruz

Malayalam – Vellithium

Marathi – Kathil, Koloi

Persian – Urziz

Telugu – Vangamu

Bengali – Ranga

Gujarathi – Kalai

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Table No. 12. Showing the synonyms of vanga

Sl.No

Name R.T R.R.S

R.A A.P R.J. N

R. K MAD.N

D.N R.N K.N

1 Vangaka + + + + 2 Ranga + + + + + + + 3 Shukralaha + + 4 Kurupya + + + 5 Trapu + + + + + + + + + 6 Trapusha + + + 7 Vanga + + + + + + + + 8 Pichchata + + + + + + + 9 Aleemaka + 10 Vanga + + 11 Gurupatraka + + 12 Hima + + + 13 Kasteera + + 14 Mrudu vanga + + 15 Nagaja + 16 Pushpa + 17 Pootigandha + 18 Simhala + 19 Shweta 20 Abheera +

21 Mukhabhushana +

22 Shwetaroupya +

23 Rupashankha

24 Nigata

25 Tiraka +

26 Karati +

27 Ganam + +

28 Trapuka

29 Gurashresta +

30 Lavana +

31 Surati +

32 Neelaka +

33 Manduka +

34 Madhura +

35 Dashaahyam +

36 Trapuka + +

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Occuarance

Usually Vanga is not available in muktavasta (Native form), but is in the form of

oxide known as Vanga pathara (Tinstone). In India it is found in less quantity in Bihar.

Specially in Burma & Bangla desh it is available in large quantity . So in olden days

Vanga was imported from vangadesha (Bangla desha) hence called as Banga, Vanga also

found in Simhala desha (Srilanka) hence Simhala. Vanga has been found in native form

in Bolivia, Sayaberia & also found in nature in yougika form (mixed) i.e it contains

Gandhaka (Sulphur) Silika, Loha (Iron), Tamra (copper) etc. by applying heat to this

yougika form in presence of charcoal vanga could be separated.

Vanga Bedha72

In ayurvedic literature two varieties of vanga have been described .

1) Khuraka vanga 2) Mishraka vanga.

In these two Khuraka vanga is said to be better than Mishraka vanga for medical

purpose. Some Acharyas are having openion of Mishraka vanga is unfit to use in

medicine. In Rasakamadhenu, Rasarnavam, Vanga is classified in two types based on its

colour73.

1) Shweta vanga 2) Krishna vanga

Among these two shweta vanga is laghu, mrudhu, snigdha, is supposed to be best

one.

Grahya Vanga Lakshana74

Khuraka vanga is supposed to be good for medicinal use , where as mishraka

vanga is not so useful .

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Various references explain that the vanga which is having following characters

is best one i.e vanga must be shweta , mrudhu, swachcha, snigdha,sheetala, easily melting

& easily malleable.

Shodhana75

Shodhana is a process by which impurities are removed from a substance by

implementing prescribed methods like mardana etc. This indicates by shodhana,

impurities & toxic qualities are removed from the drug and to induce certain qualities

which are essential for further procedures.

Classification:- Shodhana has been divided into two.

1. Samanya shodhana

2. Vishesha shodhana.

Vanga has an explosive tendency, while pouring in shodhana dravya it may cause

injury, to avoid this, one special apparatus is designed and this is known as Pithara

yantra.

Pithara yantra:- It contains mainly one metal (loha) bhanda & is covered with

iron or mud lid having 2 cms hole at its center.

1. Samanya shodhana of vanga76:- The common procedure for group of dravya or

metal is called Samany shodhana.

In this Vanga is melted and poured in medias like Tila taila (Sesame oil), Takra

(Butter milk), Gomootra (Cow’s urine), Aranala/kanjika (Weak organic acid),

Kulaththa (Horse gram decoction), 7 times in each media

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2. Vishesha shodhana:- Generally samanya shodhana is planted to remove certain

impurities but Vishesha shodhana is a plan to induce certain therapeutic values in

particular drug.

In rasagranthas various vishesha shodhana procedures are mentioned for vanga.

But all this can be grouped into two types.

i. Swedana

ii. Nirvapana.

i. Swedana :- It is carried out in dolayantra containing choornodaka for 3

hours77,78.

ii. Nirvapana :-Vanga is melted and poured in shodhana media mentioned

below for 7 times were each time fresh drava dravya is to be taken79to88.

Table. No. 13. Shodhana media according to different authors.

Sl.No Drug R.T R.A R.R.S R.P.S A.P R. chu

B.R.R.Su

R.Sa.Sa

R.K R.J.Ni

1 Sudha jala + 2 Arka dugdha + + + 3 Haridra+Nirgundi

swarasa + + + + + +

4 Takra + + 5 Kumari swarasa + + 6 Nirgundi swarasa + + 7 Bhallataka taila + 8 Kanji + 9 Gomootra + 10 Snuhi ksheera + + 11 Bhrungaraja

swarasa +

12 Mutra varga + 13 Amla varga + 14 Kshara varga +

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Marana

As the melting point of Vanga is low, it melts easily when subjected to puta after

shodhana. So does not reduce to bhasma. This is convenience can be rectified adopt

another procedure known as Jarana. By this molten metal is converted into a powder

form.

Pootiloha marana generally consists of following steps.

1. Jarana

2. Bhavana

3. Formation of Chakrika

4. Arranging the chakrikas in Sharava.

5. Sealing of Sharava

6. Subjecting to Puta

Various methods of Marana have been explained in classics,in which some of them are :

1) One part of Vanga and 1/16 th part of Parada is to be taken in a iron vessal and

subjected to agni,when vanga starts to melt,then add Shodita Haratala little by little and

stir continously by means of Vanya karpas stick till Vanga gets reduced to powder.Close

the sharava on this powder and again give tikshna agni by which it becomes bhasma89.

2) Vanga is subjected to agni in iron vessal,when it melts add 1/4th part of Parada and ½

Part of shodita Haratala,triturate it well till it becomes fine churna. Then it is subjected to

bhavana with Arka dugda and make Chakrikas.Keep those Chakrikas in sharava samput

which contains Ashwatha twak,and then it is subjected to Lavaka puta. This Process is

repeated for two times90.

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3) Foils of Vanga are to be smeared with Haratala and Arka ksheera and these patras are

kept in the midist of the pot which is filled by the chincha kshara and puta is given.

This process is repeated for 3 times91,92

4) Foils of Vanga are smeared with Haratala paste made by palasha swarasa or palasha

Twak kwath and these Vanga patras are kept in sharava samputa and subjected for

Laghu puta.This is repeated for 3-4 times93.

Properties

Rasa – Tikta Amla, Ksharcya

Guna – Ushna Ruksha

Virya – Ushna

Vipaka – Madhura

Karma – Dipana, Pachana, Balya, Vrishya, Bramahana, Rasayana, Vajikarna of Parada,

Kantiprada.

Vyadhihara – Kleebata, Upadamsha, Swapnadisha, Shweta pradara, Prameha,

Gourbhashya, Chyntihara, Kapha roga, Krimi, Kasa, Shwasa etc.

TIN94to98

History :

Tin and its various alloy’s have been known since in ancient time. Homer has

mentioned this metal as a “Kassiteros”. The similarity between Greek word Kassiteros

and Samskrit word “Castira” has been used as an argument in favour of the eastern origin

of the metal. Romans called it “Stannum” from which the modern symbol “Sn” has been

derived from the fourth century.

However Tin ores are not found in Egypt. So Tin must have been imported. The

carnish Tin industry was dated back to 360 – 200 B.C. and Tin was imported from

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cornwall into Itally, after that period Tin was known to South Americans. Indians prior to

Europian’s, Tin was not used by them to manufacture articles, but for the preparation of

Bronze with compositions.

Geo-chemistry (Occurance):

This metal is said to occur in native state in Siberia in small amount. The

principle ore of Tin is Tinstone ( Sno2) also known as cassiterite. The mineral ore is

found intersphread in rocks especially in Granite. Tin stone contains 3.5 to 10% of Tin.72

It also exits along with the pyrite ore of copper, iron and zinc. But it is rarerly extracted

out of them. Tin is more abundent in iron nickel ore of earth than in the crust. At the low

temperature crystallized Tin deposits in sulphuric minerals. At high temperature, it

deposits in oxide crystallized form. Some of the ores of Tin and their occurance are given

below.

Ores of Tin & their occurrence

Name Formula Occurance

Casseterite

Cylinderite Pb3Sn4Sb2S14 Bolvia

Franckeite Pb5Sn3Ssssb2S14 Bolvia

Stannete Cu2FeSnS4 Bolvia and Cornwell center

Urope

Arandisite Sn5(OH)8 (Sio4)8 South West Africa

Canfieldite Ag3SnS6 Bolvia

Plumbastannite Pb2Fe2Sn2Sb2S11 Peru

Principle suppliers of tin are Boliva, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria, UK, Australia,

China, Burma, United states,Japan etc. In India small amount of tin stone is available in

Hajaribagh (Bihar)& Orissa.

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Extraction:

Metallic iron obtained from its ore tinstonewhich contains only 10% metal “SnO2”

The rest being worthless gangue meterial siliceous.Tungsten of iron, Manganese, Iron

pyrites, Copper, Arscenic. So the extraction of metal from “Tin stone” is carried out in

the following steps.

1.Concentration of ore

2 Roasting

3 .Electromagnetic separation

4. Smelting

5.Refining

Properties of Tin

Tin is a soft ductile silver white lustrous metal which is readily extracted

down.The ductility of tin is greatest 1000 c to 2000 c the metal is brittle enough to be

powderd, but harder than the lead,softer than zinc. It has a low elastic limit. When bent

the cast metal emits a crackling sound called the “cry of tin”.This is caused by the

grinding the crystals of the metal against one another within the bar when bent.The metal

has two allotropic modifications.In the usual commercial form it is white metal.But when

exposed to temprature below 130 c for sufficient time it becomes brittle and can be readly

crushed to gray powder, spontaneously if kept in cold climate for years it is named as tin

peste or tin disease or tin plague.

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Physical Properties of Tin

Reaction of tin with Air

Tin reacts with oxygen to form Tin – dioxide SnO2 forming a grey scum or dross on

the surface.

Sn (s) + O2 (g) – SnO2 (g) (yellow when hot but white on cooling)

Reaction of Tin with water

Tin is stable to water under ambient condition but the reactin with steam, tin reacts

with water to form tin dioxide (SnO2) and hydrogen.

Sn (s) + 2H2O (g) – SnO2 (s) + 2H2 (g)

Absrobtion, Distribution and excrction

Tin can enter body which eating contaminated, food and drinks and also by touch or

by eating soil, that has tin in it. With breath of fumes or dust contining this, near

hazardous waste sites can lead to tin entry in to the body. Tin is absorbed in gastro

intestinal tract in small quantity and gets into blood stream. Little quantity of tin enters

the body through unknown skin. Body can get rid of must inorganic tin in weeks. But

some can stay in body for 2-3 months. Tin compounds leave body very quickly. Most of

1.Atomic number : 60

2.Atomic weight : 118.69

3.Isotopes : 112,114,120,122,124

4.Electrons : 2—8—18—18--4

5.Density : 7.31

6.Melting point : 231.90 c

7.Boiling point : 22600 c

8. Hardness : 1.8

8.Volatilazation : 12000 c

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them are excreted within a day. Very small amounts of tin stay in some tissues of body

like the bones of longer periods of time.

USES:-

1. Tin is used in the preparation of number of alloys such as solder, Britannia

metal etc.

2. It is used in the preparation of collapsible tubes for toothpaste and various

ointments.

3. The metal is extensively used in Tinning brass utensils.

4. It is largerly used in forming a protective coating over iron sheets or vessels

etc. i.e for Tin plating.

5. Tin amalgam is used in making mirrors.

6. Tin foil used for wrapping cigarettes and other food materials.

7. Tin compounds are used in dyeing industry and as a reducing agent.

8. Tin compounds are having bactericidal, fungicidal activity.

Harmfull effects

Human and Animal studies shows that large amounts of these tin compounds can

cause stomach aches, anemia, liver and kidney problems, skin and eye irritation. They

can interfere with the functions of brain and nerrous system. Some of these compound

weakness body’s immunity. Tin compounds do not affect reproductive function, produce

birth defect or cause genetic changes. Inorganic tin compounds used as pesticides has

been called a possible cancer causing substance by the EPA because of pituitary tumors

found in female rat during study.

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NAVASADARA

Introduction

It comes under Sadharana Rasa varga.It is white coloured crystal form of salt.It

dissolves quickly in water and makes water very cool and when it is mixed with kshara,

or sudha churna it liberates teevra gandha of ammonia.

Historical Back ground

Its description is not available in any of the samhitas.But in Rasa Shastra,from 8th

century onwards its use has been described in many places,so it can be considered that it

was started as chikitsartha only after 8th century.

Occurance

It is available naturally in the form of khanija and also it is artificially obtained by

burning of camels stool ,by camels urine,by mans urine.

According to Rasagranthas99, it is obtained through burning of karira and Pilu

vrikshas,the kshara obtained by these kashtoushadis is considered as Navasadara.

Vernacular Names100

Sanskrit -Navasadara

Hindi -Nausadar

Chemical Name -Ammonium Chloride

English -Ammonium salt

Tamil -Navacharam

Telgu -Navasaram

Gujarathi -Navasagar

Bengali -Navasagara

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Table no. 14. Showing the synonyms of Navasadara

S.No Synonyms R.T101 A.P102 B.R.R.S.103 R.P.S104

1. Navasara +

2. Navyasara +

3. Navasadara + +

4. Nrusadara +

5. Nrusara + +

6. Narasara + +

7. Kittasara +

8. Narasadara +

9. Chullika lavana + + + +

10 Ishtika lavana + +

Physical Properties

It is White colour and it is available in market in various forms like soap bar and

tablet.

Navasadara Shodana105

One part of Navasadara is dissolved in three parts of water,after complete

dissolving filter the solution with cloth and keep it on teevragni,water gets evaporated

and shodita Navasadara settles in the vessal itself.

Shuddha Navasadara can also be obtained through urdwa patina by Damaru

yantra.

Guna karma106

Rasa -Amla,Lavana,Kshariya

Guna -Snigdha,Laghu,Tikshana,Sukshma

Veerya -Sheeta

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Vipaka -Madhura

Doshagnata -Kapha Nissaraka,Tridoshagna

Matra -2 to 8 Ratti

Karma -Deepana,Saraka

Indications -Gulma,Admana,Pleeha,Mukha shosha,Vrischika

Visha nashaka,Hrudroga nashaka,Netra rogas,

shwitra and kushta.

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE107

Introduction

Ammonium chloride forms on volcanic rocks near fume releasing vents. The

crystallization occurs as the gases are escaping and crystals tend to be short lived. Other

possible natural occurrences exist from under ground burning coal.

Natural crystals of Sal ammoniac have an unreal or un natural character. They are

so small, delicate, intricate and at times quite beautiful that they just do not seem to be

like other minerals.

Synonyms

Amclor Darammom

Ammoneric Sal ammonia

Sal ammoniac Sal ammonite

Ammonium muriate Slamiac

Molecular formula NH4Cl

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Prepartion

1) Ammonium chloride can be produced artificially,when ammonium fumes are

blown across hydrochloric acid.

2) It is prepared by purifying the crude product by sublimation or by boiling

ammonium sulphate solution with moleculer proportion of sodium chloride.

(NH4)2 SO4 + 2NaCl 2NH4Cl + Na2SO4

Sodium Sulphate being the least soluble at high temperature, crystallizes out

and is removed.The mother liquor on cooling gives crystals of ammonium

chloride.This may be purified by sublimation.

3) It is also manufactured by neutralizing the ammoniacal liquor from the gas works

with hydrochloric acid,concentrating the solution and crystallizing.

Physical properties

Colour -Colour less,white or off white almost yellow

Melting point -340 deg cents

Vapour density -1.9

Specific Gravity -1.527

Hardness -1.5 to 2

Stability -Stable,incompatible with strong acids,strong

bases.

It is fairly soluble in water.When heated it volatilizes,but in presence of moisture,it

dissociates into molecules of ammonia and hydrochloric acid when heated to 570-670 k.

NH4Cl NH3 + HCl

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Uses

1. In soldering and tinning, Acid obtained by its dissociation

dissolves the metallic oxide layer and thus cleanses the

surface and enables the solder to bite.

2. In Leclanche cells and dry cells.

3. In dyeing, calico printing and also in medicine.

4. As a reagent in the laboratory.

Toxicology

Harmfull if swallowed,may be harmfull on inhalation,skin eye and respiratory irritant.

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MARDANA DRAVYAS

Nimbuka108

Synonyms - Jambeera,Amlasara,Rochana,Jantumari.

Hindi - Nimbu

English - Lemon

Latin - Citrus Lemon

Family - Rutaceae

Kannada - Nimbe

Use full Part - Phala,Twak,Patra

Chemical Composition – Citric acid, Phosphoric acid.

Properties

Guna - Guru,Tikshna

Rasa - Amla

Veerya - Ushna

Vipaka - Amla

Dosha Karma - Kapha Vata Shamaka,Pitta Vardaka.

Karma - Rochana,Deepana,Pachana,Anulomana,Pittasaraka,Krimigna

Hrudya,Kapha Nissaraka.

Matra - Phala Swarasa - 10-20 ml.

Twak Kwatha - 40-80 ml.

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Saindhava Lavana

It is one among the lavanatraya and also lavana panchaka.

Table No. 15. Showing synonyms of Saindhava lavana

Synonyms RT RM RN KN DN MPN Saindhava + + + + + + Sindhu lavana + - - + + - Sindhootha + - - + + - Sindhudeshaja + - - - - - Sindhu Bhava + - - - - - Sindhumanjhaja + - - - - - Sheeta shiva + + + + - - Nadeya + + - + + - Shilatmaka + - - + - - Shiva + - + + + - Vashira + - - - - - Manimantha - + + + - + Sindhuja - + + - + + Shivatmaja - - + - - - Pathya - - + - - - Vimalavara - - - + - - .Lavanavara - - - + - - Doutheya - - - + - - Pututhama - - - + - +

Vernacular Names109

Sanskrit : Saindhava

English : Rock salt

Chemical Name : Sodium chloride

Hindi : Sendha namak

Bengali : Saindhavanun

Marathi : Sende luna

Gujarathi : Sindha luna

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Kannada : Uppu

Classification : Lavana skandha

Varities110

Acharya Yadavaji Trikramaji has mentioned two varities of Saindhava lavana

1) White 2)Red

Source111

Found in nature in extensive beds mostly associated with clay and calcium

sulphate. To obtain it, holes are dug into these rocks which soon become filled up with

salt water; the water is then evaporated and the salt is left ready for use.

Characters112

It is found in small white crystalline grains or transparent cubes. It is brownish

white externally and white internally. It has a pure saline taste and burns with a yellow

flame.

Pharmacological Properties

Rasa : Lavana, Madhura.

Guna : Snigdha, Laghu.

Virya : Sheeta.

Dosha Prabhava : Tridoshaghna.

Table No. 16. Showing the karma of Saindhava lavana

Karma RT RM MPN DN KN RN Hridya + + + + - - Vrishya + + + + + + Netrya + + + + + + Pachaka + - + - + - Deepaka + + + + + + Avidahi - + - + - - Sukhada - + - - - -

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Table No. 17. Showing the Rogaghnata of Saindhava

Rogaghnata RT RM RN DN Netra roga + + - + Vrana + + + + Vibhanda + + + + Aruchi - + - +

MODERN VIEW113

The body contains 250gm of Sodium Chloride, which is an essential constituent

of the body as well as the chief mineral constituent of the blood serum. It helps to

maintain the water and salt balance of the tissues, which is regulated by the posterior

pituitary antidiuretic and adrenocortical hormones. Any change in the osmotic tension

causes the movement of fluids and diffusion of salts in the cellular tissue. Sodium

metabolism is intimately related to the concentration of sodium, potassium and chloride

in the blood. Its deficiency causes retention of potassium and diminution of sodium. The

balance in the blood is kept uniform, and some stored in the tissue as reserves, but the

surplus water and salt passes out through kidneys producing diuresis. It is therefore

essential that the necessary supply of this should be introduced either with the food itself,

or as an addition to the food.

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Anupana Dravyas

Yashada

Historical background:

Yashada as ancient Indian chemists knew a metal from the 15th A.D as

Madanapala the author of Madanapala Nighantu is the first scholar to mention it, as the

7th dhatu or metal in his text. Bhavamishra and others followed him in a later period.

Through it was used for making an alloy known as Pittala (Brass) for long as a separate

metallic element it was known much later. Before the 15th A.D it was used and known

by the name of Rasaka or Kharpara satwa that is quite evident from the synonyms

(Ritikrit, Ritihetu, Tamra, Ranjaka) attributed to Rasaka and Kharpara. As regards

Rasaka and Kharapara, the minerals of Yashada they were known even in the Samhita

period.

In Rasashastra period following Rasa-texts are explained Yashada,

1. Ayurveda prakasha

2. Rasajalanidhi

3. Rasatarangini

4. Rasamrita

5. Rasadarpana

Vernacular names:

Latin – Zincum

Sanskrit – Yashada

Hindi – Jasta

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English – Zinc

Bengal – Dasta

Gujarat – Jasad

Tamil – Tulanagam

Malayalam – Nagam

Chinese - Tutenague

Table. No. 18. Showing the Synonyms of Yashada 114to119

Sl.No Name M.N A.P R.T R.M R.D B.P.N

1 Yashada - + + - + -

2 Yasada - - + + - -

3 Jashada - - + - - -

4 Jasada + - + - + -

5 Ritihetu - + + + + -

6 Kharparaja - - + - + -

7 Rangasankamsh - + - - - -

8 Yashaka - - - - + -

9 Rangasadrasha + - - - - +

10 Ditihetu + - - - - +

11 Yashaja - - - - - +

12 Kharapara Satva - - - + - -

Prapti Sthana:

Usually Yashada is not available in muktavasta (native form) but in the

form of mineral like Zinc blende (ZnS), Oxide (Zno), Carbonate (ZnCO3)

It is found in Canada, Russia, Australia, Peru, U.S.A, Mexico, China, Japan, Spain,

and Sweden. In India Bihar, Rajasthan, Madras, Punjab, Kashmir.

