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Figure 1: Mexican and Spanish land grants, chart (1937). Illustrated map of the southern portion of Los
Angeles County detailing the Mexican and Spanish land grants of 1784 through 1822. WPA
Series, Los Angeles Public Library (WPA 178 4x5 ). ................................................................. 55
Figure 2: Lieutenant E. Ord, "Plan de la Ciudad de Los Angeles," August 29 1849. Part of Title and
Insurance and Trust/C.C. Pierce Photography Collection, USC Libraries Special Collections,
ID# chs-m13262. .......................................................................................................................... 56
Figure 3: Olvera Street before improvement (undated). On the right the Avila Adobe can be seen (Los
Angeles Public Library, LAPL00008392). .................................................................................. 57
Figure 4: Front-page headline of La Opinión, February 27, 1931: "11 Mexicans Arrested in Bold Raid on
Plaza" (Estrada p. 145). ................................................................................................................ 58
Figure 5: Front-page headline of Regeneración, September 12, 1910: "Liberty's Sun Shines on Mexican
Horizon" (Estrada p. 145). ............................................................................................................ 59
Figure 6: Communist Party rally at the Plaza, 1934 (Estrada p. 213). ........................................................ 59
Figure 7: Front-page of The Los Angeles Times, September 19, 1922: “Mexicans Riot in Plaza”; Front-
page of The Los Angeles Times, February 27, 1930: “Hordes of Reds Battled in Fierce Riot at
Plaza”; Front-page of The Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1930: “Mexicans Riot in Plaza”; Front-
page of The Los Angeles Times, March 5, 1930: “Police Ready for Red Riot”; Front-page of The
Los Angeles Times, April 24, 1931: “Mexicans and Families About to Embark on Trek Back to
Native Land.” ............................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 8: Alexander F. Harmer, Days of the Dons, date unknown. Image taken from Jean Bruce Poole and
Tevvy Ball, El Pueblo: The Historic Heart of Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications
(2002): 52. .................................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 9: “Hat Dancers in front of Avila Adobe,” (Los Angeles Public Library, no. LAPL00008385). ... 61
Figure 10: Installation view of the Mexican Arts exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York, October 1930. Image taken from James Oles, ed. South of the Border: Mexico in the
American Imagination, 1914-1947. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press (1993):
129. ............................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 11: Henry Ravell. Gossip of the Market-Place. Photograph reproduced in Harper's Magazine 134
(December 1916), p. 1. Image taken from Oles 54. ..................................................................... 63
Figure 12: a) “Three Girls by Cross on Olvera Street,” no date, Los Angeles Public Library
(LAPL00008513); b) “Women and Men on Olvera Street,” no date, Los Angeles Public Library
(LAPL00008180); c) “Female Group in Ethnic Dress,” 1936, Los Angeles Public Library
(LAPL00008508); d) “Musicians and Dancers, Olvera Street,” 1936, Los Angeles Public Library
(LAPL00008522). ........................................................................................................................ 63
Figure 13: “A Mexican Street of Yesterday,” Los Angeles Times (May 26, 1929): I2. .............................. 63
Figure 14: "The Pottery Vendor, Olvera Street, Los Angeles," undated. Postcards of California, Oregon,
and Washington Collection, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (BANC
PIC 1999.011:154). Image taken from http://www.calisphere.org. ............................................ 63
Figure 15: "Olvera Street scene, Los Angeles (Calif.)," April 13, 1960. Los Angeles Times photographic
archive, Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, U.C. Los
Angeles (uclamss_1429_b426_202870). Image taken from http://www.calisphere.org. ............ 63
43
Figure 16: Cover of Mexican Folkways, Special Number (1934). Mexico City: Mexican Folkways, 1934.63
Figure 17: “Diagram of the Mexican Arts exhibition layout, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York,
1930.” Image taken from Anna Indych-López, Muralism Without Walls: Rivera, Orozco, and
Siqueiros in the United States, 1927-1940. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press (2009):
117. ............................................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 18: From the top, Photograph of América tropical, 2002; Color reconstruction of the mural by
Judy Baca and Martha Ramirez Oropeza; color reconstruction by Luis Garza. .......................... 63
Figure 19: Detail of central element. .......................................................................................................... 63
