SiSyntax of Spoken Arabic Part 2

7/28/2019 SiSyntax of Spoken Arabic Part 2

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A P P E N D I X 1 : I N F O R M A N T S

M o r o c c oM 1 male, 40, educated, originally from Tetouan, lived abroad for 20years.M 2 female, 60's, uneducated, Marrakesh.M 3 male, 35, Ph.D., has lived extenstively in the U.S and France.M 5 female, mid-20's, college graduate, works outside the hom e, Rabat.M 6 male, 20's, university graduate, linguistics major, Rabat.M 7 comedy routine from Moroccan television, recorded July 1988. - ,M 9 female, 60-70's, illiterate, originally from near Chao un, of the Jbala("mountain A rabs"), has lived for som e time in Larache".M 10 male, late 20's, high-school education, Larache.M i l female, 50-60's, uneducated, rural Beni Mellal area.E g y p tE 1 female, 30's, university educated, fluent English, Cairo.E 2 female, 30's, university educated, fluent English, Cairo.E 3 female, late 40's, educated, from Simbilawen, a Delta town.E 4 male, early 30's, educated, Cairo. 'E 5 male, 40's, educated, Arabic teacher, Cairo.E 6 male, 14, in middle school, Cairo.E 8 female, 50's, educated, Cairo.E 9 male, 30's, educated, writer, Cairo.E1 0 'Ala N-Nasya, "On the Street Corner" Cairo radio program, 12/9/89.S y r i aS 1 female, 21, Alawite, from a northwestern Syrian town, studying injthe University of Damascus.S 2 female, 20, Christian, from a village south of Aleppo, studying in the

University of Damascus.S 3 male, mid 30's, Ph.D., Damascus, living abroad.S 4 husband and wife, late 50's, limited education, Aleppo.S 5 female, 50's, educated, Aleppo, has lived abroad.S 6 Wadi al-Misk, an old Durayd Lahham playK u w a i tK 1 male, 20's, post-secondary education.K 2 female, 40-50's, secondary education.K 3 female, 60-70's, illiterate, lived for some time in Bahrain.K 4 female, early 40's, secondary education, works outside her home.n indicates sentences taken down as field notes.

376

A P P E N D I X 2 : T E X T S

M O R O C C O

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378 Appendix 2TextB: The Mother- in-Law (M 2) 2I' -. -l l J L j JLLJLII -JL HJ J___J _ - j j ( jL Lj -i |_>-L ,__.(_;.___ L_lj (\ ) . . .'yJ J J _ _ i V j f _ _ L _ _ _ _ ^ L ^ j j - _ i _ t - ^ b c _ - ^ l _ - l ( r ) . . j J ^ L ^ LS_j____ll- -J LLft ,__ j-frK j l l n 11 _J I- _L_I_A __UJJ__ (V) .-_a.L_ , __.- .L a j .^ JJLCJ J_i___JI _ j I j "'JJ--- ( ) *S__J____JI JL__J __J j JJJUI_LJL_ ,___ L___JI __J____J (__;j--l -L_ i C_JJL__ _ j L t j _ j-- l * _ j a o - j j - i,j_L v____j _," - " j L-A _(___ ol a . LJJJI AjJ IjJ I ^?-jL_ Cj- Li () .____uij._ilj _j t____ __L__i_ _____ y - i V j (^J-- fi r tl ^"t tj -i -I ' -JLLA (jJlj j^-Lc (_-___ * i | / - j - - _ T - - < j - l j lk__J I JLA La_L_l__-- O- VJ L4 IV C_-_> -u-1 _ij_____1 J>^"i - 'ij -Jj-.' "-S ---> J 1*1 (^) . L-__-._,)_i- "-i lj -J _ _ . 6 l J . o L ^ f - - - l _>- i : -J^ l _(\ . ) .^LUj____,_LL__II.^LVI lj__l____i Li-. I _u_ (,>'.'"" f "^ ^"> (ji .tT tj L_(r) ._U_>Jlv____iU.L|J JL ^..L (X) .JJJJI______ l_H__ ___I_I_A (_) .(j^\ OVLXJLJI J j _a .j ^j__l I I jJJ __a,lj ^ j ;"______ & 'L fl JL j j-f -J JI J_L6_*-1- (*\) .y-t> L _Jj__ J JLC J- ' j _>j-- (A) .1 j ...I J-J__ LAJ__A1__1J L__A I j _ I " l j _ j lj___U (*\) .LA___>J jl aJ I _i LU Uj__l___j ^ j- _. l J_L_JI ___ljJ lj_i__i_uj.Lu- j-fl -ij :-,-, La L S.^ j .n lL ,-,_ II L- JL -u UU ^I L4J IjJL S Lp LL ,_>4_ -__. lj (\N) .jLa^ll j li s


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382 Appendix 2wladt . (33) mSa >a lalla rkab w mSa 'ndu, g a l- lu rah walda t 1-wald.(34) zab-lha t-tkSlta, zab-lha 1-gayyata, za b t-tabbala. (35) zabugasslu-lhaw labbsQha w labbsu w hazzu dak 1-wald w addaha 1-d-dar, ga[ l] t - lu1-mra, hiyya lli ma nSufSi flha. (36) nadu bna tha farrjahrn yv- tayxadmuw dabhu w y'rad 'la n-nas , w 1-gyut w t-tbal b-ha l l l i gulti nt i ' admrawwahha ' rusa , farhan b-dak 1-wald.(1)1 tell you a story about a man whose wife bears only girls, she ha sno son. (2) He up and said to her, I need a son. (3) He up andmarried another woman, he married one other woman; two, wives.hetook. (4) That one had seven children, the other one he married thenso she could have [a son]. (5) That one who had seven was pregnant,was going to give birth, she too. (6) When her month arrived, theydeserted her, (7) [the other wife] said, get up, man, the woman is goingto have another girl again, now lefs leave her here and let her takecare of herself. (8) Get up and lefs leave this place and goto anotherplace an d leave her here in the house by herself. (9) Her daughters upand said to her, Mother, the girl [the second wife] ignore s us, shedoesn't pay attention to us at all. (10) [The father] said, Give me, mydaughter, I am going to walk and take a basket of ashes, (11) one[daughter] will carry a basket of chaff on their backs wh en they setout, and their mother [can] follow them by the signs on the road:(12) [They told the mother] We are going to leave and go to the placethat you don't know; you will follow only these ashes and chaff untilthat place where we will alight, and you follow us. (13) The girls leftwith their father, they set off, leaving a t night. (14) In the morning, shegot up, poor thing, didn't find a thing.in the house except the walls,[she was] all alone. (15) Her labor pains took hold, [but] she keptgoing, ke pt going, kept going, u ntil she got close to them, followingonly that road -- that marking on the road. (16) She arrived [to aplace near them], as if she arrived at that cemetery over there, thelabor pains set in there. (17) There she lay down and gave birth.(18) The houris (b eautiful spirits) an d the angels came to her andhelped her give birth. (19) They told her, Call out 'my good deed(s),my reward(s),' if you have given anything, any alms in this life it willcome back to you now. (20) She didn't find anything, poor dear,