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Bhoutika gunas of Yashada: -

Varna (colour) – Shweta

Sparsha (Touch) – Mrudu, snigdha

Apekshita gurutwa – 7.1

Melting point – 4290C

Boiling point – 9800C

Grahya Yashada Lakshana:-

According to Rasatarangini the Yashada, which is having following characters, is

best one. i.e. Yashada must be bright and shining on cutting, snigdha, mrudu, nirmala,

dhrutadrava (easily melting) and guru in nature.

Shodhana120:

Shodhana is a process by which impurities are removed from a substance by

implementing prescribed methods like Mardana etc. This indicates by shodhana,

impurities and toxic qualities are removed from the drug and to induce certain qualities,

which are essential for further procedures.

Classification: - Shodhana has been divided into two.

1. Samanya shodhana

2. Vishesha shodhana.

Yashada has an explosive tendency, while pouring in shodhana dravya it may

cause injury, to avoid this, one special apparatus is designed and this is known as

Pithara yantra.

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1. Samanya shodhana of Yashada121:

In this Yashada is melted and poured in medias like Tila taila (Sesame oil), Takra

(Butter milk), Gomootra (Cow’s urine), Aranala/kanjika (Weak organic acid), Kulaththa

(Horse gram decoction), 7 times in each media.

2. Vishesha shodhana122to126:

Generally samanya shodhana is planted to remove certain impurities but Vishesha

shodhana is a plan to induce certain therapeutic values in particular drug.

In rasagranthas explained vishesha shodhana by nirvapana in different shodhana

media mentioned below, each time fresh drava dravya is to be taken.

Table No. 19. Shodhana media according to different authorities.

Sl.No Drug RT AP RJ RD RM Duration

1 Godugdha + - + + + 21 times

2 Kadalimula swarasa - - + - - 7 times

3 Sudhajala + - - - - 7 times

4 Nirgundi swarasa + - - - - 7 times

5 Snuhi dugdha + - - - - 7 times

6 Arka dugdha + - - - 7 times

Marana of Yashada:

As the melting point of Yashada is low, it melts easily when subjected to puta

after shodhana. So does not reduce to bhasma. This is convenience can be rectified

adopt another procedure known as Jarana. By this molten metal is converted into a

powder form.

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Pootiloha marana generally consists of following steps.

1. Jarana

2. Bhavana

3. Formation of Chakrika

4. Arranging the chakrikas in Sharava.

5. Sealing of Sharava

6. Subjecting to Puta

Various methods of Marana have been explained in classics in which some of them are:

1). Shuddha Yashad is melted in iron vessal,and then add equal part of Shuddha Parada

and take out from the agni and triturate immediately with Musali swarasa which

becomes like pishti.Then this pishti is triturated with Nimbu swarasa and wash it

thoroughly.Then equal to the pishti pramana add shuddha Gandhaka and triturate it.

Prepare chakrikas and keep in sharava samputa and subject it for puta,by which it

Becomes bhasma127.

2) Shuddha Yashada is melted in iron vessal and it is stirred with the stick of the Nimba

till it becomes powder.Then it is taken out and add ¼ th part of Haratala churna and

triturate it well and triturate it well and then keep this in Sharava samputa and subject it

to puta128.

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Table No. 20. Pharmacological Properties of Yashada Bhasma129to134

Sl.No Name of classics Kashaya Tikta Katu Sheeta Sheeta veerya

KP hara

1 R.T + + + + + + 2 A.P + + - + + + 3 R.J + + - + + + 4 R.M + + - + + + 5 B.N + + - + + + 6 M.N + + + + + +

By observing the above table Yashada bhasma is having the following properties.

Rasa – Kashayatikta

Guna – Sheeta

Veerya – Sheeta

Doshaghnata – Kaphapittashamaka

Therapeutic Uses:

Yashada bhasma was chiefly used for external application in some disease. In

Rasagranthas and Nighantu Yashada bhasma is used in various disease listed as

below.

Table No. 21. Indication of Yashada bhasma135to140.

Sl.No Disease RT AP RJ RM B.N M.N

1 Prameha + + + + + +

2 Pandu + + + + + +

3 Shwasa + + + + + +

4 Vruna and Vrunasrava + - - - - -

5 Rajasrara + - - - - -

6 Netraroga + + + + - -

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Zinc Oxide (Yashada bhasma)141

It is prepared by burning Zinc in air or by igniting Zinc carbonate. The white

fumes of Zinc oxide are condensed and collected.

2 Zn+O2 2ZnO

ZnCO3 ZnO+CO2

Properties:

1. It is a white powder it is known as Philosopher’s wool.

It is attached by acids to form corresponding salts ZnO+H2SO4 ZnSO4+H2O

It is attached by acids to form soluble alkali Zincates ZnO+2NaOH Na2

ZnO2+H2O

Therapeutic properties:

Absorption: Zinc salts are absorbed from GI tract and stored in liver, spleen and

kidney.

Elimination: Through stool, small amount by bile and urine.

Uses

1. Good antiseptic, Astringent, Mild soothing local sedative.

2. Emetic like copper.

3. Relieves chronic inflammation like gonorrhea, leucorrhoea, otitis and even

eye disorders.

4. It checks the bleeding and secretion from the broken skin by precipitating the

secretion and providing soothing and protective effects. So it is used in most

of the skin disease and varicose ulcer

5. Even zinc enhances the insulin binding capacity so used in Diabetic mellitus.

6. It acts as nervine tonic, sedative, antispasmodic and astringent.

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Ashoka142,143

Synonyms - Hema pushpa,Tamra pallava

Hindi - Ashoka

Latin Name - Saraca Indica

Family - Leguminosae

Gana - Kashayaskanda,Vedanasthapana(Charaka), Lodradi (Sushruta)

Usefull Part - Twak,Beeja,Pushpa.

Chemical Composition –

Its twak contains Haemotoxylin, tannin(6%), Ketosterol,Glycoside,Saponin,

Carbonic calcium, Iron compounds, Steroids, and Calcium salts.

Properties –

Guna - Laghu,Rooksha.

Rasa - Kashaya,Tikta

Veerya - Sheeta

Vipaka - Katu

Dosha Karma - Kapha-Pitta Shamaka

Karma - Vedana sthapana,Vishagna,Sthambana,Krimigna,Trushna shamaka,

Rakta shodaka,Relieves srava and vedana of Garbhashaya.

Beejas act as Mutrala,Ashmari bhedaka,Daha prashamana.

Matra - Twak Kwath - 50 ml

Beeja churna - 3-6 gm

Pushpa churna - 3-6 gm

Yogas - Ashokarishta,Ashoka Gruta

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Jatamansi144,145

Synonyms - Bhootajata,Tapaswini,Sulomasha.

Hindi - Jatamansi,Balagadh

Latin Name - Nordostachys Jatamansi DC

Family - Valerianaceae

Kannada - Jatamavansha

Gana - Sajna Sthapana(Charaka)

Usefull Part - Root

Chemical Composition – Volatile oil-0.3-0.4% which smells like Karpura

Properties

Guna - Laghu,Snigdh

Rasa - Tikta,Kashaya,Madhura

Veerya - Sheeta

Vipaka - Katu

Prabhava - Bhootagna

Dosha Karma - Tridoshahara

Karma - Dahaprashamana,Vedanasthapana,Sajnasthapana,Medya,Balya,

Nidrajanana,Deepana,Pachana,Anulomana,Mutrala,Vajekara,

Kushtagna,Jwaragna,Aarthavajanana.

Matra - 2-4 gm

Yogas - Rakshogna Gruta,Mamsayadi Kwatha

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Kupipakwa Vidhi

Kupipakwa is a unique pharmaceutical procedure mentioned in Rasashastra.

Rasaoushadhis prepared by this method is considered in wide range of therapeutic

activity.

Etymology of Kupipakwa Rasayanas146

Kupipakwa Rasayana is also known as sindura kalpana. Kupipakwa rasayana is

composed of 4 words, Kupi, Pakwa, Rasa, and Ayana. Thus it can be defined as a

Rasayana product prepared from parada in a glass bottle by applying heat in a valuka

yantra.

Historical Background

There is no reference of Kupipakwa Rasayana found during Prevedic Vedic and

Samhita period.

Rasarnava

In this text different types of Gandhaka Jarana and Parada marana procedures

have been mentioned. But no reference of Kupipakwa Rasayana is found.

Rasa Hridaya Tantra

The References of valuka yantra found RHT.The non-availability kachakupi, lead

them to use sharava or mushas for Gandhaka Jarana process.

Rasendra Chudamani

The author has mentioned about valuka yantra, but not about Kupi preparations

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Rasaprakash sudhakara

Acharya Yashodhar (13th Century AD) for the first time quoted Rasasindura

kalpana by the name of Udayabhaskara rasa. At the same time he mentioned the method

of Rasakarpoora preparation by the name Ghanasara rasa. He mentioned sikatayantra for

the preparation of Udayabhaskara rasa.

Rasa Ratna Samuchaya

The author Rasa Vagbhata has mentioned very clearly about valuka yantra and

kachakupi. Later on Rasachintamani, Rasakamadhenu, RasendraSaraSangraha, Ayurveda

Prakash, Rasatarangini have described different Kupipakwa rasayana.

Overall after critical study one comes to the conclusion that, the process of

Gandhaka Jarana mentioned in Rasa Hrudaya Tantra developed and came in light as

Kupipakwa Rasayana.

Importance

Potency of these drugs can be retained for longer period.

It can be administered in minimal dose.

More potent as compared to other herbal preparations.

Easy for administration.

When mixed with other drugs, it reduces their dosage.

It exhibits quicker action.

Chemical bonding present in Kajjali, Parpati, Pottali and Kupipakwa Rasayana is

stronger and stronger respectively.

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Classification

Kupipakwa Rasayanas are classified based on use of Gandhaka in the preparation,

mode of preparation and by the site of collection of finished product.

Types according to

Ingredients Method of preparation Site of finished

Product

Sagandha Antardhuma Kanthastha

(Prepared with the use (Corck is applied in (The finished product

of Gandhaka) the beginning) deposited at the neck)

Makardhwaja Rasasindura Rasapushpa,

Sameerapannaga Rasa Hinguliya

Manikya Rasa

Nirgandha Bahirdhuma Talastha

(Prepared without the (Corck is applied after (The product is

use of Gandhaka) evaporation of fumes) collected at the

Rasapushpa, Shila Sindura bottom of kupi)

Rasakarpoora Malla Sindura Swarnavanga

Samirapannaga

Ubhayastha

(Finished product

obtained from

both sites)

Makaradhwaja

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Procedure of Kupipakwa Rasayana147

Whole procedure can be studied under three headings

a) Purva karma

b) Pradhana karma

c) Paschat karma

a) Purvakarma

During Purvakarma following points are to be considered.

i) Collection of Appropriate Instruments

ii) Purification of Ingredients

iii) Preparation of Prematerial

iv) Preparation of Kupi

v) Filling of kupi with Prematerial

Bhatti (Bhrashtri)148

The height and width of the Bhatti should be 18 angulas shaped like an Ant hill

with a hollow space of 5 Gulpha (20”) inside and should have many holes in its lower

portion. There should be an opening for introducing fuel, of about 12 angulas. In the

Bhatti heat of the burning fuel should properly reach the center as well as surrounding the

valuka yantra. There should be sufficient ventilation inside the furnace. An outlet for the

fumes should be there from inside the flame should go up rather coming down. Bhatti can

be made with the fireproof bricks, which minimizes the loss of heat and fuel

consumption. Fuel used: wood, coal, electricity etc.

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Valuka yantra149

It should have narrow base and wide mouth depending on the size of kupi (i.e., 1”

taller than kupi) should be prepared with the 2 handles the circumferences of valuka

yantra should fit exactly over the hole of Bhrashtri. According to Rasendra Chudamani, it

should fill Adhaka sand and have a central hole of 2 to 2.5 cm at the bottom, which

should be closed with Abhraka patra before keeping the kupi during heating. According

to Yadavaji Trikamji Acharya the depth of the vessel should be 1 vitasti pramana.

Valuka

Natisthoola and clean valuka should be filled into the valuka yantra. At first 2-3

cm of sand is spread , over which Kajjali filled kupi is kept and remaining part of Valuka

yantra should be filled with Valuka till the neck of kupi.

Kupi150

Synonyms of Kupi are Kupika, Siddha etc.

During ancient period they used to prepare sinduras in Andha mushas or Kupi made with

Hema, Tara, Ayas, Mrittika. Any material can be used but they should sustain intense

heat. After 10th century when glass bottles were invented, it was utilized for medicine

preparations. Now days beer bottles of 650ml capacity with the neck 1-1.5 inches in

length and moderate thickness with variable varna are used.

Kupadamitti

Aim: To enhance the heat susceptibility of Kupi, also to strengthen the glass bottle. So

that it cannot break even when inside vapour pressure increases.

Because of above cited reasons, Kupi, which is used for oushadhi nirmana, should

be covered with the cloth smeared with mud.

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Mrittika

Valmeeka mrittika or potters mud can also be used. It is advised to prepare

kapadamitti from husk- 2 parts + Cotton – 1Part + Mud 3 Parts and fibers grinded and

kept soaked in water for 7 days and then used to cover the Kupi. Now-a-days

Gopichandana or clay is used for this purpose. The mud smeared cloth applied to the

Kupi from bottom to mouth and should be well dried, whole length of the Kupi can be

applied with kapadamitti as it prevents breakage of Kupi during heating.

Cloth: Usually cotton cloth is used.

For the base of Kupi – Circular piece

For the surrounding – Rectangular shape

From neck to mouth – A piece having broad base and a narrow top.

Different Shalaka

Iron rods can be used, thin rod (about 0.5cm diameter) for cold Shalaka test, thick

rods (about 1-1.5cm) for hot Shalaka test.

Cork

Corking material is called Mudra. In Kupipakwa Rasayana procedure, after

complete evaporation of fumes and cessation of flame, kupi’s mouth is closed with cork

and is called mudrana or corking. For this purpose any sticky substance which gets

hardened with further heating and which can properly fit the mouth of kupi is used.

Note – In my procedure of preperaing swarnavanga,corking is not mentioned.

Pyrometer

In Kupipakwa Rasayana, heating schedule is the most important factor. Through

pyrometer, one can regulate the heat supplement for the preparation. The purpose of

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using pyrometer is to record the temperature of sand by keeping the sensors in valuka

yantra.

Purification of Ingredients

All the raw materials should be identified first for its genuinity. Every raw

material should be purified according to the method prescribed in classics. Purified

ingredients must be tested according to samyak shuddha laxanas described in texts.

Preparation of Kajjali151

Here the term Kajjali can be used for pre-material for making Kupipakwa

rasayana.Firstly vanga is melted & mixed with Hingullotha Parada,do mardana with

saindava lavana & nimbu swarasa and wash it for several times and dried.Then add equal

quantity of Gandaka & Navasadara & then triturate it continuously until it attains Kajjali

lakshanas.Here the colour of Kajjali is black in colour. Prematerial used to prepare

Kupipakwa rasayana depends on the ingredients used for e.g.:- Red color in Hingulad

Rasasindura, white in Rasakarpoora,ash colour in Rasapushpa etc.

Filling of Prematerial into Kupi

The Kupi should be filled up to 1/3rd part by Kajjali, so that there would be

enough space inside the kupi for melting and boiling of Kajjali and also for the

sublimation of compound, which is going to be condensed and deposited at the neck of

the kupi. Such kupi should be kept exactly at the center of valuka yantra.

Pradhana Karma

Temperature monitoring

Heating pattern/schedule

Shalaka sanchalana

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Observation of fumes and flames

Observation of stopage of fumes.

Bahi Sheetikarana.

Temperature Monitoring

Ancient parameter: Traditionally following tests were in practice-

Cotton, dry grass test: Cotton or dry grass kept on the valuka catches fire and burns,

then it is considered to beTivragni.

Rice test: when a paddy or maize put on valuka, it puffs up – Teevragni.

Modern parameter: Now-a-days pyrometer, thermocouples, thermometers are used for

measuring the temperature.

Heating pattern152

Few signs and standards of different heating stages of Kupipakwa Rasayanas are

mentioned by ancient scholars for deciding proper pachana of the ingredients through

kramagni paka.

It has to be considered in the following way:

1) In terms of duration of heating

2) In terms of temperature.

The term duration indicates the time for maintenance of kramagni and the term

temp indicates the temperature limit in each stage of kramagni.

Kramagni pattern for sagandha Kalpana

Mrudu Agni : 150-2000 C (Intial stage)

Madhyamagni : 350 - 4000 C (Middle stage)

Teevragni : 550 - 6000 C (End stage)

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I stage mrudu Agni (150-2000 C) (Stage of Liquefaction of kajjali)

During this stage, material in the kupi completely melts which may be ascertained

by inserting cold Shalaka into the kupi. This heat should be maintained for prescribed

time to allow chemical reactions to start with.

II Stage Madhyamagni (350 - 4000 C) (Stage of profuse fumes & boiling of Kajjali)

This stage commences from complete melting of Kajjali and lasts till initiation of

sindura compound formation.

Liquefied Kajjali starts boiling

Boiling of Kajjali can be ascertained by inserting cold iron rod in the kupi or by

visualizing through light.

The care should be taken that heating should not be strong otherwise boiling

Kajjali may come out of kupi and may catch fire which may leads to breaking of

kupi.

Profuse fumes of sulphur from the kupi are present.

Deposition of fumes at the neck of kupi may block it, hence it ought to be

frequently removed by inserting tapa shalaka into the kupi mouth.

Moderate heat for prescribed period has to be maintained to ensure burning of

extra sulphur in the product.

III Stage–Teevragni (550-6000 C) (Stage of Complete stopage of fumes)

This stage commences from formation of sindura compound and lasts up to the

completion of Jarana of Gandhaka. The process of formation of sindura occurs in

the middle stage, it means when Kajjali is in boiling stage (Honey comb like

appearance), chemical changes occurs and as a result formation of new compound

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takes place which is called as sindura kalpa. Afterwards as heating persists, this

newly formed compound sublimates and gets condensed at the neck and mouth of

the Kupi.

At the end of middle stage Sulphur fumes catches fire and it takes form of flame.

At this stage, flame slowly grows up and diminishes when process of Gandhaka

Jarana completely finishes.

When extra sulfur burns out completely, flame disappears and this indicates the

completion of Gandhaka Jarana.

Redness starts appearing at the bottom of the kupi when seen through torch light

which gets more brightened (Suryodayavat), this assures formation of sindura.

When copper coin is placed on the kupi mouth, due to mercury fumes, which is

getting evaporated, it becomes white.

Shalaka Sanchalana153

During this procedure cold and hot shalakas are being used. Ayurveda

prakashakar mentioned the use of tapta shalaka for cleaning the mouth of Kupi from the

deposition of sulfur fumes. Iron rods of different size and shape were used. Tapta shalaka

is used for clearing the sublimated sulfur deposited at the neck region of kupi, otherwise

sulfur may block the mouth of kupi and fumes may increase, the inside pressure and there

may be chances of bursting of kupi.

Sheeta shalaka is used especially for noting the state of Kajjali, whether it is in

powder form or in boiling state or in sublimating compound state.

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Observation of Fumes and Flames154

All the characteristics of fumes like color, smell etc must be observed. It differs

according to the ingredients.

Colour : Yellowish, orange, blush or white etc.

Odour : Sulphurous, Arsenical etc.

Quantity : Mild, Moderate,profuse,dense etc.

Flame

This is also an important factor while preparing Kupipakwa Rasayana. Time of

starting of flame, its height, colour and its duration are the important features. These

important features depend on ingredients used.

Bahi Shitalikarana

After heating for a prescribed period, and by complete stoppage of fumes,the kupi

is taken out from the valuka yantra and allowed for self cooling.

Paschat Karma

Breaking of kupi

Collection of final product

Examination of final product

Removal of Kupi from Valuka yantra

Sand should be removed from valuka yantra and then kupi is taken out carefully.

Then kapadamitti layers are carefully scraped out, Kupi is cleaned with wet cloth. Level

of product inside the kupi is observed and marked.

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Breaking of Kupi155

A thread soaked in Kerosene or spirit is tied just below (2-3cm) the level of the

product and fire is set, Kupi is kept horizontal and rotated so that whole thread gets

completely ignited. Little cold water is sprinkled over it or kupi can be wrapped with wet

cloth, then kupi breaks into two halves at desired level. The product, which is either

talastha or kantastha, is collected, powdered and stored well in airtight container.

Examination of Final Product

The judgment about the colour and shape of the crystals of sindura can be made

by ingredients of Kajjali. Similarly smell and color of flame are the basis for

determination of sindura compound going to be formed. Chemical analysis,

crystallographic study and clinical study are the confirmatory evidences of sindura.

Thus in nutshell, during Kupipakwa Rasayana kalpana cardinal features has to be kept in

mind are

Preparation of kupi

Preparation of kajjali

Filling of kajjali in kupi

Maintenance of kramagni type of heating pattern

Clearance of mouth of kupi with tapta shalaka

Examination of completion test of sindura kalpana

Corking of the kupi/observing the stoppage of fumes.

Breaking of Kupi and collection of final product

In short this description is all about Sagandha, Bahirdhuma Kupipakwa Rasayana.