Figure 20: Felice Beato, "Crucifixion of the Male Servant Sokichi Who Killed the Son of His Boss and
was Therefore Crucified. He was 25 Years Old,” 1865-68, albumen print. Image taken from
Raquel Tibol, ed., Los Murales de Siqueiros. Mexico City: Instituto de Bellas Artes (1998): 62.63
Figure 21: Trees colorized. ......................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 22: Pre-columbian sculptural elements and guerilla figures. ........................................................... 63
Figure 23: Sketch of guerillas for América tropical ................................................................................... 63
Figure 24: Pencil sketch for América tropical, Getty Research Institute, David Alfaro Siqueiros papers
(960094, Box 2, folder 26). .......................................................................................................... 63
Figure 25: Aerial view of City Hall, Los Angeles, 1929 (Los Angeles Public Library). Sightlines and
building names added by author. .................................................................................................. 63
Figure 26: Image taken from Google Earth, view from mural towards City Hall (buildings have been
hidden to approximate a 1932 sightline). ..................................................................................... 63
Figure 27: Aerial view of Central City, architectural drawings, Los Angeles, September 1, 1936 (Los
Angeles Public Library 00076171). Sightlines and building names added by author. ................. 63
Figure 28: América tropical partially whitewashed, Los Angeles Times, c. 1934. ..................................... 63
Figure 29: a) Central detail of unfinished panels for América tropical II; b) Unfinished panels of América
tropical II, photograph taken December 2000. Image taken from Irene Herner, Siqueiros: from
Paradise to Utopia. Mexico: Miguel Ángel Porrúa (2010): 327; c) Unfinished panels of América
tropical, photograph taken December 2000. Image taken from Herner 326; d) Study for the
América tropical II, 1972-73. Image taken from Herner 328. ..................................................... 63
Figure 30: Images from Brooks + Scarpa Architects. ................................................................................. 63
Figure 31: Digital illustration of the Interpretive Center, IQ Magic (http://art-for-a-
change.com/blog/2010/04/siqueiros-america-tropical-press-conference.html). .......................... 63
Figure 32: Figure 32: Judy Baca and members of her class at the UCLA César Chávez/SPARC Digital
Mural Lab, Los Angeles Tropical, 1999. ...................................................................................... 63
Figure 33: A quote pasted on the wall of the exhibit Siqueiros in Los Angeles: Censorship Defied at the
Autry National Center Museum of the American West (September 2010-January 2011). .......... 63
Figure 34: Photo of timeline at the center of the exhibit. ............................................................................ 63
44
Figure 35: Scaffolding display in Autry exhibit. ........................................................................................ 63
Figure 36: Merchandise in museum store at the Autry exhibit. .................................................................. 63
55
Figure 1: Mexican and Spanish land grants, chart (1937). Illustrated map of the southern portion of Los Angeles County detailing the Mexican and Spanish land grants of 1784 through 1822. WPA Series, Los Angeles Public Library (WPA 178 4x5 ).
56
Figure 2: Lieutenant E. Ord, "Plan de la Ciudad de Los Angeles," August 29 1849. Part of Title and Insurance and Trust/C.C. Pierce Photography Collection, USC Libraries Special Collections, ID# chs-m13262.
57
Figure 3: Olvera Street before improvement (undated). On the right the Avila Adobe can be seen (Los Angeles Public Library, LAPL00008392).
58
Figure 4: Front-page headline of La Opinión, February 27, 1931: "11 Mexicans Arrested in Bold Raid on Plaza" (Estrada p. 145).
59
Figure 5: Front-page headline of Regeneración, September 12, 1910: "Liberty's Sun Shines on Mexican Horizon" (Estrada p. 145).
Figure 6: Communist Party rally at the Plaza, 1934 (Estrada p. 213).
60
Figure
7: Fro
nt-p
age o
f The Lo
s An
geles Tim
es, Sep
tem
be
r 19
, 19
22
: “Me
xicans R
iot in
Plaza”; Fro
nt-p
age o
f The Lo
s An
geles
Times, Fe
bru
ary 27
, 19
30
: “Ho
rde
s of R
ed
s Battle
d in
Fierce
Rio
t at Plaza”; Fro
nt-p
age o
f The Lo
s An
geles Tim
es, Au
gust 2
,
19
30
: “Me
xicans R
iot in
Plaza”; Fro
nt-p
age o
f The Lo
s An
geles Tim
es, March
5, 1
93
0: “P
olice
Re
ad
y for R
ed
Rio
t”; Fron
t-page
of Th
e Los A
ng
eles Times, A
pril 2
4, 1
93
1: “M
exican
s and
Familie
s Ab
ou
t to Em
bark o
n Tre
k Back to
Native
Land
.”
61
Figure 8: Alexander F. Harmer, Days of the Dons, date unknown. Image taken from Jean Bruce Poole and Tevvy Ball, El Pueblo: The Historic Heart of Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications (2002): 52.
Figure 9: “Hat Dancers in front of Avila Adobe,” (Los Angeles Public Library, no. LAPL00008385).