-T-Tir m - - - - - - - - **-.

Moroccan Texts 383neither to eat nor to wrap the child in, and the child was born to her.(21) Well, she was overjoyed when the son was born to her, and shecame on the road near to where her husband went. (22) She was closeto reaching him, and gave birth on the road, as if she had come tothat cemetery there by your house, and gave birth. (23) They saythat people w ent and told him, So-and-so, a woman of such-and-suchdescription gave birth in that cemetery . (24) His slave went shopping,and passed by her. She had given birth, and she had borne a son.(25) He said, How? [The slave] said, She had a son. (26) He said, Ifshe had a son I'll take her back. (27) They say that he went and took,dear lady, fine clothing, the caftan, with the dress and the shoes, awhole ensemble', and was so happy, and took the flutists and the drumsand went to where she was. (28) But he sent the slave first, he toldhim, go, if she bore [a] son leave her and come to me. (29) [If] shehad a daughter, slay her and slay the girl and come. (30) That slavewent to her, and told her, my master asks what you bore? She toldhim, I bore a girl. (31) He said, tell me what you bo re, look, if you had[a], girl, I will slay you and slay her. (32) Until she saw him headingtoward her with the knife, [then] she said calm down, I bore [a] son,[a] young man is what I had. (33) He went, dear lady, and got on [hisriding beast] and went to [his master], he told him, she bore [a] son.(34) He brought he r the ensemble, he brought her the flutists, he broughtthe drummers. (35) They brought and washed her and dressed her anddressed and carried the boy and took her to the house [because] the[other] wife said to him. Her I do not want to see. (36) Her daughterswere very happy, r/ife [were] serving [the guests], they slaughtered,[the father] invites people, and the flutes and the drums, it was as ifyou'd say he had just taken her as a bride, [so] happy with that son.TextD: About the La r a c he B e a c h ( M 10).^l_l__j-T___-_ .ufe...--- - *- - *- "* * -. -- -.-- -a t


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386 Appendix 2(1) The beach, re ally, w hat am I going to tell you, the beach is goodand bad. (2) Good, becau se -- [ifs] goo d, [but] it changed, on accountthat people are no longer the type that [have] respect, they no longerthe type of the type of a type of harmony, (3) people don'tunderstand each other, they don't understand at all, and they (4) Theother [person] eats over here, the other one eats watermelon, thei_X vother one throws trash here, the other one is lying down by himself,(5) He has to take over [the space], he has to sit in that place byhimself, he has to swim by himself, he has to do this and that^not --(6) That is, because he has to he wishes the beach were all his, youunderstand? He has to have the beach to himself, all of it. f7) Thenagain eve n that liveliness o f the person who comes there to the seashoreis no longer as it was. (8) Now you see a lot of people native of thetown no longer go to the seashore at all, the natives of the town.(9) Only the outsider is the one who goes; the native of the tpwn nolonger goes to the seashore. (10) Now the outsider has --.the native ofthe town all go to another spot like for instance some place far fromthe shore of Larache ... (11) Miami? No, the thing is, that [spot],Miami, is a nearby situation, no, like now for instance in front of theprison, where Msitro is, where l-Ma Jdid is, where you find [a] spot byyourself there, there aren't aJot of people. (12) And then again thereat the beach there happen a lot of things that infringe, that touch thepersonal space of the person. (13) Like for instance [a] person drinkswine, he keeps on he keeps on saying a nasty word, he says some badthings that (14) [A] person is sitting w ith he and his wife, hehears that stuff, he gets upset. (15) He gets upset and he explodes andhe is forced to and he gets up in a hurry to leave, to no longer cometo this place. (16) Then again w hen it occurs to them that they'd like tosit in a cafe and [so that he can] relax awh ile a nd drink tea or coffeeor water or a soft drink, another one comes a long then drunk,'andcomes and throws up on the place where he is sitting he and his w ifeand kids. (17) Wha t does he do, he gets up to fight with him, the policecome and [people] come and rap! rap! Here the [fight] is no longer,then they smooth things over. (18) Or for instance, [apman lies on[the beach], he and his wife are sitting on the shore like so, anotherguy, a jerk c omes along and "leans on " them [bothers them], teases

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Moroccan Texts 387them, throws sand on them and so on (19) [There are] many thingswhich m ake [a] person constantly no longer w ant to go to the shore ...(20) We, for instanc e, a young single guy is not like a married man.(21) The family ...families no longer go down [to the beach], theyoung single guy , even the young single m en native to the town nolonger go down, rarely. (22) And you-notice this problem, you seethese people a lot.