But in the preparation of Antardhuma Kupipakwa, kramagni should be given up to

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mentioned duration. Corking of kupi mouth should be done initially before subjecting

it to agni.

In case of preparation of Nirgandha Kupipakwa Rasayana, heating pattern should

be kramagni as described before and corking should be done after complete expulsion of

water vapours from kupi and positive sheeta shalaka test. Heat required for the nirgandha

preparation is comparatively less.

Matra156

Due to variation in individuality, on the basis of treatment, compatibility,

acuteness of disease age, climate etc. The dose will differ from one individual to another.

Generally dose should be decided according to particular yoga and rogi avastha.

SWARNAVANGA

Historical Background:

It is one of the kupipakwa Rasayana explained by many of the Rasashastra

scholars. It is basically named due to the appearance, which is bright golden yellow in

colour, as similar to that of gold. It contains mainly shuddha parada, shuddha gandhaka,

shuddha vanga, and shuddha navasagara.

Swarna vanga is indicated in some of the major diseases like prameha, disorders

of Shukra, Shweta pradara, Viryahani etc..

Synonyms:

Swarna vanga

Swarna raja vangeshwara

Maskamruganka Rasa

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Proportion of drugs in Swarna vanga:

There are varieties in the proportion of the basic ingredients in swarnavanga.

According to Bhaisajya Ratnavali the proportion of drugs is equal with an addition of

1/4 the part of the Saindhava lavana157.

According to Rasa Tarangini, he has given 2 different proportion of the ingredients.

Equal amounts all four ingredients158.

Vanga (12 parts) + parada (6 parts) + gandhaka (8 parts) + Navasagara (6 parts).

Saindhava lavan is to be added in minute quanity (Quantity not specified) 159.

Method of Preparation

Vanga is taken in a loha vessel and heated on a flame. When vanga melts then, it

is mixed with parada and triturated well in the khalva yantra. To this nimbu rasa bhavana

is given adding little amount of saindhava lavana. It is then washed with water

thoroughly. Later the gandhaka and navasagara is mixed and triturated.After attaining

Kajjali lakshanas. This is kept inside a kupi and heat is given in kramagni manner, untill

yellow fumes of sulphur stops coming out. It is a bottom product of kupi. In this product,

the corking of kupi is not required.

Properties: 160

Rasa - Tikta,Lavana,Amla.

Guna - Sheeta, Ruksha, Sara

Veerya - Sheeta

Vipaka - Madhura

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Colour - Golden yellow to brownish yellow

Smell - Faint

Touch - Fine, Snigdha

Therapeutic Indications:161

Balavardhana

Kanti vardhana

Medha hara

Ratrimeha

Madhumeha

Deepana

Kaphaja Urdwagata vikaras

Veerya hani

Shukra kara

Shweta pradara

Shukra meha

Vrana meha

Netrya

Anupana: 162

Vangabhasma, Jatamamsichoorna, Yashadabhasma, Ashoka kwatha, Cold water,

Shalmali choorna,Madhu, Sharkara, Rasa sindoora etc.

Dose163 : 1-2 Ratti

Research data on Swarna vanga164:

With a view to standardise the preparation of best quality of Swarna vanga,

research work has been done in the department of Rasashastra, IMS, BHU (1984). In this

work, study has been made to establish the importance of its ingredients and their

proportion. Though chemically the finished product of Swarnvanga is Tin sulphide and

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similar to mosaic gold in appearance, which means sulphur must be an essential

ingredient for the preparation, then what is state of mercury and navasagara used as its

ingredients. According to formula mentioned in different tests mercury is either equal to

tin or 1/2 to tin. Hence to assess the role of mercury in the preparation of Swarnavanga,

mercury was used in four proportions i.e, equal to tin 1/2 to tin, 1/4th to tin, and 1/6th to

tin. Besides this according to ancient Rasashastra concept metallic compounds prepared

with mercury are considered to be of superior quality. Hence mercury was used in

different proportions in the study. As regards navasagara it may be said that, it is also an

important ingredient, which helps to augment chemical reaction necessary to convert tin

into tin sulphide.

It was also observed during this study that till navasagara was not used, the best

quality preparation could not be prepared. It is also important to mention here that market

sample of navasagara if mixed with common salt, then also good quality sarnavanga

could not be prepared. It is only the chemically pure ammonium chloride, which can

augment chemical reaction necessary for swarnavanga formation. Some scholars also

suggest the use of little quantity of KNO3 (Kalmishora) to brighten the colour and shining

of the poduct. According to the findings of the study mercury and navasagara play an

important role in the formation of this product. The use of mercury equal to tin gives best

results. Half portion o mercury is also found equally good. But less than 1/2 part mercury

could not produce good quality product. As in such cases (experiments) the final product

bigger particles with lesser shining and brightness and thus makes the quality of finished

product inferior. The higher proporation of mercury mixed with tin devides it into very

fine particles and thus exposes its maximum surface area to react with sulphur and

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convert it into higher percentage of tinsulphide compound in the presence of ammonium

chloride. The findings of the chemical study also supports this view i.e, where the

mercury proportion is higher the percentage of tin will be less. It is very much

proportionate to mercury to tin i.e., lesser the mercury higher the percentage of tin in the

compound.

Well prepared Swarna vanga should have uniform colour and shining throughout

the mass. It is Very light product having alkaline taste.

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DISEASE REVIEW

SHWETA PRADARA

Historical Review

This Indian system of medicine has got a vast history based on veda, upaveda,

purana. Atharva veda is regarded to be the authentic source of Ayurveda, given few

references pertaining to pradara but no reference available regarding shvetapradara. In

veda there is a mentioning of krimis, which cause the injury to uterus through vagina.

The word “Asrava” has been mentioned which mean to flow, to flow, to move, in veda

there is a mentioning of Krimis, which (A.V. 44.3) cause the injury to uterus through

vagina.

SAMHITA PERIOD

Samhita period is said to be the scientific era of medicine in India.

CHARAKA SAMHITA (400BC-500BC): Indetail description of yoni vyapat is

described in chikitsasthana 30th chapter. In the context of chikitsa he mentioned

about pandure-asragdare165.

SUSHRUTA SAMHITA (800BC-700BC): He explained the yoni rogas in chapter

yonivyapatpratishedhadhyaya. No specific reference are available regarding

shevetapradara 166.

ASTANGA SANGRAHA (400AD): He explained the yonirogas in chapter

guhyarogavignaniyadhyaya specific reference of shwetapradara is mentioned but

in chikitsa he mentioned about “site shukle asrakdhare” is shwetapradara 167.

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ASTANGA HURDAYA (500AD): He explained yonirogas in Guhyaroga

vignaniya adhyaya. No specific reference of shwetapradara available, but he

mentioned pandu srava for yoni in kaphaja yoni Lakshana.168.

MADHAVA NIDANA (800AD): He mentioned the Pandu srava in kaphaja

asragdara lakshana, no specific reference is available regarding shweta pradara169.

CHAKRAPANI (1100AD); Chakrapani clearly mentioned the Lakshana and

chikitsa of shwetapradara. He mentioned pandusrava from yoni is shwetapradara

and in chikitsa kashaya dravyas are used170.

SHARANGADHARA SAMHITA (1300AD): Specific reference are not available

but he mentioned the yoni rogas and shwetapradara chikitsa.171,172.

BHAVAPRAKASHA (500AD): There is a detail explanation of pradara under

streerogaadhikara and pandu srava is mentioned in kaphaja pradara and chikitsa

of shweta pradara along with all types of pradara is also explained173.

YOGARATNAKARA (1600 AD): Detail explaination of pradar, in that pandu

srava is mentoned in kaphaja pradara. In chikitsa also he indicated shweta

pradara chikitsa while explaining all types of pradara chikitsa174.

BHAISHAJYARATNAVALI (1600 AD): The author explained the shweta

pradara chikitsa in detail175.

Nirukthi and Prahibhasha:

The term “Shweta Pradara” is formed by union of two words, shweta and pradara.

Shweta

Shwetate iti / Rupyaml

Shweta is the varna resembles to Roupya

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Shwetate its / shwita shouklo + pachadach/shukla

Shweta is varna which resembles shukla varna and also kshira, Dadhi, Roupya are

different substances which resembles the shweta varna176.

Shweta-white (San-eng dictionary)

Pradara

Pra + Dru Vidarane + Rudaram177.

This term pradara is formed by “pradhatu and indicates vidarana.

Vidarana (Samskrin-kan-dictionary)

The term vidara means srava

Asya Namantaram asragadara ||

Tattu phalitayonya Raktadidhatu ksharanam ||

The raktadi dhatu ksharana from yoni is pradara178

Pradara: Rending, Tearing, A kind of disease of women | (San-eng dictionary)

Rajah pradeeryate yasmat pradarastena sa smrutah ||179

Due to Pradirana (excessive excretion of raja, it is named as pradara.

Shweta Pradara:

The word shwetapradara is not mentioned as an independent disease in great

yonirogas, specially kaphaja yoni rogas as “yonigata shweta picchila srava”.

………….. MüTüÉåÅÍpÉwrÉÇÌSÍpÉuÉ×kkÉÈ ………….. xÉÑMÑüjÉïiÉç ÌmÉÎŠsÉ zÉÏiÉsÉÉ MühQÒûaÉëxiÉÅsmÉuÉåSlÉÉqÉç ………….. mÉÉÇQÒûuÉhÉï iÉjÉÉ mÉÉhQÒûÌmÉÎcNûsÉÉiÉïuÉuÉÉÌWûlÉÏqÉç || (cÉ.ÍcÉ. 30/13)180

Commenting on this chakrapani duotes that

Here pradara referes to both asrugdhara and kaphajasrava. But chakrapani in his

commentary has used the term shwetapradara for pandura ashrugdhara.

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In the same chapter at 116 shloka charaka quotes that.

Where pandura ashrugdhara refers to shweta pradara Sharangadhara, bhavaprakasha,

Yogaratnakara have used the word shwetapradara for white vaginal discharge.

Like this shwetapradara is described as cordinal symptom in so many yonirogas.

Some times this symptom is so severe that it over shadows the symptom of actual disease

and woman come for the treatment of only this shwetapradara. Probably due to this

reasons charaka, vagbhata etc have not mentioned shweta pradara as disease but have

prescribed shweta pradara as disease but have prescribed only symptomatic treatment.

Hence a consolidated aspect of other yonirogas should be taken into consideration to

study the Nidana roopa, samprapti etc.

Among the yonirogas slesmala yonivyapat sannipataja yonivyapat, vipluta yoniyapad

aticharana yonivyapad and acharana yonivyapad represents shwetapradara with their

specific features.

While explaining the upadrvas of yonirogas, pradara is one among them.

Another reason is in the same chapter at the end of the yonivyapath rogas,

UÉåÌWûiÉMüÉiqÉÔsÉYsÉMÇü mÉÉhQÒûUåÅxÉ×akÉUå ÌmÉoÉåiÉç ||181

Shwetapradara is related to arthavaha srothas, susrutha explains as, Arthava vahini is

two in number having roots in garbhashaya and arthavavaha srothas. Injury to these

srotas leads to vandhyathva,maithuna asahishnutha and arthavanasha. This reveals

anatomical stucters and physiological importance of arthavaha srotas. The main root of

arthavavahaa srotas is garbhashaya which refers to uterine cavity, and atrthavavahini

refers to to yoni,fallopian tubes and ovarian gland. Hence detail knowledge about these

structures is necessary to know the disease shwetapradara.

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1) Yoni

Derivation:

The word yoni is derived from the Sanskrit root YU (Amarakosh) YU means join

or unite, which is suffixed with NI to form the word yoni. Thus the literal meaning of the

word yoni is a place of contact or union.

The dictionary meaning of yoni is wombs, uterus, vulva, the female organs of

generation any place of birth or origin, generating cause, spring.

Vagbhata while describing the specific muscles of woman used the word yoni to

denotes the entire reproductive system. Maharshi sushruta and vagbhat while giving the

reasons for conception occurring only during rtu kala have used the word yoni to donote

uterus and cervical canal.

The shape of yoni resembles shankha nabhi is hallow portion of conch shell and

has three avruthas. The garbhashaya is attached to third avrutha. In yoni, there are thre

nadis- samirana, chandramasi and gowri. At clitoris is mainly samirana shukra falling on

it becomes fertile. The woman having mainly chandramasi is easily satisfied with clitoris

and delivers female children sexual satisfaction to women possessing gowri nadi in

upasthagrabha (deepen part of vaginal cannel is attached with difficulty and she delivers

usually male children. The word yoni in ayurveda classics refers to whole reproductive

system of woman starting from the valva to the ovaries as well as supporting strugtures.

2) Garbhashaya:

Garbhashaya as the word is combination of two words.

Garbha+Ashaya, Garbha resides in this ashaya so it is called as Garbhashaya

women possess one extra ashaya known as Garbhashaya. Which is situated in the third

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avarta of the yoni, in between pittasaya and pakwashaya, behind the bladder. In shape it

resembles the mouth of rohita fish.

Acharya kashayapa has described it is in between the vipula kundala of srotas

(multiple coils of intestine) covered with jarayu (peritoneum) It resembles to the mouth

of the rohita a fish Acharya Dalhana explains that the resembalance to the mouth of

Rohita fish is to denote the internal structures of the uterus. Acharya Bhava mishra

explains identically to that of sushruta.

3) Artava:

Derivation:

Artavam is derived from the root word Rutu.

“Rutuhu asya prapthah” Who has got rutu i.e period, suffixed with Ann. Artava is

formed, means stree beeja or pushpa.

Defination:

The rakta gets collected inside the Garbhashaya and flows out for three days

every month, this is known as artava.

Artava, which is agneya, has characterstics of rakta, forms garbha and is essential

for life. The dominant mahabhoota is tejas. Its pramana is 4 anjalis. The period of about

12 days from the commencement of menstruation which is most suitable period for

conception is termed as rutukala.

Artava is slightly black. Is also called as Rajah, which is produced from the

Rasadhatu itself.

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Table No. 22. Showing the Nidana of Shweta pradara

Nidana Cha.S Su. S As. S As. Hri Bha. Pra MN Yog.r

Mithyachara

a) Mithyahara

b) Mithy vihara

+ + + + + + +

Artava Dusthi + + + + + + +

Beeja Dosha + + + + + + +

Daiva + + + + + + +

Pravridha

linga purusha

atisevana

- + + + - - -

Ruksha

Durbala Bala

- + + + - - -

Apadravya

Prayoga

- - + + - - -

Manasika - - + + - - -

Garavisha - - + + - - -

Specific shvetapradara nidana is not mentioned in classical literature. General pradara

nidana is mentioned as follows.

Lavana, Amla, Katurasa, Vidahi, Guru, Snigda

Mamsa of gramya, Oudaka, Medya

Krashara, Payasa, Dadhi, shukta, mastu, sura

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Virudhahara, adhayashana, madhyapana

Garbhapata, Atimithuna, Yana, Ajirna, Adwa

Bharavahana, Abhigata, Divashayana

Among the above nidana the aharajanya nidana will vitiates rakta, it’s amount will

increased and reach shleshmadhara kala of artavavaha srotas, vitiates stanika kapha and

vata, result in shvetapradara.

The viharajanya causes are vitiates vata and increases amount of rakta and result

in shvetapradara. Apadravya will vitiates sthanika vata & kapha result in shveta pradara.

Some other causative factors of shvetapradara are as follows:

Yoni adhavana, Ativyavaya

Abhigata Unhygenic condition

Sheeta upachara Raktalpata

Oily substances Durbalata

Ati ushna ahara Krimi

Malabaddhata Garbhapata

Ati prasava Malnutrition

Guru ahara Ati nidra

Ati katu rasa sevana Chinta

Shalya Krodha

Constant cold water bath specially during rutukala constant working in water or

wearing wet under garments, unsatisfied married life, contraceptives.

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Table No .23. Symptoms of shweta srava in yoni rogas.

S.No Name of Yoni vyapata Predominarncy of dosha

1. Shleshmala yoni vyapata Kaphaja

2. Tridoshaja yoni vyapata Tridoshaja

3. Acharana Yoni vyapata Vataja (Cha) Kaphaja (Su)

4. Atichurna Yoni vyapata Vataja (Cha) Kaphaja (Su)

5. Upapluta Yoni vyapata Vata, kapha (cha)

6. Vipluta Yoni vyapata Vataja (Su)

Purva Roopa

In case of shweta pradara and yoni vyapata there is no reference regarding the

poorva roopa but according to the vagbhata duatation the avyakta or alpa lakshanaas are

considered under poorva roopa.

Roopa

Yonitach shweta srava

Samanya lakshanas are mentioned in charaka, Yogaratnakara as follows:

Excessive srava (shweta), Angamarda, Vedana

Table No. 24. Stanika lakshanas of Shweta pradara

Lakshana C.Chi C.D A.S.U A.H.U B.R.U Y.R.U M.N.I

Pandu or shveta srava + + + +

Srava is like amarasa

(Apakwarasa)

+ + +

Srava is like sapicchila + + +

Srava is like pulakatoya + + +

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(rice or flesh washed

water)

Picchila + + + +

Guru + + - -

Snigda + + - -

Shitalata + + + +

Alpavedana + + - -

Kandu + + + +

Sarvadaihika lakshana:

Dourbalya, Pulling sensation in jangha, Heavyness in jangha, Alasya, Aruchi, Ajirna,

Malabaddata. Shirashoola, Shirobrama, Katishoola, Pschycological disturbance.

Samprapti

Acharya charaka mentioned pradara samprapti as follows:

The lakshana of kaphaja pradara resembles to shvetapradara. So its samprapti can

be formed like this: Due to excessive intake of gurvadi ahara and kaphavardhaka vihara

(kleda, drava, shita picchila guna), produce srotodusti in artavaha srotas, vitiates stanik

kapha and vata results in shwetapradara. Due to shweta srava it is named as pandure

asragdare and shweta pradara.

All yoni rogas are caused by vata vikruti182. The vata vikriti nidanas are not

observed in aharajanya nidana, here vata vitiates due srotodusti, prarada is one of

symptom of apanavrata pitta183 and disorder of rakta184

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SAMPRAPTI OF SHWETAPRADARA

Ahitakara Vihara

Saravadaihika (kapha) Sthanika

Vata vikruti (apanavata)

Agnimandya

Ama

Samarasadhatu

Artavaha srotus dushti

Sthana samshraya of dustha dosha in gabhashaya and yoni

Shwetasrava

Samprapti ghataka:

Dosha : Kapha (Vatanubandhi)

Doshya : Rasa and Rakta

Agni : Jatharagni mandajanya ama

Srotas : Artavaha srotas

Srotodusti prakara: Sanga and atipravrutti are more suggestive, sanga occur due to ama

formation in artavaha srotas. Vitiates the vata and sthanika kapha

produce atipravrutti.

Adhisthana : Gabhashaya, Yoni

Sanchara stana : Artavaha srotas

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Vyakta stana : Yoni

Ama : Jatharagni, Vikruti will produce ama. This cause sama rasa and

saamarakta

Vyadhi swabhava: It takes prolong duration from nidana sevana to lakshana

vyaktavasta. After vyaktavasta also the woman hegitate or neglects

to consult the physician. So it again prolongs the duration. Hence it

is chirakari

Vyavachhedaka Nidana

The vyava chhedaka nidana are as follows:

Upapluta

Sannipataja yoni vyapat

Upashaya (Specific upashaya are not mentioned in texts)

Rukshopachara and Ushnopa chara, Japa kusuma, Tandulodak, Coconut water,

Yoni prakashalana by kashaya rasa dravya like panchakshiri duatha or kankshi jala.

Anupashaya

Nidana, Constant cold water bath and wearing wet cloths.

Sadhyasadhyata : Yapya

The woman with continuous discharge, suffering from trushna, daha, durbala is

asadhya for chikitsa.

Hrutbhara, vedana, hrutipidana, cause swasakrusta, murchana later leads to

raktapradara

Treated in time issusadhya otherwise dusadhya.

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Upadrava

Dourbalya, Brama, Murcha, Tama, Trushna, Daha, Pralapa, Pandutwa, Tandra

vata vikara, Shopha.

Table. No. 25. Showing the Pathya Apathya of Shweta pradara.

S.L.No Pathya Apathya

1. Diet with milk and mamsarasa Excessive katu rasa, shveta shali

2. Diet made with yavana usage of

Abhyarista, sidhu, tail, pippalichurna,

pathya and lohabhasma along with

madhu

Mamsa, Fish, Egg

3. Samashana Fried substance, excessive hot

substance

3. Vegetable fruits Guru ahara, Madhyapana

4. Nutricious food Onion, garlic, patato

5. Good hygiene Excessive srama, cold water bath and

wearing wet cloths chinta, krodha

6. Maintain dinacharya

7. Satvika vichara

Chikitsa sutra:

zÉsÉåwÉçqÉeÉÉxÉÑ cÉ Ã¤ÉÉåwhÉÉÇ MüqÉï MÑürÉÉïSÉÌuÉ cÉ¤ÉhÉÈ|| cÉ.ÍcÉ. 30/42 REF 30)185

According to ayurvedic principles the first line of treatment is

“Nidana parivarjana” since it is kaphaja vyadhi, chikitsa should be done by

rooksha, ushna karmas this includes samshamana and samshodhana.

Samshamana: Systemic medication, local medication like pich, varti, kalka dharana with

kaphanashaka dravyas.

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Samshodhana: Uttaravasti, Yoni prakshalana with kwath prepared out of

kashayarasatmaka dravyas.

Leucorrhoea186,187,188

Introduction

Syn-Vaginal white discharge

The word leucorrhoea is combined with two words ‘Leuco’ and ‘orrhoea’. Lucus-

White Orrhoea -Running or to flow i.e. means ‘A running or flow of white substance.