62
Figure 10: Installation view of the Mexican Arts exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, October 1930. Image taken from James Oles, ed. South of the Border: Mexico in the American Imagination, 1914-1947. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press (1993): 129.
63
Figure
11
: He
nry R
avell. G
ossip
of th
e Ma
rket-Pla
ce. Ph
oto
graph
rep
rod
uce
d in
Ha
rper's M
ag
azin
e 1
34
(De
cem
be
r
19
16
), p. 1
. Image
taken
from
Ole
s 54
.
64
Figure 12: a) “Three Girls by Cross on Olvera Street,” no date, Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL00008513); b) “Women and Men on Olvera Street,” no date, Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL00008180); c) “Female Group in Ethnic Dress,” 1936, Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL00008508); d) “Musicians and Dancers, Olvera Street,” 1936, Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL00008522).
65
Figure
13
: “A M
exican
Stree
t of Y
este
rday,” Lo
s An
geles Tim
es (May 2
6, 1
92
9): I2
.
66
Figure 15: "Olvera Street scene, Los Angeles (Calif.)," April 13, 1960. Los Angeles Times photographic archive, Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, U.C. Los Angeles (uclamss_1429_b426_202870). Image taken from http://www.calisphere.org.
Figure 14: "The Pottery Vendor, Olvera Street, Los Angeles," undated. Postcards of California, Oregon, and Washington Collection, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (BANC PIC 1999.011:154). Image taken from http://www.calisphere.org.
67
Figure 16: Cover of Mexican Folkways, Special Number (1934). Mexico City: Mexican Folkways, 1934.
Figure 17: “Diagram of the Mexican Arts exhibition layout, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1930.” Image taken from Anna Indych-López, Muralism Without Walls: Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros in the United States, 1927-1940. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press (2009): 117.
68
Figure 18: From the top, Photograph of América tropical, 2002; Color reconstruction of the mural by Judy Baca and Martha Ramirez Oropeza; color reconstruction by Luis Garza.
69
Figure
19
: De
tail of ce
ntral e
lem
en
t.
70
Figure
20
: Felice
Be
ato, "C
rucifixio
n o
f the
Male
Servan
t Sokich
i Wh
o K
illed
the
Son
of H
is Bo
ss an
d w
as The
refo
re C
rucifie
d.
He
was 2
5 Y
ears O
ld,” 1
86
5-6
8, alb
um
en
prin
t. Image
taken
from
Raq
ue
l Tibo
l, ed
., Los M
ura
les de Siq
ueiro
s. Me
xico C
ity:
Institu
to d
e B
ellas A
rtes (1
99
8): 6
2.
71
Figure 21: Trees colorized.
Figure 22: Pre-columbian sculptural elements and guerilla figures.
72
Figure 23: Sketch of guerillas for América tropical
Figure 24: Pencil sketch for América tropical, Getty Research Institute, David Alfaro Siqueiros papers (960094, Box 2, folder 26).
73
Figure 25: Aerial view of City Hall, Los Angeles, 1929 (Los Angeles Public Library). Sightlines and building names added by author.
Figure 27: Aerial view of Central City, architectural drawings, Los Angeles, September 1, 1936 (Los Angeles Public Library 00076171). Sightlines and building
names added by author.
Figure 26: Image taken from Google Earth, view from mural towards City Hall (buildings have been hidden to approximate a 1932 sightline).
74
Figure 28: América tropical partially whitewashed, Los Angeles Times, c. 1934.
75
Figure 29: a) Central detail of unfinished panels for América tropical II; b) Unfinished panels of América tropical II, photograph taken December 2000. Image taken from Irene Herner, Siqueiros: from Paradise to Utopia. Mexico: Miguel Ángel Porrúa (2010): 327; c) Unfinished panels of América tropical, photograph taken December 2000. Image taken from Herner 326; d) Study for the América tropical II, 1972-73. Image taken from Herner 328.
77
Figure 31: Digital illustration of the Interpretive Center, IQ Magic (http://art-for-a-change.com/blog/2010/04/siqueiros-america-tropical-press-conference.html).
78
Figure 32: Figure 32: Judy Baca and members of her class at the UCLA César Chávez/SPARC Digital Mural Lab, Los Angeles Tropical, 1999.
Figure 33: A quote pasted on the wall of the exhibit Siqueiros in Los Angeles: Censorship Defied at the Autry National Center Museum of the American West (September 2010-January 2011).
Figure 34: Photo of timeline at the center of the exhibit.
79
Figure 35: Scaffolding display in Autry exhibit. Figure 36: Merchandise in museum store at the Autry exhibit.