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390 Egyptian Texts

Text B: On the Express ion "I s i t necessary tonight , Mayo r?" (E4)..__ _JJ JjJfl l L I (jSJ loS J-t i afi>fJi_-_-u La (j -i -C _A--4J La JKA (jr**^ (N),_JJI *_ ' /-- " 0__ ____> (Y) . o l x_4_ _u-l -AU LI _L__a ,___j_a 4_J-_ (X)"?3I JN


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39 2 1 Egyptian Texts. ^ i ^ ^ l + l ^ & j ^ ^ U ^ l t A e t l l l ,Jj-'UiUJ JU(NY.)L ( / A _ _ j - _ f - j l j j l L j^ -i 'u 'U J J J - ^ H ^ ^ O 1 - - 1 W- J L S ( U )^ c^ a l 3^ __- k . ^ I U - - - -J I _ , I O -_J4UcJL i . -u -_ (N (> ) . l ^ . j t a l SLa ^V '_- v* -- ^ c -- - ^ 'J- "-^ UJ J u ( U ) -e--11-* l_Sj 1_^


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39 4 Egyptian Textsthe closet. (10) Then the cat up and disappeared, it and the briefcase.(11) After that she comes looking for the briefcase [but] didn't find it,and she doesn't know [where it is], and she's upset andso on. (12) Soone day Adel Imam was annoying her, so then he, came to her place ofwork and so on. She told him, there is a situation that happened that Ican't tell you about. (13) He said, what is it? She told him, thebriefcase that you left for me got lost. (14) He told her -- it was she,he tells (told) her that there are important papers and stuff but therereally weren't. (15) So she told him, she told him that the briefcasethat you told me had important papers in it got lost. (16) He told her,in all honesty, I was lying to you because it didn't have any papers thatwere important to me, and so forth. (17) She said to him, But thenwhat was in it? (18) He told her, It had some papers about mymother's inheritance and ordinary stuff. (19) So she told him, I'm verysorry, and so forth. (20) He came thenext day, cdmeJn the morning,she wasn't in the office. (21) He up and put a briefcase for her [tofind], just like the briefcase that had been in the closet. (22) She cameand asked the secretary, Who brought that briefcase here? (23) [Thesecretary] told her, Mr. Fahmi. Then he came after a while and sheasked him, how were you able to bring this briefcase? (24) He said,this isn't the other briefcase, this is a briefcase just like it. (25) But Ibought it from the same guy I bought [the other one] from. (26) Thenthe secretary came and asked him, what would you like to drink? Hesaid, coffee with medium sugar. (27) So she made him the coffee, hecomes to drink it, he keeps drinking it, normal?and so on. (28) Finally,after they finished talking about fhe problem of the briefcase and stuff,she comes and tells him, I hope you liked the coffee. He said, it [w as]good. (29) After he left, she comes looking at the cup, and found thecoffee just as it was [originally]. (30) But he was really drinking, butthe coffee, that is, she didn't know wh at returned it [to its originalstate].

Syrian TextsS Y R I A

TTextA: A Year in the USA (S5)

39 5

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39 8 Appendix 2''ilt-ilon - 'al 'eSs[h]i fikartik ' an 'amerka? 'ilt-lu wal la ktir ktir i tgayyaritfik_rti 'an 'amerka min wa't i l l i kint 'ana bi-suriya w wa't il jit la-'amerka.(26) 'al Slon tgay yarit? 'i l t- lu niha mna'rif inn ij- jar ma bya 'r i f jam,' ana hon la 'e t g_r Si. (27) 'al la, ma tift_rdi h a y 'am_rka. n i hna honemant 'a ger 'amerka . (28) al mazb uta fiksrtik 'inti . tla'i la-bar rat ha-1-mant'a, bitla'i nafs iS-Si, ij-jar ma bya'r if Si 'an j am ' a ba da n ' a ba da n .(29) 'am ba ' i l - l ik , hole ykunu 'am bimaSSu klabon, ykunu 'am bitmaSsubi-S-Sari', ydi^u 1-bab 'aleyy w y'ulu-li 'andik mani' niSrab 'ahwe? 5a'il-lonla yih! (30) f allamt i l- luga, ta'allamt il-lu^a m in jiranna, ' a dd ma ahklma'on w adtarr ahkl ma'on ta 'a l lamt minnon i l - luga . (31) bass daxaU'ana kurs luga bi- j- jam'a, 'amilt bi-l-'awwal, la ' inn ma ba'r if wala kilme,ya 'n i ma m a " u l 'abruk mitl i j- jidban. (32) la 'in[n ] ktir sa 'b ' i za wahidma bya'rif luga . (33) ' .mil-t kurs luga >ana bi- l - 'awwal , ba 'd[h]a la 'e thali ' add ma 'am banz i l w baruh w ba j i ma 'on sa r 'andi pratlk ktirkway yis. (34) ya'ni ma ba'a btifr i ' ma'i ya 'ni ' inni 'axhd ka ma n ma sa l a nkurs tani. (3 5) 'inbasat.t, ktir inbasatat. ' i l t- i lon ya'ni 'ana 1-ha'j'a ya 'n i1-hayat il *iSt[h]a honlke ha ya t dalas w daynast i ya 'ni .(1) Whafs more, I mixed [socialized] a lot with the wife of the presidentof the university there. (2) The [wife of the] president of the universityarranged for us a luncheon when I first arrived too, (3) and sheinvited me to it and sent me a private secretary to speak with me inArabic to translate for me in Arabic because when I went I didn't knowEnglish at all - my original [foreign] language is French - (4) qndthey sent - they called me on the phone and said we - first they hadsent the card, two or three days later they called. (5) The secretary ofthe university president's wife telephoned saying we - she talked withMuhamm ad because I didn't know English -- (6) A woman talked withhim who said, we have invited [your] wife. (7) He said, \ye receivedthe card. (8) She said, but we know she doesn't know English. (9) Forthat reason we have assigned for her a private secretary who will callwithin a couple of days because she can speak Arabic in order to takeher to the visit, that is, to the luncheon that the wife of the president ofthe university has arrangedfor us. (10) We went, and there all ofthem were wives of doctors and from all the"countries of the world, youknow, French ...I swear to God, I had a very very good time when I