The term leucorrhoea is strictly defined as an excessive vaginal discharge more

than normal. The term leucorrhoea should be restricted to those patients in whom the

vaginal secretion is increased in amount. In such patients there will be no excess of

leucocytes present when the discharge is examined under the microscope, and the

discharge is macroscopically and microscopically non-purulent. Purulent discharge is due

to specific infections such as gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and moniliasis,to ulcerated

growths of cervix and vagina. The symptom of excessive is a subjective one with

individual variation. To decide it to be normal and not an infective one requires clinical

and lab rotary investigations. The term leucorrhoea should fulfill the following criteria.

The excess secretion is evident from persistent vulval moistness or staining of

undergarments (brownish yellow on drying) or need to were a vulval pad.It is a non-

purulent, non-offensive and non-irritant and never causes pruritis.

There is how ever, much confusion in the use of word leucorrhoea, and some

clinician use the term to describe any white, cream, yellow or greenish discharge from

the vagina, strictly excluding the presence of blood.

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Patho-Physiology

The physiologic basis involved in normal vaginal secretion is dependent on the

endogenous estrogen level. With the rising estrogen level, there is abundant secretory

activity of the endocervical glands and the superficial vaginal epithelium becomes rich in

glycogen. The glycogen loaded epithelium sheds, the glycogen being converted into

lactic acid by the Doderlein bacilli. As a result, the vaginal pH becomes acidic.

The mucoid secretion from the cervical glands is normally smallin amount.The

carbohydrate radicle of the glycoprotein mucin is split off and fermented into lactic acid.

If however the mucus is secreted in excess,it pours out at the vulva.

Types and causes

1) Physiological:

The slight discharge normally seen at the vulva and in the vagina which vary

in amount and character with ovarian function.

In new born – Some new born gets leucorrhoea for a week due to maternal

oestrogen.

In Puberty – Normal secretions from vagina ,cervix show increase at

puberty.Increased levels of endogeneous ostrogen leads to marked over

growth of the endocervical epithelium which may encroach onto the

ectocervix producing congenital erosion leads to increased secretion.

In menstrual cycle – Around ovulation, peak rise of estrogen takes place

which increases the secretory activity of the cervical glands. Pre menstrual

pelvic congestion and increased mucous secretion from the hypertrophied

endometrial glands.

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In pregnancy – There is hyperoestrinism with increased vascularity.This

leads to increased vaginal transudate and cervical gland secretion.

Vulval secretions from Barthloins,Sabacceous,Sweat and Apocrine glands.

Vaginal discharge.

Fallopian tube secretion.This may also cantain a contribution from the

peritoneal fluid.

During sexual excitement, when there is abundant secretion from the

Bartholin glands on to the vulva and during anxiety.

2) Pathological

A) Ill health and systemic diseases---Anaemia,Worm

infestations,Collitis,Endocrinal,Physiological.---1/3rd.

B) Genital causes -- 2/3rd.

Trichomonal Vaginitis,Monilial Vaginitis,Vaginitis of all other cases - 20%

Cervical erosion - 20%

Genital prolapse - 10%

Chronic PID - 2%

Uterine fibroid - 1.5%

Cervical Carcinoma - 1%

Vulval ulcer - 0.5%

Contraceptives - 2%

Pregnancy - 3%

Unknown cause - 6%

(Above incidence is from a series of 500 cases of leucorrhea studied by the author.)

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Clinical Features

1) Leucorrhoea is an annoying symptom in all ages of a women.

2) Lay people consider white discharge in elderly means to genital cancer.

3) In Indian society there are many taboos about it as “White blood” is lost from health.

4) The white discharge can be watery,mucoid,mucopus with foul smell,purulent and

saneous.

5) If it is associated with vulval itching,trichomonas,monilial vaginitis is the cause.

6) White discharge can be just bathing vulva to pouring out to pad on vulval pad.

7) The patient on white discharge becomes irritable with poor sleep and weight loss.

8) In some white discharge becomes recurrent when she gets it in adolescence.

Clinical History

Type and cause of the discharge can be obtained from the following points:

Age of Patient.

Amount of discharge –as judged by the need to wear a sanitary pad.

Onset—Leucorrhoea has a gradual onset.A sudden onset of discharge indicates

infection or a chemical or physical insult.There may be a history of exposure to

the risk of veneral infection or in the case of candidiasis,a history of recent

treatment with antibiotics.

Relation ship with menstruation,ovulation and pregnancy.

The use of toilet preparation-- like douching and the application of the antibiotics

or deodorants.

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Colour of discharge – Care is to be taken to distinguish between a brown or blood

stained discharge and the normal creamy discharge which dries leaving a brown

or yellow stain on clothing.

Offensiveness – If the discharge is offensive it is usually caused by foreign

body,infection or neoplasm.

Pruritis – Any discharge can cause itching of vulva,but none except those caused

by infection like T.vaginalis and C.albicans cause itching.

Obstetric, Contraceptive history.

Head to foot examination.

Ht, wt, under weight, average, overweight, anemia, B.P, enlarged thyroid, heart,

lungs, liver, spleen, colitis, and any systemic disease.

Local Examination

A) Vulval inspection reveals

-The discharge looks white or creamy in colour.

- There is no evidence of Pruritis.

B) Bimanual including a speculum examination reveals

- The nature and amount of the discharge.

- The condition of the vaginal wall and cervix.

- It reveals either a negative pathology.

- Associated pelvic lesion mentioned earlier causing vaginal

Leucorrhoea.

C) To exclude the infective nature,the discharge is subjected to

microscopic examination for detection of pus cells.

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If pus calls are not found,then irrespective of any organism

present,it can be concluded that the discharge is true leucorrhoea and not due to

infection.

If pus cells are found,and unless an obvious cause such as

cancer or a foreign body is revealed,the nature of organisms present must then be

determined by the study of fresh preparations,stained smears and cultures.

Investigations

Cervical PAP stain cytology.

Vaginal pH.

Routine blood examination.

Routine urine examination.

Treatment

Cause is treated and Primary health care is given and local hygiene is maintained.

Correction of anemias and Pond bathing is prohibited.

Consolation to patient is done.

Vaginal irrigations – Betadine is the best antiseptic douche.

Introduction of pessaries like— Estrogen to promote Keratinization, Antibiotics,

Cortisone or Bacteriostatic drugs, Fungicidal drugs.

Bactericidal cream like triple sulpha cream,betadine.

Phisiological leucorrhoea does not need any treatment. It subsides by itself and

the patient is to be repeatedly assured and convinced by making to understand that

it is purely physiological.

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101

Methodology

Methodology adopted in the present study includes following headings.

1. Pharmaceutical study

2. Analytical study

3. Clinical study

Pharmaceutical study

Pharmaceutical study means the practical experience of preparing medicines

from raw drugs.practical experience is most essential for vaidya as described in Rasa

Ratna Samucchaya(R.R.S 6/4) that Rasa Shastragna must have the quality of Kushala

Rasa Karmani.

This section deals with identification,selection and processing of raw drugs and

preparation of swarna vanga,which is Sagandha Kupi pakwa preparation as explained in

Rasa Tarangini(18/16-76).

Study Design

A detailed and clear description of steps taken to prepare the trial drug Swarna

vanga is being put under the following headings.

Step 1 - Identification and collection of raw drugs.

Step 2 - Shodana of raw drugs

Step 3 - Preperation of Swarna vanga

Method

Step 1 ldentification and collection of raw drugs

Proper identification and collection of raw drugs are need of the hour for the

Ayurvedic formulations by which the quality of medicines can be assured.




102

Swarna vanga comprises following ingredients

Hingulotha Parada

Vanga

Gandhaka

Navasadara

Special request was made to the local herbo mineral drugs shop dealer to get the

particular quality raw drugs and those were screened for classical grahya and agrahya

lakshanas and were certified by concerned departments.

Step 2 Shodana of raw drugs

Shodana is the process,which makes metal and minerals fit for therapeutic use by

eliminating toxic substances present in the drug.Shodana is done by many methods like

mardana,Bhavana,Swedana,Nirvapana,etc with particular vanaspathi,dravya swarasa or

kwatha etc,it is necessary to increase therapeutic efficiency of drug,hence proper shodana

of ingredients used in Swarna vanga preparation was conducted.

Step 3 Preperation of Swarna vanga

Practical No 1

Name of the practical - Hingula shodana

Reference - Rasa Tarangini (9/16-17)

Date of Commencement - 3-12-2007

Date of completion - 17-12-2007

Materials - Hingula-500gms, Nimbu swarasa – As required

Method - Bhavana

Equipments - Khalva yantra,Juice Extractor.




103

Procedure

500 gms of Hingula was taken and finely powdered in Khalva yantra.

Required quantity of nimbu swarasa was extracted from lemons with the help of

juice extractor.

For 1st bhavana,170 ml of nimbu swarasa,the quantity sufficient to immerse

Hingula was added.

It was subjected for continous and cautious mardana, till powder completely

absorbs the swarasa,mardana has to be continued till Hingula dries up completely

and becomes powder again.This completes one bhavana.

Like this bhavana was repeated for another six times taking fresh swarasa for each

time.

Observations

For the first bhavana the quantity of nimbu swarasa required was quite more than

the subsequent bhavanas.

The hingula was solid in form,red in colour with glistening white/mercurical

lines.

It took 30 minutes to powder the block of Hingula and it possessed glistening

particles at the initial stage of mardhana.

Glistening particles disappeared at the end of 30 minutes and Hingula was finely

powdered.

The clump of Hingula was comparatively dull in colour but brilliant red colour

could be appreciated only after it was finely powdered.




104

After completion of 7 bhavanas,Hingula was taken out from the khalva and

washed in a steel vessal with water thoroughly and allowed to settle.

Washing of Hingula was done for another 2 times.

Settling of Hingula at the bottom took 6 hrs after which the water was decanted.

Totally it took 18 days for Hingula shodhana.

Precautions

Initially mardhana should be done slowly to avoid the spilage of material.

After it attains semisolid consistency,the mardhana should be done firmly and

continuously.

After the completion of 7 bhavanas,Hingula was washed until it looses its

snigdata and amlatva and attain ujwala varna

Results

Initial weight of Hingula - 500 gms

Final weight of shodita Hingula - 530 gms

Total weight gain - 30 gms

Cause of weight gain - Due to addition of solid contents present in

nimbu swarasa.

Practical No 2

Name of the practical - Hingula satwapatana

Date of commencement - 20-12-2007


Reference - Rasa Tarangini(5/38,39)

Materials - Hingula chakrika-250 gms




105

Method - Urdwa patana

Equipments - Damaru yantra,Chullika Yantra,cloth

Procedure

250 gms 0f dried Hingula chakrikas were placed in earthen pot, and another pot

of same size and shape was placed over it invertedly.

The gap left at the union of two mouths are covered with multani mrittika

smeared thread.

The sandhi bhandana was done with cotton cloth strip smeared with multani

mrittika and was allowed to dry for a day.

Then this urdwa patana yantra was kept over gas stove and heated continuously

for 8 hrs

While heating cold pad was maintained on the upper pot for condensation of

sublimed parada.

Temperature was maintained at 350-4000 C.

After swanga sheeta,sandhi bandana was care fully removed.

Parada which was sublimated on upper pot was collected by doing prakshalana

with hot water.

After prakshalana,Parada was filtered through a clean cloth and was collected in a

clean and dry glass jar.




106

Observations

Table No.26. Temperature recorded during the procedure.

Sl.No Time Temperature

1. 0 hr 300C

2. 1st hr 1500C

3. 3 hrs 2800C

4. 5 hrs 3600C

5. 7 hrs 3800C

6. 8 hrs 4050C

Temperature was recorded with the help of pyrometer at regular intervals.

After one hour of agni smell of gandhaka was noticed.

After opening of urdwapatana yantra,globules of mercury were seen adhered to

the upper part of the pot.

Chakrikas of Hingula in the lower pot was completely burnt.

Mercury obtained was very much shining.

Precautions

The upper pot was maintained with cold pad to ensure proper condensation of

parada.

Sandhi bandana was properly done without leaving a gap at the junction.

Care should be taken,not to wet the sandhi bandhita area.

Results

Total time taken - 3 days

Weight of chakrikas - 250 gms

Weight of Parada extracted - 140 gms




107

Practical No 3

Name of the practical - Hingula satwapatana



Same as practical No.02

Results

Total time taken - 3 days

Weight of chakrikas - 250 gms

Weight of Parada extracted - 135 gms

Practical No.4

Name of the practical - Parada shodana

Reference - Rasa Tarangini 5/40,41



Materials - Hingulotha Parada – 250 gms

Haridra - 16 gms

Method - Mardana

Equipment - Khalva yantra

Procedure

16 gms of Haridra is taken and finely powdered in khalva yantra.

250 gms of parada was added and subjected for continuous and cautious mardana.

Mardana was done for 2 days,each day 8 hrs mardana is conducted.

On 3rd day,parada is squeezed out with the help of cloth




108

Observations

After 30 mins,little quantity of parada split up into small pieces

After one hour of mardana yellow colour of Haridra changed to brown colour

which became more deepened with mardana.

Haridra was shiny in appearance.

Parada,after squeezing was bright in appearance.

Precautions

Clean and dry khalva yantra should be taken.

Haridra was finely powdered before adding Parada.

Mardana was done cautiously so as to avoid spilling of Parada.

Results

Initial weight of Parada - 250 gms

Final weight of Parada - 245 gms

Practical No.5

Name of the practical – Samanya shodana of Vanga in Tila taila for 7 times.

Reference - R.R.S (5/13)



Materials - Vanga – 500 gms

Tila taila-5 ltrs, Water- Q.S

Equipments - Small iron pan with long

handle,Pithara yantra,Chullika Yantra.




109

Procedure

Sufficient quantity of tila taila was taken in Pithara yantra.

Vanga was heated in iron pan till it melts.

Molten vanga was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and allowed for self

cooling.

Cooled metal was taken out,washed with hot water and wiped with cotton cloth.

Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 times.

Observations

It took 7-10 mins for the melting of vanga.

Each time,greyish black coloured scum formed over the surface of Vanga.

No explosion or sound heard while processing through this media.

Colour of Tila taila turned blackish yellow from dark colour.

Vanga settles down at the bottom of the vessal as one single piece.

Precautions

Medium flame should be maintained.

Care should be taken while pouring into taila to avoid explosion.

Each time fresh tila taila was taken for the procedure.

Results

Initial weight of the metal - 500 gms

Final weight of the metal - 485 gms

Total weight loss - 15 gms

Practical No.6

Name of the practical - Samanya shodana of Vanga in Takra for 7 times.




110

Reference - R.R.S 5/13


Date of Completion - 04-01-2008

Materials - Taila shodita Vanga-485 gms

Takra - 5 ltrs, Water -Q.S


handle, Pithara yantra, Chullika Yantra.

Procedure

Sufficient quantity of takra was taken in pithara yantra.

Taila shodita Vanga was heated in iron pan till it melts.

Molten Vanga was poured immediately to the pithara yantra and allowed for self

cooling.


Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 times,each

time fresh takra was taken for the procedure.

Observation

Time taken for melting was 5-6 mins on medium flame.

When molten Vanga was poured in takra,crackling sound was heard.

Second time onwards while melting the crackling sound was heard due to the

presence of water molecules and scum was observed on the surface of milten

Vanga.

The colour of takra turned to yellowish and maximum quantity of takra reduced

due to evaporation.




111

After the above procedure the metal become brittle,the shining of metal was

increased.

Precautions


Care should be taken while pouring into takra to avoid explosion.

Results

Initial weight of metal - 485 gms

Final weight of metal - 470 gms


Practical No.7

Name of the practical - Samanya shodana of Vanga in Gomutra for 7 times.




Materials - Takra shodita Vanga - 470 gms

Gomutra - 6 ltrs, Water - Q.S


handle,pithara yantra,Gas stove.

Procedure

Sufficient quantity of gomutra was taken in pithara yantra.

Takra shoditaVanga was heated in iron pan till it melts.

Molten Vanga was poured immediately to the pithara yantra and allowed for

self cooling.




112


Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 times,each

time fresh gomutra was taken for the procedure.

Scum formation on the surface of molten Vanga was removed by iron spoon.

Observations

Vanga melts within 5-6 mins producing crackling sound.

Explosive sound was heard when molten Vanga poured in gomutra.

Scum was formedon the surface of molten Vanga .

The colour of gomutra turned into blackish and quantity was reduced.

After the above procedure the metal became brittle,the shinning of the metal was

reduced.

Precautions


To avoid explosion the lid of pithara yantra should be sealed properly.

Results




Practical No.8

Name of the practical - Samanya shodana of Vanga in Kanji for 7 times.







113

Materials - Gomutra shodita Vanga –450 gms

Kanji - 4 ltrs, Water - Q.S



Preperation of kanji - Reference - Bhava Prakash-21/2.

1 Part of rice and Sixteen parts of water is taken and cooked unyill it reduces to 3/4th part

which is filtered and kept for fermentation for minimum 15 days.

Procedure

Sufficient quantity of kanji was taken in pithara yantra.

Gomutra shodita Vanga was heated in iron pan till it melts.

Molten Vanga was poured immediately to the pithara yantra and allowed for self

cooling.

Cooled metal was taken out and washed with hot water and wiped with cotton

cloth.

Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times

and each time fresh kanji was taken for the procedure.

Scum formation on the surface of molten Vanga was removed by iron spoon.

Observations

Explosive sound was heard when molten vanga pocred in gomutra.

Colour of kanji became dark and more quantity was evaporated.

After the above procedure,metal turned to a shinning big granule.

Precautions





114


Results



Total weight loss - 30 gm

Practical No.9

Name of the practical - Samanya shodana of vanga in Kulatha kwatha for 7 times.




Materials - Kanji shodita Vanga – 420 gms

Kulatha kwatha – 4 ltrs, Water - Q.S



Preperation of Kulatha kwatha

Reference - Sh.Samhita.M.K -2nd Chapter.

One part of yavakuta churna of kulatha was boiled with 16 parts of water in

earthen pot over a mrudu agni till liquid is reduced to 1/4th of the original quantity.

Procedure

Sufficiemt quantity of kulatha kwatha was taken in pithara yantra.

Kanji shodita Vanga is melted in iron pan on medium flame.

Molten vanga was poured immediately to the pithara yantra and allowed for self

cooling.




115


cloth.

Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more

times,each time fresh kulatha kwatha was taken for the procedure.

Observations

Vanga melts within 4 to 5 mins producing crackling sound.

Explosive sound was heard when molten vanga was poured in pithara yantra.

The colour of kwatha turned to dark and much quantity was evaporated.

After the above procedure some part of the vanga became powder form.

Precautions

Explosive chances are avoided by sealing the lid of pithara yantra.

Results




Practical No.10

Name of the practical - Vishesha shodana of Vanga in Churnodaka for 7 times.

Reference - Rasa Tarangini 18/8,9



Materials - Samanya shodita Vanga --390 gms

Churnodaka -5 ltrs, Water - Q.S

Equipments - Small iron pan with long handle,pithara yantra,Gas stove.




116

Preperation of Churnodaka

Reference - R.T 11/216-218

3 kg of sudha churna was taken and to this 5½ ltrs of water was added.This was kept

over night,and next day the supernatant liquid part was collected and filtered thoroughly

with the help of a cloth.

Procedure

Sufficient quantity of churnodaka was taken in pithara yantra.

Samanya shodita Vanga is melted in iron pan and poured immediately to the

pithara yantra and allowed for self cooling.


cloth.

Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more

times,each time fresh churnodaka was taken for procedure.

Observations

Vanga melts within 4-5 mins.

Explosive sound was heard when molten Vanga was poured in pithara yantra.

Colour of churnodaka turned to slight black colour.

After the above procedure some part of the vanga became powder form.

Precautions






117

Results




Over all Results

Total weight of shodita Vanga - 350 gms

Total loss after shodana - 150 gms

Practical No.11

Name of the practical - Gandhaka Shodana




Materials - Gandhaka – 500 gms

Gogruta - 150 gm, Godugdha -1½ ltr

Equipments - Khalva yantra,steel vessals,cloth,holder,gas stove,etc

Procedure

Gandhaka was taken and powdered.

Goghruta is taken in steel vessel and melted,after complete melting add

gandhaka and liquefy it on mandagni.

When gandhaka totally melts, mixture is slowly and immediately poured into the

big vessal containing milk through the cloth.

Solid mass of gandhaka was obtained in the vessal containing milk by leaving

the impurities on the cloth.




118

The solid mass of gandhaka was washed thoroughly in hot water and kept for

drying.

This procedure was repeated for 3 times by taking fresh milk every time.

The finally obtained gandhaka was washed thoroughly with hot water, dried and

fine powder was made.

Observations

When gandhaka was totally melted it forms homogenous mixture.

Successive timings for melting was lesser.

Some physical impurities like stones,thread,etc were

Observed on the cloth tied over the milk containing vessal.

After pouring melted gandhaka into the milk,ghrita was observed floating over the

surface of milk and colour of it was yellowish,blackish.

Gandhaka was obtained as a mass at the bottom of the vessal containing milk.At

that time the appearance was oily,dull yellowish coloured and in the central

region crystals like structure was observed.Some part of the gandhaka was

obtained as granules.

After washing with hot water and totally drying,the colour changes to bright

yellow.

Precautions

Heating was done on mandagni.

The mixture of gandhaka and goghrita was constantly stirred while eating.

Melted mixture was immediately but slowly poured into milk vessal.

Gandhaka mass was clearly washed and dried.