Syrian Texts 399went there. (11) Yeah, because the life I lived, I mean, my neighborsused to tell me, you are living Reagan isn't living like you are, Iswear to God, I'm telling you. (12) We had a very nice time, we got avery nice house. (13) The area where we took the house was very niceand very rich, and the house that we got was very nice: first of all, itwasn't a rental house. (14) [In] the whole region over there they don'trent to anyone at all, at all, ever, ever. (15) And if someone wants [torent, it must be] someone from among them, that is, [ifs] practicallyclosed off, no one enters it except for the people who live in the area inparticular, there is in that entrance there is a security g uard. (16) Imean, no t just anyone can enter that area; there are no foreigners atall at all. (17) I mean, we, when she rented us the house, she rented usthe house because by way of the dean of the School of Architectureshe rented it to us. (18) After she sent a letter to all the neighborsexplaining to them who we were and what we were, one by one, I'mtelling you, the wife is such-and-such, Rana the oldest is studyingarchitecture, the youngest, Dina, is in the tenth [grade], (19) that is,she had written all sorts of details about us, [we know] because she lefta [copy of] the letter in the house so that we could read what she hadsent to the neighbors. (20) So, from the time we arrived, hadn't shesent the neighbors that letter? and they agreed that she could rent usthe house, she then rented us the house - all of them started callingon the telephone to say hello to us, and then they came and had coffee

_ at our house. (21) One of them had a party, in the evening, aftersupper, at&feht o'clock, she had a party for all the neighbors andintroduced tmfn to us. (22) They started, you know, every one [started]inviting, us while we were after that we invited them and they came toour house and there started to be a lot of, you know (23) Imagine, Iwould be sittings in the morning, there would be a knock [at] the door,now, how did you get here? (24) They would knock a t the door andsay to me, What'are you doing? If you don't have anything [aren'tbusy], w e'd like to come in and have a cup of coffee [with] you.(25) I'm telling you - Then they, I told them - [One] said, What isyour opinion about America? I told him, well, my opinion about Americahas changed a lot from the time that I was in Syria [to] the time I came


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400 Appendix 2to America. (26) He said, How has it changed? I told him, We knowthat [a] neighbor doesn't know his neighbor, [but] I ound here somethingelse. (27) He said, no, don't suppose that this is America. We here arean area other than America. (28) He said, your idea is correct. Gooutside of this area and you find the same thing, a neighbor doesn'tknow a thing about his neighbor at all at'all. (29) I'm telling you,those [people] w ould be walking their dogs, they would be taking astroll in the road, they would knock at the door, and say, Do you haveany objection if we [come in] to drink some coffee? I'd say to them,Why, no! (30) I learned the language, J learned the-language from myneighbors, [from] the amount that I would talk with them and^be forcedto talk with them I learned the language from them. (31) But I took alanguag e course a t the university, I did [that] first, because I d idn'tknow a single word, it wasn't reasonable to stay like idiots. (32) Imean, ifs very difficult if one doesn't know a language (33) I took alanguage course first, after that I found myself from the amount that Iwas going out and coming and going with them I got very good practice.(34) I mean, it was no longer important to me to take another course.(35) I had a very good time, a very good time. I told them, really, thelife I led in America is the life of "Dallas" and"Dynasty."TextB: Mode rn Marr iage (S4 , husband speaks f i rs t)1(_>ujj__JI lj__j_A_i La lj_L_ L_j__a. j l___Lj_j| 5L_Jj_I i__I_L_ * _ (N)lj_-a tjd-i La _A j - _J u |j_J_____ _)J_ JJ.I_A _L_Jl_A __-A (X) ,_>_j__JI 4_L_J';** "'J oJ-? -" J^-*-i Ij J'J '" J JJ (X") -y-1*- -J 'T1^^-,(_r-j-_ >J_L_ (o) .l .(>____. .__ IJ_____J--_JJ ( i ) .fVI ______ _A__ VJ __._ I-i j-Aj y-^*_ L JL.jJI (j l ^*-i 'J-I_*LJ ("9 .o j* -t i_ -L Jj VI La _ J j l (jJ (M .-$_--_

'The text contains a number of ellipses because in certain places, both husbandand wife are speaking at the same time, and some phrases are unclear.

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402 ^ Appendix 2aktar mm halla' . (7) kan ma fi, kan ma fi tafklr mitil halla' . (8) ya'ni halla' byux-tbu w btux-tbi bitriih w bt i j i w ba 'den byaxd[h]aj imi ' t en tlate sahr , y'il-lak ' ana habbet [h]a 'ana ma habbetha. (9) bass' aw w a l i ma ySuf il-'arus w ra'san tla'1-lik tslr il-mufahame w tjlon w l adw hayy w ma ysir 'abadan tali' xilafat . (10>halla' bitsufi-lik bya ' r fuba 'don b i 'aS ru ba 'don s ine w s in ten w ba 'den wa ' t i l l i b i t j awwazu,bi'il-lak sar ixt i lafat ma'ha, w z'ilt minnu w zi'il minni , ma tfahamnama'ba'dna. ... (11) b[y]ufrut il-hubb ma' ba 'don , bikrahu b a ' d o n ,ya 'n i ykunu ragbamn b-ba 'don , bass y i t j awwazu bi"_du, bi 'udu b ikrahuba 'don , eh , h_k bis l r . (12) . . . hada rffu mitzawwej , 'smmu^m-sriyye, w'amit rah i t xatbit-lu bint axG[h]a. (13) jabi ta min masar m in h.nlkla-hQn, w bark i t ma 'on h one xamsta 'S nhar la-sar l-'_rs. (14) min ba^dma axad[h]a , ' a l ma ba 'a bh ibb[h]a , ' a l ma ba 'a b_d[d]i idxul (a 1-bet.(15) ' i ja 'am bihkl-lna hOni w 'Hna n ax d u 'a Sex yiktib-lu, ya'n i t-tawfl\mu yiktib-lu Si ya'ni . (16) ma sabar 'a l e[h]a , talla'ha w rajja'ha 'alabalad[h]a . (17) ba'at[h]a 'a mas.r . (18) lak, e, ' issa masar-lak jim'a, 'aSr tiyyam ma sar-lak ... (19) barkit - >ijit m a ' u m i nmas_r la hon, barkit xamsta'S nhar ben ma sar l-'_rs. (20) b in txalu hiyye. (21) xamsta 'S nhar la-wa't ma ya 'n i t a yaxdu-l[h]agrad w nek, b a ' d en s aw u l-'ars. (22) barak ma'ha t l a t t iyyam, nharit-tlat t iyyam 'and 1-masa 'al-lon ma,habbet [h]a , bsddi a'if[h]a. (23) lakya ' ibni jibna-lak bin t xalak w tbahdi lna ma' xalak, w hayy, 'al-lon ... (24) xajle ya 'n i . (25) xilal xamsta'S nhar kanit fi masar.(26) >ata'-l[h]a w ba'at-l[h]a, tal la'[h]a w ba'at[h ]a. (27) 'alll 'as.l,kan yrajj i '[h]a bi-halha aSraf. (28) ma habb[h]a k in t min 'awwalma habbet [h]a , min 'aww al mu 'a la - w bark i t xamsta 'S nhar 'andu mindun ma y i t j awwaz[h]a . (29) w _l-gada b -g ad a w al-ftur b-fturu wil-'aSa b-'asa w ta'a flan w ta'a 'illan. (30) w ba 'den wa ' t i l l i axad[h]atlat tiyyam 'al-lon ma habbet[h]a.(1) The customs of the old [generation s]--our fathers and forefathersthey used not to see the bride until the night of the wedding. (2) Now,this present generation arrange their own marriages, they don't wantanyone to arrange for them, that is. (3) And they see each other andget to know each other, neither the father need wear himself out northe mother need w ear herself out. (4) And theyform their own friendships.

Syrian Texts 403Yeah. (5) It change d, that is, the old pattern change d. (6) Andthey say, you know, that the man w ouldn't see the bride nor she see himbut they [the marriages] would survive longer than nowadays.(7) There didn't used to be, didn't used to be thinking like there istoday. (8) That is, now they get engaged and you get [them]engaged and [the bride-to-be] comes and goes and then he marriesher, two weeks, three, a month, he tells you I love her, I don't love her.(9) But in the old days he wouldn't see the bride and right away youfind there would come to be mutual understanding and they'd havechildren and all that and there wouldn't be there wouldn 't a t all arisedisagreements. (10) Now you see that they know each other, theyinteract w ith each other for a year or two years and then w hen they getmarried, [they] tell you, Disagreem ents with her have arisen, and I'mmad at him, and he's mad at me, we couldn't get along. ... (11) Love with each other falls ap art, they hate each other; that is,they would desire each other but as soon as they get married, they stay[together awhile, then] they turn around and hate each other, yeah,thafsWhat happens. (12) ... This one, his friend [was] married, hismotheris Egyptian, and she went and got him engaged to her brother'sdaughter. (13) She brought her from Egypt, from there to here, andshe stayed with them fifteen days (two weeks) until the wedding tookplace. (14) After he married her, he said, I don't love her any more, hesaid, I don't want to go back in the house. (15) He came and talked tous here, and we thought to take him to a shaykh to write him something-that is, to make the marriage work, not something [bad]. (16) Hedidn't give her a chance, he divorced her and sent her back to hercountry. (17) He sent her [back] to Egypt. (18) Look here,now it hasn't even been a week, you haven't even been [married] tendays ... (19) She stayed - she came with him from Egypt to here,she stayed fifteen days until the wedding took place. (20) Hiscousin, she w ; (21) Fifteen, days until, tha t is, so that they couldbuy her things and so forth, then they had the wedding. (22) He stayedwith her three days, on the evening of the third day he told them I don'tlove her, I warn to get rid of her. (23) Look here, son, we brought youyour cousin, do you want to shame us before your uncle, and such, he

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^404 Appendix 2told them ... (24) [Ifs] ~an embarrassment', that is.(25) Within fifteen days she was in Egypt. (26) He bought her a ticketand sent [it] to her, he divorced he and sent her [back]. (27) [He is] poorly bred (doesn't know how'to behave properly), heshould have sent her back as she was [before m arrying her, it wouldhave been] more noble. (28) You aren't in love with her, you shouldhave not loved her from the beginning, from the'beginning, not [after]- and she stayed two weeks at his house without hirn marrying her ? ? ?(29) And [her] lunch is his lunch (they have lunch together), [her]breakfast is his breakfast, [her] dinner is'his dinner,-and come one,come all [to the wedding]. (30) And then when he married her threedays and he told them, I didn't love her.

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40 6 Appendix 2ma' ba'don, ya lat if, 2arime. (4 ) halla* bitlaqi ha-2-zIl t-tali' ' i n n uiS-Satra, yalla ~ b iddon yitla'u, 'ahli mu miSkle xalllni hibb w snbisit whayy miti l ba'd[h]a. (5) halla' 'an[d]n a bi-d-de'a, >iza tnen mma yhibbuba 'don w sim'u k am an il-'alam fion, ya latif! Sagle kblre (6) ' innu kil lma la w ah i d y-Xt-b[h]a bvhx, bi2u: h ay y .kanit habbe f l an hay kani tt i t la' ma'u, hayy kanit t i tmaSSa ma'u hayy kanit , hayy kanit haqira h ay ykanit kaza (7) ya'ni ma bixal lu masalan bihawlu b-Satta 1-wasa'il illibikunu sam'In minSan y'at t lu 3innu l-'aris ~ 'eh, la taxid[h]aJcaza kanithabbe kanit ~ (8) halla' ya'ni sar Swayy I-'alam i t 'awwdu 'innu ySufutnen maSyin ma' ba 'don heki. (9) bass kaman 'iza, H-wahde Sattit w nekya'ni kanit Swayy fal tane b-'aiaqt[h]a k am an ktir byizbilO[h]a. (10) whalla' ktir ma 'a d 'innu S-Sabab ma ' ad y ih tammu masalan ' innu masalanyaxdu wahde 'iza hi lwe ktir w kaza, ' iza ma kani t mit'allme mustah l lyfakkir fi[h]a 'ilia ya 'n i wahid ktir tafih. (11) ya'ni rha btax ud i l l ibtiSthl b-bal[h]a, ya 'n i . (12)'amma hal la ' , waqt^bitkun mit 'a l lmew kaza w sar it ' and[h]a mantuz w bti t la' bt iStigil , sa r ya'n i bi t laqig e r mazal ' i n n u tlaqi Sank h ay a t [h ] a il-munasib il-kwayyis w h ek .(13) 'amma m in qabsl xalas, hilwe - ya lat if! mu'al lme mu nuriallme,mitil ba'd[h] a. 'eh. (14) halla' kaman miti l ba'd[h ]a ya'ni , wah id bihibbwalide w law kani t habbe mu habbe, kaman ma b tufruq ma'u , ya 'n i ' i zak an (and[h]a k a m a n 'alaqa ma' gem mit i l ba 'd [h]a ma'u . (15) ya 'n imindall bi -d-de 'a la-halla' ' i nnu ma f i kaman ha 1ziyade ya 'n i , haI-'alaqat I-mafduha w hek . (16) bitdall il-wahde mithaffza ya'ni , ' innuma y i s m a ' u ktir - ya 'n i n i sbe kbl re mn i l- 'a l am. (17) l a 'annu b idal lil-wahde ' i l [h ]a *aduwwin[h]a w 'i l[h]a muhibbln[h]a w kaza l a 'annbi 'a t t lu mus taqbal [h]a , ' eh , habbi t w habbi t w xabbs i t w daftsr[h]amSaqSaq w kaza. (18) ya 'n i min ha 1-haki h ad a , ma bixal lu , ya 'n ibihawlu b-Satta 1-wasa'i l ' innu yib'sdu. (19) tab'an i l l i bikrahu[h]a.' am m a hi bihibbu[ h]a, 'eh kwa yyse, w >eh w kil l i l-