119

Results

Initial weight of Gandhaka - 500 gms

Final weight after shodana - 360 gms


Practical No.12

Name of the practical - Navasadar shodana

Reference - R.T 14/3, 4



Materials - Navasadara – 500 gms

Water - 1500 ml

Equipments - Vessel,Spoon,Gas stove.

Procedure

Navasadara was taken and powdered.

Then it was mixed with water completely.

After completely dissolving in water, the solution was filtered 3 times by cloth.

Filtered liquid is kept for heating on the gas stove.

After complete evaporation of water, Navasadara was scraped out by spoon.

Then it was allowed for drying and fine powder was made.

Observations

Navasadara got completely dissolved in water within few minutes.

After complete dissolving water became very cool.

After filtering the water,all solid impurities left behind in cloth.




120

It took 5 hrs for complete evaporation of water.

White crystals of Navasadara got adhered from all sides of vessal.

Precautions

Heating should be done on mandagni.

Results

Initial weight of Navasadara - 500 gms

Final weight after shodana - 470 gms


Practical No.13

Name of the practical - Mixing of Parada and Vanga.




Materials - Shodita Parada - 100 gms

Vishesha shodita Vanga - 100 gms

Nimbu swarasa, Saindhava lavana, Water - Q.S

Equipments - Khalva yantra,agni chullika,iron ladle.

Procedure

Vishesha shodita Vanga was taken in an iron ladle and heated till it melts.

After complete melting it was poured to khalva yantra and immediately the

shodita Parada was added to this molten Vanga.

Continous trituration was carried out,then it was added by nimbu swarasa and

saindhava lavana and triturated well and was washed by water for several times.




121

It was washed by water, until the water stopped turning into black colour and all

the acid content gets disappear.

The presence or absence of acid content of water was tested by litmus paper.

Then this Parada-Vanga mixture was kept for drying.

Observations

Vanga and Parada started mixing slowly in semi solid form.

After three hours of continous trituration the Parada Vanga mixture turns totally

black in colour.

After triturating with nimbu swarasa and saindhava lavana and by washing ,it

became silvery colour.

Precautions

To molten Vanga,Parada should be poured immediately,before hardening of

Vanga.

Trituration should be done immediately and vigorously.

Washing of Vanga Parada mixture was carried out till all the acidic PH vanished.

After washing, Vanga-Parada mixture should be dried properly.

Results

Initial weight of ingredients - 200 gms

Weight of Parada-Vanga mixture - 195 gms

Loss of weight - 5 gms

Practical No.14

Name of the practical - Preperation of Kajjali





122



Materials - Parada-Vanga mixture – 195 gms

Shodita Gandhaka - 100 gms

Shodita Navasadara - 100 gms

Equipments - Khalva yantra

Procedure

Shodita Gandhaka and shodita Navasadara were added to Parada-Vanga mixture

in Khalva yantra.

Continous trituration was done until the qualities of Kajjali were obtained.

Observations

Initially the colour of mixture became greyish black.

After about 4 hrs of continous trituration, the mixture turns to complete black

colour.

Until 18 hrs of trituration shining particles were observed.

Complete lakshanas of Kajjali were observed only after 48 hrs of mardana.

Final colour of mixture was Kajjalabha without shining particles and was soft in

consistency.

Precautions

Clean and dry khalva yantra was used.

Uniformity of mardana was maintained through out the procedure

Mardana was done carefully to avoid spillage of fine powder of Kajjali.




123

Results

Initial weight of ingredients - 395 gms

Weight of Kajjali - 370 gms

Total loss of weight - 25 gms

Causes of weight loss

Spilling of Kajjali during mardana.

Some of the Kajjali gets adhered to Khalva yantra which becomes difficult to

collect.

Practical No.15

Name of the practical - Preperation of Swarna Vanga




Materials - Kajjali - 100 gms

Method - Kupi pakwa vidhi

Equipments - Mritlepita kachkupi,valuka

yantra,loha shalaka,tamra patra,pyrometer.

Procedure

Whole procedure was divided into 3 phases.

1. Poorva karma

2. Pradhana karma

3. Paschat karma

1. Poorva karma




124

a) Preperation of kach kupi

b) Preperation of Kajjali

c) Filling of Kajjali into Kach kupi

d) Placing of Kach kupi in valuka yantra

2. Pradhana karma

a) Heating schedule

b) Recording of temperature

c) Observation of stoping of fumes

d) Removal of kupi from valuka yantra for bahi sheeta

3. Paschat karma

a) Breaking of kupi

b) Collection of Swarna Vanga

1. Poorva karma

a) Preperation of Kach kupi –

A clean and dry bottle was taken and paste of multani mud was

applied to the base so as to level the concavity of the bottom.A cloth smeared

with the paste of multani mud was applied over the kupi in such a way that

both the ends of cloth come to opposite side of the neck of the kupi,and this

mrutkapata was allowed to dry completely.In this way all the 7 layers were

applied

b) Preperation of Kajjali - As explained in practical No.14

c) Filling of Kajjali and placing of kupi in valuka yantra—

100 gms of Kajjali was taken and cautiously filled into the kach kupi.




125

Then valuka yantra was placed exactly at the center of gas.

About 3 angulas of sand was spread uniformly within the valuka yantra.

Now kupi filled with kajjali is kept over sand at the center,then remaining part of

the yantra was filled with sand upto the neck of the kupi.

Care was taken while putting the sand as it may contaminate the ingredients

inside kupi.

2. Pradhana karma

The pooja was performed and then valuka yantra was subjected to agni.

The temperature was given as according to the classical Procedure as kramagni i.e

mrudu agni,200-2500C for 4hrs,madyamagni,300-4500C for 4 hrs,teevragni,450-

6000C for 4 hrs.

The temperature was recorded with the help of digital pyrometer by inserting the

thermocouple in valuka yantra,by keeping the tip nearer to the bottom of kupi.

Heat was increased gradually and regulated as per requirement.Temperature was

recorded at every hour.

Frequently kanta vishodana was done with tapta shalaka.

By the end of teevragni,fumes stopped coming.

After complete cesation of fumes,kupi was taken out from valuka yantra and

allowed for self cooling.

Observations

The valuka yantra was kept on agni at 8 am of 12th march 2008 and room

temperature was 300C.




126

The kupi was subjected to kramagni for 12 hrs and specific observations made

mean while are represented in

Table No.27. Showing the observations made during the preparation of

Swarnavanga.

Time in hrs Temperature in centigrade

Specific observations

1st hour 2000C Dense yellow fumes of Gandhaka was seen coming out of bottle.Had astringent smell.

2nd hour 2200C Only mild fumes started coming out. 3rd hour 2500C Material inside the bottle was hard, when

cold shalaka was inserted 4th hour 2500C Dense yellow fumes was observed inside

the bottle 5th hour 3000C White fumes started coming out,particles

started settling at the top and neck of the bottle

6th hour 3500C Particles of Navasadara slowly started depositing at the neck of the bottle.

7th hour 4000C Silvery white globules were seen moving inside the bottle when observed with the help of torch.

8th hour 4500C When tamra patra was kept over the mouth of the bottle the surface of the coin turned into greyish white in colour.

9th hour 5000C Mild white fumes are still coming out of the bottle.

10th hour 5500C - - - 11th hour 6000C When cold shalaka was inserted inside the

bottle and removed, it was golden yellow in colour. Mild white fumes are still coming out of the bottle.

12th hour 6000C Complete cessation of white fumes observed.

After 12 hrs,kach kupi was taken out of the valuka yantra and kept for bahi

sheeta.

When observed inside the bottle with the help of a torch,golden yellow coloured

material had collected at the bottom of the bottle.




127

Precautions

The maintenance of temperature was done carefully with the help of pyrometer,

steady rise in temperature is maintained.

Pyrometer was placed at a distance of 5-6 cms away from the bottole.

To avoid irritation from fumes of Gandhaka, masking with help of cloth was

done.

While carring out cold shalaka, touching the bottom of the bottle was avoided.

Kanta shodana was done continuously with tapta shalaka to prevent blocking of

neck of the bottle.

After obseving siddhi lakshanas, kupi was taken out from the valuka yantra

carefully and immediately and allowed for self cooling.

Paschat karma

The layer of mritkapata was removed by scrapping with knife and the external

surface of kupi was cleaned with wet cloth.

Jute dipped in kerosene was tied 2 cm above the level of medicine and ignited.

When the whole thread was burnt, it was wrapped by wet cloth.

Kupi was broken into two halves with a breaking sound.

Now the lower portion of the bottle was taken and all the dust and black powder

over the medicine was removed carefully with the help of painting brush.

Later the medicine was removed with the help of knife from the lower part and

also from all the sides of bottle and was collected in a clean sterile container.




128

Observations

After removing the mritkapata, golden yellow coloured material was seen

collected at the bottom of the bottle. Its height was about 4 cm.

The neck of the bottle was formed with the deposition of shinning particles.

Over the golden yellow coloured coloumn, black dusty powdered particles were

seen.

Breaking of the bottle can be observed with the noise.

The bottle broke correctly along the line of the thread. No small pieces of broken

glass seen.

Swarna vanga separated out from the bottle surface was in a single block. This

was smooth, unctuous and shiny golden yellow in colour.

Precautions

Thread dipped in kerosene was tied in only one circle.

No force was applied to break the bottle into two parts.

Dusting of blackish powder particles over the surface of Swarna vanga was

carried out with the help of a painting brush.

Results

Amount of Kajjali taken - 100 gms

Amount of Swarna vanga obtained - 32 gms

Amount of residue obtained - 15 gms

Swarna vanga preparation was conducted for another two times with same

proportion of Kajjali.




129

Practical No.16

Name of the practical - Preperation of Swarna vanga




Results

Weight of the Kajjali - 100 gms

Weight of Swarna vanga obtained - 37 gms

Weight of residue obtained - 20 gms

Practical No.17

Name of the practical - Preperation of Swarna vanga




Results

Weight of the Kajjali - 100 gms

Weight of Swarna vanga obtained - 40 gms

Weight of residue obtained - 22 gms

Table No.28. Showing the yield of Swarna vanga in different practicals.

Practical No Weight of Kajjali Weight of Swarna Vanga

Residue left

15 100 gms 32 gms 15 gms 16 100 gms 37 gms 20 gms 17 100 gms 40 gms 22 gms

Analytical Study



130

Analytical Study189

The Rasoushadhies mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia should be analyzed

for physical and chemical properties to confirm the genuinity and safety before

administration to the patients. Hence it is essential to adopt modern analytical

methodology for better understanding and interpretation of physico-chemical changes

occurred during the process.

In the present study, Swarnavanga prepared according to Kupipakwa method is

collected and subjected to modern analytical methods at Hanagal Shri Kumareshwar

college of Pharmacy, Bagalkot and XRD is done at National Chemical Laboratory, Pune.

Analysis of Swarnavanga

1) Organoleptic characters

Swarnavanga is golden yellow colour, faint smell, salty to taste and fine to touch.

2) Loss on drying at 1100C

2gms of Swarnavanga weighed accurately in a silica crucible and dried in a hot air

oven at 1100C till a constant weight is obtained. The difference in weight was calculated

and the result is attached.

Result: 0.22%

3) Determination of Total Ash

Take about 2gm accurately weighed, ground drug in a previously tared silica dish,

previously ignited and weighed. Scatter the ground dry in a fine even layer on the bottom

of the dish. Incinerate by gradually increasing the heat not exceeding dull red heat

(4500C) until free from carbon, cool and weigh. Calculate the percentage of ash with

reference to the air-dried drug. Result: 88.58%

Analytical Study



131

4) Acid Insoluble Ash

Boil the ash obtained in the process described under determination of total ash for

5 minutes with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid. Collect the insoluble matter on an ash

less filter paper wash with hot water and ignite. Weigh it and calculate the percentage of

acid insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.

Result: Not more then 81.59%

5) The fineness of particle test

It can be possible to use the ordinary microscope for particle size measuring in the

range of 0.2 micrometers to about 100 micrometers. According to microscope method,

the fine powder was sprinkled on the slide covered with covering slip and placed on a

mechanical stage. Initially standardization of micrometer was carried out by coinciding

with the lines of both ocular micrometer and stage micrometer and standardized by using

the formula. SM / OM x 10 = m

In the next step, the stage micrometer was removed and the mounted slide was

placed on a mechanical stage and focused. The particles are measured along the

arbitrarily chosen fixed lines covered by the particles using the ocular micrometer. The

size of the particle was calculated using the standard value.

Result : 11.48 0.06

6) Flow Property:

Swarnavanga, which is a very fine powder is subjected to flow property test i.e

“Angle of response” by which we can analyze goodness of flow property.

Angle of repose: It is the maximum angle that can be obtained between the freestanding

surface of a powder heap and the horizontal plane i.e. tan = 2h/D.

Analytical Study



132

Where D is the diameter of the circle and “h” is the height of the powder heap.

This test involves the hollow cylinder, half is filled by Swarnavanga with one end sealed

by transparent plate. The cylinder is rotated about its horizontal axis until the powder

surface cascades. The curved wall is lined with sand paper to prevent preferential slip at

this surface. If the value comes between 200-400 indicates reasonable flow potential.

Result : Angle of repose – 340.

7) Flow rate:

A simple indication of the ease with which a material can be induced to flow is

given by application of a compressibility index “I = [1-V/V0] x 100”

Where “V” is the volume occupied by sample of the powder after being subjected to a

standardized tapping procedure.

V0 = Volume before tapping procedure.

In this procedure, one measuring cylinder is taken and is filled with Swarnavanga.

The level of the Swarnavanga should be noted. Then at a height of 2 cm continuous 10

tapping should be done after that the level of the Swarnavanga in the cylinder is once

again noted and value “I” is calculated with respect to the V0 and V value. If the value of

“I” is below 15% usually having good flow rate.

Result : 7.38%

8) Solubility tests

Water Slightly soluble

Chloroform Slightly soluble

Alcohol Soluble

Analytical Study



133

9) Determination of pH –

The pH value of the sample was determined by a digital pH meter. One percent

solution was prepared, as the sample was dry and solid in the form of pills. The pills

were powdered. One gram of the sample was weighed accurately and dissolved in

100ml of water pH was noted in the digital pH meter.

Result: PH value: 7.58

10) Estimation of Tin

Preparation of sample for analysis:

Take a weighed quantity of sample transferred to a 300 ml Kjeldahl flask.

Add 25 ml of concentrated Nitric acid allow initial reaction to subside. Then add

cautiously 10 to 20 ml concentrated Sulphuric acid. When reaction has quietened,

heat cautiously avoiding foaming rotate the flask occasionally to prevent caking of

sample upon glass explosed to flame. Maintain oxidizing conditions through out the

digestion by adding small quantity of nitric acid. Whenever mixture turns to brown or

darkens, continue digestion until

organic matter is destroyed & SO3 fumes are copiously evolved.Cool slightly & add

75 ml of water & 25 ml of saturated ammonia oxalate. Solution to assist in expelling

oxides of nitrogen.Evaporate again until white fumes appear. Cool, & dilute with

water 200 ml in volumetric flask

Tin ( Gravimetric ):

Reagents: 1. Wash solution mix 100 ml of saturated ammonium alkali solution with

50 ml of glacial acid & 850 ml of water

Analytical Study



134

2. Ammonium polysulphide solution – Pass H2S gas into 200 ml of

ammonia solution in bottle immersed in ice water until gas is no longer

absorbed & 200 ml ammonia & dilute with water to 1 lt. Digest this

solution with 25 gms of flowers of sulphar several hours & filter.

Procedure:

Take the above prepared solution, add ammonia until just alkaline, then 5ml of

HCL ( + 3). Dilute with 100 ml of water. Heat the solution to 950 c & pass in a slow

stream of H2S. Digest for one hour at 95 0 c & let stand 30 minutes longer.Filter &

wash the precipiatate of SnS alternatively with 3 portions each of the wash solution

& hot H2O. transfer filter & precipiatate to 100 ml beaker, add 10 to 20 ml of the

ammonium polysulphide solution.Heat to boiling & filter.Treat content of the beaker

with two additional portion of hot ammonium polysulphide solution & wash, filter

with hot water.

Acidify combined filtrate and washings with dilute acetic acid (1+9), digest on

hot plate for one hour, let stand overnight and filter through double 11 cm paper.

Wash 2, alternatively with 2 portions each of the wash solution and hot water and dry

thoroughly in weighed porcelain cruicible.Ignote over Bunsen flame, very gently at

first to burn of paper and convert the sulphide to oxide, then cover the cruicible and

heat strongly to mettallic Tin using factor 0.7877.

11) Determination of Sulphur:

Eschka Mixture:

Mix two parts by weight calcined magnesia with one part of anhydrous sodium

carbonate.

Analytical Study



135

Procedure:

Cover the bottom of a 50ml crucible with 0.5gm of Eschka’s mixture Weight

accurately the appropriate quantity of the sample material and mix it immediately

with 2gms of Eschka’s mixture and put evenly on the previously weighed Eschka’s

mixture Level the contents by tapping gently on a bench. Cover this uniformly with

0.5gm of Eschka mixture. Place crucible in the muffle furnace. Raise the

temperature from room temperature to 8000C +250C in about one hour and then heat

for further 90 minutes.

Transfer the ignited mixture as completely as possible from the crucible to a

beaker containing 25 to30 ml of water. Wash out the crucible thoroughly with about

50 ml of hot distilled water and add the washings to the contents of the breaker.

Add carefully sufficient quantity of concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve the

solid matter, warming the content of the breaker to effect solution. Boil for 5 Minutes

to expel carbon dioxide. Add drop wise from a pipette, warm 5% Barium chlorine

solution. Stir the solution constantly during the addition. Allow the precipitate to

settle for a minute or two.

Then test the supernatant liquid for complete precipitation by adding a few drops

of Barium chloride solution. If a precipitate is formed, add slowly a further 3 ml of

the reagent allow the precipitate to settle as before and test again, repeat this

operation until an excess of Barium Chloride is present. When an excess of the

precipitating agent has been added, keep the covered solution hot, but not boiling for

an hour (steam bath) in order to allow time for complete precipitation. The

Analytical Study



136

precipitation should settle and a clear supernatant liquid should be obtained. Test the

latter with a few drops of barium chloride solution for complete precipitation. If no

precipitate obtained, the Barium sulphate is ready for filtration.

Filter the solution through an ash less filter paper (Whatman No. 42) Wash the

precipitate with small portion of hot water. Dry the paper and place it in a silica or

porcelain crucible, previously ignited to redness and cooled in a desiccators and

weighed. Gradually increase the heat until the paper chars and volatile matter is

expelled. Do not allow the paper to burst into flame as mechanical loss may thus

ensure. When charring is complete, raise the temperature of the crucible to dull

redness and burn off carbon with free excess of air. When the precipitate is white

ignite the crucible at red heat for 10-15 minutes. Allow the crucible to cool in air,

transfer it to a desiccators and when cold, weigh the crucible and contents. Repeat

until constant weight is attained.

A blank is necessary. Calculate the percentage of sulphur converting Barium

sulphate X 0.1374. Result: 16.152%

12) Determination of mercury

Procedure –

Dissolve about 0.3gms of the sample in 5ml of aquaregia and add 100ml of water.

Add 40ml of 0.05N EDTA, 5ML OF Ammonia buffer solution and 0.5ml of

solochrome black indicator. Titrate the solution with 0.05 M Zinc sulphate until the

blue colour changes to purple (do not overshoot the end point), add 3 gms of

potassium iodide, swirl to dissolve. Allow to stand for two minutes. Then, continue

Analytical Study



137

the titration with zinc sulphate solution to the same end point as before. Each ml Zinc

sulphate solution required after addition of potassium iodide = 0.0103 Hg.

Result: Mercury : Absent (No trace)

13) Estimation of Sodium

1) Sodium compounds when moistened with hydrochloric acid and introduced on a

platinum wire into the flame of a Bunsen burner, give a yellow colour to the

flame.

2) Solutions of sodium salts, when acidified with dilute acetic acid, filtered if

necessary and treated with uranyl zinc acetate solution, yield yellow crystalline

precipitate.

3) Solutions of sodium salts, when treated with about an equal volume of potassium

antimonite solution slowly yield a white crystalline precipitate.

14) Namburi Phased spot test (NPST)190

For quality assessment of Swarna vanga NPST was done.

Procedure

About 0.25 gms of the Swarna vanga was taken into centrifuge test tube and

0.5ml of aquaragia was added drop by drop. The mixture was allowed to react with each

other for 30 minutes. It was then heated gently for 1 minute. The reactants were allowed

to react for 24 hours. A drop of clear solution was put on 10% Pot lodide paper and

observed.

Analytical Study



138

Observations

In the Ist Phase, a dark brown spot appeared. The dark brown colour began to

fade away after 15mins. After that deep red spot appeared at centre with orange

periphery. These two were separated by white circular space. After 1 ½ hours the orange

colour began to fade away.

Result

The sample of Swarnavanga proved genuine as it matched the standards of NPST.

XRD

x-ray diffraction method

Definition : X-ray diffraction is a technique through which the special arrangement of

structural units of a substance in the crystalline state i.e., investigating the interior or a

crystal.

Principle :

Bragg’s law of diffraction of x-ray by crystals is applicable according to him

when an x-ray beam strikes a crystal surface at an angle portion of the beam penetrates to

the second layers of atoms and so on. The cumulative effect of this scattering from the

regularly spaced centers of the crystal is nothing but diffraction of the beam.

The important requirement of diffraction are:

a) The Spacing between layers of atoms must be roughly the same as the wavelength of

the radiation.

b) The scattering centers must be specially distributed in a highly regular way.

Analytical Study



139

Various methods of x-ray diffraction :

Lane photographic method.

Bragg x-ray spectrometer method.

Ratting crystal method

Powder method.