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408 Appendix 2ifs all the same. (14) Now , too, ifs all the same, that is, a boy loves agirt, even if she has had a love affair and whatnot, also, it doesn't makeany difference to him, and also if she had a* relationship with someoneelse ifs okay with him. (15) We remain in the village until today[such] that there is not this increase, that is, these explicit relationshipsand the like, (16) a girl still behaves with reserve^ that is, [so] theydon't hear a lot [about w hat she does] - that is, a substantial numberof people, (17) because one still has her enemies and her friends, andso forth, because they ruin her future, for sure, [saying ] sh e has hadlove relationships and she has-messed things up and her record isblotted (torn) and so forth. (18) You know, stuff like that, they don'tleave him alone, that is, they try by every means to get him away [fromher]. (19) Ofcourse, those who dislike her [do that]. As for those wholike her, [they say, she's] good, sure, every one falls in love, everyonegets infatuated, everyone .. . (20) That is to say, there's no ionger aproblem ... (21 ) I am the type that thinks about society bec ause I amof the society, if I don't think abut society that means I'm not of thesociety. (22) I mean, one has to go slowly, not come all at once forexample (23) This society is morally strict, veiled, [and] so forth, itcomes about all at once [that] you love and you go out and come inand sleep with the one you love[?] (24) This thing society rejects,especially [since] w e have a country, that is our country is morallystrict, they say about it Islamic and conservative. (25) That is, itdoesn't permit this thing and especially until now there are places inDama scus for instance [they are] so strict, ifs imp ossible for a guy totalk to a girl. (26) In the house, for exam ple, there are areas here inDamascus [where ifs] impossible for you to enter the house for aquarter of an hour so that they can see [the women are hidden] "coverup, women and get out of the way!" and so forth, so that one is able forinstance to enter the house. (27) And if ifs impossible for them toshow their hair for exa mple to people: "Wha t is this?!" (28) Does thefather accept, or society, that a girl can come and go and have lo ts ofrelationships with guys and talk with guys and at the same time theyknow that she has a sexual relationship? ! (29) Of course, this is a bigproblem, and ifs impossible for anyone to think about [marrying] her,that is.

40 9KUWAIT '

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41 0 Kuwaiti Texts.L+__j__. y__ 1 i j U l ^ - - . j l La (XN) .^L_j y_^ f jV oJjJI ^-J ._iJL____.--** C-J- 'J LT^ f>- _*' r * - J - - i ' j ' ^ - - - - , l ( j - 'J-^--* - LJ_-_'f-f-' (*Y)- Ij - j- ^ ^ j_ jI _gj_- Jj _- ij < y .j l i J-AI-S----JI(XY) .