Sample preparation :

The samples are ground to a fine, homogenous powder and held in the beam of

thin walled glass or the specimen maybe mixed with a suitable non-crystalline binder and

moulded into a suitable shape.

As a result large number of small crystallites are oriented in all possible directions

and when x-ray beam traverses the material a significant number of particles are expected

to be oriented in such a manner that Bragg’s a equation for reflection from every possible

inter planar spacing becomes satisfied.

When the x-ray beam is diffracted by a fine powder, made of small crystallites,

diffraction will take place for all crystallites whose planes spacing of atom d make an

angle or reflection () to that incident beam, and the diffracted beam will lie on a cone of

semi apex angle 2. The minimum interplanar spacing giving a diffraction is at :

d = / 2, = 900

A complete study of the sample assumes all possible angular positions in the path

of the x-rays, should give a unique result for each substance.

Analytical Study



140

Applications :

X-ray diffraction provides a convenient and, practical means for qualitative

identification of crystalline compounds where the x-ray diffraction pattern is unique

for each crystalline substance.

Quantitative analysis of x-ray diffraction is done by comparing the intensity of a

chosen diffraction line in a standard mixture.

X-ray diffraction is employed in investigating the interior of a crystal. (size and

shapes of individual crystal vary but interfacial angle remain constant).

Used in detecting the structures of complex natural products such as steriods,

vitamins and antibiotics.

Advantages:

X-ray methods are non-destructive.

X-ray analysis done to crystalline samples in any physical state of sub-division.

Disadvantages:

The accuracy of the analysis depends on the surface preparation, reliability of

standards, stability of x-ray tube output and the number of x-ray photos counted.

Instrumental and sample variable affect the analysis.

Note: Report is enclosed

Clinical study



141

Clinical Study

Any research work remains incomplete unless it is confirmed by clinical trials

made on human beings.To assess the efficacy of drug under trail,clinical study should

must be done.For the study I have taken Swarna vanga to be administered along with the

Yashad bhasma,Ashok twak Kwatha & Jatamansi churna as anupana considering its

efficacy in Shweta pradara.

Selection of the Patients

a) Source of data

20 Patients of Shweta pradara with confirmed diagnosis taken randomly for a

single group trail from the OPD & IPD of DGMAMC Hospital,Gadag.

b) Inclusive Criteria

1) Age between 20-50 yrs

2) Chronic lecorrhoea (> 2 months)

c) Exclusive Criteria

1) Pregnancy and lactation.

2) Pelvic inflammatory disease.

3) Abnormal pap smear.

4) Abnormal uterine bleeding.

5) Local gynecological causes like ovarian cyst, prolapse, fibro myoma polyps.

6) Systemic disease, including severe anemia and HIV.

7) Patients with STD’s.

8) Use of harmones or Intra uterine devices.

Clinical study



142

Research Design

The study was conducted on total 20 patients who could complete the treatment

all along the study period. The patients were selected from the OPD of

DGMAMC&H,Gadag for respective clinical trail.

Duration and Method of Administration of the drug

Study Duration: 7 days with 4 days follow up.

Mode of administration: Swarnavanga was administered orally.

Dosage : 1 Ratti (125mg) bid per day.

Anupana : Yashada bhasma,Jatamansi Churna,and Ashok twak.

Interventions

The oateints were assessed before and after treatment as per assessment criteria.

The nature of the study was explained to the patients in detail and pre-treatment

consent was taken.

The patients had full rights to withdraw from the study at any time.

The data was maintained confidently.

Investigations

1. Blood –Hb%,TC,DC,ESR.

2. Urine – Albumin,Sugar,Microscopic.

3. Vaginal smear.

4. Vaginal pH.

Clinical study



143

Criteria for the Assessment of Results.

Criteria of assessment were set aside on the basis of relief in the signs and

symptoms of Shweta pradara. For this purpose, vaginal smear and Vaginal Ph values

were given scores in following scoring pattern.

1. Yoni Srava(Discharge)

Gr-0 No Discharge

Gr-1 Persistent moistness of vulva

Gr-2 Need to change the undergarments frequently

Gr-3 Need to use an extra cloth or pad

2. Yoni Dourgandhya

Gr-0 No Smelling

Gr-1 Smell felt at the time of changing garments

Gr-2 Smells slightly out side

Gr-3 Ocasionally fouls smelling

Gr-4 Persistent foul smelling

3. Yoni kandu

Gr-0 No itching

Gr-1 Ocassionaly itching

Gr-2 Mild itching

Gr-3 Moderate-Present but did not affect day to day work

Gr-4 Severe - Continous Kandu,which effects day to day work

4. Yoni Vedana

Gr-0 No Pain

Clinical study



144

Gr-1 Mild Pain-No medicinal requirement

Gr-2 Moderate- Perisistent Pain

Gr-3 Severe-Continous Pain-Requires medicine

Gr-4 Extreme-Pain continous with abdominal cramps

5. Yoni Sheetatwa

Gr-0 Coldness not felt

Gr-1 Coldness felt

Gr-2 Romaharsham

Gr-3 Ushna Kamitwam

6. Vrana (Ulcerations)

Gr-0 No Ulcerations

Gr-1 Petichial Ulcerations

Gr-2 Indurate Ulcers

Gr-3 Ulcers with discharge

7. Vaginal Smear

Gr-0 Normal Smear

Gr-1 Inflamatory Smear

Gr-2 Inflamatory Smear with monaliasis.

Assesment of overall effect of the treatment

1. Well Responded = Releived by all symptoms( Srava,Vedana and Kandu)

2. Moderately Responded = Releived by any of the two among three symptoms.

3. Poor response = Relieved by any one among three symptoms.

4. Not Responded = Not relieved by any of the symptoms.

Results

“Preparation, Physico Chemical Analysis of Swarna Vanga and its Clinical Efficacy in

Shweta Pradara”

145

RESULTS

In this present study 20 patients of confirmed diagnosis of Shwetapradara taken

for the clinical study.

The observation datas were recorded in well designed perform a before and after

treatment. Total observations data divided into 3 sections for better understanding

Demographic data

Data related to disease.

Data related to response to the treatment

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Distribution of Patients by age

Table No.29. Showing the distribution of patients by age.

Age (yrs) Good response

Moderate Response

Poor Response

No Response

Total Percentage

20-30 3 3 0 1 7 35% 30-40 1 5 3 0 9 45% 40-50 0 1 2 1 4 20% Total 4 9 5 2 20 Percentage 20% 45% 25% 10% 100%

Among 20 Patients, 7 patients (i.e.35%) were belonged to the aged 20-30 years, 9

patients (i.e.45%) were between the age of 30-40 years, 4 patients (i.e.20%) were in

between 40-50 years of age.

Graph No. 1 Showing the distribution of Pt.’s by age groups.

3

10

3

5

10

32

10

1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

20-30 30-40 40-50

Good response

Moderate response

Poor response

No response

Results


Shweta Pradara”

146

Distribution of Patients by economical status

Table No.30. Showing the distribution of socio economic status.

Economic

status

Good

response

Moderate

Response

Poor

Response

No

Response

Total Percentage

Poor 1 3 2 1 7 35%

Middle 1 3 3 0 7 35%

Hig Mid 1 2 0 1 4 20%

Hig Class 1 1 0 0 2 10%

Total 4 9 5 2 20

Percentage 20% 45% 25% 10% 100%

Among 20 patients, 7 patients (i.e.35%) were belongs to poor class, 7 patients

(i.e.35%) belongs to middle class and 4 patients (i.e.20%) were belongs in higher middle

class and 2 patients (10%) belongs to higher class socio-economical status.

Graph No. 02. Showing the distribution of Pt.’s by Socio-economic status.

1 1 1 1

3 3

2

1

0

2

3

0 0

1

0

1

00

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.55

Poor Middle HigerMid

Higherclass

Good response

Moderate response

Poor response

No response

Results


Shweta Pradara”

147

Distribution of Patients by Dietary Habits

Table No.31. Showing the distribution of patients by Dietary Habits.

Diet Good

response

Moderate

Response

Poor

Response

No

Response

Total Percentage

Vegetarian 4 8 4 0 16 80%

Mixed diet 0 1 1 2 4 20%

Total 4 9 5 2 20

Percentage 20% 45% 25% 10% 100%

16 patients (80%) were habituated to vegetarian foods and 4 patients (20%) were

habitated to mixed type of diatery habit.

Graph No. 3. Showing the distribution of Pt.’s by Food habit.

Distribution of Patients by Religion.

Table No.32. Showing the distribution of the patients by Religion.

Religion Good

response

Moderate

Response

Poor

Response

No

Response

Total Percentage

Hindu 4 8 5 1 18 90%

Muslim 0 1 0 1 2 10%

Christian 0 0 0 0 0 0

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 4 9 5 2 20

Percentage 20% 45% 25% 10% 100%

20

80

mixed diet

vegetarian

Results


Shweta Pradara”

148

In the present study, 18 patients (i.e.90%) are Hindus, 2 Patients (10%) are

Muslims.

Graph No. 4. Showing the distribution of the patients by Religion.

90

100

0

Hindu

Muslim

Distribution of Patients by Occupation.

Table No. 33. Showing the distribution of the patients by occupation

Occupation Good

response

Moderate

Response

Poor

Response

No

Response

Total Percentage

Sendentory 1 1 0 1 3 15%

Active 3 6 3 0 12 60%

Labour 0 2 2 1 5 25%

Total 4 9 5 2 20

Percentage 20% 45% 25% 10% 100%

In the present study 3 patients (i.e.15%) are of Sedentary type, 12 Patients (60%)

are active, 5 Patients (25%) are of Labour group.

Graph No. 05. Showing the distribution of Pt.’s by Occupation.

15

60

25

Sedentary

Active

Labour

Results


Shweta Pradara”

149

Distribution of Patients by Marital Status

Table No. 34. Showing the distribution of the patients by Marital status.

SL.No Marital status Patients Percentage

1 Married 14 70%

2 Un Married 4 20%

3 Widow 2 10%

Graph No. 6. Showing the distribution of Pt.’s by Marital status.

70

20

10

Married

Unmarried

Widow

DATA RELATED TO DISEASE

Showing the patients by Ahara Nidana Observed in the study

Table No. 35. Showing the distribution of the patients by Ahara Nidana

SL.No Ahara Nidana Patients Percentage

1 Abhishyandi Ahara 16 80%

2 Lavana amla katu 15 75%

3 Viruddha ahara 8 40%

4 Adhyashara 14 70%

Results


Shweta Pradara”

150

Showing the patients by Vihara Nidana Observed in the study

Table No. 36. Showing the distribution of the patients by Vihara Nidana

SL.No Vihara Nidana Patients Percentage

1 Diwa swapna 7 35%

2 Aryana 10 50%

3 Yoni Prakshalana 13 65%

4 Atimaithuna 1 5%

Showing the patients by Anya Nidana Observed in the study

Table No.37. Showing the distribution of the patients by Anya Nidana

SL.No Anya Nidana Patients Percentage

1 Vegararodha 19 95%

2 Manasika Karana 9 45%

Showing the patients by Nidanartha kara Vyadhi Observed in the study

Table No. 38. Showing the distribution of the patients by Nidanartha kara Vyadhi

SL.No Nidarthakara Vyadhi Patients Percentage

1 Ajjerna 16 80%

2 Agnimandya 16 80%

3 Upapluta 0 0

4 Acharna 1 5%

5 Aticharana 0 0

6 Atyananda 0 0

Results


Shweta Pradara”

151

Showing the patients by Chronicity

Table No. 39. Showing the distribution of the patients by Chronicity.

SL.No Chronicity of Shveta pradara Patients Percentage

1 2-4 Months 6 30%

2 4-6 Months 5 25%

3 6-8 Months 5 25%

4 8-10 Months 1 5%

5 10-12 Months 3 15%

Distribution of Patients by Chief Complaints.

Table No. 40. Showing the distribution of the patients by chief complaints.

SL.No Chief complaints Patients Percentage

1 Yoni Srava 20 100%

2 Yoni Dourgandhya 12 60%

3 Yoni Kandu 20 100%

4 Yoni Vedana 17 85%

5 Yoni Sheetatwa 12 60%

6 Vrana 4 20%

Graph No. 7. Showing the distribution of Pt.’s by chief complaints

20

12

2017

12

4

0

5

10

15

20

25

Yoni sra

va

Yoni ourg

andhya

Yoni Kan

du

Yoni Ved

ana

Yoni Shee

tatw

a

Vrana

Patients

Results


Shweta Pradara”

152

Distribution of Patients by Associate Complaints.

Table No. 41. Showing the distribution of the patients by Associate complaints

SL.No Associate complaints Patients Percentage

1 Kalishoola 14 70%

2 Jwara 7 35%

3 Anga marda 9 45%

4 Udara shoola 6 30%

5 Dourbalya 17 85%

6 Yoni daha 5 25%

Graph No. 8. Showing the distribution of Pt.’s by associate complaints

14

79

6

17

5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Kails

hoola

Jwar

aAnga

Udara

shoola

Dourbal

ya

Yoni dah

a

Patients

DATA RELATED TO RESPONSE TO THE TREATMENT

Clinical and Laboratory investigation of all the patients were assessed before and

after the treatment. The clinical conditions were assessed by the symptomatology like

Yonisrava, Yoni dourgandhya, Yoni kandu, Yoni vedana, Yoni sheetatwa and Vrana

were taken as Subjective parameters. Laboratory investigations like Vaginal pH and

Vaginal smear were taken as objective parameters.

Results


Shweta Pradara”

153

OVER ALL ASSESSMENT OF PARAMETERS

Subjective Parameters

Yoni Srava

Table No.42. Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni srava before

and after treatment.

SL.No Degree of Yoni Srava BT % AT %

1 Grade – 0 0 0 17 85%

2 Grade – 1 12 60% 3 15%

3 Grade – 2 4 20% 0 0

4 Grade – 3 4 20% 0 0

Yoni Dourgandhya

Table No.43. Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni

dourgandhya before and after treatment.

SL.No Degree of Yoni

Dourgandhya

BT % AT %

1 Grade – 0 8 40% 12 60%

2 Grade – 1 6 30% 7 35%

3 Grade – 2 3 15% 1 5%

4 Grade – 3 0 0 0 0

5 Grade – 4 3 15% 0 0

Yoni Kandu

Table No.44. Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni kandu

before and after treatment.

SL.No Degree of Yoni Kandu

BT % AT %

1 Grade – 0 0 0 9 45% 2 Grade – 1 7 35% 7 35% 3 Grade – 2 8 40% 2 10% 4 Grade – 3 4 20% 2 10% 5 Grade – 4 1 5% 0 0

Results


Shweta Pradara”

154

Yoni Vedana

Table No. 45. Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni vedana



Vedana

BT % AT %

1 Grade – 0 3 15% 10 50%

2 Grade – 1 12 60% 9 45%

3 Grade – 2 4 20% 1 5%

4 Grade – 3 1 5% 0 0

5 Grade – 4 0 0 0 0

Yoni Sheetatwa

Table No.46. Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Yoni sheetatwa



Sheetatwa

BT % AT %

1 Grade – 0 10 50% 16 80%

2 Grade – 1 10 50% 4 20%

3 Grade – 2 0 0 0 0

4 Grade – 3 0 0 0 0

Vrana

Table No.47. Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Vrana before and

after treatment.

SL.No Degree of Vrana BT % AT %

1 Grade – 0 16 80% 19 95%

2 Grade – 1 4 20% 1 5%

3 Grade – 2 0 0 0 0

4 Grade – 3 0 0 0 0

Results


Shweta Pradara”

155

Objective Parameters

Vaginal pH

Table No. 48. Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Vaginal pH


SL.No Degree of Vaginal pH BT % AT %

1 3 - 4 0 0 5 25%

2 4 - 5 3 15% 11 55%

3 5 - 6 4 20% 3 15%

4 6 - 7 8 40% 1 5%

5 7 - 8 5 25% 0 0

Vaginal Smear

Table No.49. Showing the distribution of the patients by degree of Vaginal Smear


SL.No Degree of Vaginal

Smear

BT % AT %

1 Grade – 0 3 15% 14 70%

2 Grade – 1 8 40% 0 0

3 Grade – 2 9 45% 6 30%

Results


Shweta Pradara”

156

Table No. 50. RESULT OF SWARNA VANGA IN SHWETA PRADARA

SL.No Result No of Patients Percentage

1 Good Response 4 20%

2 Moderate Response 9 45%

3 Poor Response 5 25%

4 No Response 2 10%

5 Total 20 100%

Graph No. 9. Showing the Result of Swarnavanga in Shwetapradara.

20

45

25

10

Good response

Moderate response

Poor response

No response

Results


Shweta Pradara”

157

Table No. 51. Showing the Statistical analysis of the subjective and objective parameters before and after the treatment.

Parameter Mean SD SE t-value p-value Remarks

Yoni sarva 1.45

0.887041

0.198354

7.310145

<0.001 HS

Yoni dhurganda

0.789474

1.084176

0.242437

3.256413

<0.005 HS

Yoni kandu 1.1

0.788069

0.176223

6.242094

<0.001 HS

Yoni vedana

0.6

0.598243

0.133775

4.485134

<0.001 HS

Yoni seetawa

0.3

0.470162

0.105135

2.853482

<0.025 HS

vrana 0.15

0.366348

0.08192

1.831048

>0.05 NS

Vaginal ph 1.955

0.772879

0.172826

11.31194

<0.001 HS

Vaginal smear

0.9

0.788069

0.176223

5.107167

<0.001 HS

Conclusion:

The statistical analysis is done by using student’s paired t-test, by assuming that

the drug is not responsible for changes in the readings before and after treatment. From

the analysis except in the parameter “Vrana” all other parameters shows highly

significant (as p<0.05). the parameters yoni sarva, yoni kandu, yoni vedna, vaginal ph

and vaginal smear shows more highly significant than the other parameters ( as p<0.001).

the parameters yoni dhurganda and yoni sheetawa shows less highly significant (as

p>0.001).

The percentage of improvement in the parameters is Yoni sarva with

90.625%, yoni dhurganda with 62.5 %, yoni kandu with56.41%, yoni vedana with

52.17%, yoni sheetawa with 60.0 %, vrana with 75 %, vaginal ph with 28.41 % and

vaginal smear with 53.84% from the study.

Results


Shweta Pradara”

158

Table No.52

MASTER CHART SHOWING THE DEMOGRAPHIC DATAS

Religion Occupation Economical Condition

Results S.l. No

OPD No

Age Food

H M C O S A L P M Hgm

Hgc

WR

MR

PR NR

1 826 32 V + + + + 2 878 35 V + + + + 3 963 37 Mx + + + + 4 1091 20 V + + + + 5 1123 45 V + + + + 6 1185 22 V + + + + 7 1459 40 V + + + + 8 1460 28 Mx + + + + 9 1461 30 Mx + + + + 10 1473 24 V + + + + 11 784 22 V + + + + 12 1542 25 V + + + + 13 1832 23 V + + + + 14 1865 31 Mx + + + + 15 1885 36 V + + + + 16 1902 30 V + + + + 17 1912 34 V + + + + 18 1936 40 Mx + + + + 19 1945 32 V + + + + 20 1986 42 V + + + + V= Vegetarian food Mx= Mixed H= Hindu M=Muslim C= Christain O= Others S= Sedentary A= Active L= Labour P= Poor M= Middle HgM= Higher middle HgC= Higher class WR= Well responded MR= Moderate responded PR= Poor responded NR= Not responded

Results


Shweta Pradara”

159

Table No. 53

MASTER CHART SHOWING THE SUBJECTIVE PARAMETERS

Yoni srava

Yoni Drurgandhya

Yoni Kandu Yoni Vedana

Yoni Sheetatwa

Vrana S.L. no

OPD

BT

AT

Dif B T

AT

Dif B T

AT

Dif BT

AT

Dif B T

A T

Dif BT

AT

Dif

1 826 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 878 3 0 3 4 1 3 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 963 2 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1091 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1123 3 1 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 1185 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1459 3 0 3 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 8 1460 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1461 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 10 1473 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 11 784 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1542 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1832 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 14 1865 1 0 1 2 0 2 3 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 15 1885 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 16 1902 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 17 1912 3 0 3 4 1 3 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 1936 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 19 1945 2 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 20 1986 2 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 BT= Before Treatment AT= After Treatment Dif= Difference

Results


Shweta Pradara”

160

Table No. 54.

MASTER CHART SHOWING THE OBJECTIVE PARAMETERS

Vagnial pH Vaginal Smear S.L. no

OPD BT AT Dif BT AT Dif

1 826 6.5 4.5 2 1 0 1 2 878 7.0 4.5 2.5 2 2 0 3 963 6.0 4.2 1.8 2 2 0 4 1091 4.2 4.5 -0.3 0 0 0 5 1123 8 5.0 3 2 2 0 6 1185 4.1 6.0 -1.9 0 2 -2 7 1459 8.0 5.0 3 1 0 1 8 1460 5.9 4.5 1.4 2 2 0 9 1461 7.0 5.5 2.5 2 2 0 10 1473 6.0 4.0 2.0 1 0 1 11 784 6.0 3.5 2.5 2 0 2 12 1542 4.5 3.5 1 0 0 0 13 1832 6.5 4.5 1 2 0 2 14 1865 6.8 4.5 2.3 2 0 2 15 1885 5.0 4.5 0.5 1 0 1 16 1902 5.8 4.2 1.6 1 0 1 17 1912 6.0 3.5 2.5 1 0 1 18 1936 7.0 4.5 2.5 1 0 1 19 1945 5.8 3.5 2.3 1 0 1 20 1986 6.0 3.5 2.5 2 0 2

BT= Before Treatment AT= After Treatment Dif= Difference

Discussion



161

DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with analysis of apparent reasons and interpretations of

observations and results of the study. It can be studied under following headings:

1) Review of Literature

2) Pharmaceutical study

3) Analytical study

4) Clinical study

1) Review of Literature

Kupipakwa Rasayanas are one of the important therapeutic modes of presentation

of Rasaoushadies. We get the references of Kachakupi after 10th century AD. But the

preparation of kupipakwa Rasayanas come into existence from 13th century AD onwards.

Its preparation was first mentioned by Acharya Yashodhar. Gandhaka Jarana procedure

mentioned in Rasahridaya tantra developed and came into light as Kupipakwa Rasayana.

Ayurveda prakasha of 17th century AD was the first to name it as “Sindura Kalpa” as per

the colour of the drug.

The Karmagni pattern of Kupipakwa differs from one yoga to another. Sagandha

preparations need relatively more intensity of agni than Nirgandha preparations.

As Kupipakwa Rasayanas are subjected to agni for longer duration, the

therapeutic potency of compound prepared by them is good. Hence only less dosage is

sufficient to achieve desired results.

Certain display in human beings are not counted as serious illness from the health

point of view. Since they don’t have inclination to induce ill health, Yet their presence

undoubtedly makes them unhappy and diseased. These disorders do not warrant the

Discussion



162

consultations of a physician immediately, but the individual ultimately feels its impact.

Shweta pradara is one of them.

Swarnavanga

Swarna vanga is sagandha kupipakwa kalpana. It is described only by Acharya

Sadananda Sharma in his text Rasatarangin.

The ingredients of Swarna vanga are Hingluotha parada, Gandhaka, Vanga and

Navasadara, in equal parts. It is mainly indicated in urinary – genito disorders.

a) Vanga a component of Swarna vanga caries the properties of Laghu, Sheeta,

Bhrmhana, Vrushya, Rasayana, Deepana and Pachana.

b) Hingulotha parada is considered to be having qualities equvilant to ashta

samskarita Parada and samaguna balijarita parada. The mercury available in the

market is only chemical pure. It cannot be administered directly without

Shodhana. Subjecting it to Ashta samskara is time consuming process. Hence

Hingulotha Parada is choice of drug.

c) Gandhaka is having Madhura rasa and is said to be a Rasayana drug.

d) Navasadara is said to be Agnideepaka.

The combination of all the above drugs help to cure Shweta Pradara.

2) Pharmaceutical Study

The raw drugs were purified and processed one by one and Swarna vanga was

prepared.Considering the previous observation the following inferences can be drawn.

1) Hingulotha Parada

Hingulottha Parada was taken since textual references substantiate sufficiently for

purity of Hingulottha Parada as devoid of Sapta Kanchuka doshas. And as good as

Discussion



163

Samaguna Jeerna Gandhaka. For this Urdhva patana yantra was used. Parada thus

obtained was bright shining & in liquid form. Heating was continuous for 7 hrs. The

reason would be Hingula dissociate at around 6200C & here 650 – 7000C temperature

was maintained. The odour of Sulphur was perceivable in first three hours may be due to

formation of Sulphurdioxide gas in partial roasting.

HgS + O2 Hg + So2

The impurities like Naga & Vanga etc., which have high boiling points do not

sublimate & remains in the bottom may be the logic in calling Parada devoid of

Kanchuka doshas. This process all together helps to get Parada with out under going to

Ashta vidha samskaras.

Thus Hingulotha Parada was triturated with Haridra churna to ensure the purity of

parada along with furthur increasing its bioavailability by making it suitable for human

body metabolism.

Haridra possess shothaghna, vishagana, krimighna and many other important

properties. It is also known antioxidant. By the process of mardana, some qualities of

Haridra may get inherited in Parada due to samskara effects.

2) Gandhaka Shodana

The aim of Gandhaka Shodhana was to make it devoid of impurities, which are in

the form of Shila & Visha. The Shodhita Gandhaka was shining bright yellow, little

unctuous. The Medias were Godugdha & Goghrita. The attributes to the purity of

Gandhaka can be (1) Filtration of mud, sand, stones through cloth due to no change in

their state at that temperature. (2) The possible impurities of water / Fat soluble nature

Discussion



164

gets removed in the emulsified fat of milk. (3) The Teekshnata, Ugragata qualities of

Gandhaka gets reduced by Sheeta, Mrudu, Snigdha nature of milk & Ghrita which can be

perceived by decrease in Tikshna Gandha of Gandhaka. This may be chemical treatment

upon Gandhaka to convert its biophysical properties towards more effective therapeutic

activity.

3) Vanga Shodana

The Samanya Shodhana of Vanga was done with the intention of eliminating

doshas from raw drug Vanga & to make it suitable for further procedure, using

commonly used method of melting Vanga & quenching sequentially in Tila taila ,

Takra, Gomutra, Aranala & Kultattha kwath. It was found that Vanga looses its

luster, becomes more soft, becomes fragile & pieces from, even small quantity of

Vanga turned to powder form.

The rationality behind this can be, if we consider the Rasa, Guna

Panchaboutikatva constitution of the different medias those were used, they are

dominated with Agni & Vayu Mahabhuta which must have been helpful in breaking

down the compact molecular structure of the metal resulting in decreasing the hardness .

Also the very fact that repeated & immediate alteration in the temperature plays an

important role in Annealing ( i.e., breakdown ) of the metal, leading to fragility & pieces

form .Also may be due to the state of Oxidation ,a peculiar pattern of change in hardness

related to oxidation of tin must have occurred. Tin also gain same features which will be

helpful in converting the metal to powder form in subsequent procedure.

Discussion



165

Vishesha Shodhana was done with choornodaka, it also helps in dissociation of

metal.It may be the Alkalinity of Ca(OH2) further helps to break down the crystalline

structure of Tin to gain Amorphous nature. The breakage of bonds helps in annealing the

metal.

4) Navasadara Shodana

There is no classical procedure mentioned for shodana of Navasadara. Rasa

Tarangini explains the shodana i.e to mix with 3 parts of water, dissloving, filtering and

again heating it till all the water evaporates. This may remove all the unwanted physical

impurities.

5) Preperation of Swarna vanga

a) Preperation of Kupi

Kupi was prepared by wrapping mud-smeared cloth up to the mouth of kupi in

seven consecutive layers. After drying of previous layer, next layer is applied. This

avoids presence of any air bubbles inside mrutkapata. Air space between the layers may

lead to breakage of bottle during heating. The application of mrutkapata may help in

regulation of temperature inside the kupi and it might also make kupi resistant to heat so

that it can withstand high and continuous temperature given during the procedure.

b)Preperation of prematerial

Vanga is melted and mixed with parada,after mixing triturate with Nimbu swarasa

and Saindhava lavana and wash it with water for several times. This helps to get the

shining golden colour of Swarna Vanga.And then mix Gandhaka and Navasadara and

do mardana until it attains kajjali lakshanas.

Discussion



166

c) Filling of prematerial into kupi

Kupi is filled upto 1/3rd of its height to avoid overflowing during boiling of kajjali

and also as large quantity may hinder the sublimation of final product.

d) Method

Swarna vanga was prepared in valuka yantra, in kramagni order. This system of

giving heat is recommended to give uniform, slow and steady rise in temperature,b’cos

there is chance to get fire inside the bottle due to which there may be burning of the drug

or product giving black colour,which is not the original product. Loha patra was

designed as per measurement of bhatti which prevents the movement of patra and heat

loss during the procedure.

Initially three angulas of sand was put in valuka yantra to avoid the direct contact

of yantra with kupi.Totally 10kg of coarse sand was filled. It renders resistance to the

apparatus from atmospheric temperature variations.

e) Inferences made during procedure

After 40 minutes slight white colour fumes with ugra tikshna gandha was observed.

This may be due to burning of gandhaka.

After 1 hr pale yellow colour fumes with smell of gandhaka was observed. This may

be due to melting of kajjali, which is usually below 2000 C.

After 4 hours dense yellow coloured fumes with smell of tikshna gandhaka was

observed. This may be due to the temperature, which reaches the boiling point of

gandhaka i.e., 250-3000 C.

Complete burning of sulphur was confirmed by following tests

- Red bottom of kupi on watching with help of torch.

Discussion



167

- Mercury globules were seen glistening white at the mouth of kupi. This may be

due to split of mixture (after 7 ½ hours).

- Tamra patra turned white at the end of procedure. This may be due to reaction of

mercury with copper (after 8 ½ hours).

At 11th hr i.e at 600 deg cent when cold shalaka was inserted inside the bottle and

removed it was golden yellow colour.

At 12th hr after complete cessation of white fumes,kupi was taken out of the valuka

yantra and kept for bahi sheeta.

f) kupi bhedana

Applying cold compression by sprinkling cold water to burnt thread on the bottle,

ensures proper breaking.

g) Collection of compound

Three Practicals of preparation of Swarana vanga was done and it was collected

carefully and weighed. Each time 100gms of prematerial was taken. By the average of 3

practicals the yield of Swarana vanga was 40%.

3) Analytical Study

Analysis of any drug should be known before going to experimental and clinical

trials. In the present study Swarana vanga was sent for Physico chemical analysis at

Hangal Shri Kumareshwar College of Pharmacy, Bagalkot and for XRD at National

Chemical Laboratory, Pune.

Organoleptic Characters: Swarna colour is noticed in Swarana vanga preparation as

per the texts and again established by the organoleptic analysis i.e it is of golden yellow

colour with Faint smell and salty taste.

Discussion



168

Solubility: It is slightly soluble in water and chloroform, means that 1gm of

Swarnavanga is soluble in 100-1000 parts of solvents. It is found to be soluble in alcohol

suggesting that it can dissolve in 10-30 parts of alcohol, implying more solubility than

compared to others.

pH: Report showed that pH is 7.58 recommends that the final product is slightly alkaline.

Possible, this property may not irritate the mucous membrane of the GIT during its

absorption.

Loss on Drying: 0.22% reveals the presence of negligible amount of moisture in the

Swarnavanga. Hence the product is safe from the attack of microorganisms.

Flow Property: Since the drug is in Powder state, it was tested for its flow property. This

investigation suggest necessity of any adjuncts for proper flow of drugs during capsule or

tablet preparation. Flow property was identified by angle of Repose (Tan) and flow rate

by compressibility index (I).

Angle of Repose(Tan) is 340, which suggests that its flow property is good. Its

compressibility index is 27% which suggests that flow rate is moderate and need adjuncts

in tablet or capsule preparation.

Particle size: Arithmetic mean of Swarnavanga is 11.48 0.06 micrometer. It signifies

the fineness of particle size. The test shows that smaller the particles, better the

absorption capacity of compounds.

Percentage of Mercury and Tin: From the report, it might be inferred that, there was

absence of mercury in final product of Swarna vanga, which might may be due to

Pharmaceutical process. There was absence of oxygen in final product, hence the drug

might act as antioxidant. The study also confirmed that stannous was in the form of

Discussion



169

stannous sulphide and no stannous was found in elemental form. The physical test

conducted proved that free sulphur was 16.152% which was within the normal limits as

of “Ayurvedic Pharmocopia of India”.

Namburi Phased Spot test: The Samples of Swarna vanga proved genine as it matched

the standards of NPST.

4) Clinical Study

Clinical trail was conducted over 20 patients with confirmed diagnosis of

shwetapradara.Each patient was given 125 mg of swarnavanga twice daily with Yashada

bhasma,Jatamansi churna,and Ashok twak as anupana for 7 days,with a follow up of 4

days.

In Brahatrayi the term Shwetapradara is not used but they mentioned it as Pandure

asragdara.Acharya Charaka and Vaghbhata explained its chikitsa in detail byt not

mentioned its Nidana,Samprapti etc.They have mentioned Kashaya Rasa pradana dravyas

which acts as Raktashodaka as well as sthambaka property.Present day white discharge is

one of the predominant symptoms of women.

Age: The demographic data discloses that maximum number of Patients (45%) were

present in the age group of 30-40 yrs substanting the prevelance of the disease above

30yrs of age,all though it appears from menarche to menopause.

Occupation: It is observed that occupations of patients are housewives,field

workers,students and other workers.Among them house wives due to negligence of health

diet,mental tension are more prone to get the white discharge.Students due to mental

tension,excessive work in study may get the discharge.Women working in fields exposed

Discussion



170

to sunrays suffer from malnutrition,negligence are the causative factors of the white

discharge.

Socio-ecnomical status: In Clinical trail it is observed that poor and middle class (70%)

are more prone to get Shwetapradara.The poor class women due to excessive hard

work,malnutrition and more number of pregnanciesare more effected by the disease.The

middle class women due to mental tension,worries and negligence of health are more

affected by Shwetapradara.

Marital status: Though Shwetapradara occurs irrespective of marital status,the married

women suffer more than unmarried.

Diet: By observing the food habits of selected patients,more patients are belonging to

vegetarian group compared to occasionally Non-Vegetarian patients.

Chronicity: Due to negligence or hesitation of discharge the chronicity will increase.

Nidana: The development of disease in selected cases was due to excessive intake of

abhishyandi ahara and lavana,amla .katu rasas,excessive work,malnutrition,more number

of pregnancies and abortions,unhygiene,some times it also occurs due to using tight and

wet clothes,and taking cold water bath frequently.

Lakshana: Initially though women observed the moistness,staining of panty etc,they

hesitates to consult or neglect the complaints.So it turns to be severe or chronic

associated with katishoola,angamarda,dourbalyata,kandu,vrana and ajeernata is also

observed in some or selected patients.

Results: Overall assessment of the results was done on the basis of subjective and

objective parameters.

Discussion



171

1) Marked response was seen after the treatment in the parameters i.e Yonisrava

(85%), Yonidourgandhya (60%), Yonikandu (45%), Yoni vedana (50%),Yoni

sheetatwa (80%), degree of Vedana (95%),Vagina pH (55%), and Vaginal smear

(70%).

2) 20% of the patients responded good to the treatment,45% of the patients

responded moderately,25% of the patients were poor responded and 10% of the

patients had no response on the treatment .

3) The good response of the treatment suggests the synergetic action of the drug and

the anupana.

4) Statistical valuations of all the parameters individually confirm high significance

as (p<0.05),except in the “Vrana” parameter.

Probable Mode of Action

In order to know the Mode of action of Yogas, it is necessary to analyse the action

of each ingredient of the formulations. The individual property and the action of each of

the constituents along with the anupana dravyas are collectively responsible for the action

of Yogas.

Ingredients of Swarnavanga

1) Parada : It is having Shadrasa, Snigdha and sara guna, Ushna veerya, Madhura

vipaka acts as Tridoshagna, Krimighna, Rasayana, Vrana Ropana, Yogavahi etc.

2) Gandhaka : It is having Katu – Madhura – Tikta Rasa, Snigdha – Laghu guna,

Ushna veerya, Katu vipaka acts as Kaphavata hara.

3) Vanga : It is having Tikta – Kashaya rasa, Laghu – Rooksha – Sheeta guna. So

Vanga can be expected as Kandoogna, krimighna, Stambhaka, Lekhana, drug.

Discussion



172

Because of these properties it directly acts on Kapha dosha and normalizes the

excess secretion.

4) Navasadara : It is having Lavana rasa, Ushna veerya, Laghu – Saraka guna. It

acts as Kaphadika Tridosha Prakopa hara and acts as Vyavayi and Vikasi.

Anupana Dravyas of Swarnavanga

1) Yashada bhasma : It is having Kashaya – Tikta rasa, Sheeta veerya, Sheeta guna,

so acts as Kapha pitta shamaka, Vrunaropaka. Yashada gets excreted through

mala and mootra marga from the shareera. So it has got special effect on parts

related to genito – urinary system.

Even in modern science, Zinc has been expected to be good antiseptic and

astringent.

2) Ashok Twak: It is having Kashaya - tikta rasa, Laghu – Rooksha guna, Katu

vipaka, Sheeta veerya. It helps to relive the stiffness of Garbhashaya, Vedana and

srava. It helps to increase the contractions of uterus, by which it functions

properly, and helps to stop Shweta srava.

3) Jatamansi: It is having Tikta – Kashaya – Madhura Rasa, Laghu, Snigdha guna,

Katu vipaka, Sheeta veerya.

By considering the gunas of all the dravyas mentioned above, Kashaya

Tikta rasa and Sheeta veerya dravyas are used mainly in Shweta pradara.

Swarna vanga excretes the accumulated doshas in Rakta through urine,

gives strength to mutrendriya. Swarna vanga acts as shakti vardhaka, dhatu

pariposhana.

Conclusion



173

Conclusion

1) From the process of preparation of Swarna vanga (RT- 18/68-76), the amount

obtained was 40% from Kajjali.

2) For the preparation of Swarna vanga, steady rise in temperature was required

which should not be more than 600 to 6500C, as all the required chemical reaction

will be completed within this temperature. Total time taken was 12 hrs.

3) In the present study method, Swarna vanga was prepared with Parada, Gandhaka,

Vanga, Kajjali using Navasadara. But analytically the end product was not

containing Parada.

4) The analytical study infers that Swarna vanga is a good antioxidant and it was in

tin sulphide form.

5) On the basis of observations and results obtained in this clinical study it can be

highlighted that Swarna vanga along with mentioned anupanas is efficient in the

management of Shwetapradara.

6) The overall responses to the treatment was found to be moderate (45%), Good

(20%), Poor (25%) and No Response (10%).

Limitations

1) The duration of the study was precise.

2) Minimum instrumental and investigatory facilities.

3) As the sample was small and it was a prospective clinical trail.

Conclusion



174

Scope for Furthur study

7) The preperation of Swarnavanga was done classically using Bhatti and wood as

fuel.The same can be done using modern equipment like Muffle Furnace coupled

with software programmed temperature maintainence.

8) Use of modern techniques to know what is the actual process undergoing inside

the Kupi can be studied.

9) To analyse Swarnavanga and its structure,Mass Spectroscopy analysis can be

taken for study.

10) Comparitive analysis of Swarnavanga prepared by classical method and by using

Muffle Furnace can be studied.

11) The other indications of Swarnavanga along with different anupanas may be

clinically studied.

Summary



175

SUMMARY

The present dissertation work is entitled as “Preperation, Physico-Chemical

analysis of Swarnavanga and its clinical efficacy in Shwetapradara.” Deals with topics

such as Introduction, Objectives, Review of literature, Methodology, Observation and

results, Discussion and Conclusion.

1) Introduction

It depicts the importance of Ayurveda and Rasashastra. The significance of

Kupipakwa Rasayana and therapeutic value of Swarnavanga are mentioned. The

incidence of Shwetapradara is mentioned and finally the importance and need for the

present study is discussed.

2) Objectives

Aims and Objectives of the study is stated

3)Review of literature

It includes drug review ,procedure review and disease review.

It includes discription according to both Ayurvedic and Modern concepts regarding their

Paryaya,bhedha,shodana and pharmacological properties of the drugs.

Involved in the preperation of Swarnavanga i.e of Hingula, Parada, Gandhaka,

Vanga and Navasadara.

Mardana dravyas i.e of Nimbu swarasa and saindhava lavana.

Anupana dravyas i.e of Yashada bhasma,Ashok twak, and Jatamansi.

The history and procedure of Kupipakwa method was delt in detail.Then different

pharmaceutical procedures of Swarnavanga along with its paryaya,matra and guna are

included.

Summary



176

Disease review includes the detail description of Shwetapradara like Nidana,

Samprapti, Roopa, Upashya and Anupashya according to Ayurveda along with the

modern description of Leucorrohea.

4) Methodology

It involves Pharmaceutical, analytical and clinical study.

Pharmaceutical study

It deals with practical works performed during present study. Totally 17 practicles

were conducted, they are Hingula shodana, Hingula stawapatana, Parada-Gandhaka-

Navasadara shodana, Samanya and Vishesha shodana of Vanga. Practical done for

preperation of Swarnavanga are mentioned, and for each practicals-observations,

precautions and results are mentioned. At the end of the practicle, quantity of initially

taken material and end product was narrated.

Analytical study

It deals with Physico-Chemical analysis of Swarnavanga.

Swarnavanga was analysed to know the percentage of mercury and tin, other analytical

procedures like loss on drying, total ash etc were also carried out, XRD was also carried

out.

Clinical study

Therapeutic efficacy of Swarnavanga was evaluated by clinical trail on 20 selected cases

of Shwetapradara with study duration of 7 days. Swarnavanga was given in the dose of 1

Ratti (125 mg) twice a day with Yashada bhasma, Ashok twak, and Jatamansi churna as

anupana dravyas.

Summary



177

5) Results

Results of clinical study are assessed on the basis of subjective and objective

parameters. Statistical data showed highly significant (p<0.05) by students paired t-test.

Overall response to the treatment was found to be moderate response (45%) out of 20

patients under trail.

1) Discussion

The whole work was elaborately discussed along with reasoning. Few

rationals are put forward in the discussion of Swarnavanga preperation, analytical

and clinical study.

Probable mode of action of Swarnavanga in Shwetapradara is also

discussed.

2) Conclusion

Conclusion has been reported based on the observation and interpretation

made during the whole study.

Biblography


Shweta Pradara”

178

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9. Dhanvantari Nighantu, Editor Prof.Priyavat Sharma, 1st Edition, Varnasi,

Chokhamba Orentalia, Suvarnadi Varga 6, Shloka No 37, pp. 185.


Edition, Vanranasi, Chowkambha Sanskrit Prakashan 2003 Rasadhatavaha,

pp 26

11. Kaidev Nighantu,Editor Prof Priyavat Sharma,1st Edition,varnasi,Choukhambha

Orentalia,1979,Dhatu varga 2,Shloka No 60, pp. 283.

12. Shri Bhavamishra,Bhava Prakasha,Editor Brahmashankar, 5th Edition, Varnasi,

Choukhambha Sanskrit series, 1969, Dhatvadi varga, Shloka No 102, pp. 615.