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41 2 Kuwaiti TextsinSalla, 'umma w 'uxta w 1-walad ma'ana. (24) yig'ad i l -walad, t idisSla-bnayya, ya 'umma yayba 'aslr, ya 'umm'a bar id , ya 'umma ya 'n i ' aySay, cay, t idxal l a-bnayya w ySuf. (25) huw wa ga ' id , 'ana agul - l a hadi1-bnayya, tara Sufha, ySufha, inSalla. (26) ' ida ya'ni fi, ' is 'alha, tabiha,m tabiha, ' is 'alha ya'ni 'ala S-Se l l i tabl, yas 'a lha. (27) l a-bna yyatab'an tistahi, mu sikil* ya 'n i , w ahda ba 'd t iy i tarkad Cidi, t istahi .(28) yis 'alha, wen tiStaglln, sannu darsa. (29) 'amma 'ana agul - lha ba 'd '' int i si'all. t is 'ala. (30) fi banat ya'ni yigadrun yisa'lun, fi banat yistahun,ma yisa'lun. (31) tis'ala, ga'adna, w sa'alha w sa'alta, salam, ma' s-salamajt a l a 'na , ta la 'na . (32) 'ana t ab 'an 'ana 'as'aLil-walad bi -s -sayyara , 'agulla ha, S 'aj ibtak la-bna yya wlldi wal la ma 'aj ibtak? (33) sa'at yraddun'alayy ya 'n i fi nafs il-kalam, ygul wal la 'umm ahmad, 'ajibatni l a-bnayyaw Sufi radd la-bnayya ba'd Sanu, w sa'at la walla, ygul inSalla yslr xer .(34) hada l l i ygul-lic yslr xer, 'a'raf ' i nna ma yabi 1-bnayya, 'eh, w illiygul-lic" w al l a si'li l-bnayyar Sufi 'eS galit 'anni rayh a fini, had a a'raf' innahu ya 'n i l a xat i r b -1-bnayya, ' amma ha 1-bnayya lha - 'ilha ray .(35) i l -muhimm, yigattOnni fi beti w arja' w adigg luhum teHfon, b-nafsil-wagt ' ad igg hagg ah l al-bint tel ifon ' ida huwwa la xatir fiha, 'adigg-luhum tel ifon, hah ? S raykum fi 1-walad? (36) galat il-'umm t ab 'anya 'n i l-hln ma nigdar nradd *al_5 bi -had d-diglga hadi, hatta lo 1-bnayyalaha xat i r , ma nigdar nradd 'alec. (37) sabri-lna yomen ta la ta ' ihnan r ad d 'alec il-jawab. (38) 'asb i r yomen ta la ta , ham tdigg-li tel ifonil-umm w tgul-l i walla 1-bnayya 'ajabha 1-walad w inSalla s-su'al, n ab in i s 'a l ' anna w hada w yis'alun 'anna . .. . (39) bass 'aw wa l yguTunbi-1-xatbat il-'awwaliyya mu cidi? (40) al-hin ' i hna xatbatna 1-hinhada cidi . (41) 'aww al ygul-l ic ya'ni t imdah ha, t ilgenha ya'ni muhi lwa mu jamlla w thuttha bi-s-sama li'anna ' aw w a l ma ka n ysufha mucidi? (42) 'eh, ma kan ysufha, ' awwal ma kan ysufha, *5ra, 'amya,hola, ' a r y a , ' u h u w a w h ad d a , yiylbunha m k a m k a m a , m k a m k a m a f i' b ay a t h a , mahhad yadri ' anha Sini ' i h iya . bass al-hin la' , ki l l Si 'a1-makSuf. (1) Look, Umm Ahmed, we want to ask you about how you learnedmatchmaking. (2) Please go ahead and ask. (3) How didyou learn it, from whom did you take it, how did you acquire it? (4) Well, I learned it from a woman who makes m atches, a professional

Kuwaiti Texts 41 3matchmaker who makes matches, for years I used to come and go withher. She taught me how matchmaking is [done]. (5) How is theway [to do it]? (6) The way to.do it is that the boy's mothe r, theboy's sister calls you on the phone and says, Umm So-and-So, we wantfor our son a wife (girl). (7) You tell her, Okay, God willing. She asksme,she asks me, she says, We want for him such and such, (a girt whois) studying, we want for him someone who has finished her studies, wewant for him a girl who w orks, or doesn%work, veiled or not veiled.(8) I tell her, Give m e (information on) what his job is, I tell (ask) her(if) he works or doesn't work, she tells me he works. (9) I say, Whatdegree does he hold? I ask her what his degree is, she says, well -[there is one] who says he has finished secondary school, [one] whosay\s he has finished university, [one] who says he has graduated froma school abroad, and [one] who says he has no degree. (10) Anyway,the important thing is, we tell her, Okay, God willing, w hatever requestyfiu-want. (11) We look for a girl for him. We take his full nam e, thefull name of the boy and his job, the information that we have, all of it,about him , we call the girl's family, [saying], Get back in touch withme in three days and I'll give you an answer. (12) We look for a girlwho is suitable for him. (13) We say to the girl's family, The boy issuch and such, from - the son of so-and-so son of so-and-so, he worksas such and such, she says, Okay, Umm Ahmed. We give her (theinformation) and tell her (all that). (14) She says, she comes back andtells us, the mother of the girl comes back and tells me, Umm Ahmed,do you know him? (15) I tell her, No, I don't know him. The motherhas called me on the phone saying, I want you to find a bride for myson; the same wpy I don't know you, I don't know him, I don't know athing about them. (16) When I bring him to [meet] you, you canmquire - [the girl's mother] inquires - you can inquire about him andhe can inquire about you. (17) We have called the mother of the boyand told her we have found for you a girl, daughter of so-and-so,Daughter of whom? She asks me the same [things] that I had asked[the girl's family]. (18) She asks me, Daughter of so-and-so son ofso-and-so, I tell her, and she takes [the girl's] full name to tell her so n.(19) She says, Um m Ahmed, no, let me go and see her first. (20) I

jrefuse, I tell her, No, first let the boy come and see the girl and take a

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41 4 Kuwaiti Textslook at her without - You, that is, you [can com e] with him and hissister, that's okay, but the boy must come w ith you. (21) I refuse to lether come alone. (22) Anyway, he comes - Sh e tells-me, Okay, make adate [for] which day we will come, and I'll go with you and we'll seethe girl. (23) I call the girl's family and say, Look, today they'recoming - we're coming, God willing, his mother and his^sister and theboy with us. (24) The boy sits, the girl comes in, either bringing juiceor bringing a cold drink, or anything, tea, the girl enters and he sees[her]. (25) He is sitting [there], I tell him, This is the girl, go ahead,take a look at her. He looks at her, okay. (26) If, that is, there is[positive reaction, I say], Ask her, if you want her or whatnot, ask herabout the thing you want. He asks. (27) The girl, of course, is shy, ifsnot seemly, that is, [for] a girl after all to come running like that, she'sshy. (28) He asks her, Where do you work, w hat have youjtudied.(29) As for me, I tell her, Then you ask. She asks. (30) There are girls,that is, who can ask, and there are girls who are too shy and don't ask.(31) She asks, we sit, he asks her and she asks him, good-bye, good-bye,we leave, tha t's that. (32) I, of course, I ask the boy in the car, I say ,Hmm? Did you like the girl, son, or didn't you like her? (33) Sometimesthey answer me in the same words, saying, Well, Umm Ahmed, I likedthe girl, see what the girl's reply is, and sometimes by God he says,Hopefu lly it will work out for the best. (34) The one that tells yo uhopefully it will work out for the best, I know that he doesn't want thegirl, and the one who tells you, Well, ask the girl, see what she saidabout me, what her opinion of me is, that one, I know that he likes thegirl; as for the girl, she has an opinion [too]. (35) Anyway, theimportant thing is, they drop me off at my house, and I go back andcall them, at the same time I call the girl, if he likes her, I call themand [ask], What is your opinion of the boy? (36) The mother of thegirl says, Of course, now , we can't answer you right this very minute,even if the girl likes the boy, we can't answer you. (37) Be patient withus two or three days and we'll give you an answer. (38) I give themtwo or three days, again the mother calls me and says, W ell, the girllikes the boy, and now [ifs time] to ask [about him], we want to askabout him and all that, and they ask about him. ... (39) But inthe old days they say with the old matche s it [wasn't] like that.