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14. Shri Gopal Krishana, Rasendra Sara Sangraha, translated by Dr. Ashok D.

Stapute, 1st Edition Vanranasi, Chowkambha Krishnadas Academy, 2003, 1st

Chapter, pp 148.

15. Shri Sadananda Sharma,Rasa Tarangini,Editor Kashinath Shastri,11th

Edition,Varanasi,Motilal Banarasi Dass,2004,Chapter No 9,Shloka No5-10

pp. 199-200.

16. Acharya Madhava, Ayurevda Prakash, Edited by Gulraj Sharma Mishra, 2nd

Edition, Varanasi, Chowkambha Bharati Academy, 1999, 2nd Chapter, Shloka-

78-82, pp 275- 277.

17. Shri Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini, Edited by Kashinath Shartri, 11th

Edition New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications., 1979, 9th Taranga,

Shloka No 3, pp. 1999

18. Shri Indradev Tripathi, Rsarnava, 4th Edition Varanasi, Chowkambha Sanskrit

Series, 2001, 7th Patala, Shloka 236, pp. 60.

19. Acharya Yashodhara, Rasaprakasha Sudhakara, Siddiprada commentary by

Siddanandana Mishra, 2nd Edition, Varanasi, Chowkamha Orientalia, 1999, 6th

Chapter, Shloka 86, pp. 130.

20. Shri Vagbhatacharya, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Edited by Indradev Tripathi, 2nd

Edition, Varanasi, Chowkambha Sanskrit Bhavan, 2003, 3rd Chpter, Shloka 152,

pp. 41.


Edition New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications., 1979, 9th Taranga,

Shloka No 14-15, pp 202.

22. Ibid,9th Taranga,Shloka No16-17, pp. 202.

23. Ibid,9th Taranga,Shloka No 11, pp. 200

24. Shri Dattaram Chowbe, Brihatrasaraja Sundara, 3rd Edition, Varanasi,

Chowkambha Orintalia, 2000, uparasa Prakarana, pp 168.


Edition, Varanasi, Motilal Banarasidas, 1979, 9th Taranga, Shloka 38, pp 82.

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83-85, pp 277.



pp. 41.



76, pp 275.

29. Shri Dattaram Chowbe, Brihatrasaraja Sundara, 3rd Edition, Varanasi,

Chowkambha Orintalia, 2000, uparasa Prakarana, pp 165-166.

30. Dr Damodar Joshi, Rasa shastra, Editor Dr K.P. Sreekumari 2nd Edition, Kerala,

Kerala Ayurvedic Publication Series,1997, pp. 176..

31. Ibid


Edition, Varanasi, Motilal Banarasidas, 1979, 9th Taranga, Shloka 18-24,, pp

202 & 203.

33. Shri Damodar Joshi,Rasa shastra,Edited by Dr K.P.Saikumari Amma,

Trivandrum Publication divison,Ayurveda college, pp174-175.

34. htpp =1/mineral galleries,com/mineral/data/sulfide/cinnabar/cinnabar.

35. Shri Gopal Krishna,Rasendra sara sangraha,translated by Dr Ashok Satpute,1st

Edition,Varanasi,Choukhamba Krishnadas Academy,2003,1st Chapter, pp 6.


Edition, Varanasi, Chowkambha Sanskrit Bhawan, 2003, 4th Chapter pp 3.

37. Acharya Vaghbata,Rasa Ratna Samucchaya,Edited by Ambikadatta shastri 9th

Edition,Varanasi,Choukamba Amarabharati Prakashana,1998,1st chapter,Shloka

88, pp10.

38. Shri Gopal Krishana, Rasendra Sara Sangraha, translated by Dr. Ashok D.

Stapute, 1std Edition, Varanasi, Chowkambha Sanskrit Bhavan, 2003, 1st

Chapter pp 8.

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39. Dr. Nadakarni, Indian Materia Media, 3rd edition, Mumbai, Popular

Prakashana, Reprint 1996, pp. 67& 68.

40. Sri Vadya vasudeva Malashankara Dwivedi, Parada Vijnaneeyam, 2nd edition,

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41. Shri Bhavamishra,Bhava Prakasha Nighantu,Editor Dr G.S Pandey,6th

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pp. 613.

42. Acharya yashodhar, Rasaprakash Sudhakara, Siddiprada commentary by

Siddanandana Mishra, 3rd Edition, Varanasi, Chaukambha Orientalia, 2004, 1st

chapter, Shloka No 16-21, pp. 5.

43. Dr Chandrabhushan Jha, Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra, 1st Edition, Varnasi,

Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishtan, 1994, Chapter No 5, pp. 120-122.

44. Dr. Chandrabhushan Jha, Ayurveda Rasashastra, 2nd Edition, Varanasi,

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45. Acharya Madhava, Ayurveda prakash, Edited by Gulraj Sharma, 2nd Edition

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46. Shri Sadananda Sharma, Rasastarangini, Edited by Kashinatha Shastri, 11th

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47. ibid, 5th Taranga, Shloka 35, pp 81.

48. Acharya Madhava, Ayurveda Prakash, Edited by Gulraj Sharma, 2nd Edition,

Varansi, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, 1st Chapter, Shloka 36, pp 32.

49. Shri Sadananda Sharma,Rasatarangini,Edited by Kashinath Shastri Varanasi,

Motilal Banarasidas,7th Taranga, Shloka 6, pp 5.

50. AcharyaYadvaji Trikramji Rasamritam, translated by Damodar Joshi, 2nd

Edition Varanasi, Chaukambha Sanskrit Bhawan, 2003, 1st chapter, pp 4.


Motilal Banarasidas,7th Taranga, Shloka 87-88, pp 169.


Varansi, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, 1st Chapter, Shloka 375, pp 193

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53. R. Gosh’s Pharmacology Materia Medical and Therapeutics, edited by

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54. Dr. Vilas. A. Dole, Text book of Rasa shastra, 1st Edition, Choukambha

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55. Acharya Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha editor Gularaj Sharma Mishra Varanasi,

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56. Yadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Rasamrita.editor Damodara Josh, 1st ed. Varanasi:

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57. Sri. Gopala Krishna, RasendraSara Sangraha edited by Ashok. D. Satpute

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58. Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by KashinathShastri 11th ed. New

Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas ; 1979, 8th Taranga, Sloka 1-3, pp.174.

59. Shri Siddhinandana Mishra, Ayurvediya Rasashastra 5th ed. Varanasi:

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60. Vagbhatacharya, Rasaratna Samucchaya editor Ambikadatta Shastri 9th ed.

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12-15, pp. 44.

61. Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath shastri 11th ed. New

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62. Indradeva Tripathi, Rasavarana Nama Rasaratnam 4th ed. Varanasi:

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63. Yadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Rasamrita editor Damodara Joshi 1st ed. Varanasi:

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64. Sri. Gopala Krishna, Rasendra Sara Sangraha edited by Ashok. D. Satpute 1st

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66. Vagbhatacharya, Rasaratna Samucchaya editor Ambikadatta Shastri 9th ed.

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23, pp. 45-46.

67. Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 11th ed. New

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70. http;//www.du.edu/jcalvert/phys/sulphur.htm.

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Motilal Banarasidas,18th Taranga,Shloka 2, pp435.

73. Shri Chudamani Rasa kamadhenu chapter 1st shloka 459, Vaidya yadvaji,

trikamji edition, Varanasi, Choukhambha orientalia 1990. pp.171.


Motilal Banarasidas,18th Taranga,Shloka 5, pp 436.

75. Ibid,2nd Taranga,Shloka 52, pp 22.

76. Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna samuchchya, Chapter 5th shloka 29, Pandit

Dharmanandha shavana 2nd edition, Varanasi, Motilal Banarasidas 1996,

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77. Shri Gopala Krishna Bhat Rasendra sara sangaraha, Chapter 1st shloka 260,

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78. Budheva Mukherji Rasa jala vidhi Vol-3, chapter -2, siddhinandana mishra 2nd

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Motilal Banarasidas,18th Taranga,Shloka 8-14 , pp 437-438.

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80. Acharya Yadvaji Trikramji Rasamritam, translated by Damodar Joshi, 1st

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pp 62.

81. Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna samuchchya, Chapter 5th shloka156-158, Pandit

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82. Acharya Yashodhara, Rasaprakasha sudhakara, Siddiprada commentary by

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Chapter, Shloka 82, pp 72..


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84. Acharya somadheva Rasendra Chudamani, Chapter 3rd shloka 135, Dr.

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87. Shri Chudamani Rasakamadhenu, Chapter 1st, shloka 459, Vaidya Yadavaji

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88. Budeva mukharji Rasa Jala Nidhi Vol 3 Chapter 2 ,Siddinandan Mishra 2nd

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Motilal Banarasidas,18th Taranga,Shloka 15-18, pp438-439

90. Ibid 18 th Taranga,Shloka 25-28, pp – 440.

91. Ibid 18 th Taranga Shloka 36-38, pp-442.

92. Acharya Vagbhata, RasaRatna Samucchaya, Edited by Dr. Indradev Tripathi.

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93. Ibid, 5 th Chapter, Shloka 161, pp 125.

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100. Dr. K.M.Nadakarni, Indian Materia Medica 3rd Editon, Mumbai, Popular

Prakashana, Reprint 1989, Volume II,


Motilal Banarasidas,14th Taranga,Shloka 1&2, pp 325.


Varansi, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, 2nd Chapter, Shloka 338, pp 339.

103. Acharya Vishwanath Dwivedi, Bharateeya Rasa Shastra,2nd edition,Shri Sharma

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Motilal Banarasidas,14th Taranga,Shloka 3 & 4, pp 326.

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109. Acharya Yadvaji Trikramji Rasamritam, translated by Damodar Joshi, 2nd

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110. Dr. K.M.Nadakarni, Indian Materia Medica 2nd Editon, Mumbai, Popular

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111. Ibid, Volume II, pp. 108.


Motilal Banarasidas, 2000,14th Taranga,Shloka 119-120, pp 347

113. R. Gosh’s Pharmacology Materia Medical and Therapeutics, edited by

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114. Nrupamadanapala Madanapala nighantu 4th chapter shloka 12, Khemraj

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115. Shri Madavachrya Ayurveda prakash 3rd chapter shloka 181, Shri Gulraj

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120. Shri Sadhanandha shrma Rasatarangini 2nd chapter shloka 52, Kashinath shastri

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121. Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 5th chapter shloka 29, Pandit

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127. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 19th Taranga shloka 104-107,

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128. Ibid, 19 Taranga, Shloka 108-111,pp 477.

129. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 19th chapter shloka 120, Kashinath

shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp-479.



1999 pp-381.

131. Budheva mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 3. 2nd chapter, Siddhinandana mishra

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Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana

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134. Madanapala Madanapala nighantu 4th chapter shloka 12, Khemraj Krishnadas,

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135. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 19th chapter shloka 121-123, Kashinath

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1999, pp-381.

137. Budheva mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 3. 2nd chapter, Siddhinandana mishra

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140. Nrupamadanapala Madanapala nighantu 4th chapter shloka 12, Khemraj

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146. Dr Chandrabhushan Jha,Ayurvediya Rasashastra, 1st Edition, Varanasi

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147. Ibid, 5th Chapter, pp 175-176.

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159. Ibid,Shloka-77-80, pp-451.

160. Ibid,Shloka-81-82, pp-451.

161. Ibid,Shloka-84-95, pp-452-453.

162. Ibid.

163. Ibid,Shloka-83, pp-452.


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178. Ibid.




180. Ibid,30th Chapter,Shloka-13, pp-752.

181. Ibid,30th Chapter,Shloka-116, pp-767.




183. Sushruta Samhita,By kaviraj Ambika dutta shastri (Part 1) . Choukhamba

Sanskrit Sansthan,Varnasi,Nidana Sthana 1st ChapterShloka-37, pp-231.


1) 8th Edition 2004. Choukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan,Varnasi Sutra Sthana,28th

Chapter, Shloka-11-12, pp-571.


2) 8th Edition 2004. Choukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan,Varnasi. Chikitsa Sthana,

30th Chapter,Shloka-42.

186. Jeffcoates Principles of Gynaecology,5th edition ,1987,Butterworth,Heinemann

International Editions,Revised by V.R.Tindall .pp 550-552.

187. Shaws Texts book of Gyaenecology,B.I.Churchill living stone Pvt Ltd,New

Delhi.11th edition-1994.pp 130,131,139.

188. C.S Dawn,Text book of Gynaecology,Contraception and Demography.14th

edition-2003,Dawn books,Kolkota.pp 150.

189. Pharmocopoeial standards for ayurvedic formulations, I ed, pp. 477-494.

190. Dr. Namburi Hanumantha Rao, Namburi phased spot test, pp. 48.

“Management of Shweta Pradara with Swarna vanga” 1

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASASHASTRA D.G.M.A.M.C.GADAG

SPECIAL CASE SHEET FOR “MANAGEMENT OF SHWETA PRADARA WITH SWARNA VANGA”

Guide: Dr. M.C. Patil, M.D (Ayu), Scholar: Dr. Sarvamangala B. Shirol

H.O.D, P.G. Dept of Rasashastra.

1) Name of the Patient

2)Father’s / husband’s name

Sl.No

3) Sex Male Female OPD No

4) Age Years IPD No

5) Religion Hindu Muslim Christian Other

6) Occupation Sedentary Active Labour

7) Marital status Married Unmarried Widow

8) Economical status Poor Middle Higher middle Higher class

9) Address

Contact No: Pin

10) Selection Included Excluded

11) Schedule Initiation

Date

Completion

Date

Well responded Moderately responded 12) Result

Responded Not responded Discontinued

13) INFORMED CONSENT I Daughter/Wife of am

exercising my free will, to participate in above study as a subject. I have been informed to my satisfaction,

by the attending physician the purpose of the clinical evaluation and nature of the drug treatment. I am also

aware of my right to opt out of the treatment schedule, at any time during the course of the treatment.

EzÀÄ £Á£ÀÄ ²æ/²æªÀÄw ___________________________________________________ £À£Àß

¸ÀéEZÀÑ¬ÄAzÀ PÉÆqÀÄªÀ aQvÁì ¸ÀªÀÄäw. ¥Àæ¸ÀÄÛvÀ £ÀqÉ¢gÀÄªÀ aQvÁì ¥ÀzÀÞwAiÀÄ §UÉÎ £À£ÀUÉ aQvÀìPÀjAzÀ ¸ÀA¥ÀÇtð

ªÀiÁ»w zÉÆgÉwzÀÄÝ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ AiÀiÁªÁUÁzÀgÀÄ aQvÉì¬ÄAzÀ »AwgÀÄUÀ®Ä ¸ÁévÀAvÀæ÷å«zÉ JAzÀÄ w½¢gÀÄvÉÛ£É.

gÉÆÃVAiÀÄ gÀÄdÄ/Patient's Signature


14) Chief Complaints (Pradhana vedana) : Complaints - Lakshana Duration Remarks

1 Yoni Srava (White, Red tinged, Creamy) 2 Yoni Dourgandhya (Foul smell) 3 Yoni Kandu (Itching) 4 Yoni vedana (Pain) 5 Yoni Sheetatwa (coldness) 6 Vrana (Ulcerations)

15) Associated Complaints (Anubandha vedana) :

Associated Complaints - Lakshana Duration Remarks 1 Katishoola (Back Pain) 2 Jwara (Fever) 3 Anga marda (Malaise) 4 Udara shoola (Abdominal pain) 5 Dourbalya (Weakness) 6 Yoni daha (Burning sensation)

16) Occupational History (if any) :

(Oudhogika vruttanta) 17) Personal History (Vaiktiyaka vrutanta) : Food habits Vegetarian Mixed diet Taste preferred Sweet Sour Salty Pungent Bitter Astringent Agni Sama Vishma Manda Teekshna Kosta Mrudu Mandhyama Krura Nidra Day Night Sound Distrubed Addictions Tobacco Alcohol Drugs Bowel habits Normal Loose Constipated Menstrual History (Rajo vruttanta)

Regular Irregular Amenorrhea Menopause

Family history – Specify if any has the same disease (Koutumbhika vruttanta)

Other system medications Treatment history (if any)

Obstetric history (if any) (Prasarava vruttanta)

Gynaecological History (if any)

History of past illness (if any) (Poorva vyadhi vruttanta)

10 to 20 days 20 to 30 days > 1 month > 2 months History of present illness


18) Examination of Patients

a) Vitals:

1. Temp F 2. Pulse rate /min 3. Resp. Rate /min 4. B.P Mm of hg 5. Height M 6. Weight Kgs

b) Systemic:

System Findings G.I.T Respiratory system Cardio vascular system Central nervous system Genito urinary system

c) Ayurvedic methods of Examination:

Prakruti V P K VP VK PK VPK

Sara Pravara Avara Madhyama Samhanana Susamhita Asamhita Madhyma samhita Pramana Height in Cms Weight in Kgs Satmya Ekarasa Sarvarasa Ruksha Sneha Satwa Pravara Avara Madhyama Ahara Shakti Abhyavaharana Jarana Vyayam Shakti Pravara Avara Madhyama Vaya Balya Yauvana Vardhakya

Nadi Dosha Pravrutti

Gati Varna

Purnata Gandha

Spandana Kathinya

Mutra

Jihwa Ardra Sushka Sama Nirama Lepa Nirlepa

Mala

Shabda Sparsha Sheeta Ushna

A

stas

than

a

Drik Akruti


d. Local Examination (Yoni Pareeksha) :

( SzÉïlÉiÉÈ LuÉqÉç xmÉzÉïiÉÈ) 1. External genital organ - vulval (Bahya yoni)

a. Prakrata e. Vaivarnya

b. Vaikruta f. Shotha

c. Vruna g. Utseda

d. Pidaka h. Anya

2. Yoni Mukha

a. Samvruta d. Srava

b. Ragata e. Anya

c. Vivruta

3. Yoni Patha

a. Ragatha

b. Shotha

c. Anya

4. Grabhashaya Greeva (By speculum examination)

a. Tanu e. Vruna

b. Bahula f. Arsha

c. Mrudu g. Mamsankurani

d. Kathina h. Anya

5. Srava a. Pramana - Bahula, Natibahula, Alpa b. Gandha - Visra, Pooti, Knupa, Anya c. Varna - Sweta, Pandu, Raktabha Rakta shyava varna Anya 6. Guna - Picchita, Drava, Ghana, Tanu, Phenila, Pooya, Grathita


19) Nidana:

Ahara Vihara Anya Nidanarthakara

Vyadhi

Abhishyandi Ahara Diwaswapna Vegavarodha Ajeerna

Lavana amla katu Avyayama Manasika karana Agnimandya

Viruddha ahara Yoni

Aprakshana

Upapluta

Adhyashana Atimiathuna Acharana

Aticharana

Atyananda

20. Samprapti Ghatakas

a. Dosha e. Dooshya b. Agni f. Ama c. Srotas d. Dusti Prakara

21. Investigations (Prayoga shala pareeksha krama)

Values After Treatment 1) Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 2) Hb% 3) T.L.C 4) D.L.C Polymorphils Lympocytes Eosinophils Monocytes Basophils

5) Urine Routine - Albumin Sugar Microscopic

6) Vaginal smear test

7) Vaginal Ph

7) HIV (if necessary)


22. Treatment (Chikitsa) :

Swarna vanga

1) Matra – 1 Ratti (125mg bid)

2) Anupana – Jatamansi churna, yashad basma and Ashok twak.

3) Duration of treatment – 7 days

4) Follow up – 7th, 14th, 21st - days

23. Treatment Schedule

Day Date Investigator’s Note

Day 1

Day 7

Day 14

Follow up

Day 21

24. Assessment

A) Disease Assessment

1) Subjective Parameters Before After Difference BA

1 Yoni srava (White, Cream, Red tinged )

2 Yoni Dourgandhya (Foul smell) 3 Yoni Kandu (Itching) 4 Yoni vedana (Pain) 5 Yoni Sheetatwa (Coldness) 6 Vrana (Ulcerations) 2) Objective Parameters 1 Vaginal PH 2 Vaginal Smear


Grades of assessment

1) Yoni srava (Discharge) Gr-O No discharge Gr-1 Persistent moistness of Vulva Gr-2 Need to change the undergarments frequently Gr-3 Need to use an extra cloth or pad 2) Yoni Dourgandhya Gr-O No smelling Gr-1 Smell felt at the time of changing garments Gr-2 Smells slight out side Gr-3 Occasionally fouls smelling Gr-4 Persistent foul smelling 3) Yoni Kandu Gr-O No itching Gr-1 Occasionally itching Gr-2 Mild itching Gr-3 Moderate – present but did not affect day-to- day work Gr-4 Severe – Continous kandu, which affects day-to-day work

4) Yoni Vedana Gr-O No pain Gr-1 Mild pain – no medicinal requirement Gr-2 Moderate – Persistent pain Gr-3 Severe – continuous pain – requires Medicine G-4 Extreme – pain continuous with abdominal cramps 5) Yoni Sheetatwa Gr-O Coldness not felt Gr-1 Coldness felt Gr-2 Romaharsham Gr-3 Ushna Kamitwam 6) Vrana (Ulcerations) Gr-O No Ulcerations Gr-1 Petechial Ulcerations Gr-2 Indurate Ulcers Gr-3 Ulcers with discharge 7) Vaginal Smear Gr-O Negative (No abnormal findings) Gr-1 Inflammatory smear Gr-2 Inflammatory smear with monaliasis

Investigators Note

Signature of Guide:

(Dr. M.C. Patil,) M.D (Ayu),

Signature of Scholar:

(Dr. Sarvamangala B. Shirol)

ANNEXURE

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Documents

Shweta pradara swarna vanga rs019-gdg