Kuwaiti Texts 415(40) Now, us, our matchmaking now, this is the way it is. (41) Inthe old days [they] tell you she [the matchmaker] would praise her,you would find her [to be] not pretty, not beautiful, and she wouldraise her up to the sky (exaggerate in praising her) because in the olddays [the groom ] didn't use d to see her, isn't that right? (42) Yeah,he didn't used to see her, in the old days he didn't used to see her,cross-eyed, blind, lame, [it was up to] him and his luck, they wouldbring her wrapped up, wrapped up in her abaya (cloak), no one knewanything about her, what she [was]. But now no, everything is out inthe open.T e x t B: In th e Ol d D a y s (K3).J jV I ____ C_J o- L _ ^l l ( J_ j ___il j j - i La 'U"i JJ j- ____JI _>__ _i/.l_^V[l]_>_L____Jj1 S>^____u^Jc_ -i jA-(X) _______ IJ-LIJJVItj TJ__ ___1_JI


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41 8 H 7 Kuwaiti TextsT ex t C : A Romeo and Jul ie t S tory (K3)4>_ IJLA .,I j -j j_a LA (X) ._l__i_j ___ (jj_A__t _J j L j ;L_J_J >tJ__j_A (N)_____! LA .-> j J j J I -JJJI -_-__"> * \ 11 .I -I'M II VI JLS._>-JJ .LA___L La V . I J_- La ! S ljl y_L____>_> tf j l 'Vj j__lj l ^Lu_ __ __.___ J-J-C (>-_ulj_jVI _,!_: y-L_l (NV)

J__ J j J I __A_ ___JJ'*JJ (NA) -tJ-JJ _J .' IL 4_uj a ____J I .i-_lj_j.-_J_ ___l_a JjJI,____ !______,> !___i_JI Vl ,s L__JI ____! ,____,__, __L*JIIJJLS ( X . ) . t ^ J ^ a __ ? J L S .


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420 Kuwaiti Textsapprove. No, don't marry her. Okay. (Il) Those people [the girl'sfamily], what did they say, Thafs it, as long as your family hasn'tapproved of your marrying our daughter, how can you come to ourhouse [to see her]? (12) Nowt your family has not approved yourmarrying our daughter how can you come to our [house], ifs not done.They prevented the boy [from seeing the girl]. (13) [But] the girl loveshim: she went and fell ill. (14) The boy comes wandering, every dayhe goes and passes by the door, they close it [in his face]. (15) Likethey say, "Perhaps I might see you or see someone who sees you." -(16) "I pass by the gates" - (17) "I pass by the gates withoutpurpose, [hoping] perhaps I might see you or see someone who seesyou." (18) One day, again, as was his habit, the boy [was] wanderingaround, he found the funeral - it was the girl! She loved the boy somuch, she died over him. (19) The boy then, get up! He did awaywith himself along with her, killed himself. He said, thafs it, ifs a llover. (20) They said, This is your doing, you, family [of the Boy], forshame. You lost your son. That is love in the old days.

\. R E F E R E N C E S

' A b d al-'al, ' A b d al-Mun'im. 1968. Lahjat Samdl al-Magrib: Tatwanwa ma Hawlaha. Cai ro : Dar al-Kitab al-*Arabi.

' A b u Hakima, 'Ahm ad Mustafa . 1984 . Tarix al-Kuwayt al-Hadlt.Kuwai t : Dat al-Salasil.Ambros, Arne. 1977 . Damascus Arabic. Afroas ia t i c Dialect s , 3 .

Malibu: Undena Publ icat ions .Anderson, Lloyd. 1982. "The 'Perfect ' as a Universal and as a Language -

S p ec i f i c C a t eg o ry . " Tense-Aspect: Between Semantics andPragmatics, ed . Paul J. Hopper , 227-64 . Amsterdam/Phi ladelphia:John Benjamins .f ttila, Raimo. 1989. Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Curren tIssues in Linguis t i c Theory , 6 . Am sterdam /Phi ladelphia : JohnBenjamins .

Badawi, El-Sa id, and Martin Hind s. 1986. A Dictionary of EgyptianArabic. Beimt: Librai r i e du Liban ,Bakkala, Muh amm ad Hassan. 1983. Arabic Linguistics: An Introduction

and Bibliography. U K : Mansell.Barlow, Michael , and Char les A. Ferguson , eds . 1988 . Agreement in

Natural Language: Approaches, Theories, Descriptions. P a l o' Alto: Center for the Study of Lan gua ge and Infor mation.

Behn stedt , Peter. 1978. "Zur Dialek tgeographie des Ni ledel tas ." ZA L* 1:64-92.

. 1980. "Zum ursprungUchen Dialekt von A lexandria ." ZDMG130:35-50.

_ j . 1989. "Christlich-AleppinischeTexte." ZAL 20:43-89 .1990. "M'adda mi iye: e in neuer qeltu-Dialekt aus Syr ien ."

ZAL 22:44-66 .Behnstedt , Peter, and Manfred Woidich. 1985. Di e agyptisch-arabischen

Dialekte. 2 vols . Beihef te zum Tubin ger At las des vorderenOrients, series B, 50/1,2. Wiesbaden : Lud wig Reicher t Ver lag .

. 1987. Di e agyptisch-arabiscen Dialekte: Texte, Teil 1.Beihefte zum Tubinger Atlas des vorderen Orients, series B, 50/3.Wiesba den: Ludwig Reicher t Ver lag .

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